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     ?          ,       ,      :   (  , ).            .       (   )      ,    ,      .      .  1899.                      [13 - . . 45, 48.].

        .      ( ,     ),           .            , ,       [14 - Maria Petrovna von Bock, Reminiscences of My Father, Peter A. Stolypin (1970), 22 (     ,       ) [.:  . .     . . . ?:  . , 1953]. . : Ascher, P. A. Stolypin, 19.].        ,        ,      .  ?, ,    ,     II,    ,      ,       ()          ;      ,                [15 - .:  . .    :         , 19061911. .: 1991. . 89 (  10  1907.).].    ,    ,      (,      )      .    ,            ,         [16 - . . 48.].

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,       ,     ,            .      ,   .         .  ,     ,            :     ,      ,  , ,      .        ,                 ,     ,   ,            ,             ,          ,   ,   ,    .           ,         [29 -  .     //  .,  . . 2? . . 8. . 207. . : Moeletsi Mbeki, Underdevelopment in Sub?Saharan Africa: The Role of the Private Sector and Political Elites, CATO Foreign Policy Briefing No. 85 (April 15, 2005).     ,          ,          ,        , ,   .].

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       ,      , ,      .   ,         ,          . ,   ? ?     ,    ,            ,  ,             [32 - Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 4243, 60. . : ibid., 7071        ; . : Alexander Gerschen-kron, Agrarian Policies and Industrialization, Russia 18611914, in Alexander Gerschenkron, Continuity in History and Other Essays (1968), 145146.].

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         ,      [37 - .: North, Institutions. [. .] . : John V.C. Nye, Thinking About the State: Property Rights, Trade, and Changing Contractual Arrangements in a World with Coercion, in Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics, eds. John N. Drobak and John V. C. Nye (1997), 121142.]. ?,       ,       ,         : ,      ,    ,       .             .               ,       ,     ,         ,               .

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        ,    ,       :   ?;      ;      ;  ; ,     ,        ,  ..       ,    . ,     ,         ?            ,   [41 - ,      ,      . . .]         [42 - Timur Kuran, Why the Middle East is Economically Undeveloped: Historical Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation, J. of Econ. Perspectives 18, no. 3 (Summer 2004): 7190.].

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 1906.     ?, , ,         ,   .    1906.,    ?,          (  ),    II  23  1906.    1905.      (),                ,     ,           .             (  ),       .  ,       (    ),        , , ,   .     ,        ,   ,    ,  ?  ,        ,    [44 - George L. Yanee, The Systematization of Russian Government (1973), 327. . : ibid., 205220, 237, 250251, 259260, 301302, 382).         ,     ,    .].    ,           ,    .

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,           ,           .  ,        XIX.,         ,  ,            ,   ,        [46 - Thomas C. Owen, Dilemmas of Russian Capitalism: Fedor Chizov and Corporate Enterprise in the Railroad Age (2005), 198.].

   ?    ,          .        ,   ,       . ,      ,   ,       ,      .      ,        , ,    ,         .

   ? ()          ,  ,  ,     ,    (  1905.     ),    [47 - Robinson, 268269.          ,         ,    63%  ,      .     . . 3.  1914.      . .: Robinson, 270272.          ,   ,      170,5 ,   (       ,      1905.)   71,3 , ..   70%  30%.  19071914.              19,5 . George L. Yaney, The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 18611930 (1982), 159.   [Dorothy Atkinson, The End of the Russian Land Commune, 19051930 (1983), 8384]     .].      ,                .            .

      ,  ,        [48 -  . .     ? //   . . :   / . . . .   . . . 1994. . 18.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/stiven-uilyams-21544488/liberalnye-reformy-pri-neliberalnom-rezhime/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


David Moon, The Russian Peasantry, 16001930: The World the Peasants Made (1990), 21.




2


       ,     ,     . .:  . . :    . ., 2004. . 187188.




3


 .  :    . ., 2002. . 1. . 404405 ( :  . . .   .    .  . . I. ., 1992. . 325.




4


George L. Yaney, The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 18611930 (1982), 207.




5


 . .      . ., 2001. . 167.




6


 .,  . . . . .      //    :    / . . . . ., 1995. . 8.




7


.: Arcady Stolypine, De lEmpire ? lexile: avant et apr?s 1917. Mmoires (1996), 1923 (       ,    [17441810]). . :  .  :    . ., 2002. . 2. . 194204.




8


. . 1. . 348;  . :   . ., 2002. . 2937.




9


, . . 8.




10


. . 1. . 348. . : . . 159.




11


Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905: Authority Restored (1992), 219.




12


Abraham Ascher, P.A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia (2001), 16.




13


. . 45, 48.




14


Maria Petrovna von Bock, Reminiscences of My Father, Peter A. Stolypin (1970), 22 (     ,       ) [.:  . .     . . . ?:  . , 1953]. . : Ascher, P. A. Stolypin, 19.




15


.:  . .    :         , 19061911. .: 1991. . 89 (  10  1907.).




16


. . 48.




17


, . . 1112; Ascher, P. A. Stolypin, 5659.




18


Ascher, P. A. Stolypin, 5659, 4243. . : . . 9697.




19


Thomas Fallows, Governor Stolypin and the Revolution of 1905 in Saratov, in Politics and Society in Provincial Russia, Saratov Province, 15001917, eds., Rex A. Wade and Scott Seregny (1989), 160190.




20


Ascher, P. A. Stolypin, 60.




21


., .:  . . . ., 1960. . 3. . 446.




22


, . . 20.




23


Ascher, P. A. Stolypin, 380.




24


.: Ronald H. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, J. of Law & Economics 3 (1960): 144. [ .    //  . , , . ., 1993. . 85 139.]




25


.: Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (1999), 110,     :  . . 1970. . 119120.        . 109114.   (Stefan Hedlund, Russian Path Dependence [2005]) ,          XVII.       .   7,    ,      .




26


.: Mancur Olson, Power and Prosperity (2000).      ,    .                .  ,   ,   ,    ,              ;              ,     ,      .




27


David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (1998), 398.




28


.: Christopher Clague, Philip Keefer, Stephen Knack, and Mancur Olson, Property and Contract Rights in Autocracies and Democracies, in Democracy, Governance, and Growth, eds. Steven Knack, t al. (2003), 136, 173.




29


 .     //  .,  . . 2? . . 8. . 207. . : Moeletsi Mbeki, Underdevelopment in Sub?Saharan Africa: The Role of the Private Sector and Political Elites, CATO Foreign Policy Briefing No. 85 (April 15, 2005).     ,          ,          ,        , ,   .




30


Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long?Run Growth (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 2004),    Handbook of Economic Growth, eds. Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf, 5558.




31


Frederick Douglass, The Significance of Emancipation in the West Indies, Speech, August 3, 1857. In The Frederick Douglass Papers. Series One: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews, ed. John W. Blassingame (1985), 3: 204.




32


Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 4243, 60. . : ibid., 7071        ; . : Alexander Gerschen-kron, Agrarian Policies and Industrialization, Russia 18611914, in Alexander Gerschenkron, Continuity in History and Other Essays (1968), 145146.




33


    ,     ,   , ,     .               .       ,     ,     , ?,     (., .: John P. Powelson, Centuries of Economic Endeavour (1994), 1341 (), 314326 (); Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (1995), 5354, 166167, 175176, 182183 (), 204205, 207, 210 ()) , ?, ,         ,  . .: Mancur Olson, Jr., The Rise and Decline of Nations (1982). [ .    .  , ,  . : , 1998.]




34


.: Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of American Revolution (1991) (  ,     XVIII.              XVIII   XIX.      . [       ,     . .]




35


.: Steven Calabresi, The Historical Origins of the Rule of Law in the American Constitutional Order, Harv. J. of Law & Public Policy 28 (2004): 273280.




36


Douglas C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (1990), 5960, 101104. [ . ,     . .: , 1997. . 83, 130133.]




37


.: North, Institutions. [. .] . : John V.C. Nye, Thinking About the State: Property Rights, Trade, and Changing Contractual Arrangements in a World with Coercion, in Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics, eds. John N. Drobak and John V. C. Nye (1997), 121142.




38


.: Paul Pierson, Path Dependence, Increasing Returns, and the Study of Politics, American Political Science Review 94 (2000): 251266.




39


    . Douglass North and Barry Weingast, Constitution and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth?Century England, Journal of Economic History 49 (1989): 803832. .  North, Institutions, 112115. [. . . 145149.]




40


Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 6672.




41


,      ,      . . .




42


Timur Kuran, Why the Middle East is Economically Undeveloped: Historical Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation, J. of Econ. Perspectives 18, no. 3 (Summer 2004): 7190.




43


.: Nye, 121142.




44


George L. Yanee, The Systematization of Russian Government (1973), 327. . : ibid., 205220, 237, 250251, 259260, 301302, 382).         ,     ,    .




45


.: Geroid T. Robinson, Rural Russia Under the Old Regime (1969), 268.




46


Thomas C. Owen, Dilemmas of Russian Capitalism: Fedor Chizov and Corporate Enterprise in the Railroad Age (2005), 198.




47


Robinson, 268269.          ,         ,    63%  ,      .     . . 3.  1914.      . .: Robinson, 270272.          ,   ,      170,5 ,   (       ,      1905.)   71,3 , ..   70%  30%.

  19071914.              19,5 . George L. Yaney, The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 18611930 (1982), 159.   [Dorothy Atkinson, The End of the Russian Land Commune, 19051930 (1983), 8384]     .




48


 . .     ? //   . . :   / . . . .   . . . 1994. . 18.


