 
  


Historia Rossica
  ,     XIX,        ..  ..-.   .          .              XIX.       ,    .       ,   , ,      .   ,     ,  ,  ,     ,          .  ,  蠫  ,   XIX   ,    (    ,    ),         .   ࠖ    ,  -   - (Queens College, CUNY).





  

 

     





  


           .              XIX,       .            - ,      ,      (domesticity)    .

   ,        :        ,     ,    -      ,  ,   .        ,             .  ,        ,         ,      頖,    .       ,  ,           .           ,   ,         ,   .

 ,      ,      ,   ,       ,        .

        ,      ,        . Ѡ       ,    ,   .  ,              ,          .  ,        , ,       ,  .-, .. .., -   .          , , ,   ,      ,        ,        .      ,    ,           .

   ,    .     .  ,  1831         , 1842    .  ,    ,     -     .  ,      ,   ,    ,         .        1917,          ,      ࠖ .          .           ,    20042005,         .        , ,      ,  ,          ,  ,     .

ʠ , 2009    .        .             ..,        .  2016            ,  ,   XX[1 - .: https://deadokey.livejournal.com/196637.html.].       ,        ࠖ ,        ,  1842.         ,   2017      .  ,              ,   ,   ,        ,     ,     .        , ,   ,   .. ..,        ,        ,       .

      ,   .., .. ..   ,     .







        ,            ,       - (PSCCUNY). ߠ   ,   ,       .          ().          , ..,   ..    ..,        ..    . ߠ  .. ..      ,  頖        .           ,      .    -    ,       .

             .                  . ߠ   ,    ,    ,     ,   . ߠ   ,  ,  ,    ,     . ߠ   ,    ,   .             .

     ,   .   . ,  ,          .             .  -   -      ,    ,    .   ,           ,           (          ).     ,   ,    .   -         ,      .              -   . ߠ   ,   ,     ,  .  ,     ,     蠖  .                ,  ,    ,      ,   .

-   -            . ߠ          .          ,         .

         . ߠ  頖            .             ,     , , ,        .







 1970?                  .       ,           .   ,  ,  1920?,    ,       .  , ,           .       ,   .     ,       ,     1917,  ,         , ,     ,          [2 - ..    .    . 19171936. .: , 2003.].

              ,   1920?      : ,          [3 - Smith-PeterS. How to Write a Region: Local and Regional Historiography// Kritika. 2004. Vol.5. 3. .527542.].  1925            .  ,      ,     .     ,   ,      ,   .

  ,   ,   1918,     .  , 1880?,   ,        .  ,      ,          .           ( 1920?     ,     ). ,    ,    ,       ( )    ,    .

           ,   1830  1866,   ,  1820? 1870? .             XIX.       , ,   ,           ,         .

    ,      ,    ,    ,      ,      ,  ,     .  1830?        ,     .               ,     . Ƞ ,         ,     .         ,   ,   , , ,     .

       ,  ,          .          ,  1871 ,   ,   -.      , ,   ,  1905    ,   (   1932)   ,  ࠖ,    .  ,   ,    ,  ,  ,    .        ,    .  1991         (      , -).

ʠ           1925   1990?,              [4 -         .. ...   ,     ,      , ..ࠖ    ,     .].       -             .                 [5 - Smith-PeterS. Books Behind the Altar: Religion, Village Libraries, and the Moscow Agricultural Society// Russian History. 2004. Vol.31. 3.].   -   ,      -,      ,,     .

ߠ   ,       ,    ,  ,   (        ). ߠ   ,   , ࠫ    . ʠ, ,  ,   ,      .           ,       ( ,          ,    ,  ). ߠ      ,                (           )[6 - ߠ        ,            . ,   ,    ,  ,    .].         .







     XIX               ,      .       ,             .      ,       ,          .          .

  ,   ,     ,  ,    ,   ,      .   domesticity (    ,  ꠫  ,   )        ,      . ,      ,     ,    ,      .           XIXࠖ  ,             (         )  ,     .     (domesticity)   ,   蠖 .      ,   .

           ,         ;     ;          .  ,      ,   .      ,      ,     [7 -    ,     . 𠖠 :  ,      ,     . .: ScottJ.W. Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis// AHR. 1986. Vol.91. 5 (Dec.). P.10531075.    ,            . ʠ,     ,   ,      , ,      ,        ,       -   ,   ( ) ,   ,    (  ) .]. ,        ,         - ,      (      ,        ,    )[8 -                .            :     , ,       ,      .. .: BrancaP. Image and Reality: The Myth the Idle Victorian Woman// Clios Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women/ Ed. M.Hartman, L.Banner. N.Y.: Octagon, 1976. .179191; PetersonM.J. No Angels in the House: The Victorian Myth and the Paget Women// AHR. 1984. Vol.89. P.677708; No More Separate Spheres! A Next Wave American Studies Reader/ Eds C.N.Davidson, J.Hatcher. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002, . .       XIX   ,     (  )        : FrankS.M. Life with Father: Parenthood and Masculinity in the Nineteenth-Century American North. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998; ToshJ. A Mans Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.].

         18301840?, ,           ,   .   ,   ,           ,    ,    ,     (      )[9 - GreeneD. Mid-Nineteenth Century Domestic Ideology in Russia// Women and Russian Culture/ Ed. R.Marsh. N.Y.: Berghahn, 1998; TovrovJ. The Russian Noble Family: Structure and Change. N.Y.: Garland, 1987; CavenderM. Nests of the Gentry: Family, Estate, and Local Loyalties in Provincial Russia. Newark: University of Delware Press, 2007; GlagolevaO. Dream and Reality of Russian Provincial Young Ladies, 17001850// The Carl Beck Papers. 2000. 1405. P.187;   :      XVIII  XIX. : , 1993.].          ,            ,    .                 .

       XIX          [10 - MarreseM.L. A Womans Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 17001861. Ithaca; N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002 (. . .: ..  :     (17001861). ., 2009).].        , ,      ,         ,          ,    ,      , ࠖ       .        ,,         -.  ,     ,  XVIII  XIX          ,       - ,     (, ,           ).  ,       ? ,            .

    ,            ,     ,       ,                       ,       ,        .

   ,     (domesticity),    .     ,        ,    ,   蠖 . , ,        ,  ,        ,         ,      .  ,   ,  :    ,      ,   XIX     ,      ?[11 - .: Greene. Domestic Ideology; Tovrov. Russian Noble Family; Cavender. Nests of the Gentry; Glagoleva. Dream and Reality.]

      ,    .      ,  ,  ,    ,           [12 -         ,    ,   ,    ,  ?   ,      ,          (    ).].        ,      ,  ,       ;      . , ,    , ,     .             , ⠫   ,       .       ,   , ,         ,  .  ,        ,  ,        .         頖 ,     -, ,             .      ,      .

       ,    ,           :       ,     ,    . ,  ,           (   ..   ).     ,  ࠖ     ,     ,       ,     [13 - .    ,     XIX: .   :  .  2. ., 2014.].               ,      ,             [14 - DixonS. Practice and Performance in the History of the Russian Nobility// Kritika. 2010. Vol.11. 4 (Fall). P.763770. ʠ        ,        :      XVIII//    . , 1977. 8. .6589. .: MarreseM. The Poetics of Everyday Behavior Revisited: Lotman, Gender, and the Evolution of Russian Noble Identity// Kritika. 2010. Vol.11. 4 (Fall). P.701739.].      .      ,       ,     XIX       .

,               ,    ,         (   ,            ).      , , ,       ,     ,   ,       :       .

     XIX     ,            .  ,              :   -,           .   堖      ( ),  ,    ,    :             (      III 1762  II 1785)[15 -  I. 11444; . 16187.]. ,         , ,       .            ,    . ʠXIX     ,      .   ,         ,           (          ,             )[16 - .  .].          ,         ,      .

              [17 - ., : . 9267 (1746); WirtschafterE.K. Legal Identity and the Possession of Serfs in Imperial Russia// JMH. 1998. Vol.70. 3 (September). P.561587.].    ,    ,     ,     ,    .   ,       .    , ,  ,      ;         .

  ,     ,     ,    蠖     .       ,     . ,          ,   1906      ,      ()   1863.    ,  ,     .       ,  I (18251855)          .            ,         ,           [18 - PintnerW. Russian Economic Policy under Nicholas I.Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. P.929; OwenT.C. The Corporation under Russian Law, 18001917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.].     ,           [19 -  1857       ,         .      . .: Owen. Corporation. P.3054; HochS. The Banking Crisis, Peasant Reform, and Economic Development in Russia, 18571861// AHR. 1991. Vol.96. 3 (June). P.785820.].

                 ,   ,     - :       ,    ( )    .  -           .    . Ѡ  ,     (  );  ,          (        XVIIIXIX)[20 - .  .].

       ,      XIX;       :            .    ,       ,        .       ,   ,         .  ,   ,      ,  ,       ,       :      ,  ,       .   (  )     .

,         ,             ,          ,        ,   ,      .  ,       [21 - . . 3, .2  .100.    -   .:DennisonT. The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. .220.           ,         .    XIX       . .: .., ..   //    XIX.  6. .1. - . ., 1999.]. ,      ,  ,     500,     3,4%   .        .  8- , 1836   (   101 500)   13%        ,     80%     (  ) [22 - ..     10?  . ., 1861. .67; ..          XVIII  XIX//        1963. , 1964. .388419, 393. . : BlumJ. Lord and Peasant in Russia: From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.].        ,     (      )     .  ,         ,   , ,           :         .           ,               (      )    ,   .

Ѡ      XIX      ,      :       status quo.  ,     ,    XIX           .                , ,    ,  ,             1861,     .        ,   XIX   ;   ,        ,    ,     [23 -       . EsperT. The Odnodvortsy and the Russian Nobility// Slavonic and East European Review. 1967. Vol.45. 104 (Jan.). P.124134.        1851,  2227,     ,        . .:     (堖). .123. .2. .606. .12.].         ,          ,    [24 -             ?   : ..   . ., 2000.              .:LounsberyA. No, this is not the provinces!: Provincialism, Authenticity, and Russianness in Gogols Day// RR. 2005. Vol.64 (April). .259280.].

     ,    -   ,   ,  .           ,       頖           ?[25 -     ,  , .:GleasonA. The Terms of Russian Social History// Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia/ Ed. E.W.Clowes, S.D.Kassow, J.L.West. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. .1527; Russias Missing Middle Class: The Professions in Russian History/ Ed. H.D.Balzer. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E.Sharpe, 1996; RaeffM. Imperial Russia, 16821825: The Coming of Age of Modern Russia. N.Y.: Knopf, 1971. .122; WirtschafterE.K. Social Identity in Imperial Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997.   ,     ,   , : Marrese. Womans Kingdom; Cavender. Nests of the Gentry; Glagoleva. Dream and Reality; SmithA.K. Recipes for Russia: Food and Nationhood under the Tsars. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008; KellyC. Refining Russia: Advice Literature, Polite Culture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; EvtukhovC.A. O.Karelin and Provincial Bourgeois Photography// Picturing Russia: Explorations in Visual Culture. Eds V.Kivelson, J.Neuberger. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. P.113117.]

          ,   ,  ,        ,     ,        .         , ,   ,       .         ,      - -.    , ,    ,    .

 ,   ,   :     ,      ,   ,    ,    ,    . ,  1861      ,     .    ,  ,        status quo,      ,        ,     ,               .    ( )  , ,  ,      ,      . Ѡ           .




 1

 


 1820         .     ,     .  ,       ,      ,    .             -   ,     ,    .         .           蠖      ,   .        ,         ,   ,    ;     90%     [26 - ..   (堖). , 1996. .152.].

     頖 ,  ,   ,    .       , ,   ,       .        ,       . ʠ     , , ,    ,,    (,     ).     1830      ,   .  1833      ,        .         [27 -     (堖). .107. .1. .59. .26.      ,    26 1828    54. ..     1668  1860. ., 1872. .102.].

        .               -.     ࠖ ,   1821.      .  1823    ,      ,        [28 -      1840. . .107. .1. .98. .1.].  1824  ,        I  ,  ,       .   1825,    I,           .    ,  ,    ,     .   , ,         ,   (  , ,    ,     ).   ,  1828,     .                ,      ,  ,     . ,       ,,  .     ,    ( 1830?   1840?)    [29 - ,      ,    .  ,       !  ;   ;  ;  ;    ,   -   ! . .107. .1. .59. .75.].      ࠖ26 1829ࠖ    ,     ,  ,         ,      1820?.

 1830? 1840? ( ,      )       ,   .             ,    [30 -  . .40.].      [31 - . .98. .25.; . 59. .58.].     ,  1831     ,      , 1842?젖 . ʠ,  [32 - . .54. .49; . 95.].   ,   , ,  [33 - . .59. .26.].            .      ,       .  ,  , ?  ?  . --,  ;  .  :  !         [],,     ![34 - . .66. .31., 32.]     ,   ,   ,       ,  ,      .

 ,   ,  XIX    ,              .    𠖠   - ,  171 (183) -  [35 -            ,       XIX. EvtuhovC. Portrait of a Russian Province: Economy, Society, and Civilization in Nineteenth-Century Nizhnii Novgorod. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011.].   XIX ,     ,       [36 - -    (堖). ., 1852. .6. .2. .143.].  , ⠫    ,       ,    ,  , ,   .

  ,        ,       ,  ,       .       :  (   ) ,  .   ,   ,  ,          ,  ,      (       ,  1850?    )[37 -      (堖). ., 1863. .6; . .174.].        : 20 [21]  ,   ,  [38 - . .107. .1. .98. .26.                (. .107. .1. .93).].

  31        (   55,5).          (      ),     .     ..  -  ,       XIX,     .  ,        1778.    II.   I       1804.     ,     [39 - .., ..    . , 1999. .6.].  ,       ,      I    : , 1808    853.  1817,       ,      117,     . ʠ1849    1844, 1852   231,     .          렖   ,         1840.    ,     ,   -[40 - .].

      . ,             , ,                  :         . , ?       ,    .      ,     ( ),  ,    .        .         ,       ⠖    ,     ,  ,     (  ),       ,    ( ).        ,       ,   ,  - .         ,  ,    .

Ѡ            .          ,   1802 1812,  ,  1813    .         ⠫   ,      .    ,  ,         ,   .       ,    .    ,     .  ,               ,    ,     .      ,         : ,      .           .    ⠫,    25  [41 - .., ..    . .6.].        ,       .

,      ,     :  1850?       .    ,     -,    :        ,      ,      [42 - . .159, 149.]. ,    ,     .             , ,   68     ,      .     ,        .

 ,     ,   ,   ,    ,     . Ѡ    ,   XII, ࠖ       - .       ,        .      ,   ,    1108. ʠ1157        - . ʠ XIII  -      ,        ,    .

       ,   ,  ,       (    ).  ,           .       .

,  XVIII         .         - (          ),                 .              ,       ,   .         ,    ,   .            , ,       .

          ,        .        1861     ,   ,        [] ,     ,     ,            ,          ;        []     ,  堖  [43 - . .107. .1. .108. .270271.        ,         .  ,    ,       ,      ,  ,         ( ).].

     240350  ,         [44 -    ,    ,  419, 堖243.         1821  1861 .:. .107. .1. .57. .8.11; . 90; . 98. .17., 26., 27.     (419),       .  1836    269,    ,   .       : ߠ,     ,    ,   ?  ? (. .107. .1. .57. .11).  ,      ,    (  ,    )  ,     ,   150180, 蠖 88  170.].      ,       .         .      ,       蠖       .       , , ,               ,     ,   ,  .     [45 - . .107. .1. .122. .4.].    ,  ,    .       ,  1843      . ʠ1863   142  .           ,    (       ), 蠖   (  ),           [46 - .].

    젖蠖     ;       .   ,    ,         ,   .  1863 ,         ,    ,   92 108,   (  , -,  ,         )[47 - .].       ,         .           18091810.     ,            .    , , ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   .         .

  ,        ,       .  ,   ,           ,        .           .  ,    ,        ,      ,   .     (     ,    )    :



      ,  1.)  ,  .   ,     ,   -     . 2.)       ,           ;        , . 3.)  ,    . 4.)      . 5.)     . 6.)  ,     <sic>    ,       . 7.)    ,     .  [48 - . .107. .1. .59. .45.].


           ,  黠    ,  ,  .      .       :  , -,       蠫 [49 -  1836?,       ,      ,   , -,   ,   ,     (. .66. .110., 140. .).].           ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   (    ,     ,     ), ,     .        ,       [50 - . .57. .53.].  1850,   ,     , ,      (     ,     , ,    ).      ,    ,  ,  ()    ,  , ,    ,    ,   , [51 - . .107. .1. .98. .22.].         堖  -    1852,      ,   ,   ,  ,   , , , , ,   [52 - . .184.].  ,         ,    .

    ,   Π ,   1845 ⠫ ,    -     .  ,        ? ,  ,         ()   ,         . ʠ ,          ,  .  ,   ,  ,   ,       ,     , ,    ,    (      ,  )[53 - Π //   (堖). 1845. 6. .4445.].

     1850               ,  .   ,      , .          ;   򠖠   .        (  ),       .     ,    ,   ,   -.      (  ,         ),      :  .   ,  ,    ,     .       -   (     );   - -  .    . ʠ          ,  蠖. ʠ           .            . ʠ-     ,   . -   , ,  , .       ,,       [54 - . .107. .1. .98. .26.].

  , , -,   ,    ,              ,   ,    .        104,       .   :  ,  , ,  , ,    , , , ,   ,   (     ),  ,  ,     ,      [55 - . .129.].      , ,   ,   ,  ,   .     (  , ,      )        ,       ,  -       .   ,  -    ( ,                ).             1917,     ,     [56 - .., ..   . , 2000. .13.].   ,    ,      [57 -  ,      , 頖   (. .152).].

      ,     .  1825        ,  ,       ,    ,  [58 - . .107. .1. .41.]  24.       , ,         ,  .  1836           ,    [59 - . .66. .27.].

    ,       ,      1831    ,  ,     ,  [] -  .      . 1?,   . 2,      . 3,        [60 - . .54. .20.]. ,   ,   -  ( ,     ),     ,    .       , 1842,    , 1860 ,     .          ,    [61 - . .105. .330330.].         .

             .    ,    ,        .             ,              [62 - . .20, 2325, 28.].       ,    ,   ; 1830?           ,       1834-   1837.   堖 ,    ࠖ      ,          ,   ;         .  ( )          ,    (  )      .

   ,     ,         (   ,     ):    ,     ,    ,  ,    .          ,   ,            ,     [63 - . .107. .1. .128. .1.].           ,  ( ,  ).         ,         .  ,      ,  .      ,   :    ,       1836,     [64 - . .66. .144, 150.].      ,    ,     ,     .

       ,       ( 18521857):      ,       -  [65 - . .100. .1.].  ,    ,      ; ,     ( 3 1834) : 1.           ,            . Ƞ  ----- <sic>      [66 - . .57. .2.   , -,  ,  ,    ,  .].   : Eh! bien, soit 1.          ,        :



   !!!          ;  ???  ???  ??? 1934             ???    !!![67 - . .3.]


 ,     ,     ,            .         ,    ,      , :       ?  ?        ?        ?[68 - . .83.]

 ,   ,       ,     -    [69 - . .91.].    ,          , ,     ,   ꠫ ,    .  ,      ;       :



!  ,       ?   ,  .    :  ,  ;   ,  .     .       ? ---------  ----!!!! ! ! !  ![70 - . .43.]


     ,   .  1835         (        ):    , !    , ,  (  ,  .)[71 - . .107. .1. .59. .69.          ,   Athenaeum. .: FrazierM. Romantic Encounters: Writers, Readers, and the Library for Reading. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007. .67.]. ,        ,        ;     ,   1835:   , -   ,       ,     .  ,   :      ?   : , ![72 - . .107. .1. .57. .76.]

  1835       ,        ,  ,   (-,      ).        ⠫-,       1830? , ,     1840?.        ,   ,            .  ,   ,   :   ,     .           :      ,    ;    ,     ; ,      ,          [73 - . .86.]. Ӡ    , , ,   ,   , ,   ,    .      : ߠ  ,   --      ! ,    ,      :   ,          堖        [74 - .].   : ,            .

          ,   ,     ,         .    ,      ,    . Ƞ  , ,      ,     ,          .   1835   ,        , , ,  ( )     , , ,   ,   ,  堖           ,     [75 - . .85.].

Π,       (,           ),   ,   1883  1885      .   ,  ,  ,  ,            .      ,        , , , ,   󠖠  .     : ,            ;                .  ,    -  蠫    ,        .  :   ,     ,      ,   ,     򠖠    , ,   ,   ,     [76 - . .107. .1. .116. .33.]. ʠ,     ,  ,       ,      [77 - . .18.].       ,  1793     .

      1830  1850,       I.     I     ,  ,       ,   ,  ,    ,      ,  , ,  ,  [78 - LincolnB. Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russians. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1989; PresniakovA.E. Emperor NicholasI of Russia: The Apogee of Autocracy, 18251855. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1974 (. .: ..  . I. ., 1925); RiasanovskyN. Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 18251855. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959; WortmanR. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in the Russian Monarchy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Vol.1. Pt. 4 (. .: ..  :    . ., 2002. . I).].       .       ,    -  ,      I.          , ,  , .    ,               .    ,       ,  14   ,      ,   .          .           (  ),    ,          ,      .

            .   , I,    ,       ,,   .              (      ),      ,  ,             蠖,        .

, ,    .    ,       .            ,      ,     .       ,    ,       ,  ,        .           ,     ,    .

   status quo   , , ,         ,     .      ,   ,         ,   ,          .     I      , ,     18301831 (     ,         18611863),      .     ;   ,       (    ,  ),       .    ,    ,      1848,        ,     .   ,   ,        ,     .

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  ,  I  ,      ,  ,         ,    .             ,            ,   .    ,    (18531856)       ,     ,      .  , II,         1860?,    ,         .

       ,     ,      I ,             :   ,    蠖      ;   :    ;    󠖠 ࠖ 20 ;   [  ]    1851;     ,    ;        I II[79 - . .107. .1. .99. .230231.].        :      ,        ,     ,    ,      .  -      ,            ,        .

  ,               1830?, 1840? 1850?   ,      ( ,  ,  ).       1820?      , ,  ,        ,         .  ,  ,     ,  ,   .               ,       .

        .       ,           ,        ,     ,   ,      . ,    1848,     ,  ,      .  ,         , ,       .    蠖     XIX,    ,    [80 - Smith-PeterS. The Russian Provincial Newspaper and Its Public, 17881864// The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2008. 1908; -.    XIX:      //    / . .., ... ., 2010. .447461; ..   :    XVIII  XIX. , 1992.]. ,     ,   , ,       ,      ,  ,   . ,       , ,   ,                          .

 , ,  ,          ,        .           ,      .                  .




 2




          ,       XVI[81 - .   . ., 18541857. .1. .29.      ,    .       ,      .       .. .. (., 1886)     ,         -,   -  . . : . .107. .1. .79,    ,   1841.        ,     XVI.].        ,        ( ),   XV XVI;            , ,     .        :    ,   XVI    ,       .   ,           (-,       )[82 - .., ..    [ ].  : http://www.rulex.ru/01240253.htm ( : 05.14.07).     ,     ,   .].

 ,         ,    頖  ,   XVI. ,      (   ,   XVII    )     ,      . , ,     ,     1633     .   ,        蠖  [83 - .   . .45.].   ,  ,          蠖   ,     . Ӡ     ;      ,     .     ,  ,    ,        ,   ,  ,     ;    [84 - . .151.].   ,        ,  ,       :    ,    ,       [85 - . .107. .1. .59. .45.]. ,    ,       .        ,   ,    ,    .

   1729  -   XVIII ,    1798  .             ,     .      ,  ,     (       ).         ,  (     )    ,  1768.    , .

       -  ,       1794      .           ,  :  ,    (      蠖, -  ).             ,           ( 1884ࠖ  )    [86 - ..   . ., 1993. .4445.].         ,     ,    .          ,          .

      17941796      (  )  .        18041805      18091811,       .          [87 -       ,     .].       , 20 1798. Ӡ    , , ,   ⠖,   .      .  -     - 1816,   -   1818   ?  [88 - . .152.].

     (,  ,    )     ,  .   ,   ,    ,   .    1882 -,     ,      (17841785),   2-      1789      17911796,    ,          .      ,      [89 - . .151.].  ,     ,              (    ,  ,            ).

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  (             )        .         ,   (  ,   ),              ,       .      , ,        , , ,   -  - .

   26 1799   ,   .     ,      ,    -   ,     ,     ,  ,  .  ,  ,       (    )      .  ,       :     ,  XIXࠖ  .




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