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 ,    ,    The Myths of Antitrust: Economic Theory and Legal Cases (Arlington House, 1972),           Antitrust and Monopoly: Anatomy of Policy Failure (John Wiley and Sons, 1982).     ,       ,       Wiley & Sons 1982 .

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            [1 - James Langefeld, David Scheffman, Evolution or Revolution: What is the Future of Antitrust? Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 31 (Summer 1986), pp. 287299.].                [2 - Robert H. Bork, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself (New York, Basic Books, 1978), Chapter 16. . : Harold Demsetz, Barriers to Entry, American Economic Review, Vol. 72 (March 1982), pp. 4757.],   ,         (,    ),               .    ,              ,     .   ,           ,      ,     .                 .

            [3 - Harold Demsetz, The Market Concentration Doctrine (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1973).].    ,          ,      (     )   () .

       .   ,           -         [4 - Yale Brozen, Concentration and Profits: Does Concentration Matter? Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 19 (1974), pp. 381399.].   ,  ,      ,         [5 - Franklin M.Fisher and John L. McGowan, On the Misuse of Accounting Rates of Return to Infer Monopoly Profits, American Economic Review, Vol. 73 (March 1983), pp. 8297.].  ,                       [6 - S.C. Littlechild, Misleading Calculations of the Social Costs of Monopoly Power, Economic Journal, Vol. 91 (June 1981), pp. 348363.].  ,          ,   [7 - Harold Demsetz, Industry Structure, Market Rivalry, and Public Policy, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 16, (April 1973), pp. 110. . : John R. Carter, Collusion, Efficiency, and Antitrust, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 21 (October 1978), pp. 434 444.].           ,       .

        ,               [8 - Dominick T. Armentano, Antitrust and Monopoly: Anatomy of a Po licy Failure (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982).].     ,   ,    ,    -     ,   ,          ,       .          .          ,    ,          (  ,    )         ,              [9 - William Baumol and Janusz Ordover, Use of Antitrust to Subvert Competition, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 28 (May 1985), pp. 247265.].

,            ,     1990-  -   .          .     .       (  1914 )        [10 -       .  Washington Post, January 19, 1986, pp. H1, 4,  January 20, 1986, p. E1.  . The Economist, August 23, 1986, p. 25.].            - ,  -          .  ,                         ,        .

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  ,               ,         laissez-faire[1 -     ,    (.).][12 - Jonathan Hughes, The Governmental Habit: Economic Controls from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Basic Books, Inp., Publishers, 1977).].              .     ,  ,      ,                   [13 - Jerrold G. Van Cise, Religion and Antitrust, The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 23, 3 (Autumn 1978), p. 462.   ,   1885 ,        ,   laissez-faire       .  ,     ,         ,   . ,  .    . ,      . . Report of the Organizations of the American Economic Association, Merle Curti et al., eds., American Issues: The Social Record, 4th ed. rev., Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1971), p. 158162. .  Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization: 18651918 (New York: Viking Press, 1949), p. 206208.]. ,     (1890)    [2 -      . .]  ,            .

 ,        [14 - Robert H. Bork, The Legislative Intent and the Policy of the Sherman Act, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 9 (October 1966), p. 748. .  Hans Thorelli, The Federal Antitrust Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1955),   4,  William Letwin, Law and Economic Policy in America (New York: Random House, 1965),  p. 8899.].     ,     ,  ࠖ     .    ,                     .          ,   -      ,          .  ,      ,        ,  ,           [15 - Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History 19001916 (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963).].

   , ,   ,          .       ,                [16 - Alan Stone, Economic Regulation and the Public Interest: The Federal Trade Commission in Theory and Practice (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), p. 24.].     ,         , ,   ,    ,        .

           .             ,        .        [17 - Thorelli, op. cit., p. 169. ,       , . . Thorelli, op. cit., p. 168.].        ,   :              .       1911               , ,  ,   ,      .       ,   ,      ,     (       )         .      ,   ,        ,  -     (  ),            .  ,               .

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           ,   ,  ,  :       ?      ,  堖   [21 - Roger Pilon, Corporations and Rights: On Treating Corporate People Justly, Georgia Law Review, Vol. 13, 4. (Summer 1979), p. 1245 1370. .  Robert Hessen, In Defense of the Corporation (Stanford, Cal.: Hoover Institution Press, 1979).].   ,    :   ,       .                  ,          ,     ,     .   ,      ,     ,     - ,        -    ,       .     ,                .   ,      -  ,        - ,           ,     .     ,           .

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                  ,   - . ,   ,     ,         ,    ,   [23 - Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937).].         ,  ,   ,         .                  .

            .      ,      ,           .   ,     ,         .       ,           : ,  ,   ,  [24 - Ibid., pp. 682690  737.  . Mark Blaug, Economic Theory in Retrospect,   (Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, 1968), p. 63.]. , -,    laissez-faire,  ,              ,    [25 -         ,    ,             . , op. cit., . 128.].

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,         .          ,           ,     .    ,              ,        [29 - H.H. Liebhafsky, American Government and Business (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971), pp. 2326.].          ;                [30 - Murray N. Rothbard, Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics (New York: The Center For Libertarian Studies, 1978). .  S. P. Littlechild, The Problem of Social Cost, in Louis M. Spadaro, ed., New Directions in Austrian Economics (Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, Inc., 1978), pp. 7793.].  ,                ,    -  ,    . ,       ,       (   )     .

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  ,      ,       .    ,        [36 - F. M. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company, 1980), p. 18.   . Harold Demsetz, The Nature of Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 67 ( 1959), pp. 2130,  The Welfare and Empirical Implications of Monopolistic Competition, Economic Journal, Vol. 74 (September 1967), p. 623.].     ,      ,   ,  ,  ,  , ,    . ,         .     ,  ,   ,       ,            [37 -      -. . Robert L. Bishop, Monopolistic Competition and Welfare Economics, . Robert E. Keunne, Monopolistic Competition Theory: Studies in Impact (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967), pp. 251263; Edwin Mansfield, Microeconomics (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1975), pp. 282, 315; Willard Mueller, A Primer on Monopoly and Competition (New York: Random House, 1970), p. 8; Richard E. Low, Introduction, . R. E. Low, ed., The Economics of Antitrust: Competition and Monopoly (Englewood Cliffs, N.J..: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968), pp. 142. .  Lee Preston  Benjamin King, Proving Competition, The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 24, 4 (Winter 1979), p. 787.].

  ,        (  )       .       ,          .     ,   ,  ,    ,   ,     , ,                [38 - .  Roger Sherman  Antitrust Bulletin (January 1976), p. 947. .  Milton H. Spencer, Contemporary Microeconomics (New York: Worth Publishers, Inc., 1975), pp. 240243,  Peter Asch, Industrial Concentration, Efficiency and Antitrust Reform, The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 22, 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 129143, esp. p. 130.].               ,    . ,  ,   ,    [39 - Douglas F. Greer, Industrial Organization and Public Policy (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1980), p. 44.].

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        1954         ,                 ( )[42 - Monopoly and Resource Allocation, American Economic Review, Papersand Proceedings, Vol. 44 (May 1954), p. 77.] (. .5).               . ̠   ,      .     , ,             ,              . ,               [43 - William Long, Richard Schramm  Robert Tollison, The Economic Determinants of Antitrust Activity, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 16, 2 (October 1973), pp. 351364. .  Philip Areeda, Antitrust Analysis: Problems, Text, Cases, 2nd ed. (Little, Brown & Company, 1974), pp. 1223,  p. 195.].






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notes









1


    ,    (.).




2


     . .










1


James Langefeld, David Scheffman, Evolution or Revolution: What is the Future of Antitrust? Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 31 (Summer 1986), pp. 287299.




2


Robert H. Bork, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself (New York, Basic Books, 1978), Chapter 16. . : Harold Demsetz, Barriers to Entry, American Economic Review, Vol. 72 (March 1982), pp. 4757.




3


Harold Demsetz, The Market Concentration Doctrine (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1973).




4


Yale Brozen, Concentration and Profits: Does Concentration Matter? Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 19 (1974), pp. 381399.




5


Franklin M.Fisher and John L. McGowan, On the Misuse of Accounting Rates of Return to Infer Monopoly Profits, American Economic Review, Vol. 73 (March 1983), pp. 8297.




6


S.C. Littlechild, Misleading Calculations of the Social Costs of Monopoly Power, Economic Journal, Vol. 91 (June 1981), pp. 348363.




7


Harold Demsetz, Industry Structure, Market Rivalry, and Public Policy, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 16, (April 1973), pp. 110. . : John R. Carter, Collusion, Efficiency, and Antitrust, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 21 (October 1978), pp. 434 444.




8


Dominick T. Armentano, Antitrust and Monopoly: Anatomy of a Po licy Failure (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982).




9


William Baumol and Janusz Ordover, Use of Antitrust to Subvert Competition, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 28 (May 1985), pp. 247265.




10


      .  Washington Post, January 19, 1986, pp. H1, 4,  January 20, 1986, p. E1.  . The Economist, August 23, 1986, p. 25.




11


     - , 85% ,   ,     :     ,          . .: J. R. Kearl, Clayne L. Pope, Gordon C. Whiting, and Larry T. Wimmer, A Confusion of Economists? American Economic Review, Paper and Proceedings, Vol. 69, No. 2 (May 1979), p. 30.




12


Jonathan Hughes, The Governmental Habit: Economic Controls from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Basic Books, Inp., Publishers, 1977).




13


Jerrold G. Van Cise, Religion and Antitrust, The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 23, 3 (Autumn 1978), p. 462.   ,   1885 ,        ,   laissez-faire       .  ,     ,         ,   . ,  .    . ,      . . Report of the Organizations of the American Economic Association, Merle Curti et al., eds., American Issues: The Social Record, 4th ed. rev., Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1971), p. 158162. .  Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization: 18651918 (New York: Viking Press, 1949), p. 206208.




14


Robert H. Bork, The Legislative Intent and the Policy of the Sherman Act, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 9 (October 1966), p. 748. .  Hans Thorelli, The Federal Antitrust Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1955),   4,  William Letwin, Law and Economic Policy in America (New York: Random House, 1965),  p. 8899.




15


Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History 19001916 (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963).




16


Alan Stone, Economic Regulation and the Public Interest: The Federal Trade Commission in Theory and Practice (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), p. 24.




17


Thorelli, op. cit., p. 169. ,       , . . Thorelli, op. cit., p. 168.




18


Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1877).




19


Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934).




20


Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law: 17801860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977).




21


Roger Pilon, Corporations and Rights: On Treating Corporate People Justly, Georgia Law Review, Vol. 13, 4. (Summer 1979), p. 1245 1370. .  Robert Hessen, In Defense of the Corporation (Stanford, Cal.: Hoover Institution Press, 1979).




22


Gordon P. Bjork, Private Enterprise and Public Interest: The Development of American Capitalism (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969),   1, 3  5     .




23


Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937).




24


Ibid., pp. 682690  737.  . Mark Blaug, Economic Theory in Retrospect,   (Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, 1968), p. 63.




25


        ,    ,             . , op. cit., . 128.




26


Elie Halevy, The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism (Boston: The Beacon Press, 1955). .  3 ( 1)  4 ( 3).




27


John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1963),  pp. 312322.




28


William D. Gramp, Economic Liberalism: The Classical View, Vol. 11 (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 75.  . Edmund Whittaker, Schools and Streams of Economic Thought (Chicago: Rand McNally Co., 1960), pp. 168175.




29


H.H. Liebhafsky, American Government and Business (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971), pp. 2326.




30


Murray N. Rothbard, Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics (New York: The Center For Libertarian Studies, 1978). .  S. P. Littlechild, The Problem of Social Cost, in Louis M. Spadaro, ed., New Directions in Austrian Economics (Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, Inc., 1978), pp. 7793.




31


Joseph W. McGuire, Business and Society (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1963), pp. 3940.




32


Joseph W. McGuire, Business and Society (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1963), pp. 3839.




33


  Websters New Collegiate Dictionary  1981  . G. & C. Merriam Co., Publishers Merriam-Webster Dictionaries.   .




34


      1880  1933  . Donald Dewey, The Theory of Imperfect Competition: A Radical Reconstruction (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), pp. 510.




35


        .     ,  Richard H. Leftwich, The Price System and Resource Allocation, 7th ed. (Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press, 1979).




36


F. M. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company, 1980), p. 18.   . Harold Demsetz, The Nature of Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 67 ( 1959), pp. 2130,  The Welfare and Empirical Implications of Monopolistic Competition, Economic Journal, Vol. 74 (September 1967), p. 623.




37


     -. . Robert L. Bishop, Monopolistic Competition and Welfare Economics, . Robert E. Keunne, Monopolistic Competition Theory: Studies in Impact (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967), pp. 251263; Edwin Mansfield, Microeconomics (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1975), pp. 282, 315; Willard Mueller, A Primer on Monopoly and Competition (New York: Random House, 1970), p. 8; Richard E. Low, Introduction, . R. E. Low, ed., The Economics of Antitrust: Competition and Monopoly (Englewood Cliffs, N.J..: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968), pp. 142. .  Lee Preston  Benjamin King, Proving Competition, The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 24, 4 (Winter 1979), p. 787.




38


.  Roger Sherman  Antitrust Bulletin (January 1976), p. 947. .  Milton H. Spencer, Contemporary Microeconomics (New York: Worth Publishers, Inc., 1975), pp. 240243,  Peter Asch, Industrial Concentration, Efficiency and Antitrust Reform, The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 22, 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 129143, esp. p. 130.




39


Douglas F. Greer, Industrial Organization and Public Policy (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1980), p. 44.




40


Leftwich, p. 32 [Copyright 1979, Dryden Press, Inc.,    Dryden Press, Inc.].




41


  (Antoine Cournot)    1838 . . Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), pp. 972977.     ,      . . Roger A. McCain, Markets, Decisions, and Organizations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1981), pp. 257259.




42


Monopoly and Resource Allocation, American Economic Review, Papersand Proceedings, Vol. 44 (May 1954), p. 77.




43


William Long, Richard Schramm  Robert Tollison, The Economic Determinants of Antitrust Activity, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 16, 2 (October 1973), pp. 351364. .  Philip Areeda, Antitrust Analysis: Problems, Text, Cases, 2nd ed. (Little, Brown & Company, 1974), pp. 1223,  p. 195.




44


Oliver Williamson, Economics as an Antitrust Defense: The Welfare Tradeoffs, American Economic Review, Vol. 68, 18 (March 1968),    American Economic Review, Vol. 69 (December 1969), pp. 954959.       . Wesley J. Liebeler, Market Power and Competitive Superiority in Concentrated Industries, UCLA Law Review, Vol. 25 (1979), pp. 12321297.




45


       (Robert Bork)  The Antitrust Paradox (New York: Basic Books, 1978).




46


Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), pp. 1015.




47


William Baumol, Economic Theory and Operations Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 257.




48


R. G. Lipsey  K. Lancaster, The General Theory of Second Best, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 24 (195657), p. 11.




49


           . . Albert Levenson  Babette Solon, Outline of Price Theory (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1964), p. 111.




50


        : Murray N. Rothbard, Man, Economy and State, Vol. 2 (Princeton: D. VanNostrand & Co., 1962); Israel M. Kirzner, Competition and Entrepreneurship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973); Friedrich Hayek, The Meaning of Competition,

Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1972), pp. 92106; Paul McNulty, Economic Theory and the Meaning of Competition, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 82 (1968),   Yale Brozen, The Competitive Economy: Selected Readings (General Learning, 1975), pp. 6475.  .   Arthur A. Thompson, Jr., Competition as a Strategic Process, The Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 25, 4 (Winter 1980), pp. 777803.


