,   
 


  ()
             .         ,                ,              .  ,  , . . ,    ,           .               .     (      )            .    ,  ,      .

                  ,       .

2- , .





 

,   



 1974 by Basic Books, Inc.

  ͻ, 2008




 


          (19382002) ,   ,               .     1974.                (National Book Award)      (1975.).  ,             ,   .               ,     .             [1 -  .  . : - . -, 1995.],  ,        .

   . ,   ,   ,        (  )[2 -       ,     ,      ,        -   .].               ,            .             ,      ,    ,        . .         .

   ,                  .   ,  .                  .   ?       , , -,              . -, ,               ,        7080-  XX.        . -       ,           . ࠖ             .

           .          ,                 ,    .      ,    ,      堖   .

,      . ,                ,              .        ,      , ,          .



 ,   
 2007.







  ,    ,           ,    (   ).         ,   :   ,   - ,     ?      ?    蠖  ,      ,   .          .

       ,      ,     蠖   , , ,     ..;                         ;       ,  .      : -,        ,      , , -,     -         .

   ,            ,   ,       ,            .     ;     ,      . ,    ,      ,     ,     .          .         ,       , -     :     ,        .

        ,    .                   . (    ,        ?)    ,    ,      蠖  젖        , ,       ,    .      ,   ,     ,     ,    ,       ,           ,        .

 ,   ,           :    ,      ,   , ,    ,    ,     ,    .. ,   ,        ,   ,            ,        .     ,          ,     .

             . ,          ,    ,       .  ,    ,        ,    ! ,            ,         ,        ,     .

   ,     , ,             .  ,   ,    ,          ,   .          ?    ,     ; ,    ,          .    ,      .

       ,       ,      .        ,      ,   ,          ,    ,            .   ,  ,      (   ,  ),             ,        - .      I,     , :       ,    ;   ;  ,       ,    - ; ,        ,        ;     ; ,     ;      ;     .               .

 I     .   II ,           .  ,   ,     ,   .   ,            ,     (  ),      ,             ,  ,   ,           .     , ,   ,       ,     ,   , ,      . (,   I  , ,   II   ,   8   7).  II    ,     ,   ,        .   ,        ,      ,          .             蠖  頖  ,  ,      ,    .       ,    ,    ,          .

   ,   ,     ,     ,         .   ;       ,                  .      .      ,     ,   :              ,  ,      ,     .     .     ,  ,              ,        , ,    , ,  .       ,  .

,       .    ,   ,      .      ,    ,  , ,  ,       .        .      .       ,    ,       ࠖ  ,        ,             ,       .

   ,              .      ,   -     .          ,     .     ,  ,      .  ,  ,  ,    ,   , , ,      ;    - ,       ,    ,    . ( , ,    .     .   .) ,  ,      ,   ,  ,      .     ,      ,     .      ,    ,      ,    ,         .

    :    ,    .       ,     .  ,     ,    ,  , ,   ,     ,    ,     ,   ,      .

      頖 ,  ,        ,         ,   ,  ,   .     ,   ,     .         ?       ,  ,      ,   ?    ,      ?    ? (    ?)  ,           ( ) .

       ,  ,        ,     . ,     ,   .       . ,     : ,      ,   .

,       , ,   ..,            ,   .         .          ;           (retributive justice),        (tripartite)   .        , ,  ,      ,    .         .    , , ,    ,     ,        .    ,        . ,  ,   ,   . ,       .







        1971-1972.,    -           -    ,    .       ,  ,     .  10                1969.;         .      1973.

            ;         .               ,   ,        .               . . ,     ,   7      ,      I   .          ,  ()     ,     .

                ,    (Society for Ethical and Legal Philosophy, SELF);           .                .               ,      ,       .   .




 I.   ,     ,     





 1.     ?



    ,     ,   ?          ?         ,   ,         (     ).          ,       ,        .       ,     ,      ,           ,    .        .   堖   , ..  .




 


   ,    ,     ,    ,         .       ?   ,   ,     ,           . ,       , , , ,      .    ,    . ,   ,  ,  , ,      ,  ,     ,    ,            . (  , ,         .)

      ,    :   ? , ,    ,                -    .         ,              ,             ,        . ,       ,                .

        ,      ,  ,     ,  .      ,      ,     ,     .       ,       .      ,           ,      ,         ,   .    -   ,          .        ,               :          .                ,   ,   .  ,        . ,     ,      ,         ,    .              ,    ,  ,   .     .   ,            ,           .

 ,      ,     ,      ,            ,  .      ࠖ  ,      ,  .    堖   ,    .               .    ,     ,  ,  ,   ,     ,       ,     ,  , ,    ,       ;    [3 -     ,              ,     ,       .      ,       .].

     ,       ,    ,       .   ,   ,       ,        ,         .   ,  ,     ,       .          .           ,  ,            .  ,    ,          . (      ,    -   ,     .)      , ,   .  ,   ,            ,   ,          .




  


     ,      .      : (1)     ; (2)       ,     ,     ,        ; (3)     .          [4 - .: Norwood Russell Hanson, Patterns of Discovery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958), pp. 119120       (. 212).    (,   ..)       ,     ,   - (   ,     ..),     (  )        .],      ,    ,     .             [].

     ,        ,        ,    ,  ,        .           ,   ,    ,      .  , ,  , ,  ,             (    )   ,   ,       .      (    ,      )      ( ,  )   (        ),  .   ,          ,     .    ,                ,    .     ,       .        ,          ,   ,        ; ..        ,         .

  ,                  ,           ,      ,       ,   ,          .   ,   ( )  ,       ,          ,  [5 - Carl G. Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation (New York: The Free Press, 1965), pp. 247249, 273278, 293295, 338.].  ,        (law-defective),     ,   ,      (fact-defective),       .  ,       ,   (        ),       Q,   ,       .       Q,     [6 - , ,       R,      Q,    R   ,     ,  ,      :     ,      [Q, R.].     :  ,     Q   ,     .].   ,          ,    (process-defective).

   (,    ,     )     ,     .   ,          ,      [7 -     .     ,          : ,     - ,   ,      .  ,         ,   . (  - ,    .)     ,      ,     ,     .    ,    ,      .    ,   ; .: Jaegwon Kim, Causation, Nomic Subsumption, and the Concept of Event, The Journal of Philosophy, 70, 8 (April 26, 1973), pp. 217236.].   -      ( ,    ),       .      ,        ,    ,              .               ,   ,          .        (     ,   )     .          ,     .

  ,     ,            ,     .    ,   ,    ,        .      ,     ,  ,  ,   .    ,  ,     ,     , ,   .

    ,          ,     .  ,    ,   ,      ,    ,       ,   .         ,             ,    .     ,          ,    ,        (  ?).      ,        ,   ,       ,                      ,    .




 2.  



                         ,         ,   ,     -       -  (II, 4)[8 - John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 2nd ed., ed. Peter Laslett (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1967).    ,     Second Treatise [ . .:    .  ]. [    :  .     //  . : 3- . . 3. .: , 1988. . 135405. . :  .    . : , 2007.                ,   . . .].]. ,   ,    :         , ,     (II, 6).    ,         ,                ( III).           ,       (II, 10);          ,        (II, 7);      []   ,        ,     ,   ,       (II, 8).

     ,  ,    ,      ,      (II,13).   ,     ,       ,   .     ,          ,    ,          ,   - .   ,      , ..     ,    ,     ,    ,    ,   ,    ,    ,  ,      [9 -     ,  .   Ҡ  ,    , , ,  ,   , , , ,  , , , , , ,    ,      ,   .   Ҡ  ,    ,     , , ,  , , , , ,  , , , , , , .             , , , , , , , , ;   ,      , , , , ,  , , , , ,   , ,  , , ,   , ,  ,    ,   , ,   , , .  ;   ;     (P. J. Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, trans. John Beverly Robinson (London: Freedom Press, 1923), pp. 293294,          : Benjamin Tucker, Instead of a Book (New York, 1893), p. 26.].

   ,           (. II, 159  160,         ,       II, 124),  ,     ,          ,   .                          (II, 13, 124, 125).  ,         (     )   ,      .        ,    ,     ,    .     ,     ,      ,    ,            , ,        .  ,       ,       ,      ;        [10 -  ,      ,     .: Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960) [. .:  .  . .: , 2007].].                       ;        ,         .  ,             ;                   (II, 123, 126).




 


  ,    ,    ?   .          ,  ,     (,   ,     ).    ,   ,      [11 -         ; .    ,   5.].           ,       ,      ,        ,     ,        ,     -.         :               .   .          : (1)         (  ,      ,          ?);  (2)        ,  ,       .              ,     ,            .      ,                .

             .             ,             .              ,        ,           ,     -        .    (   ,          )     ;                  .       (,    ,   ),        ,       ,    .        ,    ,        ,  ,    ,                    . ,   ,           ,      ,      ,     ,      .        ,        .  ,        ,        [12 -   (. 3940),               .         ,  - . .: Lysander Spooner, NO TREASON: The Constitution of No Authority (1870); Natural Law, and A Letter to Grover Cleveland on his False Inaugural Adress; The Usurpation and Crimes of Law-makers and Judges, and the Consequent Poverty, Ignorance, and Servitude of the People (Boston: Benjamin R. Tucker, 1886),     : The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner, 6 vols. (Weston, Mass.: M & S Press, 1971).      ,          (Benjamin R. Tucker, Instead of a Book [New York, 1893], pp. 14, 25, 3233, 36, 43, 104, 326329, 340341,       : Benjamin R. Tucker, Individual Liberty, ed. Clarence Lee Swartz [New York, 1926]).   ,          ,     ,       -  .    .       : James L. Martin, Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 18271908,       ,    ,     . .         : Francis Tandy, Voluntary Socialism (Denver: F. D. Tandy, 1896), pp. 6278.     .: John Hospers, Libertarianism (Los Angeles: Nash, 1971), chap. 11.      .: Murray Rothbard, Power and Market (Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, Inc., 1970), pp. 17, 120123. [. .:  . .   . .: ., 2008. . 214, 353358]).   , ,   ,    ,       .    (  ) .: Morris and Linda Tannehill, The Market for Liberty (Lansing, Mich.: privately printed, 1970), esp. pp. 65115.      1972.   ,        : Murray Rothbard, For a New Liberty (New York: Macmillan, 1973), chaps. 3, 11,        -  : David Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), Pt. III.      ,   ,          ,  .].

     ,         , ,   ,    .        ,       ,         , -      .            ,           .  ,                   ,    ,    ,    . (     ,   ,  ,   .)          ,           ( ).

                  ,  [13 - .: I. B. Singer, In My Fathers Court (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Goroux, 1966);      .: WIN Magazine, November 1, 1971, pp. 1117.].               ,       ,        ,    .     ,         . (  ,    ,   ,           ,      ,        .        ,    .     ,       ,        ,   -  ,     ?) ,       ,   ,  .        - ,    ,          .        [ ],      . -,      ,           .             .   ,                ,       (     -    ,           ,      ?), ,    ,           ,        .  ,    ,       . (      ,     ,       ,     ,     ,          .        ,    ,     ,     .)

    ,          ,      ?              ,              ,   .          ,   ,           . (                ?)      ,                 .     ,          ,             .     ,     ,    .  ,      , ,        ,     -,             (.  5).              .




  


               .  ,       ?   ,        . (     .)   ,             ,  堖       ?     :

1.        .    .             ,          [14 -   : ,   ,    ,   ,              ,        ,    x       y    .].

2.        ,    .     ,     ,    [15 - .: Kenneth R. Boulding, Conflict and Defense (New York: Harper, 1962), chap. 12.]. ,     ,      ,     -  ,       . (        ,     .)

               .         .

3.         .      ,            .  , ,          , ,    ,     .   ,   ,    ,  , ,   ,      ,      .        (   )          . (    ,          [16 -      , .: American Law Institute, Conflict of Laws; Second Restatement of the Law. Proposed Official Draft, 19671969.].)              .    ,      ,     .

                ,         .     ,   ,  ,  ,   (      )         ,          .        ?       ,    ,        ?[17 - .: Yale Brozen, Is Government the Source of Monopoly? The Intercollegiate Review, 5, no. 2 (19681969), 6778; Fritz Machlup, The Political Economy of Monopoly (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1952).]   ࠖ    :    ,    .      ,    ,         ;            ,            .   ,    ,   ,       ,   ,          ,       ,   .      .

       ,             [18 -  ,   ,    ,    ,   ,   . .: Richard Ashcroft, Lockes State of Nature, American Political Science Review, September 1968, pp. 898915, esp. pt. I.].             .           .       ? (      ?)       .         ,  ,          .            ;             ,     ,                ,   .          ,         ,    ,   ,            ,        ,    ,      ..;       .             ,       ,   [19 - .: Morris and Linda Tannehill, The Market for Liberty;       ., , Adam Roberts, ed., Civilian Resistance as Natural Defense (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969)  Gene Sharp, The Politics of Non-Violent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973).].




    


      ,   - ?   , ,       ?   ,  (II, 46, 47, 50),         .        ,     -,    ,   ,    ,    ,       (,   ,  ,    ,   ,        ).       -, ,   ,   ,  ,    .    -     ,   .            ,    .  ,          ,        ;      ,     ,      ,       . (      ,      ,           .)    ,        ,    :    (          ), , , ,  ..    ,    -     [20 - .: Ludwig Von Mises, The Theory of Money and Credit, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1953), pp. 3034,     . [.:  .      . : , 2008.]].

      .  ,       ,              ,    ,         .               [invisible-hand explanation]. (      ,    ,     ,      ,        [21 -  .       . .: , 2007. . 443. . . .].)          ( ,       )        ,       1.    蠖    ,    ;        .             - ;      ,  ,   ,   (ceteris paribus[22 -     (.). . . .])  . , ,   [patterns],        ,     .         , ,   .. ,     .         ,    ,     .    ,      ,  ()   ,    ,   ( , )    蠖   ..          ,   ;    ,      ,          .            ,     - ,   .      ,     .

      ,    -  ,    .           [hidden-hand explanation].     ,      , ()     -  ,       -    .     ,      .

-    (    )   ,                       - ࠖ   !       ,      .

           [23 -     ,          , .: Hayek F. A. Notes on the Evolution of Systems of Rules of Conduct & idem., The Results of Human Action but not of Human Design, in Hayek F. A. Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967); idem., Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), chap. 2, 4 [. .:  .  . .:  , 2007. . 2, 4].           10  .  ,     , ,      ,     (   )           .],       ,     ,     ,    ,       . (,    ,     .)

1. (  ,  ,    ..)    ,   . (    .: James Crow and Motoo Kimura, An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory [New York: Harper & Row, 1970]).

2.      (.  : Lawrence Slobodkin, Growth and Regulation of Animal Populations [New York: Holt, Rinegart & Winston, 1966]).

3.    (Thomas Schelling, American Economic Review, May 1969, pp. 488493), ,        ,    ,  , ,  ,  55%      ,   ,       .

4.         .

5.        (Richard Herrnstein, I.Q. in Meritocracy, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1973).

6.      . (.: Ludwig von Mises, Socialism, Pt. II; Idem., Human Action, Chap. 4, 79 [. .:  . .  (. II)   .   (. 4, 79)]).

7.      ,        .

8. ,      (Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities [New York: Random House, 1961]).

9.    .

10.,     ,      (       - )     ,      ,      ,          (Karl Deutsch and William Madow, Note on Appearance of Wisdom in Large Bureaucratic Organizations, Behavioral Science, January 1961, pp. 7278).

11.,        :  ,    ,          .

12.    ,         ,      - (Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962]).

13.   ,    ,      -    ,      ,     .

14.,          .

15.     ,     (  , ) (Armen Alchian, Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory, Journal of Political Economy, 1950, pp. 211221).

16. . .   ,        ,      ,   ,     ,   ,            ,     ,    ,        ,     .. (The Constitution of Liberty, chap. 2 [. .:  .  . . 2]).

        ( )      ,           .         ,    :     .       ,  ,        -;          ,          ,     ,    ,    . (           ,  .)       ,    ,    ,          . ,          ,             ,   .

  ,         ,      ,        .   ,   ()  Q,   -P,   ,   Q   (  ),     .    Q    ,    P,     ,     .   ,   Q  ,      ,        Q,      ,   .       .    ,      ,   Q  . ,   Q  ,      (       ); ,           .      ,   Q   (  ,  Q ,  ,    Q),          Q,    !    ,     ()   .

     ?

          ?    , -,     , ..     ,      : 1) , -,          ; 2) , ,   ,    . ,     [24 - .: Max Weber, Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947), p. 156; Max Rheinstein, ed., Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), ch. 13.], ,              , ,       .       ,         ,      :      ,  , --,   ,      [25 - Weatherman     ,   60-  XX.,   . . . .],   ,   ,  .       (     ,       ),          .  ,           ,    , ,        ,   ,  ,       ,  ,        ,      .      ,  ,     [26 - .       : H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961), pp. 113120.].

          ,      (     )    .     ,      ;  ,     ,        ;             -     ;  ,       ,     .      : (1)    ,     ;  (2)    ,      ,       (,   ),   ,                . ,           ,  ,  -           .      ,      ,   .         ,                .      , ,      ,       ,       .

    ,       ,   (..    ) ,     (  , ,       ..)   ,          . (          -       .)     :        - ex post facto[27 -    (.). . . .];   ,         ,          ..       .  ,  ,       ,   .  ,        .      ,       ,  ,        , ,  ,          .      ,       (  ),           -   ,   ,     ,    ,  ( ,  )      ,   /    .

        ,    (    [28 -       ,        . ,     ,       ,     ,     . . . .])   ,    ;  ,       .  -    ,          ,     ;           .          ,      ,       ,    .             (      )    (       ).               (  ,   ,   ,    )        ,       [29 -   ,          .            ,     ,        ,       


],  ,  ,      ,    .    ,      ,     .    ,             ,      ,        .     , .. ,    ,     ?[30 -  ,     , .: Reuhen Kessell, Price Discrimination in Medicine, Journal of Law and Economics, I, no. I (October 1958), 2053.] (   , , ,     ,         ,             .)

 , ,                ,        ,    ;   ,       .    .




 3.    





    


     ,        ,   ,       ..,     [31 -        ,   . 4   On the Randian Argument, The Personalist, Spring 1971.].                 젖  .        ,         .         ,    , ,  ,     (,     )     (  );          ,    . ,       ,   .   ( )       ( )     [32 - Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), chap. 6 [. .:  .   . .:  , 2007. . 6]. ,        ,       .],    .          (, )      ,            .

        ,          ,    ,      .  -  ,      ,            ?           ,      ?      ,        .   ,          ,     .       ,    (  )      . (      .)             .    ,        , ,    ,     ,    .              .     ,      ,    ,            (       4  5  1).

 ,       ,         ,     ,   .      ,           ,     ,      .         ,        , ,  ,        ?          ?




    


  ,         ,  ,      . ,    ,   , ,  ..    ,    ,     [33 -      . : John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 30, 565566 [. .:  .  . : - . -, 1995. . 3435, 477479].]     .   ,     (    )      ,   . ,   ,      ;     .     ,   ; ,    ,       ,      .   ,      ,    . ,           ()   .    -   ;      (   )     ( ). (,                     [34 -         ,      :    ,   ,      ,      ..                . . . .],  ,      ,      ,   ,        ,  ,     ,       .)        - ,     ()     . ,  -      ,          ,       ,      ..   ,     ,     .  -          ,   , ,                  .

 ,      ,    , , ,         ,  :    .         . (         :     ,    ,  ,     G.        .   ,       ,     ,    .)     ,        G.           ,     ,     ,        ,     (),        [35 -  ,          ,        .        ,       ,     ,   ,      . ( . 7273   ,         .)       ; ,    -  .  ,   ,   ,    ,       , .  , ,        ,          - . ,       ()    ,   ,   ,     ,     - .  ,       ,       [..    , , ,    /   ,    . .], , ,  .                     ,         .                : Anthony Fiacco and Garth McCormik, Nonlinear Programming: Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Techniques (New York: Wiley, 1968) [. .:  ., - .  .    . .: , 1972].      ,   ,            ; ., .,       ,     ( 7.1)  ..    ,      ,           ,    ,      .].

,     ,     , ,       .  ,    , ,        ,           ,     .   ,          (    ),      .          ,     ,       ,      ,   -         ,        ,          ,    ,           . (   ,           .)  ,    , ,    ,   .




   ?


        ,   ,     ? (      ,    .)     ,      ?             ,       ,    ?         ,       ?

 ,   ,    : ꠖ  ,    ;        -    .  .          .    ࠖ .       ,  ,         ,   .   ,        (    );        .           ,    .   ,   -     ,       . ,   ,   ,    ,                   .           ,       .         .    ,   ,           .     ,            ?

         ,         ?   ,    - ,          ,     .   ,             ,    ,       . ,        ,       ,              .             .   ,        , ,           ,   ,    ,   (  )    . (     ,   ,      ,         ,    .)   ,    ࠖ        ,      ,      ,     ?     ,     ?    ,      ,     ?       ,   ,  ,    ,     ?[36 -   ?    ,    :        ?  ,   .( : to talk riddles  ; to riddle talks  (   ) . . . .)]     ,     ?  ,              ,    .

     ,           ;        .             ,      ,    .            .      :      .   ,   [end-state view],    ,  ꠖ  ,     (       ),    :        .        -      ,     .      ,       :  ,         ,   ,    :  ,          ,                   [37 - Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Translated by H.J. Paton, The Moral Law (London: Hutchinson, 1956), p. 96 [. .:  .    //  . .  6- . . 4. . I. .: , 1965. . 269].].

     .             ?                      :    ,      ;    ,     ;        ;     .          .  ,  ,  ,       ,    ,    ?     ,  ,        .    ,  ,      .      ,   ,   ,    .   .   ,    -   .        . (?)    젖        ,    [38 - .: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, sects. 5, 6, 30 [. .:  .  . : -  -, 1995. 5, 6, 30].]     ,   .             ,               ,      (    ,    )           .




 


 ,       ,    ,   ,       .   ,            ;         ,        .  ,      .     ,    ,    ,                ,  ,   ,   ,     .

   ,     ,         ,        .       ,            .  ,  ,                ,  ,          .  ,      ,   : (1)      ; (2)      ,      ,       ,  ,       ;  (3)               ,          .  ,            :    F (  );  [39 - .: Gilbert Harman, The Inference to the Best Explanation, Philosophical Review, 1965, pp. 8895; idem., Thought (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1973), chaps. 8, 10.] ,    F,   p (    );  p    ,    .   ,     ,    ,    ,     ,      .         .    ,      :         ,     .       ,    ,       .

 ,     蠖      .            ,      ?  ,     ,    - ,          ?     ,            ;   ,       ,            .

      ,   ,   ,            ,           .    ,            ,     ,        .  -          ,             ;         ,    .  ,        ,        ,     ,     ?     ,      .   ,  ,   ,      [40 - .: Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, Philosophy and Public Affairs, I, no. 2 (Fall 1971), 5253.   ,     ,         : John Hospers, Some Problems about Punishment and the Retaliatory Use of Force, Reason, November 1972 and January 1973.].  ,               .       .     ,       ,    ,         .     ,      ,         . (                   ; ,   ,  ,    ,       .)      ,     ?           ,    ,             (,            )?         ,        ? ,      ,     ,           , ,           (,     ,          )?              ,  ,       ,         .




  


               ,      (   )    ,    ,   .   -   ,      ?          ?       ,     ,             ?       ?

   .        ,  ,  ,    .   . (   ,    !)     ,       .      , ,  -      ,    -   ,    , 10 000         (     ),      ,     ?   - ,          ?

 ,      ,         ,        .  ,  ,            ,     . (   ,       , ,   ,  ,     .)       ?         ,          ,                ,            ,       ?     ,   ? (   ,     ?)        ,     ,       - ?          ?        ?  -       ?  ,     ࠖ  ;      ,  ,        ,         .

    ,    ,  ,   ?  (  ,    ),             ,      ,   .          ,   ,  .    ,      - ,   .  :    ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   ,     ?  ,    - ,   ,   ,    ,   , ,   ?     ?

              .    ,    ,           .     ,      ,    ,  ,     ?  ,      .  ,     ,     ,  .     , ,  ,   .        ;     ,     ..  ,        (  )  .  ,                 - .       ,   ;       ,   .     :      ,        ,         ,    ? ,       ,        ; ,        ,   .   - ,          ,              ?      ? ( ,       .  ,          ;        .       ,      ?      ,      -   ?)

    -   ,      ,      .  , ,    ,    ;   ,   ,     .    ,            ,   ,          .                  . (  9   ,     ,    .)

         ,          .   , ,   ,  ,      ,    .      .     ,       :    ,     ,       .   ,     .  ( )    ,    .       , ,  ,  ,         ! (   ,      ,    ,    ,       堖  ?) ,             ,   ,   ,         .     :               .  ,               (  ) ,         .     ,       ,      ; , ,        .     ,    ,          ,       ,   .           ,        .       ,     ,     ,      ,      ,      ,       [41 -   :  ,      . ,      ?      .]. ( ,     - ,     .)    ,       .  , ,     ,  .  ,        ,  -   ,     ,   ,      .

  ( )      .         ,   .  : (1)      ; (2)     ,      .           ;            ,     ,   . (         ,       .)      ,     ,     .        ,    堖 .         :   ,    ,  . (  ,      ;       ,       ,      .  (1)  ,    ,     ,      .      .)

         ,   - .   ,       ,     ,   :    ,              ..,      ,        .     -         ,        ,           ?  , ,       ,      . (,  ,              ,    .)  ,       ,  젖   .         .  ,              .      .   ()       ,     ,       ?

  :     , ,   .. (   ),           ,        .  ,         , 蠖    ,       ( , ),   .               ,       ,     .             ,    .           ,    ,    .         ,   ,  ,         ,   .            .

       .          , ,    ,    ?         ,      , ,    ,    , ,   ,   . ( ,    ,    .)  ,        [42 -   - ,     ?      .    ,       ? ,  ,  ,  ,   ,       os sacrum [. . .]      ,       .       ?   , ,  ?           ,      ,      .   ,   .   ?    ,         ,   ,     (Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, chap. 17, sect. 4, n. 1 [ .      . .: , 1998. . XIX. IV. . 2.]).         ,    ,       ,   ,        ,    ,    ,  ,    .].

    ,            ,       ( ,   )      .        . (    ,     ?)   ?        10 000 ,    ,      ? - ,      ,       . , ,   ,     ,      .   (     ,    )    , , ceteris paribus[43 -     (.). . . .]      ,     ()  .     ,       ,      !

       ,        ,     ,     .  ,  (  ),   ,              . ,         ,          ,   ,   ,     ,   ,  ( )      ,        .

      ,     ,    ,    ?  ,    ,   ,  ,  ?        ,      . (  ,  ,  .)            ,             ,      .         ,             . (  ,      ,        ,     ,       .)    -,       (  ,    ,   ),     ,        ,   ?         ,       .       ,       ? (   , -   ,         ,      ?) ,     ,     ; ,  ,     ,       .

,  ,      ?  ,  .        ,   ?    .                ?        ,     ?       ,     ,   ?        ?       ?        ,    .




    


   ,    :     ,      . ,        ,          .        ,   ,    ,   -    .              .         ,    ,     ?   ,    -  ,  ,         ,          ,  ,         , ,    .              ,       . ,   ,    ,     ;   ,      .    ,   ,   ,       ,   . (     ,    ,     .)   ?      ,  ,      ?     -    :   ,   ,  ,   .            (    )     ,     ?

       ?       ,       ,    .            -            ,    . (     ,       ?)    ,   ,   ,        ,    . ,   ,  -  .    ,   ,     .  , , , , ?     ,    ;   ,       .   堖    . ,   ,  ,        ,   ,   ,      ,       .   ,      ,     ?      ,    ,   ,  ?

-,          ,  , .. ,       ,    [44 -       .].         ,     .              [45 -   -       .  ,       ,    ,             .  ,     ,  ,    ,   ,      ,   ,            .        ,        ,        .].       ,           ,  堖     ; ,           ,         !

      ,   ,      ,  ,      - ,  .      ,      ,   . ,           ,   ,       ,     (    ). ,      ,   ,   ,           ![46 -        ,       .         ;  ,   ( )   ;     ,    .        ,      ,      ?         ,       ,    ,     ,   ,   ,        .      -,   ?          ,           ?]  ,  -    ,   ,  ,   .      ,         ,  .           ,      ,     .   ,   ,        ?     ,        ,     ,          .            .      ,       .        ,      ? , ,   ,   ( )     . (        .)        , ,   ,           -  ;  ,      ,         .         ,        ,     ,        ,       .




  


    ,    ,  ,     ,    ?[47 -        ,             ,  ,         ,    . .: Leonard Nelson, System of Ethics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1956), sects. 66, 67.   ,     ,         : Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, New York Review of Books, April 5, 1973, pp. 1721.  ,      ,    ,      .      ,       (. , . 5960).]               , ,   ,      ,   ,         ,   ,   ?   ,          ,               ,       ,  ?[48 -              .      ,       ?      젖        ?              (            )   ,      ,  頖   ,      ?            .]          (   ):



 1:   ,     ..    .

 2:     ,     ..   ,      ,    ,       .

 3:     ,     ..   ,         .


    3,    1,    2? ,    2!                   , ..    ?[49 -  ,      ,          .   ,   ,        .          ,      .   ,       ,      ( ,       ,      ),       .   ,          ,    ,      ( )      ,     (    ,       ), ,   2, -,      .       ,                .]            (     )    -          ,        ?    ,        .          ,        ,       .   ,         ,        .       ( )      .   ,                .  ,    ,    ,      ,          . (,      ,    ,        ,   -     ,  .    ,      ,        .)          ,    ,   ?         ,       ,    ,     , ,    ,  . (         ,          .)

,     2,   ,          .            (      ),          ,        .    ,            .     ,   ,    2,     ,       ,      ,     ()     . ( ,      ,       .)       ,      .     ,              .        堖   ,       ;           .

   ,    ,   .         ;    ,    .      ,         .     ,    .     ,  ,              ,   .               ,             ? (    ,          .)




   ?


       (?),       ,      : -,                 ; -,            ,             .    ,       . (, ,  ,               .)  ,    ,           ,       .     ,       ? (     .)

 ,         :    ;  (   ,       );   ;   , ..             ;  .     ,                 ,               .       ,      ,    .   ,      ,    IQ   ,      ,     ?      ,  ,         ?           ?         ,   ,      ?        ?  -          , ,    ,      ,    ,        ? ,  -          , ,     .    ,       (    ?)           .

    M,      ,  , ,  (     ,   ,   M)               -,   M.   M      ,      ,  ,       .    ,          M,           M.

    ,  ,           ?         : ,      ,              ,  ,      ; ,               ,        ,  ..       .            ,   ,   ,   ,    ,  .         ,        ,          ,   .                  .     ,     ,     ,     ,     ,   . ,      (           ),              .    -        ,      ,      ,       ,         .       ,     .

             (     )         ,     ?        -    ? (    ,      ,     ?)  ,         ,    .   ,   ,            ;       (,       ).  ,   ,  .

 ,        頖   .         ,      ;  ,        ,   ,  ,    .    ,           ,    .              (   ?),      -? (            ,           ?)     ,      ,   ?  , -         ?    ,     ,  ?                       ?         ?  ,  ,      ,       ; ,       . , ,  -  ,      ,     -  -.      ?   -    :        ? , ,                (   ) .    ,   ,       ,   2,     ?            .




-


   ,      ,       ,          ,       .   ,         ,  ,    . , ,    ,    ,    ,            ,     .      , ,        .

         ,              .   , ,       -    ,    ,       ,     ,       ,     . ,   ,     .          ,    ,      .              ,    ?       ,      ,    ?         ,       ,        - ,        ?             ( )       ?        ,     ,    ?        ,           ,    ,    ,    ?                ( )        ?   ,   ,    ,       (     )     ,  ,      .          ,        .  ,   ,    .     -  - ( ,        ),      . ,  ,     ,       ,  (  )   .   ,      ,      ,     .

   -,     ,  : 1)          ; 2)       , ..           ,       .  ,        ,  ,      ,    ,     : 1),  2).    I    ,            .  ,   ,        ,    ,     ,       - .       ,          .         ,     ,      .        .  ,    ,      .   II   ,   ,     ,   ,    ,  ; ,   I   ,    .   III  ,     II   ;        ,     .




 4. ,   





   


,     ,      ,   ,    .    (,  ,   )           ,      .     ,                     .  ,         ;         ,       (II, 95)[50 -    ,      ,         ( .  :  2- . . 1.      //  . .  6- . .: , 1965. . 4. . 2. 44. . 232234).].

           ?         ,        ,           .  ,   ,         ,        ,    [51 -          ,               .   ,      ,    ,     .     ,      -   -,          .         ,  ,  ,       ,           (,  ,      ),      ,   :  ?        ,      .          ,         ,      (, ).   7               .].      ,      ,   ,     ,  ,    ,      [52 -      ,      ,    -    -  ,           . B     A   ,      ,  A   ,   ,  A  ,   . A   ;  A  , B ,     ,  ,         .   ,   ,         ,          ,   ,    ,   ,                 .],  ..

     (    )               ,     .              ,    ,     ;       ,           .       ,   ,   ,       [53 -  , -,  . ,  ,    ,     ,     .  ?            ,                 ,        .                ,    ,     ,      (Murray Rothbard, Power and Market (Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, Inc., 1970), p. 197, n. 3 [. .:  .   . : , 2007. . 9, . 3]).].

             ,        .       ,   ? ,     ,    ,   (   ),        ,        ,       .            ?[54 - .   : Is Government Necessary? The Personalist, Spring 1971.]          ,     , ,    ,       ,   -   ,      ,    ,      ?      ,     ,     ,     - ?          ,  ,       ,    ,    -    ? (  -,     ,           ?)   ,                ,     ,   ()    ,      ,    ,     .         ?        ,        ?        ,       ,     ,    ,        ?       ,          ,  ,               ,      ,   ,        .           .




  


 ( )        .  ,       ,    . ,     ,          [55 -   ,       , .  : Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (New York: Public Books, 1971), chaps. 2, 4.].      :     ,  ,     ,          ,    ?         .  ,     - ,    ( ,  )       ,            [56 -   ,      ,   .             .        .].         ,        ,      ,   , -   ,    ;    X  A,   Y,        Y  A  X   ,       ,  Y     A. (  ,    X   Y,     X         ,      ,   Y  [57 -      ,        :    (   ,    )     ?].)    ,        (      ),     X,   Y    .      ; ,   X      ( ),       ,  X     ,  ,   ?     ,   X       ?     .     ,  X   Y,   X   ?  X       ,     (      ),           Y?  ,  X    ,      Y,    Y       X?     X   ;      Y      X,  X    -     .    Y     ,    ,    ,          .         , ,  X         .    X (  Y)     I;  Y   X  ,    I,  ,         I    . Y  X       Y   ,  X     . (         .)




 ?


  ,       ,       ,    -    . (    , ,       .)  ,    -     ( ,         ).      . , ,  ,   ,           : ,        [58 -       , , ,               ,      , ,          ,        .].   ,           ,        .    ,  ,     (  )      ,                   .           .  ,  ,  ,      ,   (   )   ;      ,      ,       .

      :

1.     ,       ?

2.       ,        ?               ?[59 -       (    )     1972. ,     ,    I  .        : Guido Calabresi and A. Douglas Melamed, Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability, Harvard Law Review, 85, no. 6 (April 1972), 10891128.]

     ,  ,       A,        A     .        , ,       [60 - ,  ,              ,      . (  ,        .)            .            ;   .    ,     ,   ,        .].  ,    ,    .  ,    ,    ,  ,  .     ( ,    )   ,     .           ,       ? ,        ,      ,   ; ,      ,     .     .                ,            .




 :     


   -    (1p)   G,  p   ,    ,     p   .   ,  ,       ,       ,         ;     C.  ,       (,    )     ,      ,       .   ,    ,  ,   ,   .. (   D);    (   E),       ,    ,     -     .      ,         ; ..  p(C+D+E) ,  (1p)G. (  ,        ,      ,     .)     ,   ,         . (          .)

          [retributive theories],         ,     .  (     ),    R  rH,  H     ,  r (    0  1)      H. (     ,   H     ,       ,       [61 -      ,    ,     [wrongness]  .  ,   ,    -   ,   :             ,              .].)    ,  r = 1,   ,  R = H. ,     ,      G   (1p)   (C+D+E+R)   p. ,    ,           ,    ;  R    G.    p  R ,  p(C+D+E+R)   ,  (1p)G,       [62 - ,  C+D+E+R          ,      ,            .      ,          C+D+2E+R,   E    ,        ;     R  C+D+E+R        E.].

,         .      (       )   ,      .           ,          ,    ,     .     , ..      ,       .      ,     ,       ,    ,  堖  .                ?      , ,   P     ,    ,  P,      ,  ,     ()  ,       ( - ,   ).

           ,  .              .         ,     (,   ,      )      ,         ,    ,     ,  ,        . (   ,     ,      ,    ?)        ,    .        ,       .  ,          , ,        ;  ,    -   ,    ,  ,     ,     ()  .          ,     ,    ,             ,    [63 -    :       ( )             . ,      ,    ,   ,     -  .       , ,      ( ,     )      .  ,   ,         .].

       .       rH,  H   (  ),  r      H.  ,    ,   ,  H (     ,         ).           ,       ,    H.     ,      ,     H (  H,   f(H)),  ,  f(H)>H. (,   , f(H) ? H.) ,          r;      ,    ,   ,  .         ,       ,   rH.       , ,   ,         ,  r  .         .  ,           ( rH).  ,   ,         H,  f(H)+rH.      f(H)   A, ,    ,       rH A. ,      ,          ,     .  ,  ,  f(H)+rH,  㠖 [64 -         : George P. Fletcher, Proportionality and the Psychotic Aggressor, Israel Law Review, vol. 8, no. 3, July 1973, pp. 367390.    ,             (  r = 0)      ,  ,             ,    .].




   


      :            ?           ,   ,      .  ,         ,  ,  ,               [65 - .: Peter Newman, The Theory of Exchange (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), chap. 3.],      .    -          n ,         m  (,   m ,       ),        ,  n ? m.         m  n?     ,   -   ,  ,  (             ).     ,          ,      , ,        .     ,     ,    ,           [66 -    ,     ,     -        -      - .            ,         ,             .     ,      ⠖    ,  .].

 ,      .           ,   .       ,   ,    ,       ,     ,     . (     - ?[67 -      .: Armen Alchian and W. R. Allen, University Economics, 2nd ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1967), pp. 2937, 40.])       ,           ? ,      ,         ,  ,      ,    . (   ,   ,   ,     ?      ?)     [68 -        ,      (      ,        ). . . .], ,              ,    .         [69 -        .  ,    -   ,    . ,           .    ,       .           ,     ,    , ,    ,       .     ,          .    ,       (         ,    ,                       ,                    ). ,            ,    ,  ,         ,    ,  .    , ,    ,       ,     (       ),   .  ,    ,          ,           .       : ,  ,          (   - ),        ,  . (             .)   , -,      ,        ,      ,      ,  ,  ,    .  ,   ,      (   ),        ,  .                 ( ,           -)         .].       ,         ,          . (   .      ,   .)     , ,   ,           .         .




  


                 ,  -,    ,    .  -    ,              . (,        ,    ,        .)       ,    ,   ,   .   ,   ,  ,   .  ,     ,    ,    . X, ,  Y   - ,   ,   ,  2000    ,   :    Y;       2000 ;     .    -    X  :    , ,    ,  ,   2000 ,        ,     ,   X   ?       , ,   ,        ,       ? ,       ,     ,       .        ?             ,    ,     ,    - ?    ,       ,       ,    .    ,  ,   ?           ,      ?

    ,  ,      ,       .           . (, ,  ,               . ,   ,  ,     ,     .)       .   ,        ,     ,     ,    ,          ,   .

            ,   .     ,        ,  ,  ,    ,      .  ᠖  ,   ,    ,       ,      .               ,     ,  (-)      .         ,    ,       ,      ,     .

    ? ,       ,             .       ,  , ,  ,     ,  ,  ,        .   ,    ,    ,    ,       .         -,    ?  ,           ,  ,         .               ,      . (,  ,     ,   ,     ,    ,              [70 - ,    ,    ,      ;          ,     .  ,        ,        ,   . ,  ,          -  ,          (  ..).  ,            !].)

  , ,         ,        .       ,   ,                ,   ,   ,         ,   ,        ?     ,           .                  ,   (  )    ,       ? ,  ,   . -,          ,    -  ,  ,   ,       ,  ,    -  .       ,     ,        ,    .       ,     .         (   ,  -  ),       ?  ,      ;   ,           ,         . -,         -      ,         ,   .    ,  (   )  ,     ,    ,  ,    ;    ,    ,          ,     .      ,    ,      ,               .

      ,    , ,             (    ,    )            . ,    ,  ,    . (            .)     :    ,     (    )                   ?  ,    ,       ;    ,  ,    .         ,        ,     (, , ,  ). , ,    ,           ,    -     ,     .

     ,    ,      , ,     .       ?       ,    ,     ,      ?      ,              ,    .          .     ,    ,     ,          .

  ,     .   ,   ,         ,   (   )     ,     ?   ,           ,   () ,    .    ,      , ,    ,  ,     ,       500  ,     .    ,  ,       ,   ,     ,        .  ,    -   ,     ;   ,       .           ,        ,     ,      ,    ,  ,   .        ?    ,        ,     ,     .     ;            .              , ,    ..[71 - ,   ? .: Martin Seligman et al., Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Aversive Events, in Robert Brush, ed., Aversive Conditioning and Learning, Academic Press, 1971, pp. 347400, esp. Section IV.]   ,   ,     ;      -  , ,   . (     , ,     ,         .     ,     , , ,    ..)  ,    ,           .    ,           ,             ,           ? (        ,        .       ?)  ,     ,       ,       ,        ,     (      ).      ,     ,         [72 -  ,    ,    ,              ,      .  ,   ,  ,             ,  -  ,       ,        ,              - .].




    ?


,    ,      ,   ,   ,    .       : ,      ,       ;       ,                ;       ;       ,  ,   ,  ,        ? (     ?)        ,          ,       ,  ,    ?   ,    ,           ?            ,       ?

     ,     ,    ,          .      , ,       ,        -  [73 - .: H. L. A. Hart, Legal Responsibility and Excuses, in Punishment and Responsibility (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), chap. 2.          ,      - .    .: Walter Blum and Harry Kalven, Jr., Public Law Perspectives on a Private Law Problem: Auto Compensation Plans (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965).].     .           ,    ,     -     .      ,       (  )  ?   ,           . (,     .)   ,         ,         .    ,       ,      ,  .              .       ,     .     ,        ,      ,     ,     ,       ,  ..;       .              .

   ,      ,     ,          (    ,     ,  , ,   ,  ..).   .              ?  ,      [74 -         ,    ,   ,       .].        ?     ,     ,     ?                     ,   . (   ,   ,          .    , ,  ,        ?)          . ,             (         ),       ;   ,   ,   .          ,        ,   ,       .            ,    ,    .            ;             ,       ,   ,      . (,  ,      ,        .)               ,       ,         ,   .    (. 100)         . ,      ,         ,              .     ,   ,       ;        ,  ,      (. 100),       .







  ,              ,       .       ,       .        ,    ,   ,           .         ,           .   ,          .       ,      ,          ,  , ,    .             .         ,       ,   [75 - ,     ,         ,      ,        ,  ,          ,       ,       .].

     ,     ,    ,  ?     ,        ,  .         ,    ,   ;    [  ]  ,     . ,     ,         ,   ,             ,         n   ( n   ),  ,     .   ,       ,       ,  . (  5  ,         [principle of fairness]  .)    ,     (     ..)          .  ,   ,   ;      ,         . (,   ,    ,  ,               ,    .)

,      ,       . (    :   ,      ,      ,      -;              ..)  ,     ,  - ,    ?         , ,       ࠖ   ,    .        ,         ;   - ,       (..  ,    )    .      ?         (    )  ,     ?       ,        ,           .          ,   .   ,    ,      ,     ,         .  ,   ,             [76 -     ,  ,          ,    ,         ( 0  1)     .      ,   ,           .    .      ,     ,      :          ,     ,    .            ,        (    ,    -   ),   ,      ,   ,       .       ,   ,        ,  -    . ,   ,     -,      ,     ,      , .  ,          ,   .].

          ,       ,      ?     ,         ,      :

1.   ,        ,     ,  ,      .

2.       ,     .

3.       ,     ,    ,       .

      :    ,  ,   ,     ,     .    ,             ,    , ,          [77 -    ,  ,     ,        ,    ?       , ,     ,         ?      .   : Ronald Coase, The Problem of Social Costs, Journal of Law and Economics, 1960, pp. 144 [. .:  .    //  . , , . .: , 1993. . 87141].]. (,        ,              ,    .)

   ,      ,         ,     ,        [78 - Charles Fried, An Anatomy of Values (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), chap. 9.].           ;         ,   ,            . ,     ,     ,           ;      ,    .    ,            ,        . ,      .       ,   :          ,    (    ).           ,      .           , -,    .  ,     (,        n ),         .  -         ,   , ,     .           . , ,       ,    ,    ,     .     ,             ,  ,       .

,     ,       (    ),              ,  ,     ,    ( ).         .    ?        ,      ,        ,   ,    .       ,  ,             ,        ,   .         ,   .     ,      (  ,     );     ,       ,     ..              ; , ,      ,   ,     .      , ex ante[79 - :   ,      (.). . . .],    . (             ;        .)             ,     ,   ,         [80 -       ,      , .: E. J. Mishan, Evaluation of Life and Limb: A Theoretical Approach, Journal of Political Economy, 1971, pp. 687705.  ,      ,      (pp. 699705),    ,        ,      ,    ,       .          ,        .   ,        ,    ..,  , ,          ,       ,       ,        .             ,       ? ,   ,      ,  (  )  ,    ,    .   , ,  ,         ,     ,      ,     , ,        .         ,   ,    ,       .].




 


             (   ),    ( ),              .          ,       ,  ,        .        ?     ,      ,          ( ) ,     (   ) ,      ,      ,           .

    ,    ,              ?           ?          , ,     ,         , ..  ,     ,        ,        .        ,            ?       ?     ( ,       ,   ,      )    ,              .  ,    , ,           .     ,       , ,  ,    . (,     ,         ,            ?)  -         ,     ,      .    ,  蠖  ,      .

   ,        [disadvantage],         - . ,      ,    ,  .     .      ,                 ?  -    ,   (    ,  )    - ,   ,     ,    ,    - ,       ? , .



,                 (  , , ),    ,           , ,     .        .   ,        ,  -      -, ,    , ,     - .    ,         , ,   ,  ,   ,   ,        .     ,        .

   ,   ,    ,    (  )   ,     ,  堖 ?      ,     ,        .           :      , ..     ,     ,  ,    ,    . (,    -  ,     ,     .) ,            .         (  ,    ..).      ,       ,       .     ,    . -,   ,    .        :        .         .       ,      :   ,      .  ,   ,   .     ,        (    ),  ,    ,    ,     .     ,    .            ,                        ,    .

       ,            (  ).         ,     .   ,       ,    ,        .  -       ,   ,           ,    ,       .  ,        , ,        .            -  ,            .    , ,   ,          ,      ,            .         .           ,        ,  ,   . (       -    ,          .)    ,       ,     ,     . ,       ,        ,              ,      .        ,   ,  ,          .     ,         . ,         ,     ,        [81 -    ,   ,    ,   ,            (Guido Calabresi) The Costs of Accidents (.: Frank Michelman, Pollution as a Tort, Yale Law Journal, 80 (1917), pt. V, 666683).            .         ,        ,     ,     ,      (.         (.: J. H. Dales, Pollution, Property, and Prices).  ,             ).        ,     ,     .  -        ,      :   ,   ,    ,            .   ,     (    )       ,            ,         . .  : Murray Rothbard, Power and Market (Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, Inc., 1970), pp. 47-52 [. .:  . .   . : , 2008. . 96108],       .].

     ,    ,      .       ,      ,     - ,           .        :        - ,       ,    ,      ,  ,          ,    .     ,     ,           .    ,      ,    ,         ,  .    ,                    .

 ,           ,   . ,     -  ,        ,              . ,   ,     ,   ,    ,        ,           .   ,          ,    .         ,   ;    ࠖ       .               ,               .   -     ,  .

        ,            .    ࠖ   ,        (      ,     100 000 ,         ,  , ,   ,   ), , ,      .      ,      ,            ,   ,           ,          .  ,     ,         ,    .    ,       ,    : ,          ,        ,      ,      ,    .           ,   ,      ,             ;  ,    ,      .

   ,         ,    .            ,   -     .     . ,   ,  ,         (      ),     ,        ,   ? , .

  ,  ,      ,  .    ,          ,   .  ,              ,     ;  ,             ,    .   ,            .               ,                   .   ,       ,       ,   .

  ?        ,   ,        ?  ,     ,        ,     ,   ,   ,  .     ,        ,    ,     ,       ,    -  ,    ,        ?      ,    ,       ?     ,             ,          .  ,    ,          ,      .     ,    ,      .      , -,           .    ,       ,     ,        ,         ,           . (     ,      ,         ,     .)




 


       ,      ;     ,           . (  ,     ,          ,      .)       ,      ,       ,      ,        ,        . (    ,     ,    .)  ,         ,           . ,    ,     .          -        , ,    ,      . (       .)            [82 -          .]. , ,         ;            ,       .      ;      ,    ,            .    ,         .             . ,  ,   .  ,          ,   ,        , ,      ,          .        ,            ! (,           ,          ,   .)         ,      .      ,             [83 -      ,      -            ?     ,      ,     ?    ,     ,    ,       .].      ,    ,    .                ,    ,  . ,    ,   ,          ,   ,           .   ,     ,    ,     ,            ,  - (    ,    )   .     ,       ,   ,    ;       ,       ,    [84 -    ,     ,     .      ,     ,          . ,    ,          ,            .       34    Coercion  Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel, ed. S. Morgenbesser, P. Suppes, and M. White (New York: St. Martins Press, 1969), pp. 440472. .      ,        :         . 栖       ,           .               (Murray N. Rothbard, Man, Economy, and State, vol. I, p. 443, n. 49).].       ,    .    ,       ,    ,        .

 ,               ,     ,      ,   ,     .       ,    ,   ,      ,        - .   ,        ,    : X          ,   Y    ,         Y    .   ,  Y   , X     ,      (      ),  Y        ,        ,      ,     .

    ,                          .             ,      ,          (  ,       ).   ,    ,        ,    ,     ;     ,             ,        .        -    -,   ,           , -,     ,   ,         .      ,          ,      .                ,         ,      ,     -        .              ,      .

,               ,  , , ,        .  ,        ,    ;           .      ,     ,  ,        ,   ,          - ,       .   ,      ,     ,   ,   ,      ,       .  ,      ,          ;     ,   -  .    ,        ,      ,   ,        ,    .  ,     .




 5. 





       


        ,         堖 ..   (    )           ,     ,   . (  ,  ,      ,     ,              .)

    .           (,    ,    ),  (  ,      )     ,  ,     .     ,          .           ,    ,       .  ,        ,         ,        . ,   ,        ,        ,        .

           ,    ,       .              .       ?       ,     ?    ,           ,   ,          ?   ,   ,     .     蠖      ,      .         ;             ,     .        C,           ,  C  D  E,  ,       D  E,  .            A,  51%,  85%,        ,        A,               .   ,    ,  .         ,        .        .   , ,  -   ,       (?)      ,       .   ,      ,            .          ,       ,   ,      ,    ,    .   ,  ,  ,          ,        .          ,          ,             ? ,             ,       : ,     . ,        ,       .  ,      ,  ,     ,        ,       ;         .




 


   ,   , ,   ,  (   )      [principle of fairness].   , ,                      ,     , ,      ,    ,  ,    ,   [85 - Herbert Hart, Are There Any Natural Rights? Philosophical Review, 1955; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), sect. 18 [. .:  .  . : -  -, 1995. 18].      ,   .               (    ).        (. 349 [. . . 305])          ,      ,        .].                (         ).        ,   蠖 ,      ,   蠖      ,      (    ),      ,      ,     ,      .          .         ,        , -,       ,   !      ,          ,          ;         ,       .                         ,            .         ,      , ,    ,     ,       ,         .         ,          .  ,      .

       [86 - Hart, Are There Any Natural Rights?]    ,        : ,        [special obligation]  A (   , , ,      A),      ,    A,       A.    ,          A   ,  , ,  ,   ,  ,     .         ,  ,        ,       ;      ,     .

    .    -       A. (         A.       A.)   ,    ,       A.   ,        -   A    (  )     A,    ,   ,   ,     -         -     . (   ,     ,       ?)  ,          ,     ,          -  .     ,  (  )   ;       ;       ,      -,     ,  .. ,           .             ; ..   -      . ,          ,  ,           ,       . ,          ,             . (, ,    ,           !)        ,           , ,       ,    ,     . (,          , ,   ,  .)

                 . ,    ,    -,          ,        ,       . ,      ,        A,        A       ,    , ,  ,        A,  . (   ,  ,              .)

     ,            ,  ,      ,             [general rights].         A    ,     P  Q  : Q     P  A      A   ,  P   Q    .        A;      ,      .     ,         ,        A,  ,           A,         ,         ,         , .. ,          .             ,                 [87 -          ,             ,  ,   ,       .].

   ,     ,    :    ,         .    (  ,   ,     ),      ,        .  ,         ,     .  ,     (  364  )          .    ,     ,  .    (   )     ,    ,   ,    ..  138 ,     -  ,    .       ?     ,      ,  ,    .         .       ,    ? , .       ,    ,  364  ,   ,   ,     .            ,        .   ,         ,    ?   ,      ,         - , ,  ,   .  , ,     ,         .   ,    ,     ,     ?      ,     ,    ,        .         ,     ,      ,    ?         ?     ,   ,  ,   ,      ?       ,     ?          ,   ?

  ,      ,  ,      ,   ,  ,   ,     .    ?    ,         ,           ?             ,   ,   ,   ,  ,        (      ,          ),    ,      ?               ,      ,  ,                  .

      ,        ,       .    -  ,    -    ,                      .   ,      ,        ,   ? ,   ,      ,     -   ? ,  ,       (            ), ,     ,  ,         .     ,  ,          ,     ,   ,    . (,  ,      ,    ,    .) ,      ( )     ,      [88 -     ,           ,          ,      ,        .    ,          ,        , , -, ,        ,          .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/robert-nozik/anarhiya-gosudarstvo-i-utopiya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .  . : - . -, 1995.




2


      ,     ,      ,        -   .




3


    ,              ,     ,       .      ,       .




4


.: Norwood Russell Hanson, Patterns of Discovery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958), pp. 119120       (. 212).    (,   ..)       ,     ,   - (   ,     ..),     (  )        .




5


Carl G. Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation (New York: The Free Press, 1965), pp. 247249, 273278, 293295, 338.




6


, ,       R,      Q,    R   ,     ,  ,      :     ,      [Q, R.].     :  ,     Q   ,     .




7


    .     ,          : ,     - ,   ,      .  ,         ,   . (  - ,    .)     ,      ,     ,     .    ,    ,      .    ,   ; .: Jaegwon Kim, Causation, Nomic Subsumption, and the Concept of Event, The Journal of Philosophy, 70, 8 (April 26, 1973), pp. 217236.




8


John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 2nd ed., ed. Peter Laslett (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1967).    ,     Second Treatise [ . .:    .  ]. [    :  .     //  . : 3- . . 3. .: , 1988. . 135405. . :  .    . : , 2007.                ,   . . .].




9


    ,  .   Ҡ  ,    , , ,  ,   , , , ,  , , , , , ,    ,      ,   .   Ҡ  ,    ,     , , ,  , , , , ,  , , , , , , .             , , , , , , , , ;   ,      , , , , ,  , , , , ,   , ,  , , ,   , ,  ,    ,   , ,   , , .  ;   ;     (P. J. Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, trans. John Beverly Robinson (London: Freedom Press, 1923), pp. 293294,          : Benjamin Tucker, Instead of a Book (New York, 1893), p. 26.




10


 ,      ,     .: Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960) [. .:  .  . .: , 2007].




11


        ; .    ,   5.




12


  (. 3940),               .         ,  - . .: Lysander Spooner, NO TREASON: The Constitution of No Authority (1870); Natural Law, and A Letter to Grover Cleveland on his False Inaugural Adress; The Usurpation and Crimes of Law-makers and Judges, and the Consequent Poverty, Ignorance, and Servitude of the People (Boston: Benjamin R. Tucker, 1886),     : The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner, 6 vols. (Weston, Mass.: M & S Press, 1971).      ,          (Benjamin R. Tucker, Instead of a Book [New York, 1893], pp. 14, 25, 3233, 36, 43, 104, 326329, 340341,       : Benjamin R. Tucker, Individual Liberty, ed. Clarence Lee Swartz [New York, 1926]).   ,          ,     ,       -  .    .       : James L. Martin, Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 18271908,       ,    ,     . .         : Francis Tandy, Voluntary Socialism (Denver: F. D. Tandy, 1896), pp. 6278.     .: John Hospers, Libertarianism (Los Angeles: Nash, 1971), chap. 11.      .: Murray Rothbard, Power and Market (Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, Inc., 1970), pp. 17, 120123. [. .:  . .   . .: ., 2008. . 214, 353358]).   , ,   ,    ,       .    (  ) .: Morris and Linda Tannehill, The Market for Liberty (Lansing, Mich.: privately printed, 1970), esp. pp. 65115.      1972.   ,        : Murray Rothbard, For a New Liberty (New York: Macmillan, 1973), chaps. 3, 11,        -  : David Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), Pt. III.      ,   ,          ,  .




13


.: I. B. Singer, In My Fathers Court (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Goroux, 1966);      .: WIN Magazine, November 1, 1971, pp. 1117.




14


  : ,   ,    ,   ,              ,        ,    x       y    .




15


.: Kenneth R. Boulding, Conflict and Defense (New York: Harper, 1962), chap. 12.




16


     , .: American Law Institute, Conflict of Laws; Second Restatement of the Law. Proposed Official Draft, 19671969.




17


.: Yale Brozen, Is Government the Source of Monopoly? The Intercollegiate Review, 5, no. 2 (19681969), 6778; Fritz Machlup, The Political Economy of Monopoly (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1952).




18


 ,   ,    ,    ,   ,   . .: Richard Ashcroft, Lockes State of Nature, American Political Science Review, September 1968, pp. 898915, esp. pt. I.




19


.: Morris and Linda Tannehill, The Market for Liberty;       ., , Adam Roberts, ed., Civilian Resistance as Natural Defense (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969)  Gene Sharp, The Politics of Non-Violent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973).




20


.: Ludwig Von Mises, The Theory of Money and Credit, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1953), pp. 3034,     . [.:  .      . : , 2008.]




21


 .       . .: , 2007. . 443. . . .




22


    (.). . . .




23


    ,          , .: Hayek F. A. Notes on the Evolution of Systems of Rules of Conduct & idem., The Results of Human Action but not of Human Design, in Hayek F. A. Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967); idem., Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), chap. 2, 4 [. .:  .  . .:  , 2007. . 2, 4].           10  .  ,     , ,      ,     (   )           .




24


.: Max Weber, Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947), p. 156; Max Rheinstein, ed., Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), ch. 13.




25


Weatherman     ,   60-  XX.,   . . . .




26


.       : H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961), pp. 113120.




27


   (.). . . .




28


      ,        . ,     ,       ,     ,     . . . .




29


  ,          .            ,     ,        ,       







30


 ,     , .: Reuhen Kessell, Price Discrimination in Medicine, Journal of Law and Economics, I, no. I (October 1958), 2053.




31


       ,   . 4   On the Randian Argument, The Personalist, Spring 1971.




32


Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), chap. 6 [. .:  .   . .:  , 2007. . 6]. ,        ,       .




33


     . : John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 30, 565566 [. .:  .  . : - . -, 1995. . 3435, 477479].




34


        ,      :    ,   ,      ,      ..                . . . .




35


 ,          ,        .        ,       ,     ,   ,      . ( . 7273   ,         .)       ; ,    -  .

  ,   ,   ,    ,       , .  , ,        ,          - . ,       ()    ,   ,   ,     ,     - .  ,       ,       [..    , , ,    /   ,    . .], , ,  .                     ,         .                : Anthony Fiacco and Garth McCormik, Nonlinear Programming: Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Techniques (New York: Wiley, 1968) [. .:  ., - .  .    . .: , 1972].      ,   ,            ; ., .,       ,     ( 7.1)  ..

    ,      ,           ,    ,      .




36


  ?    ,    :

        ?

  ,   .

( : to talk riddles  ; to riddle talks  (   ) . . . .)




37


Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Translated by H.J. Paton, The Moral Law (London: Hutchinson, 1956), p. 96 [. .:  .    //  . .  6- . . 4. . I. .: , 1965. . 269].




38


.: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, sects. 5, 6, 30 [. .:  .  . : -  -, 1995. 5, 6, 30].




39


.: Gilbert Harman, The Inference to the Best Explanation, Philosophical Review, 1965, pp. 8895; idem., Thought (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1973), chaps. 8, 10.




40


.: Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, Philosophy and Public Affairs, I, no. 2 (Fall 1971), 5253.   ,     ,         : John Hospers, Some Problems about Punishment and the Retaliatory Use of Force, Reason, November 1972 and January 1973.




41


  :

  ,      .

 ,      ?      .




42


  - ,     ?      .    ,       ? ,  ,  ,  ,   ,       os sacrum [. . .]      ,       .       ?   , ,  ?           ,      ,      .   ,   .   ?    ,         ,   ,     (Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, chap. 17, sect. 4, n. 1 [ .      . .: , 1998. . XIX. IV. . 2.]).         ,    ,       ,   ,        ,    ,    ,  ,    .




43


    (.). . . .




44


      .




45


  -       .  ,       ,    ,             .  ,     ,  ,    ,   ,      ,   ,            .        ,        ,        .




46


       ,       .         ;  ,   ( )   ;     ,    .        ,      ,      ?         ,       ,    ,     ,   ,   ,        .      -,   ?          ,           ?




47


       ,             ,  ,         ,    . .: Leonard Nelson, System of Ethics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1956), sects. 66, 67.   ,     ,         : Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, New York Review of Books, April 5, 1973, pp. 1721.  ,      ,    ,      .      ,       (. , . 5960).




48


             .      ,       ?      젖        ?              (            )   ,      ,  頖   ,      ?            .




49


 ,      ,          .   ,   ,        .          ,      .   ,       ,      ( ,       ,      ),       .   ,          ,    ,      ( )      ,     (    ,       ), ,   2, -,      .       ,                .




50


   ,      ,         ( .  :  2- . . 1.      //  . .  6- . .: , 1965. . 4. . 2. 44. . 232234).




51


         ,               .   ,      ,    ,     .     ,      -   -,          .         ,  ,  ,       ,           (,  ,      ),      ,   :  ?        ,      .          ,         ,      (, ).   7               .




52


     ,      ,    -    -  ,           . B     A   ,      ,  A   ,   ,  A  ,   . A   ;  A  , B ,     ,  ,         .   ,   ,         ,          ,   ,    ,   ,                 .




53


 , -,  . ,  ,    ,     ,     .  ?            ,                 ,        .                ,    ,     ,      (Murray Rothbard, Power and Market (Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, Inc., 1970), p. 197, n. 3 [. .:  .   . : , 2007. . 9, . 3]).




54


.   : Is Government Necessary? The Personalist, Spring 1971.




55


  ,       , .  : Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (New York: Public Books, 1971), chaps. 2, 4.




56


  ,      ,   .             .        .




57


     ,        :    (   ,    )     ?




58


      , , ,               ,      , ,          ,        .




59


      (    )     1972. ,     ,    I  .        : Guido Calabresi and A. Douglas Melamed, Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability, Harvard Law Review, 85, no. 6 (April 1972), 10891128.




60


,  ,              ,      . (  ,        .)            .            ;   .    ,     ,   ,        .




61


     ,    ,     [wrongness]  .  ,   ,    -   ,   :             ,              .




62


,  C+D+E+R          ,      ,            .      ,          C+D+2E+R,   E    ,        ;     R  C+D+E+R        E.




63


   :       ( )             . ,      ,    ,   ,     -  .       , ,      ( ,     )      .  ,   ,         .




64


        : George P. Fletcher, Proportionality and the Psychotic Aggressor, Israel Law Review, vol. 8, no. 3, July 1973, pp. 367390.    ,             (  r = 0)      ,  ,             ,    .




65


.: Peter Newman, The Theory of Exchange (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), chap. 3.




66


   ,     ,     -        -      - .            ,         ,             .     ,      ⠖    ,  .




67


     .: Armen Alchian and W. R. Allen, University Economics, 2nd ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1967), pp. 2937, 40.




68


       ,      (      ,        ). . . .




69


       .  ,    -   ,    . ,           .    ,       .           ,     ,    , ,    ,       .     ,          .    ,       (         ,    ,                       ,                    ). ,            ,    ,  ,         ,    ,  .    , ,    ,       ,     (       ),   .  ,    ,          ,           .       : ,  ,          (   - ),        ,  . (             .)   , -,      ,        ,      ,      ,  ,  ,    .  ,   ,      (   ),        ,  .

                 ( ,           -)         .




70


,    ,    ,      ;          ,     .  ,        ,        ,   . ,  ,          -  ,          (  ..).  ,            !




71


,   ? .: Martin Seligman et al., Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Aversive Events, in Robert Brush, ed., Aversive Conditioning and Learning, Academic Press, 1971, pp. 347400, esp. Section IV.




72


 ,    ,    ,              ,      .  ,   ,  ,             ,  -  ,       ,        ,              - .




73


.: H. L. A. Hart, Legal Responsibility and Excuses, in Punishment and Responsibility (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), chap. 2.          ,      - .    .: Walter Blum and Harry Kalven, Jr., Public Law Perspectives on a Private Law Problem: Auto Compensation Plans (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965).




74


        ,    ,   ,       .




75


,     ,         ,      ,        ,  ,          ,       ,       .




76


    ,  ,          ,    ,         ( 0  1)     .      ,   ,           .    .      ,     ,      :          ,     ,    .            ,        (    ,    -   ),   ,      ,   ,       .       ,   ,        ,  -    . ,   ,     -,      ,     ,      , .  ,          ,   .




77


   ,  ,     ,        ,    ?       , ,     ,         ?      .   : Ronald Coase, The Problem of Social Costs, Journal of Law and Economics, 1960, pp. 144 [. .:  .    //  . , , . .: , 1993. . 87141].




78


Charles Fried, An Anatomy of Values (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), chap. 9.




79


:   ,      (.). . . .




80


      ,      , .: E. J. Mishan, Evaluation of Life and Limb: A Theoretical Approach, Journal of Political Economy, 1971, pp. 687705.  ,      ,      (pp. 699705),    ,        ,      ,    ,       .          ,        .   ,        ,    ..,  , ,          ,       ,       ,        .             ,       ? ,   ,      ,  (  )  ,    ,    .   , ,  ,         ,     ,      ,     , ,        .         ,   ,    ,       .




81


   ,   ,    ,   ,            (Guido Calabresi) The Costs of Accidents (.: Frank Michelman, Pollution as a Tort, Yale Law Journal, 80 (1917), pt. V, 666683).

            .         ,        ,     ,     ,      (.         (.: J. H. Dales, Pollution, Property, and Prices).  ,             ).

        ,     ,     .  -        ,      :   ,   ,    ,            .   ,     (    )       ,            ,         . .  : Murray Rothbard, Power and Market (Menlo Park, Calif.: Institute for Humane Studies, Inc., 1970), pp. 47-52 [. .:  . .   . : , 2008. . 96108],       .




82


         .




83


     ,      -            ?     ,      ,     ?    ,     ,    ,       .




84


   ,     ,     .      ,     ,          . ,    ,          ,            .       34    Coercion  Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel, ed. S. Morgenbesser, P. Suppes, and M. White (New York: St. Martins Press, 1969), pp. 440472. .      ,        :         . 栖       ,           .               (Murray N. Rothbard, Man, Economy, and State, vol. I, p. 443, n. 49).




85


Herbert Hart, Are There Any Natural Rights? Philosophical Review, 1955; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), sect. 18 [. .:  .  . : -  -, 1995. 18].      ,   .               (    ).        (. 349 [. . . 305])          ,      ,        .




86


Hart, Are There Any Natural Rights?




87


         ,             ,  ,   ,       .




88


    ,           ,          ,      ,        .    ,          ,        , , -, ,        ,          .


