  
 . 


           ,     ,      ,          .           ,        .   ,      ,      ,         .         ;       ,             





 . 

  

    



 J.G. Wissema, 2009 All rights reserved.

 , ,    .    , 2016


* * *




    


           ,     ,      ,          .           ,        .   ,      ,      ,         .         ;       ,             .

 2009.,     ,    ,           .          ,       -,   (massive open online courses, MOOCs),       YouTube .  ,           .   -   .  ,   ,   400   ,   3 ,    ,     .  ,  19  2015.  Financial Times,          , ,       ,     .          ?           :       ,     ,        [1 - Bromwich D. Trapped in the Virtual Classroom. The New York Review of Books, July 9, 2015. . .]. ,      -.                    : 1)   ; 2)      (      -); 3)      ,             .    ,   ,   .     ,  ,         , , ,  -   ;        , ,    .       ,      .         ,        .   -           .      .           ,       . ,     , , 50 ,         .        .         ,       ,    ,     ,         .        ,      !    :        .  ,      -,   ,       ,      .     :  ,      ;     ; ; ;    ;   ( )   .          ,   .  ,       ,       .  -   ,          ,  ,     .       ,       ,   , -,     ,     ,      .

  : -,      ,     ,      .  -   -,      ,      .  ,            ,    .     .                ,     ,   ;         .    ,    ,     .       ,  ,  -      .     ,      ,   ,             -.  -   ,          .        ,             -.

        ,             ,   ,       (). ,          20 ,         (.        .      .    ,   ,      :     .    2011.  Watson,   IBM,       Jeopardy[2 -    -  . . .],     :     ,       (: aview (/ ).  ,       .  Watson       .    ,      .  Watson          ,          ,            ,         ,      .  ,   Watson       ,         .         -.        ,          .  ,   -        .      :  Amazon   ,        50    Snowball    ;  50    , , ,       .    20 (  ),     , ,           .                     .

       .   ,         .      ;         .   ,   Watson,      .       ,     ,   ,   ,   ,         ,    ,      ,        .

       .    ,    ,    ,   . ,       ,      .              (higher vocational education)[3 -  vocational education             ,         (  :   vocational studies  business education  1960- .      ,          ).                ,      ,            /-  . . . .],          ,          . ,           ,     ,         .     .                  ,            .          ,        ,     .   :        ?     ,      :           .               .          ,         .       ,    ,      .             (arts),                   .       ,     :            .

    ,        -              .    ,      .           [4 -   technostarters            ,    ,    . . . .]   ,             .           -  ,      ; ,  ,   ,    .           ,             .        BankBoston,     ,         ,         .  2011.    1200   50 000 .    ,       ,   .   93%  ,   ,     ,         .  34%      10 .  ,  60 .,    ,     8000  .  ,           ,   .         ,        .            ,       ,     ,           .

        .   (10  2015.)   Financial Times  ,        LinkedIn,    ,       ,    7 ,   150  ,     1 . .  ,             ,         :   ,  ,     .            . ,   ,   ,     ,      .   Facebook, ,     ,    ,    ,          . ,         .  Macintosh    1984. , ,  ,        Apple    Macintosh      .   ,       ,    -     .    ,         . ,    ,      ,  ,      ,   .       ,        ,     .             .  ,   ,   ,              ,  .

     . . ,    ,            ;              ,    -   .  ,            ,           .

. . 

.

1  2015.







               ,    ;   ,    - (     , ˸, ,   ),           ,      - .       .            2006.           2006.  Ecorys South East Europe.       100 ,              .       Shell Global Solutions,   ,  -                .  ,                    .             .      -  ,                         4,     . ,      , -     Ecorys International,           ,        .

. . 




   


      ,           ,   ,       .     .    ,   ,      ,     ,    -    ,  .             .                      - ,         .             .

   ,       .     -       .                  .        ,        ,         .        (  ,        )          .       ,       -[5 - - (. knowhow)  ,      (,  , ,   ..),          -           .        . . .],       ,      ,   ,     ,          : ,  , .              -,     . ,           ,       ,   ,      .    -        ,   ,   ,     .       ,    ,    ,          ˸  .

                      .         ,          .           ,               .   ,             ,        .  ,          .

            .           .          ,     .            .          .         ,       .       ,            -,                 .

          ,    1960- .[6 -          1960- .     ,      - ,         1957.  1958.          .  1963.      ,    1967-        .                        . . .]                .     , ,   ,          .

         ,       .      ,   ,      ,    -       .        .            - ,    .     ,        ,          ()[7 -         (. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA) ,    ,   - .      .    29  1958.          (. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, NACA)            . . .],      ()[8 -      (. Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire, CERN)       .         29   1  1953.  12  .    29  1954. . .],    ()[9 -    (. European Space Agency, ESA)  ,   1975.   .     20  . . .].                ,     -,   ,          -.

 ,  ,           ,      .        , ,        .          ,   ,                  . ,       [10 - . .  . .: , 2002. . .],   ,             .    ,       ,                 .           ,         ,    .

          .   ,       .  ,     ,     .   :



              1960- .

               .

,            :          - .

              .

    .

         - .

             .

            .

     ,   -,    .



                 ,         ,       ,             .                ;         .       XIX.          ,          ,   - .     ,     .     ,   .            .      ,      ,     :



         -,                    .

       .           -   .

      ,      ,  -   , ,   ,         -[11 -  , . carousel know-how;      , . knowledge carousel. . .].

      .        軠  ,       .

             .        .   ,               .

   ;     .        ,   lingua franca[12 - Lingua franca (.)  ; ,         . . .].

        .



  ,      .       ,    ,  .       ,       .     ,    . ,      :         .         .    ,       ,         .

        ( 1),        ( 2).  [13 -   (. Universite de Paris)    ,     ;       .            .  12531792.        ,         (. la Sorbonne). . .]         ,    ,            ,    ,    .             ,          ,        ,         .            ,      ,       ,           ( 3).       ,          .

         :  ,     ,    .   4    Shell Global Solutions        -  -  ().       ,         .       ,   ,   .    5,          .                   -,  ,                    ,  ,   .   6    ,   ,      .        .      ,        ,  -   ,   ,   ,       .

   ,    7, ,             .       .             ,              .     ,     ,     .              ,        .       ,       . [14 -  (Board) ,         ,      /   ,        ,    ,    ,      .        ,        ,        ,     .              (          ). . . .] ,   ,     ,        :         ,         .          .     ,          , ,    .     ,     ,       .  7     . ,  ,    [15 -    (. professional service firm)   ,    ,   :   ,  ,      . . .],  ,    ,    .             .      ,   (, ,     )   ,    .

 8    -.       ,       .             .    -         -      .          -.        .

 9                  .        ,      1)  ,     , 2)    3)  .                  .           3  6 (Triple Six Model),      .

  1       ,    2    ,           .      .

      ,                 .         ,               .      ,     ,      ,     -   .  ,   ,         ,     ,               .              .       ,        ,     .




 I

     



                   .   1           ,    ,     ,      XIX. ,    ,    .        ,         ,          .   2              ,      ,       .       3    ,         .




 1

        





1.1.    


  ,       ,      .         ( ),   ( )    .         .      ,               .   ,       ,       (. .1.1;  ).

              ,    ,   ,    ,       . ,   ,       .









1.2.  


       ,   [16 -    - ,    380- .  ..  .      ,    , , , .        ;      ().       :     !. . .]   [17 - ,   (. ???????)        ,   ,        (335323  ..)         . . .],       [18 -       : A History of the University / W. Ruegg (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.  2008.      .   ,    ,  .].         .              ,        (   ).    ,       ,      -   .                  .          ,   ,     ,  , , ,  (   ),       .

        ,           ,    -     .                 .            (10791142),      ,      1200.,  60    [19 - Compayre G. Abelard and the Origin and Early History of Universities. Reprinted from the 1902 edition. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002.].    1889.  ,      :        ,     ,         ,     ,     [20 - Chartularium Universitaties Parisiensis. Paris: Delalain, 1889 (. : Compayre. Op. cit).].

        ,   (  20 )        ,      [21 -    (   , . 10681121)  -,   , ,    1113.,   . . .].  ,    ,           .      .          , ,  ,        ,       .       ;   ,  ,          .       .      ,        VII.    [22 - Compayre. Op. cit.].        ,   .  [23 -   (10911153)   , ,  ,  ,    ( 1117.). . .]     [24 -    1141.    ,     . . .].

  ,       ,             ,        (   ),        .             .    , ,              ,    .      ,     . ,      ,       ,      ,           .       ,          .   ,    ,   ,     .       -,  18-    .    1142.,      21 ,       .       -         [25 - Radice B. Introduction to: The Letters of Abelard and Heloise. Revised edition. London: Penguin Books, 2003.].

      .   ,   ,     ,   - ,  ,   [26 - Laurie S. S. Lectures on the Rise and Early Constitution of Universities. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1886 (. : Compayre. Op. cit).].      ,  ,   ,  ,     studium ().            ,      .           . ,          .      studium generate (.  ),   .     universitas (.    )       .   ,     universitas magistrorum et scholarium (.    )  universitas studii (.  )[27 - Ruegg. Op. cit.].

     ,     .  ,  ,     ,         ,  ,    .             (doctores et docendi).               .         .             .  ,         ,      ;           .       :

    ( )              ,          .  ,  .         .      ,     . ,   II (11431144),  III (11981208)   III (11591181)   [28 - Ruegg. Op. cit.].

     - ,     ,  - ,     .  , ,       ;        ,      .    ,     .  1158.       (11221190)      :  ,  ,      ,      ,         ,    .       [29 - Compayre. Op. cit.].                   .  ,    ,    ,      . ,        - .    ,              .      ,       .  XV.     15 000 (     4000 );      .

   ,                  amor sciendi (.   ),           .    .             ,    .      nationes (. )     . ,    ,   ,     ,      .       .    ,      ,   ,          .

,     ,     ,  .     ,      ,       .      ,      XIX.         :  (  ); ; ;  [30 - ,   ,      .            (MA  PhD)    . . .] (    ;         ,        ).          ,   : 컠 ,    ()    , ,   .            ;  ,        .    ,  ,    ,    ,      ,      .     XIII.      ,   ,   .      .        ,         .    ,     ,      .  ,        .

   , ,   ,    (. ),          .         ,  ,            ,     ,     . ,  1266.            ;      .          .            ;          .            ,        .      -   ,  ,      .          25 .              ,   . ,         [31 -     II ,   (. Fernando de Aragon el Catolico; 14521516),      .    40-     ,   ,       ,        . . .]           [32 -     (. Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros; 14361517)  1507. ,  ,   II ()      .    . -- ( 14991509),        XVI.  1836.       . . .]. ,               .   ,     :  ()       ,  .        ( . cancellarius  ;  ),              .       :     .       ,   ,          .       ,     .             ,     .       ,        (   ).         .

      .        :     .         : Ultra montanes (     , , 18 )  Citra montanes (    , , 17 ).      ,  ,      .         ,   Collegium Doctorum       [33 - Gieysztor A. Management and resources // Ruegg W. (ed.) A History of the University in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Vol. 1. Chapter 3.].      (      ): ,      .     ( ),   .     licentia docendi (  ;      ),   ( )  , jus ubique docendi.        .

     .       1158.     [34 -  1988.   900-    .].  1180.    ,       (. 1188.),  (1209.),  (1212.),  (1215.),  (1222.),  (1224.).   XIII.     20 ; XIV.    25,     1347.        (       ).  XVI.          ( ).      ,        .  XV.  [35 -   (. Universidad de Salamanca)     (  1218.),    ,          .     ,      . . .]       ,       ,   .           ,     .

     .      ,           .    ,        .           .        XII.          ( , 1257.),      domus scholarium.      :  (1280.), - (1263.),  (1261.)    (1280.)  ,    (1284.)  .  1300.  19    ,       .   XIV.    .      .        .  XIV  XV.     ,     ,   .    .       ,       .       ,   ,     .       ,         [36 - Verger J. Patterns. Chapter 2 // In: Ruegg W. (ed.) A History of the University in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Vol. 1.].       ,    -   ,    .

          ,        ,     .        ,       .         ,    ,      . ,     ,       ,     ,       [37 - Compayre. Op. cit.].

,  ,          ,        .        ,       ,     .      lingua franca    .   ,  ,       . -               ,             .           ,         [38 -   ,          ,      . Ruegg. Op. cit.].

        ( ).    ,     ,      ,      ,       ,        .   ,   . ,        ,     ,     ,      , ,   , -             .    ,    .       ,    .            .

  [39 -    (19242014)  -. . .]  :



 ,             .       ,     .      XVI .          ,            ,        ,    [40 - Le Goff J. Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.].





1.3.   


 XV.  ,       .    ,        ,     1453.[41 -  ,   ,     1453.     .          ,     .       ,   ,         .  ,          ,              . . .]       .  1500.        ,       ,       . ,          ,    ,           .

           .       ,    1350  1550.,    (13041374).          ,    .         .     ,      auctoritates ( ,  )   (   )[42 -      : Frijhoff W. Patterns. Chapter 2 // Ruegg W. A History of the University in Europe. Universities in Early Modern Europe (15001800). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Vol. 2. Chapter 2.],      ,   (studia humaniora),  ,      ,  - (. virtuosi et dilettanti).   XV.        [43 -             .].

 XVI.      ,        (14661536),   (14831546)    (15091564).           (         1492.       ).            ,    (14731543),   (15151572),   (15641642),   (15961650)    (16291695).

 XVII.     ,      .    (15611626),   (16271691),   (16431727)    (16681738)       ,   .         ;          ,    ,    ,       .         ,              .      ,   ,    ,    ,      .     ,     -  .       ,    1818.,       .

  XVIII.        , ,          .        (. hautes ecoles),    ,             .           .        ; , ,           .       ,             II[44 - Otterspeer W. Group Portrait of a Lady: The Bulwark of Freedom, the University of Leiden 15751672 (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Bert Bakker Publishers, 2000. Vol. 1.].      ,  1527.             (   ,  1541.).       ,       .

             .  ,     ,         ,      ,        .            ,   .       ,       .          ,        .

         .       XVIII.   ,   [45 - Jarausch K. H. (ed.) The Transformation of Higher Learning, 18601930, Expansion, Diversification, Social Opening, Professionalism in England, Germany, Russia and the US. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.].   , , ,         .     status quo         ,      .                 ,  ,  ,    :    .             .       .        ,   ,    (),      .




1.4.  


,   ,         ,    XVIII.        .  ,              ,      .        ,        .           .          ,       [46 - Hammerstein N. Epilogue  universities and war in the twentieth century // Ruegg W. (ed.) A History of the University in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Vol. 3.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/yohan-vissema/universitet-tretego-pokoleniya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Bromwich D. Trapped in the Virtual Classroom. The New York Review of Books, July 9, 2015. . .




2


   -  . . .




3


 vocational education             ,         (  :   vocational studies  business education  1960- .      ,          ).                ,      ,            /-  . . . .




4


  technostarters            ,    ,    . . . .




5


- (. knowhow)  ,      (,  , ,   ..),          -           .        . . .




6


         1960- .     ,      - ,         1957.  1958.          .  1963.      ,    1967-        .                        . . .




7


        (. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA) ,    ,   - .      .    29  1958.          (. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, NACA)            . . .




8


     (. Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire, CERN)       .         29   1  1953.  12  .    29  1954. . .




9


   (. European Space Agency, ESA)  ,   1975.   .     20  . . .




10


. .  . .: , 2002. . .




11


 , . carousel know-how;      , . knowledge carousel. . .




12


Lingua franca (.)  ; ,         . . .




13


  (. Universite de Paris)    ,     ;       .            .  12531792.        ,         (. la Sorbonne). . .




14


 (Board) ,         ,      /   ,        ,    ,    ,      .        ,        ,        ,     .              (          ). . . .




15


   (. professional service firm)   ,    ,   :   ,  ,      . . .




16


   - ,    380- .  ..  .      ,    , , , .        ;      ().       :     !. . .




17


,   (. ???????)        ,   ,        (335323  ..)         . . .




18


      : A History of the University / W. Ruegg (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.  2008.      .   ,    ,  .




19


Compayre G. Abelard and the Origin and Early History of Universities. Reprinted from the 1902 edition. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002.




20


Chartularium Universitaties Parisiensis. Paris: Delalain, 1889 (. : Compayre. Op. cit).




21


   (   , . 10681121)  -,   , ,    1113.,   . . .




22


Compayre. Op. cit.




23


  (10911153)   , ,  ,  ,    ( 1117.). . .




24


   1141.    ,     . . .




25


Radice B. Introduction to: The Letters of Abelard and Heloise. Revised edition. London: Penguin Books, 2003.




26


Laurie S. S. Lectures on the Rise and Early Constitution of Universities. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1886 (. : Compayre. Op. cit).




27


Ruegg. Op. cit.




28


Ruegg. Op. cit.




29


Compayre. Op. cit.




30


,   ,      .            (MA  PhD)    . . .




31


    II ,   (. Fernando de Aragon el Catolico; 14521516),      .    40-     ,   ,       ,        . . .




32


    (. Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros; 14361517)  1507. ,  ,   II ()      .    . -- ( 14991509),        XVI.  1836.       . . .




33


Gieysztor A. Management and resources // Ruegg W. (ed.) A History of the University in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Vol. 1. Chapter 3.




34


 1988.   900-    .




35


  (. Universidad de Salamanca)     (  1218.),    ,          .     ,      . . .




36


Verger J. Patterns. Chapter 2 // In: Ruegg W. (ed.) A History of the University in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Vol. 1.




37


Compayre. Op. cit.




38


  ,          ,      . Ruegg. Op. cit.




39


   (19242014)  -. . .




40


Le Goff J. Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.




41


 ,   ,     1453.     .          ,     .       ,   ,         .  ,          ,              . . .




42


     : Frijhoff W. Patterns. Chapter 2 // Ruegg W. A History of the University in Europe. Universities in Early Modern Europe (15001800). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Vol. 2. Chapter 2.




43


            .




44


Otterspeer W. Group Portrait of a Lady: The Bulwark of Freedom, the University of Leiden 15751672 (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Bert Bakker Publishers, 2000. Vol. 1.




45


Jarausch K. H. (ed.) The Transformation of Higher Learning, 18601930, Expansion, Diversification, Social Opening, Professionalism in England, Germany, Russia and the US. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.




46


Hammerstein N. Epilogue  universities and war in the twentieth century // Ruegg W. (ed.) A History of the University in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Vol. 3.


