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    ,          .   ,     ,    .         -,  .         .     -,  ,  ,     1941 .,      ,   ,     .

       ,   ,   .   .      .      ,        .

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  ,   ,   .        ?    ?          ?     ,   ,   ?       ?           ,      (  ,   ,   ,   ,  )?   ,              .   ?  ,   ,         ?    ,  ,     .     .


    

    1941 .,      ( 1  1939 .),  1 . .,  10 %  .        (   ),      .         -.         110 .  .           ,  216 . ,   48 .     [2 -   . , 1997 ., . 3, . 462, 466.].     800 . ,  ,     1944 .

        .    ,        60 %   ,  , , , ,  , , , ,       80 %, ,       ?

            . ,      ,    .     ,   ,     ,    .   ,      [3 - L.Smilovitsky. A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia from the Prewar to the Post-war time // Journal of Genocide Research (New York), vol. 5 (1) 2003, pp. 117129. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/ DemographicProfile/index.html].


      

  1980? . ,      ,           .           . ,     ,   ,   ,   ,     .,        .             ,     15          . ,   ,   ,       ,    .

 ,          ,        [4 -  -   , 19411944 .     (, 1963);        , 19411944 .   , , 1984 .; -i   i, 19411944 .  . . i (i, 1995);      : i ii i  (i, 1995);    .    (, 1997)  .  .        . . IIII (, 19961998);           .   (, 1998);    i  .  iii i iy.  . . . ii, i, 1999 .],           .

     (   )   , ,         1940?  1950? .     ,              [5 -    .  , -, 1946 .,  ; . .  , , 1947 .;  .     -,    . , 1948 .; M. Kaganovich. The Fighting of the Jewish Partinsans in Eastern Europe (Tel Aviv, 1954). Hebrew; Sefer ha-Partizanim ha-Yehudim (The Book of Jewish Partisans) // Moravia, Yad Vashem, (Jerusalem, 1958).].    ,   ,     ,         .  19601990 .          , ,  ,     .       :

  [6 - Ben-Cion Pinchuck. Shtetl Jews under Soviet rule Eastern Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust, Jewish society and culture. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell, 1990; Jewish Refugees from Poland in Belorussia, 1939 1940. Documents. Introduced and annotated by E. Ioffe and V. Selemenev // Jews in Eastern Europe, No1 (32), 1997, pp. 4560; Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 19391946 // Studies in Russian and East Europe. 1st ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London Press (1991); M. Altshuler. Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust. A Social and Demographic Profile. Jerusalem, 1998; Tikva Fatal-Knaani, A Community Mirrored in Letters: The Jews of Grodno in 19321941, Yalkut Moreshet (Tel Aviv), No 66, 1998, pp. 6980 (Hebrew); ..     . ,    . , 2002 .],

          [7 - Blackbook of the Localities Whose Jewish Population Was Exterminated by the Nazis, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. 1965; Where once we walked. By G. Mokotoff and Sally nn. A Guide to the Jewish Communities Destroyed in the Holocaust (NJ, 1991);        , 19411944 .    .  . .  //   (, 1992); . , . .     .     .   . , 1996 .;   .      .  . .  (-, 1993);   , 19411944 .   . . . . , . . , . . . , 2002 .],

  [8 - Blackbook of the Localities, Whose Jewish Population Was Exterminated by the Nazis // Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 1965; Where once we walked. By G. Mokotoff and Sally nn. A Guide to the Jewish Communities Destroyed in the Holocaust (NJ, 1991);        , 19411944 .    .  . .  //  , , 1992 .; . , . .     .     .   . , 1996 .;   .      .  . . , -, 1993 .;   , 19411944 .   . . . . , . . , . . . , 2002 .],

  [9 - Aryeh Tartakower (ed.). Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust // Yad Vashem M emorial Institute (Jerusalem, 1971); R. Ainzstein. Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe (London, 1974); L. Eckman, Ch. Lazar. The Jewish Resistance: The History of Jewish Partisans in Lithuania and White Russia During the Nazi Occupation, 19401945 (New York, 1977); J. Porter. Nusan (ed.). Jewish Partisans: A Documentary of Jewish Resistance in the Soviet Union During World War , vol. 1 (New-York, 1982); A. Wertheim. Zydowska partyzantka na Bialorusi, Zeszyty Historyczne,  86, 1988, . 96162 Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust (Westport, CT: Meckler, 1989); , -.    , -, 2001 .; . . .    , ,   . -, 2002 .],

  [10 - N. Alpert. The Distruction of Slonim Jewry (New York, 1989); Y. Arad, Sh. Krakowski and Sh. Spektor (eds.). The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dispatches of Nazi Death Squads Campaign against the Jews, July 1941  January 1943 (Jerusalem, New-York, 1989); Yakov Tzur. The Maly Trostinetz Death Camp, Yalkut Moreshet,  59 (April, 1995), pp. 3152 (Hebrew); Y. Buchler. Local Police Force Participation in the Extermination of Jews in Occupied Soviet Territory. Shvut,  4(20), 1996, pp. 7999; .  ,       (, 2001 .). . . . ; .  .          , 19411944 .         . , 1999 .].

  -           .     ,   1990- .   [11 - . .    . , 1997 .;       , 19411944 .    . . 2-.  . . . , 1997 .;    .   . , 1998 .; . .  :   , 19411945 . , 2002 .].                [12 - Sh. Cholawski. Underground and Partisans from the Slonim Ghetto. Massuah, No23 (1995), pp. 185198, Hebrew; D. Porat. Zionists and Communists in the Underground during the Holocaust: Three Examples: Cracow, Kovno and Minsk, The Journal of Israeli History, vol. 18, No 1 (1997), pp. 5772; Gerlach, Ch. Failure of Plans for an SS Extermination Camp in Mogilev, Belorussia, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (Washington), vol. 11, No 1 (Spring 1997), pp. 6078; Goldhagen, D. J. Hitlers Willings Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York, 1996); N. Tec. Jewish Resistance: Facts, Omissions and Distortions, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington. 1997); A. Geier. Heroes of the Holocaust (New York, 1998); Chiari, Bernhard. Alltag hinter der Front. Besatzung, Kollaboration und Widerstand in Weisrusland, 19411944 (Schirften des Bundesarchivs, Bd. 53. Dusseldorf: Droste Verlag, 1998; D. Romanovsky. The Holocaust in the Eyes of Homo-Sovieticus: A Survey Based on North-eastern Belorussia and North-western Russia. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, No 13 (3). Winter, 1999, pp. 355382; M. Dean. Collaboration in the Holocaust. Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 19411944 New York  London, 2000.].

, , ,      ,   19962003 .,      ,  ,   .     ,   . ,    [13 - . . . -         , 19411944 .        . , 1993 .; . , . .  , 19391944 . , 1997 .; . ii, y y -i  //  iy. i, 1997 .; . .   , (, 1999); . . ,      ( 1941 .  1944 .) //        . , 1999 .; . . ii.  i (19411944 .). i i i -i. i . i, 2000 .; . .             //    i. , 2002 ., . 127138.],  ,   [14 - . .  . ,     . , 1991 .; . . ,   .    . , 1994 .; . .    .    . , 1996; .   . , 1997 .;  .  . , 1997 .].              [15 - . .   //  iy,  2, 1993;  .  . , 1994 .; . .   . , 1996; . .      -   .     ,  2(9), 1995, . 93103;                -    ,  ,  1(18), 1998 ., . 89122; . -. ,   . -, 1998 . .].    1990? .           [16 - . .       //  .    . . 2. , 1998, . 99106; . .       .  , 8198;    i, 19411944 . i i  i i.  yi y   i (1996); L. Smilovitsky. A Historiographical Survey of the Literature on the Holocaust in Belorussia, 19961998. Shvut, No. 8(24), 1998.].   -      ,   1987 .,      ,   ,      ,        . .

, , ,      ,   2000 .,      ,  ,   .      ,   .         ,   ,    .

  20               .             ,  ,  ,  [17 - . .        19411944 . : , 2014 .],  [18 - . . .             (19411944):   .  2012 .].           [19 -     19411944 . .   . . 2-.  . . . .  1997 .],  [20 - . .    .  2000 .,  :      .  2008 .],  ,  [21 -   .      .    . . . .   . . , . 2008 .;  .        19411944 .   . . . . , . . , . . ;   . . . .   . . . . , . . , . .   .  2016 .]  .     (, ,     )        .         ,  , ,       .


   

     ,     .        .         .

                ;  1941 .   1942 .       42 .  .

      ,           ,       .

       


 

     22  1941 .    300     :

  ( 150)          100 .

  ,      45 ,        (27 . .)   (25 . .).

     (, , ,        )  43 .

  (  )       ,   .           .

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    :   10 ,    27,    29  .


     :

         ,      10       .         10 %  ,       33 %.

         .           .

     , . .      ,         .          ,           .

    19211941 .    ,          ,    .

           .

       ,       .


 

        .      ( 100 . ,  ).    ,      .

   28  1941 .,         19 .       1941 .

        ,       .       .      2 . .   40    ,          .       .  1942 .,  ,   ,     .

   1941 .       80 .  (55 .    30 .   ).    1,5 . .  .  28            ,        .

         ,      .     .     ,   ,      .     .           ,     .    ,      ,    .           ,      ,     [22 - L. Smilovitsky. The Minsk Ghetto: An Issue of Jewish Resistance, // Shvut, Studies in Russian and East European Jewish History and Culture. New Series, No 12 (1718), 1995, pp. 177199 (Tel Aviv University) https://drive.google.com/file/ d/0B6aCed1Z3JywOEVNTHg5UnZaTUU/view?usp=sharing].




                   .      ,    (    ),     ,     1942 .  .    ,  ,       1940 .    18  1942 .     ,  , ,    ,      .     (200 .)    .         ,   ,      .   ,  ,       ,  [23 - i  19411943. . i. .  i  i 24 i 2003 . , , 2003 .].

     .            .     ;   ,     .       ,     ()   .        :      ( ), .   . ,        (   )          .          .   [24 -   .    .      .  2014 .].

      .        ,    .       ,        .     ,  ,  , , ,  ,   .

  ,       ,   ,        ,      .       .           .    ,          [25 - Barbara Leslie Epstein. The Minsk ghetto 19411943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.].


 

 1941 .      , , , , , ,  (7 . ),     1942 .,      26,5  55 .     .        ,        ,   , , ,    ,      ,  .  ,     :

   ,           ,

     ,

       ,

   ,    .

         ,               [26 -  .     . . .  .  2007 .].        ,           25        [27 - . .    , 19411944 . -, 2000 ., . 62].


   

  ,    .         ,        (     , ,   ).

,    ,  .            ,       .

      ,      ,     24  1941 .   ,    .          (),         .       ,   ,     ,     .          ,     ,  ,  .      ,  ,   .

     ,      :

1.            .

2.          .

3.       .

4.      .

5.  ,   ,                .

     ,          .   1941 .               .    ,  ,  ,   ,  ,    .         .                .               [28 - L. Smilovitsky. Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 19411944: The Case of Belorussia, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006, issue 20(2): pp. 207234. https:// drive.google.com/file/d/0B6aCed1Z3JywcXN4VWJKQjdURUk/view?usp=sharing].          1943 .    1943 .    [29 - Abram Rubenchik, The Truth about the Minsk Ghetto, Tel Aviv 1999 1999 ????-?? ,???? ??? ???? ???? ,??'????? ????].


     

        ( 1942 .)    . ,   ,      ,     .     ,  , ,   ,   ,   ,  , , ,  ,    ,    ,   .           ,       .      106     .   [30 - Peter Duffy. The Bielski Brothers: The True Story of Three Men Who Defied the Nazis, Built a Village in the Forest, and Saved 1,200 Jews, Harper Perennial, New York: 2004.].

                   :   . ,  . , . , . , . 25- , . , . ,   106  406,   208-   .      1944 .  -             [31 - Zeev Barmatz. Heroism in the Forest: The Jewish Partisans of Belarus. Anna Mowszowski (translation from Hebrew). Israel, 2013.].

 19431944 .       .     695     .  202  .    .    579  106, 1140  239 .   15     8493 ,     46,8 %,   12,4 %,    1,3 %[32 -     (), . 3500, . 4, . 241.  2, . 311.   .].

        2 ,     4 ,     7 ,      18 ,    32,     21[33 - . . .        . , 2002 ., . 254.].

      1944 .     4852 ,     48,9 %,   28 %,    0,5 %.        . -     67 ., 225 .   , 505 .   , 313 .         , 2404     , 124      ,     1196[34 - Yad Vashem Archives, -41, file 124, p. 35.   .].

            .       .          , , .    , ,  .       1946 .    ,   1952 .   .          .   (, ,   )    ,          .             [35 - Ben-Zion Dagan, We are from the Lakhva Uprising, Tel Aviv 2001 2001 ????-?? ,???? ???? ??? ,??? ????-??].              [36 -        -      . . . . . , 2005 .]         [37 -  ,  .       . , 2011 .].

     ,      .       .     .     .    ,   ?    ,   , ,        .   ?       ?      ?              .          ,      :  29  1942 .,  21  1942 .,  22  1942 .,  24  1942 .,  9  1942 .,  3  1942 .,  16  1943 .  29  1943 .[38 - Shalom Cholawski. The Jews of Belorussia During World War II. Harwood Academic Publishers. Amsterdam, 1998.]


 

      ,   ,       1941 .

  1942 .   250 . :

 120 .      ,

 60 . ,    ,

 70 .   ,    .

              .       ,           .                 1943 . ,     .

  1943 .      1944 .    ,         (         1944 .).    ,           10 . .[39 - .. .  .  . , 2002 ., . 8790.]


 1005

        1005   ,              .     ,        .      ,       ,    .

     1005    .               (50 . ),    (27 .).        .  (18 .), .  (22 .)     (89 .).      .  ( 40 .),   (33 .),  .    (80 .),         (50 . .)   [40 -      .  . . , . , .   .      ,  2005 ., . 150165.].      , ,  , , ,        .  1,4 . .,     ,  800 .   .          .          . ,       1005,      ,             [41 - Leonid Smilovitsky. Operation 1005 in Belarus, 19421944. The general and the particular // Homo Historicus. The Annual of Anthropological History. Edited by A. Smalianchuk, Vilnius, 2016, p. 139161. https://drive.google.com/file/ d/0B6aCed1Z3JyweUU2Wl9ncGR0WHM/view?usp=sharing].


    

      1991 .       .

  ,     (       ),      ,       ,  ,  ,    .

          ( һ).      ,        .

          ,    .

  ,      ,  ,   .

                   ,     .

     ,        .

       , , ,  ,     , , , ,   ,    ,     .  ,         ,          [42 - L. Smilovitsky.Attitude to the Holocaust in the Soviet Union and Present-day Belarus // Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M  Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis Vol.1, # 12, 2016, pp. 2052012. http://journals.umcs.pl/bc/ issue/view/322/showToc].


    

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   -       1933 .    .    ,      ,   .      (9?10.11.1938),      ,  ,     .       .   ,      ,             .      ,    ,            ,   ,         .   (Untermensch)     ,           ,   . ,    40 .              :    500 .,   160 .,    100 .[43 - .: . .          // i i:  y i i i. i, 1999. . 147?149.]


   

                  940 . .     150?180 .         ,   700 .,     70 .   ,     1941 .        ,   ()   ().   ()   ()        .  7  1941 .      :  ,      .        515     ,    256 , 68 , 191 .            1941 .,         ,        35     (, )[44 - -. R 26 /221?21. BL. 303; . .  :   , 1941?1945. , 2003. . 362;            1941 1944. , 1998. . 10?65. 


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notes



1


    .   , ,      .     1945 ., , ,       .     ,     .            .




2


  . , 1997 ., . 3, . 462, 466.




3


L.Smilovitsky. A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia from the Prewar to the Post-war time // Journal of Genocide Research (New York), vol. 5 (1) 2003, pp. 117129. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/ DemographicProfile/index.html




4


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44


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  . .: . .


