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    ,  , ,  ,          .        .      [3 -        23    ,         ,      . Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report, National Center for Juvenile Justice (March 2006), URL: www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/nr2006/downloads/NR2006.pdf,   29  2014.]       ;            ;      12 .       ,           - ;          .

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       [16 -           ,            ,          XXI .  2000.      ,       ,        ,  41      .   2011.     ,  46       , 40     ,  14  .],              [8 -        ,          XXI .  2000  , ,    ,       ,        ,  41     .  2011 ,    , ,  46       , 40   ,  14      .].

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     , ,      ,         .            [17 -    ꅻ  ,  :13  1892.  ,  /,      (  ). Tuskegee University, Record of Lynchings in Alabama from 1871 to 1920, compiled for the Alabama Department of Archives and History by the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, Alabama Dept. of Archives and History Digital Collections, URL: http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/voices/id/2516,   18  2009;  Four Negroes Lynched, New York Times (October 14, 1892); Stewart Tolnay, compiler, NAACP Lynching Records, Historical American Lynching Data Collection Project, URL: http://people.uncw.edu/hinese/HAL/HAL%20Web%20Page.htm#Project%20HAL,   30  2014.30  1892.  . Tuskegee University Archives; Tolnay, NAACP Lynching Records.30  1897.  . Tuskegee University Archives; Tolnay, NAACP Lynching Records.2  1897. . Tuskegee University Archives.23  1905.  . Tuskegee University Archives.7  1909.  . Tuskegee University Archives.9  1915.  . Tuskegee University Archives; Negro Lynched for Attacking Officer, Montgomery Advertiser (August 10, 1915). Tuskegee University Archives; Tolnay, NAACP Lynching Records.9  1943.   . NAACP Describes Alabamas Willie Lee Case as Lynching, Journal and Guide (September 8, 1943); NAACP Claims Man Lynched in Alabama, Bee (September 26, 1943); Ala. Workman Lynched After Quitting Job, Afro-American (September 18, 1943). Tuskegee University Archives.7  1954.  . Violence Flares in Dixie, Pittsburgh Courier (June 5, 1954); Suspect Lynching in Ala. Town, Chicago Defender (June 12, 1954); Hint Love Rivalry Led to Lynching, Chicago Defender (June 19, 1954); NAACP Probes Bama Lynching, Pittsburgh Courier (June 26, 1954). Tuskegee University Archives.].                .      .    ,    ,   ,            .

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notes









1


The National Association of the Advancement of Colored People       ()   ,     1909        .




2


SPDC Southern Prisoners Defence Commitee    .      .        :            .




3


          ⻠    ,     . . .




4


     ,     . . .




5


   ,   1960- . . .




6


            18901964. . .




7


                18651866  1877.           . . .




8


       ,          XXI .  2000  , ,    ,       ,        ,  41     .  2011 ,    , ,  46       , 40   ,  14      .




9


Alabama Bureau of Investigation    ().          .










1


    ,  Thomas P. Bonczar, Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U. S. Population, 19742001, Bureau of Justice Statistics (August 2003), URL: www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=836,   29  2014.




2


        Bonczar, Prevalence of Imprisonment; Report of The Sentencing Project to the United Nations Human Rights Committee Regarding Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System, The Sentencing Project (August 2013), URL: http://sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_ICCPR%20Race%20and%20Justice%20Shadow%20Report.pdf,   29  2014.




3


       23    ,         ,      . Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report, National Center for Juvenile Justice (March 2006), URL: www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/nr2006/downloads/NR2006.pdf,   29  2014.




4


  酻 Fact Sheet: Trends in U. S. Corrections, The Sentencing Project (May 2012), URL: www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_Trends_in_Corrections_Fact_sheet.pdf,   29  2014; Marc Mauer and Ryan S. King, A 25-Year Quagmire: The War on Drugs and Its Impact on American Society, The Sentencing Project (September 2007), 2, URL: www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/dp_25yearquagmire.pdf,   29  2014.




5


   셻            (SNAP),    , ,   ,   ,         .    32      ,    ,   ,   ,     .              ,      ,    Section 8,      ,     ,   . Maggie McCarty, Randy Alison Aussenberg, Gene Falk, and David H. Carpenter, Drug Testing and Crime-Related Restrictions in TANF, SNAP, and Housing Assistance, Congressional Research Service (September 17, 2013), URL: www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42394.pdf,   29  2014.




6


    酻             . 35      ,  31       . The Sentencing Project, Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States (June 2013), URL: www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/fd_Felony%20Disenfranchisement%20Laws%20in%20the%20US.pdf,   30  2014.




7


       ,     10     .  ,           . Christopher Uggen, Sarah Shannon, and Jeff Manza, State-Level Estimates of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States, 2010, The Sentencing Project (July 2012), URL: http://sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/fd_State_Level_Estimates_of_Felon_Disen_2010.pdf,   30  2014.




8


         (The Death Penalty Information Center) ,   1973.   144 -. The Innocence List, Death Penalty Information Center, URL: www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/innocence-list-those-freed-death-row,   25  2014.




9


        Innocence Project,     316    . 18         . DNA Exonerations Nationwide, The Innocence Project, URL: www.innocenceproject.org/Content/DNA_Exonerations_Nationwide.php,   25  2014.




10


 , ,  腻 John Lewis and Bryan Stevenson, State of Equality and Justice in America: The Presumption of Guilt, Washington Post (May 17, 2013).




11


           2010.,    ,       ,          80  . Attorney General Eric Holder, American Bar Association Speech (August 12, 2013); Tracey Kyckelhahn and Tara Martin, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts, 2010Preliminary (July 2013), URL: www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4679,   30  2014.     6,9   1980. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts-1980 and 1981 Data from the Annual General Finance and Employment Surveys (March 1985), URL: www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=3527,   30  2014.




12


   - ꅻ Conner Bailey, Peter Sinclair, John Bliss, and Karni Perez, Segmented Labor Markets in Alabamas Pulp and Paper Industry, Rural Sociology 61, no. 3 (1996): 47596.




13


         , 69 Ala. 231, 233 (1882).




14


    腻 U. S. Census Office, Fourteenth Census of Population (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920).




15


  1967            1924.,     ,    ,       ,        .               .    ,      . ,      ,    ,   .       ,    ,        ,      .     ,              ,         .     ,      .   ,        ,       ,                .     ,           ,          (American Civil Liberties Union).  1967.,        ,        ,   .




16


          ,            ,          XXI .  2000.      ,       ,        ,  41      .   2011.     ,  46       , 40     ,  14  .




17


   ꅻ  ,  :

13  1892.  ,  /,      (  ). Tuskegee University, Record of Lynchings in Alabama from 1871 to 1920, compiled for the Alabama Department of Archives and History by the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, Alabama Dept. of Archives and History Digital Collections, URL: http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/voices/id/2516,   18  2009;  Four Negroes Lynched, New York Times (October 14, 1892); Stewart Tolnay, compiler, NAACP Lynching Records, Historical American Lynching Data Collection Project, URL: http://people.uncw.edu/hinese/HAL/HAL%20Web%20Page.htm#Project%20HAL,   30  2014.

30  1892.  . Tuskegee University Archives; Tolnay, NAACP Lynching Records.

30  1897.  . Tuskegee University Archives; Tolnay, NAACP Lynching Records.

2  1897. . Tuskegee University Archives.

23  1905.  . Tuskegee University Archives.

7  1909.  . Tuskegee University Archives.

9  1915.  . Tuskegee University Archives; Negro Lynched for Attacking Officer, Montgomery Advertiser (August 10, 1915). Tuskegee University Archives; Tolnay, NAACP Lynching Records.

9  1943.   . NAACP Describes Alabamas Willie Lee Case as Lynching, Journal and Guide (September 8, 1943); NAACP Claims Man Lynched in Alabama, Bee (September 26, 1943); Ala. Workman Lynched After Quitting Job, Afro-American (September 18, 1943). Tuskegee University Archives.

7  1954.  . Violence Flares in Dixie, Pittsburgh Courier (June 5, 1954); Suspect Lynching in Ala. Town, Chicago Defender (June 12, 1954); Hint Love Rivalry Led to Lynching, Chicago Defender (June 19, 1954); NAACP Probes Bama Lynching, Pittsburgh Courier (June 26, 1954). Tuskegee University Archives.




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,        (Bureau of Justice Statistics) ,    1980- .         ,      . Christopher J. Mumola, Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails, Bureau of Justice Statistics (August 2005), URL: www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=1126,   30  2014; Lawrence A. Greenfield, Prisons and Prisoners in the United States, Bureau of Justice Statistics (April 1992), URL: www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=1392.


