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,        .  ,       ,         ,     .      ,      XIX  ,    ,    ,          .  ,    -   ,  1934      -      ,          .    ⠫ ,    [ ]    [2 - , ., , .    / . . . .:  , 1959. (). [*]],      ,     ,   1895 .  ,       [ ]  [ ]   ,    [3 -  . [*]].  ,    ,        ,       ,     .           .    ,       :  ,       ,    .  ,       ,       .

         ,  ,         :  (  )      ,    .     :  ., ,  ⠫   ,    ,   ,      ,     [4 - Wells J.C.K., Strickland S.S., Laland K.N. Social Information Transmission and Human Biology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006. [*]]. , ,   ,         ,          .   ,       ,     ,          .          𻠖         ,   [5 - Radithor (ca. 19251928) // Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 17.02.09. https://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/quackcures/radith.htm. [*]].                 :  , , , ,  , , ,  ,       (   ,    )      ,         ,       [6 - Clark C. Radium Girls, Women and Industrial Health Reform: 19101935. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. [*]].   -    ,   ,    2,7   ,   [7 - Malley M.C. Radioactivity: A History of a Mysterious Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. [*]].

      ,     ,    [8 - Orci T. How We Realized Putting Radium in Everything Was Not the Answer // The Atlantic. 07.03.13. [*]].  1932       ,    ,      .     :   ,  ,      .     .

  , 1939 ,   ,     ,         (    )    ,     .      ,              , ,    ,       .               ,          ,       ,           [9 - Rhodes R. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. [*]].

             ,               .        ,         . Ӡ     ,          .          , ,    7  1941    -,                 .                       ,  -1.               (    :      [10 - Wood J. Nuclear Power. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2007. [*]]),  2 1942 .     ,           [11 - Rhodes R. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. [*]].         ,    ,          .

 ,  ,       ,  ,          :         .  (        ) ,      ,    ,    [12 -            ,  ,  .. ,      . [*]]      [13 - Cochran Th.B., Norris R.S., Bukharin O. Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. [*]],[14 -  ,    , ,  :      . [*]].      ,          .              ,       .           ,       .

8  1945       ,     .       ,      . 16  1945  05:29:21   ,  -,          [15 - Gutenberg B. Interpretation of Records Obtained from the New Mexico Atomic Test, July 16, 1945: Report // Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. ISSN 00371106. 1945. [*]].              ,           ,    ,   ,     -   [16 - Lakoff A. Disaster and the Politics of Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. [*]].                   350 .    ,    ,    :              ,   [17 - Powaski R.E. March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. [*]].    , 6 ,   -29          350  . 0,6    ,   16   .        .            .   ,    .

     ,            ,          .    .  1948            ( ,       ),     1949          [18 - Cochran Th.B., Norris R.S., Bukharin O. Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. [*]].                [19 - Burr W. U.S. Intelligence and the Detection of the First Soviet Nuclear Test, September 1949 // The National Security Archive, George Washington University. 22.09.09. [*]].      1951         -1,               200- [20 - Michal R. Fifty Years Ago in December: Atomic Reactor EBR-1 Produced First Electricity: report. American Nuclear Society, 2001. [*]].            ,    , ,                  ,            ,    [21 - 60Years of Atoms for Peace // Nuclear Engineering International. 23.01.14. [*]].               ,      ,       ,   ,         [22 -  . [*]].

               -1 ( ).   1952           6[23 - Josephson P.R. Red Atom: Russias Nuclear Power Program from Stalin to Today. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2000. [*]].  -1  ,    ,        ,      .      II         50 ,   ,       ,         [24 - Taylor S. Privatisation and Financial Collapse in the Nuclear Industry: The Origins and Causes of the British Energy Crisis of 2002. London: Routledge, 2007. [*]].

  ,  ,       ,      ,    ,     .         1954           ;          .

 1973       -1000   ,   ,         .           - ,    .   1980-   2000-     .   ,           --,          .          2002 ,     444 ,            2006 ,   2660 -[25 - Nuclear Power in the World Today // World Nuclear Association. 01.2016. [*]].

 2011         ( 430  31)  11,7%[26 -  2013:  : . : , 2013. [*]].        372 000  (.).        -,      8000 , ,      [27 -        2019 . [*]].        :  75%      ,      , ,    20%.  ,     50%    (  2014 ),  ,    ,     49%[28 -    : . . , 2015. [*]].

      .         1990-,        (  ,  400 )[29 - Shultis J.K., Faw R.E. Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 2002. [*]]       [30 - Nuclear Weapons at Sea // Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. September 1990. [*]].       ,    -       .  2016        ,  ,       ,  .           70 .        2016 [31 - Floating Plant To Be Delivered in 2016 // World Nuclear News. [*]],[32 -  2016             ().            2019 . [*]].        ,      .                 ,       .               2020[33 - CGN to Build Floating Reactor // World Nuclear News. [*]].




 


  ,      ,      ,   ,      .     . ,     ,         (   ,      )[34 - Sansare K., Khanna V., Karjodkar F. Early Victims of X-Rays: A Tribute and Current Perception // Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2011. Vol. 40. 2. P.123125. [*]]     .           , ,   ,     ( 1934 )    .      ,         [35 -  .           .       -   .        ,    .       ,      ,       (. .).],[36 - Grady D. A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril // The New York Times. 1998. [*]].          ,           .  ,     ,     ,   ,   ,     .

       ,   .         ,    ,   ,   [37 - Johnston W.R. (Ph.D.). Radiation Accidents and Other Events Causing Radiation Casualties // Johnston Archive. 20.01.14. [*]].  ,             .

, ,   1987      240     ,     -        ,     .              ,                    .     ,     ,        .      ,      ,  ,        .      ,      ,                 ,       .   ,    ,   ,  , -     .        ,   .

,       ,  .     ,      ,  ,      ,     .      ,      ,     !   ,  ,      [38 - Delves D., Flitton S. The Radiological Accident in Goi?nia. Publication. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1988. [*]].     ,       .

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          ,    ,  ,   .    ,          ,    .       ,    .            10  [41 - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_accident.       ,         . [*]],          1839   15 [42 - All Mining Disasters: 1839 to Present // Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26.02.13. [*]].         44     26  1942      ,      1549 [43 - Honkeiko Colliery Mining Disaster | China [1942] // Encyclopedia Britannica Online. [*]].

 1998       ,     ,   700              .     ,  ,       ,     -   ,        -   ,    [44 - Aigbogan F. Pipeline Explosion Kills 700 // Ludington Daily News, 22.10.98. [*]].         .   ,    ,  , ,       ,    ,   .   ,       .        ,      ( ). 4 1989    ,     ,       ,     .  -    ,     10  .     ,    ,     38      [45 - Keller B. 500 on 2 Trains Reported Killed By Soviet Gas Pipeline Explosion // The New York Times (New York), 04.06.89; Careless Workers Blamed For Explosion // Observer-Reporter (Washington), 06.06.89. [*]].    ,       ,  .     675 ,      [46 - Russia Remembers 1989 Ufa Train Disaster // Sputnik News. 04.06.09. [*]].

   ,   ,     ,      1975.      .      ,       100,       ,   .      190    [47 - Hurricanes: Science and Society: 1975 Super Typhoon Nina // Hurricane Science. [*]].    ,      ,    ,  ,   .      . 8     ,      [48 - After 30 Years, Secrets, Lessons of Chinas Worst Dams Burst Accident Surface // Peoples Daily Online. 01.10.05. [*]].    .        ,       .      11 ,    50/,   171  . 11      .         [49 - Typhoon Nina-Banqiao Dam Failure | Chinese History [1975] // Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 04.06.14. [*]].

       .           -,  -,         6,2,     -.    21 1945 .   ,     ,       ,      [50 - McLaughlin Th.P., Monahan Sh.P., Pruvost N.L. A Review of Criticality Accidents: report // Oak Ridge: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2000. [*]].  ,  , ,    ,         ,          .      .       ,               .     ,       .  -    ,      .                  [51 - May 21, 1946: Louis Slotin Becomes Second Victim of Demon Core // American Physical Society. [*]].         ,            . -                            .

        1957   ( ),    - .                       .                     ,  ,      .        ,     .     ,     ,     .   ,                  ,          .      ,     ,       ,     ,     .  ,           .     ,    ,     ,    ,          ,     .

7  1957       ,  ,      ,    ,     .     ,    10   : -   .            ,  , , .     . ( ,       ,     ,      .)        ,     .  ,       .     , ,   ,     .       ,    ,        ,   ,      .        ,    ,     ,  ,   .   ,  -,  , ,         ,     ,   [52 - Goldman L. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 20052008. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. [*]].

 ,     ,     ,     .     -     (AERE).  1951                      [53 - Physics Laureates: Fields // The Nobel Prize. [*]].       ,      ,   ,  ,      .          ,       :   ,    ,           .           , 1987 ,   ,  1983      ,  ,          260 ,   30       ,        ,          [54 - National Radiological Protection Board Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Windscale Reactor Fire, October 1957: The Collective Radiation Dose Received by the Population; Addendum Concerning the Release of Polonium and Other Radionuclides: report // National Radiological Protection Board. 1983. [*]].        ,    ,      --,        [55 - Arnold L. Windscale, 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident. New York: St. Martins Press, 1992; Hubbell M.W. The Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Generation: Questions & Answers. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011; Mahaffey J.A. Atomic Awakening: A New Look at the History and Future of Nuclear Power. New York: Pegasus Books, 2009. [*]].

      ( ,     )  3  1961     SL-1[56 - Poole M., Dainton J., Chattopadhyay S. Cockcrofts Subatomic Legacy: Splitting the Atom // CERN Courier  International Journal of High-Energy Physics. 20.11.07. [*]].           .    ,   ,  ,       .      ,        .      ,  ,         ,      .        -        ,       .      ,         .  ,      ,  /  ,  ,           [57 - Stacy S.M. Proving the Principle: A History of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 19491999. ID Falls, ID: Idaho Operations Office of the Dept. of Energy, 2000. [*]].

       . 4 1961        -19        , -       .   ,       ,    (  ,       ,         )    800 .     ,          ,      .       .    ,        ,      .   ,   30  [58 - . . .]




  .


   .

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notes








1


. . .




2


, ., , .    / . . . .:  , 1959. (). [*]




3


 . [*]




4


Wells J.C.K., Strickland S.S., Laland K.N. Social Information Transmission and Human Biology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006. [*]




5


Radithor (ca. 19251928) // Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 17.02.09. https://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/quackcures/radith.htm. [*]




6


Clark C. Radium Girls, Women and Industrial Health Reform: 19101935. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. [*]




7


Malley M.C. Radioactivity: A History of a Mysterious Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. [*]




8


Orci T. How We Realized Putting Radium in Everything Was Not the Answer // The Atlantic. 07.03.13. [*]




9


Rhodes R. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. [*]




10


Wood J. Nuclear Power. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2007. [*]




11


Rhodes R. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. [*]




12


           ,  ,  .. ,      . [*]




13


Cochran Th.B., Norris R.S., Bukharin O. Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. [*]




14


 ,    , ,  :      . [*]




15


Gutenberg B. Interpretation of Records Obtained from the New Mexico Atomic Test, July 16, 1945: Report // Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. ISSN 00371106. 1945. [*]




16


Lakoff A. Disaster and the Politics of Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. [*]




17


Powaski R.E. March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. [*]




18


Cochran Th.B., Norris R.S., Bukharin O. Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. [*]




19


Burr W. U.S. Intelligence and the Detection of the First Soviet Nuclear Test, September 1949 // The National Security Archive, George Washington University. 22.09.09. [*]




20


Michal R. Fifty Years Ago in December: Atomic Reactor EBR-1 Produced First Electricity: report. American Nuclear Society, 2001. [*]




21


60Years of Atoms for Peace // Nuclear Engineering International. 23.01.14. [*]




22


 . [*]




23


Josephson P.R. Red Atom: Russias Nuclear Power Program from Stalin to Today. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2000. [*]




24


Taylor S. Privatisation and Financial Collapse in the Nuclear Industry: The Origins and Causes of the British Energy Crisis of 2002. London: Routledge, 2007. [*]




25


Nuclear Power in the World Today // World Nuclear Association. 01.2016. [*]




26


 2013:  : . : , 2013. [*]




27


       2019 . [*]




28


   : . . , 2015. [*]




29


Shultis J.K., Faw R.E. Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 2002. [*]




30


Nuclear Weapons at Sea // Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. September 1990. [*]




31


Floating Plant To Be Delivered in 2016 // World Nuclear News. [*]




32


 2016             ().            2019 . [*]




33


CGN to Build Floating Reactor // World Nuclear News. [*]




34


Sansare K., Khanna V., Karjodkar F. Early Victims of X-Rays: A Tribute and Current Perception // Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2011. Vol. 40. 2. P.123125. [*]




35


 .           .       -   .        ,    .       ,      ,       (. .).




36


Grady D. A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril // The New York Times. 1998. [*]




37


Johnston W.R. (Ph.D.). Radiation Accidents and Other Events Causing Radiation Casualties // Johnston Archive. 20.01.14. [*]




38


Delves D., Flitton S. The Radiological Accident in Goi?nia. Publication. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1988. [*]




39


 . [*]




40


 . [*]




41


Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_accident.       ,         . [*]




42


All Mining Disasters: 1839 to Present // Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26.02.13. [*]




43


Honkeiko Colliery Mining Disaster | China [1942] // Encyclopedia Britannica Online. [*]




44


Aigbogan F. Pipeline Explosion Kills 700 // Ludington Daily News, 22.10.98. [*]




45


Keller B. 500 on 2 Trains Reported Killed By Soviet Gas Pipeline Explosion // The New York Times (New York), 04.06.89; Careless Workers Blamed For Explosion // Observer-Reporter (Washington), 06.06.89. [*]




46


Russia Remembers 1989 Ufa Train Disaster // Sputnik News. 04.06.09. [*]




47


Hurricanes: Science and Society: 1975 Super Typhoon Nina // Hurricane Science. [*]




48


After 30 Years, Secrets, Lessons of Chinas Worst Dams Burst Accident Surface // Peoples Daily Online. 01.10.05. [*]




49


Typhoon Nina-Banqiao Dam Failure | Chinese History [1975] // Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 04.06.14. [*]




50


McLaughlin Th.P., Monahan Sh.P., Pruvost N.L. A Review of Criticality Accidents: report // Oak Ridge: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2000. [*]




51


May 21, 1946: Louis Slotin Becomes Second Victim of Demon Core // American Physical Society. [*]




52


Goldman L. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 20052008. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. [*]




53


Physics Laureates: Fields // The Nobel Prize. [*]




54


National Radiological Protection Board Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Windscale Reactor Fire, October 1957: The Collective Radiation Dose Received by the Population; Addendum Concerning the Release of Polonium and Other Radionuclides: report // National Radiological Protection Board. 1983. [*]




55


Arnold L. Windscale, 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident. New York: St. Martins Press, 1992; Hubbell M.W. The Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Generation: Questions & Answers. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011; Mahaffey J.A. Atomic Awakening: A New Look at the History and Future of Nuclear Power. New York: Pegasus Books, 2009. [*]




56


Poole M., Dainton J., Chattopadhyay S. Cockcrofts Subatomic Legacy: Splitting the Atom // CERN Courier  International Journal of High-Energy Physics. 20.11.07. [*]




57


Stacy S.M. Proving the Principle: A History of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 19491999. ID Falls, ID: Idaho Operations Office of the Dept. of Energy, 2000. [*]




58


. . .


