 
  


 
    (virtue epistemology)        .              (. , . , . , . , . , .   .).       ,        : 1)     2)    .   ,       ()     ,          .      ,               . ,      ,    ,  ,       .           ,         .

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   (virtue epistemology)   .       19801990- .         2000- .      -             .        ()  -   ,    2011 .      (. , 2011)[1 - Sosa E. Virtue Epistemology: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide (Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guides). Oxford University Press. 2011.].      : .  (G. Axtell, 1997), .  (J. Baehr, 2004), .  (H. Battaly, 2008), .  (E. Zalta, 2004), .  (L. Zagzebski, 1998).      ,        : .   .  (L. BonJour, E. Sosa, 2003), .  (D. Pritchard, 2009), .  (J. Wood, 1998), .  (L. Zagzebski, 2009).    ,      : .  (G. Axtell, 2000), .   .  (M. Brady, D. Pritchard, 2003), .   .  (M. DePaul, L. Zagzebski, 2003), .   .  (A. Fairweather, L. Zagzebski, 2001), .  (J. Greco, 2004).      : Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (Vol. 60.1, 2000, Vol. 66.2, 2003), Philosophical Papers (Vol. 37.3, 2008), Philosophical Studies (Vol. 143.3, 2009), Theorema (Vol. 27.1, 2009).      : .  (J. Greco, 2010), .  (J. Kvanvig, 1992), .  (J. Montmarquet, 1993), .  (E. Sosa, 1991, 2007, 2009), .  (L. Zagzebski, 1996), .  (H. Battaly, 2010).   .   .  (A. Fairweather, O. Flanagan, 2014)    ,       .        .  (A. Green, 2017). . ׸  .  (I. Church, P. Samuelson, 2017)  ,   .

     ,     ,    . . .   ,       , .    ,  ,    19801990- .,     . ,           .       . .   . . .        . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .;        . . , . . , . . , . . ;         . . .      ,      , .     . . .            . . .

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    ,           -    (, ).    :  ,         ? ,    -    .     ,             ( , ).        , , ,      (belief)  ,       ,    .          . . .     ,   , ,      [2 -  . .   :    //  &  . 2009. 3. . 63.].          ,       --    ,    .   ()    ,        :    ?       ..?  ,  ,   ,     .          .        [3 -  . .   :      //  . 2005. 1 (24). . 319.].   ,    ,    1.4    .

 ,       ,   ,     ,    ,  .    (..      ),          .   () . ,          ,       ,     ,   .         .   ,        ,       (- -),      (     ),   ,    ,      , ,     ,   .          3.33.4  .

             .         ,  ,         .  ,  ,    ,  ,           .    -          .    .   1.5    2.7.

      -.   ,          ,         .        :     ,      ,           .     ,          ,    . ,   -        ,    ,          .         .

      .   ,                 .        ,  ,    :  ,  ,    ,    ?  , ,           ,      . ,   ,   ,           .  ,    ,  , ,       ,   :   ?   ? ..           .    ,     3.5  ,     .  , .  ,      .     ,     .

           ,    (critical thinking).      ,             .     : ,             ,   [4 - Hitchcock D. Critical Thinking // The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/critical-thinking/>.].             ,  .   .          :  ,  ,    ,  ,   ,        ..[5 - Ennis, Robert H. Critical Thinking: A Streamlined Conception // Teaching Philosophy, Vol. 14,  1, 1991. P. 524., 8-9.]   ,           ,    ,   ,         .   ,   ,     .    ,           [6 - Bailin S., Battersby M. Fostering the Virtues of Inquiry // Topoi. 2016, Volume 35, Issue 2, p. 367374.].    ,  ,     .    ,   ,   [7 - McPhee R. D. A Virtue Epistemic Approach to Critical Thinking. Ph.D. thesis, Bond University, 2016. P. 34.].  ,      ,  ,         ,     .  ,            [8 -   .   2.7  .].                       .   ,   ,    ,       .    -:   ,      ,      .             ,       ,                         .         ,  , , [9 - Siegel H. Is Education a Thick Epistemic Concept? // Philosophical Papers 37, 3, 2008. P. 455469, 462-467.].

    .        ,    [10 -  . .    / . . . : . -, 2017.],     [11 -  . .        :      ...:  09.00.01. /.. . , 2018.].         ,             ,   .          .    ,    .  -         ,         .    4   .      ,    .  ,     ,   ,        .    ,        ,           ,           .

      :          : ,   .      ,       . ,    ,   ,       .  1.1       -       ,       .  1.2                       .  1.3      ,   ,   - ,     .     . , ,   ,     ,    .  1.41.5                  .

,          ,       .       :           :   .  2.1  ,       XXI .       .   2.22.3            . 2.4         .  2.52.6         .  2.7 ,           . 2.8            .  2.9          .

         ,            .    3.1    ,  3.2      ,    .  3.3 ,               ,     ,        .          (thick concepts)     (thin concepts) (3.4).         (3.5).          ,          (3.6).   , ..         (3.7),   - (3.8),          (3.9).

      ,       ,     .     ,   ,     ,    ,    ,    ,      .    ,     ,     ,        .    , :    (4.1),   (4.2),   (4.3),      (4.4),   (4.5).

                 ,            .          ,        .  5.1     .  5.2           ,     .  5.3         ,      .  5.4  - ,       .

    ,           ,    .      ,    ,       ,                   .         .            .         ,               .           . ,          .  , ,     ,    ,  ,    ! ,      .



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1.   :    





 1.1.  : - 


   ( )   ,      ,    .       ,      . . [12 -  . .      /    . . . .: -, 2014.], . . [13 -  . . ,      //      . : -  , 2010.  ..    / . . ; . . . . ; . . , . ., -   . : -  , 2011.], . . [14 -  . . . .: , 1987.], . . [15 -  . .  . .: , 2011.], . . [16 -  . .          //     . . . . 2012. 3. . 15.], . . [17 -  . .            ( ) //  . 2016.  3. .122.]  .           [18 -  . .      //     . 2017. 4. . 29-32.],          .

 ,    ,    .      ,    ( ).   ,   ,   [19 -  . . 29.].      :

, , . (.).    .   ,    . [20 -    . [ ] URL: http:// ushakovdictionary.ru/word.php?wordid=12814.].

, , ; , ,  (.). ,  ,  (.).       . . ||   .  [21 -    . [ ] URL: http:// ushakovdictionary.ru/word.php?wordid=12815.].

  ????? ()      ,    : 1) , , ; 2)  ,  , , ; 3) , ; , ; 4)   ; 5) , ; , ; 6)  , ; 7)  , , ; 8) , ; 9) ; 10)  , [22 - -  . [ ] URL: http://www.classes.ru/all-greek/dictionary-greek-russian-old-term-9410.htm.].

-         . ,    ,      . ,     ,       ,    .     ,    ,     . .        :  arete,      ,         ;     arete   ( 20.411),         arete   ,      ( 15. 642)[23 -  .  :    / . . . . . .:  ; :  , 2000. . 170.].           ,   [24 -  . . 176.].  ,   :        (aretai)   ,        [25 -  .].

 ,     ,    ,       .  -        .     . .        .  ,    , ,        (****)      - , .. ,  (Bestheit)[26 -  . .      /    . . . .: -, 2014. . 84.]. ..  (  )      : ?????   ,        ,    . ?????  ,   ;   - ,   .    .  ,  ,        .   . <>         .   ?????  ,    ,  [27 -  ..   .   . .:  ,    . , 2004. . 9.].

              . . .     virtue     [28 -  . .   . .:  , 2004.].   ,      ,   ,     .   ,            ,        .     ,        .     ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ..         . ,  ,           ,      .       virtue      . . [29 - .:  . .    //   . 4, 2016. . 8292.].         ,      ,    .

  ,      virtue epistemology.       . . .   . .        ( . .).       [30 -  . .         //    . 2017. . 53. 3. . 818.].           [31 -  . .,  . .      //    . . . ,  5(1), 2014. .155162.].        .       .   ,     ,    virtue,      , ,    ,    () .       .      ,         .  ,    ,  virtue   .    , virtue    .    ,       ( . .).             .

   ,   ,    ,              ().           .    ,   -     ,            ,     . , ,    ,         ,     90- .  . - ,           .          .         ,           ()[32 -  . .      //   . 2017. 12. . 38-45.    . .].

     () :  (),  ()   ()[33 - .   //   4 .  4. 1983. . 77.].     :  ,  (  )   [34 - Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by W. D. Ross. Batoche Books Kitchener, 1999. . 20.].          ()   ().    ,         (  ),     .

       .        ,    ,    ,    ,    [35 - .   //   4 . . 2. .: , 1978. . 255346.].          . ,          . ,       ,    ???????? ()    , ,      scientia    ,  ,       ,     y,        . ,   ,   .         .       ? ,    ,       ,   .       ,    .   ,    .      .       ,            .     ?      ,       ?  .   ,   .     -      -. -        ,  , , .       [36 - Pasnau R. Epistemology Idealized // Mind, 2013. Vol. 122. P. 9871021.].   -,      .   ,           ,      ,        [37 -  . P. 1011.].       .       ,     .

         . ,  ,   .    :     [38 -  .  .  III.  49-89 / : , -, -, . 2008. . . . ,   . . 68.].    ,  ,  []      ,    ,     [39 - .   //   4 .  4. 1983. . 85.].     :      [],        ,        [40 -  .  .  III.  49-89. : : , -, -, . 2008. . 94.].

        . -,      . ,     :    ,   ,               ,        ;   ,                  ,     -    -   [41 -  .     //   2 .  2. .: , 1994. . 16.].           .

-,       .   .       :   [42 - Wolterstorff N. John Locke and the Ethics of Belief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.].        ,  , ,   ..   ,          .    , :   ,    ,   ,      ..   ,           ,     ,     .       :   (),    (),    ,    (). ,        ,        . , ,  :         ,   ,            [43 -  .   . //     2 . . 2. ., 1960. . 187.].     ,      :

,      ,     ,      ,     .     ,     :   ,        ,      ,      ,    ;   ,     ,       ,                 [44 -  . . 188.].

 .  :         ,            ,    ( . . .)[45 -  .     //   2 . . I. .: , 1989. . 77.].

    ,  ,     : -  -. -     ,        ,  .          . ,    IV              ,      ,   ,     .  :     ,    ;     ,    ;                    ,             ,  ,     [46 -  .    //   -   . . 2. ., 1960. . 195.].

 ,   ,        .          ,         .       ,    , ,   ,  .[47 - . : Karimov A. John Locke on Cognitive Virtues // Dialogue and Universalism. Journal of the International Society for Universal Dialogue. Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. 2017. 3. P. 221227.].   :                     , ,     ,      ,   , ,    ,        .         ,           ,    .   ,   ,   ,     ,     ,           [48 -  .   3 . .2.    . .: , 1985. . 167.].

          XVII ,      . ,        ,   -    .         . ,        .         ,        .             ,        .           , ,   ,    ,   ,  .

  ,  ,           ,     .               . . .                    ().       .    ,        , ,   ,        .    XIX .   . ,   . .   . .

. , ,      ,        .  , ,          ,    ,      (:    ?,    ?,      ?). ,        ,               .  ,        .      :

        ,      ,     ,          ,          ,   !    ,   (, , , , , )      ,  ,                .     , ,   (      !), ,   ![49 -  .   //   : 13 . . 3. .:  , 2012. . 360.].

         .         :

  ,         ,   ,          ,          !  ,  ,    !          ,     ?   ,     ,  ,  ? []      . ,   ,       ? ?  -?       ,      ?[50 -  .       //   : 13 . . 5. .:  , 2012. . 13.]  :       ,  :          [51 -  . . 77.].

  ,      ,       . -, ,    ,       () . ,         ,      ,         .       ,     ,        . -,    ,  ,  ,    .          (,   ,    - ). ,         ,        ,         . -,      ,   ,      ( ).

             ,            [52 -  . . 9.].              .  ,                     .     ,         .       ,   .

       .         ,    .      ,               .  :  ,  ,       ,  !  :            [53 -  .       //   : 13 . . 5. .:  , 2012. . 60.].

.   ,       (Neugier)    68 ,      (Wissbegier) 7 .  68    Neugier  21 .   21      .  7 ,     Wissbegier, 2      , 4        1  [54 - Alfano M. The Most Agreeable of All Vices: Nietzsche as Virtue Epistemologist // British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 2013. 21 (4). P. 11.].

            -.  ,  ,    ,      .  :

  ,  ,  ,    ,   ,         ,  , ,          []         ,     ,       , , , , , ,     [55 -  .   //   : 13 . . 3. .:  , 2012. . 319.].

  ,   ,       ,     .   ,  ,      .     .      amour-plaisir,  ,   .    ,        ,      [56 -  . . 320.].

    ,   , ,     ,  ,    ,    ,    .  ,  ,  ,    ,      ,    .       ,     :

              ,      ,       :      .          ,             .     , ,  ,     :    rerum oncordia discors,          ,              [57 -  . . 345.].

      .          [58 -  .   //   : 13 . . 5. .:  , 2012. . 263.].       ,   ,     .  ,        ,        ,    [59 -  .       //   : 13 . . 5. .:  , 2012. . 134.].         ,    .       ,         .

    .     :

,   ,       ,     ,       , , :    ,  ,           .     :   ?

       ?       ?             :  ,            :     [60 -  .   //   : 13 . . 3. .:  , 2012. . 527.].

    ,   ,   ,        .      . ,      ,              .         .           .

  ,     ,              ,        .

      ,   ,   [61 - Roberts, R. & Wood, J. Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology Clarendon Press. Oxford. Kindle Edition, 2007. P. 289.].      ,   .            [62 -  .    //   : 13 . . 4. .:  , 2012. . 78.].     ,       ;     []  ,   ;     [63 -  . . 79.]. ,           ,           [64 -  . . 78.].       ,      :       ,   ,      ,    [65 -  . . 79.].

       ,      .          .      . 仠   , .. ,      :   ?    , ,  ,    ,    [66 -  . . 25.].      . ⻠   ,    ,   :                    셻[67 -  . . 26.].  ,     . 껠   , , ,  :     ,  , , - ,  ,  [68 -  . . 26.].

     ,        .      ,          .                   (    ),     ,   ,        ( )     ( ). , ,      ,       .      ,          ,   ,           .   ,           -  , ,   .   , ,        .                             .   ,   ,                        .

     ,   ,   ,     ,  , ,     ,     [69 - . . 5, 5.3.].

    .,        ,         .  ,      .        .       ,   .  ,         ,      .  ,     : 1)     ,      ,       ; 2)             .; 3) ,        ,       ; 4)        ,      [70 -  . .     . .: : , 2006. . 767781.].       ,  : 5) , ; 6)  ; 7) ; 8) ; 9)  .           CUDOS    [71 - Communalism, universalism, disinterestedness, originality, skepticism.].   : 1) ,   ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

  ,  -     ,  , ,     . -,  ,  ,     .       ,       . ,     ,  .       ,       .     , ,               .       , ,        .. -,      ,   ,    .         . -,           : ,  ( ),   ( ), , ,   ( ). ,         , ,      ,     ..      ,      .

      1949 .  ,    ,       (. ),          , -.  ,             ,     ,      .

      ,      -,      .   . ,     [72 - Sandwisch, M. Connections between Michael Polanyi and Virtue Epistemology. [ ] URL: polanyisociety.org/2015pprs/Sandwisch-PolanyiPresentation-11-12-15.pdf].  ,           .   ,             -  .  ,      ,    .     .       .     ,  .          ,  :

     ,          .        ,       .  ,      ,    ,    .    ,    [73 -  .  .     . .: 1985. . 19.].

     廠      .      ,   [74 -  .].     ,    ,    ,     .  ,     ,    ,    ,    .

  ,      ,     ,          ,      .      ,         .      .        : ,    .     ,     ,        : 1)    ,  ; 2)    [ ]  ; 3)       4) -    [75 - Polanyi M. Science, Faith, and Society. Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 1946, . 71.].




 1.2.    


  - ,       .   . ,      .       ,    -     .        .  ,            .             .           ,         .         ,  ,           .

           ,  , ,      . . ,        . . .   ,   ,    .   ,   - ,     .    ,   ,  , ,      .   ,  ,   , ..   ,     .   ,        . ,     ,  ,    .    - ,    ,   ,    .     ,      - ,        (  ,  ),      .   ,   ,   ,       ,  , via media.

     . . .    . . ,     ,      .        , ,   ,       ,    ,     ,           [76 -  . . . .   .    . .: : 2013. 608 . [] //  . 2, 2014. . 150.].

       ,       : , , , , .        :      ?         ,        [77 -  . .          ,    ,   ,   .]  ,       .   ,           ,        -       .

  [78 -          .   -    ,                  .]           ,       :   (  ),   ( -)    ( -)[79 -  . .  .    . .: , 2013. . 27.].        ,   ,    ,   ,  (     ,   ),    ,  (     ).

       . .    [80 -  . .    /  . . . . : . 1993. . . . -, 2003, 2- .; .: , 2013. 3- . . 14.].  ,    ,  -      .  ,          ,        .  ,     -        ,        ,   .      ,      -  - .

,            -  .  :      :   ?  ,  ,         ?          ?      ,        ,      ,   ,      .    . .    ,  -     :

          .              ,   .      ,      (         )     . , ,  ;  (  ,    )     (  )          ,     (  )      (   )[81 -  . .    /  . . . . 3- . .: , 2013, . 79.].

    ,    .             .     ,      .  ,   ,       .

Contra . ,          ,        .  ,      , ..  [82 -  . . 97.].

  . . :         ,           .           .                 [83 -  . . 103.].

 ,           - .   ,  ,  ,       .  ,     .       ?  ,          ,      .       ,        .

,  ,       .    ,     Vorstellung,    ,    . -   ,  [84 -  .]. .. -        .   : ,          ;    (,   ..)    ,  ()[85 -  . . 105.].

      :   representation   ;  ,      ,   (presente) .         ,      ,  .       presentation (   ),      ,    [86 -  . :   . .: , 2010. . 297.].

 ,        ,       [87 -  . .  .    . .: , 2013. . 358.].          ,    ,     ,          [88 -  . . 363.].    ,    -     ,     . -,   ,            .    ,     ,      . -,            ,       . -,  ,      ,   ,        .   ,  ,  ,         (   ),  ,  ,   ,          .

           ,    ,   ,        , , ,     [89 -  . . . .   .    . .: : 2013. 608 . [] //  . 2, 2014. . 150.].      ?   ,    ,     ,        .     ,      , ..     360           ,  ,         .     ,        ,                .

  ,  ,     廠       ,     .        I       ,        (     )      ,         .  ,  -  ,      .  ,   ,  ,    ,   [90 - Glock H. Was Wittgenstein an analytic philosopher? // Metaphilosophy, vol. 35, no. 4, 2004. P. 419444.].

  ,         ,          -      .             ,  , ,  . ,   ,           ,             .             ,   ,   ,  ,    ,  .  , ,    , ,     .

        ,     ,    ,  ,     .     ,    .   :   ,   ,   ,    ,   ,             [91 -  . .    /  . . . . 3- . .: , 2013, . 79.].

    ,     ,  ,     ,     .  ,     (  ).     ,    .        .          : )   (,  ); )   (     , , , ,   ..); )   (,       ); )   (        ,   :       ); )   (       ,              ); )   (   )[92 -  . .  .    . .: , 2013. . 296.].

,        ,   ,   ,       -.        :

        (, .. , ) ,       ,   ()  ,   ,  (vorgestellt,  Vorstellung), --   (          )[93 -  . .  .  . .:, 2014. . 42.].

    ,            .    ,  ,    .           ,       .    ,         , --  --              .       .

,           .  ? . .     ,           :      ,         ,     tabula rasa[94 -  . .  .    . .: , 2013. . 279.].   ,   :     ,  ,  mainstream  prima pars,    ,     (    ),      [95 -  .].

-,        ,   . -,   -  (   ). -,            .       .          :    ,    ,   .          ( . . .)[96 -  . . 281.].

  . . ,   . .        [97 -  . . . .   .    . .: : 2013. 608 . [] //  . 2, 2014. . 149.],       .         . ,  ,          ,      . ,   ,      ,      . ,       ,   [98 - .     .     ,     (1.5).].   ,      ,   .   ,   ,   .

          : 1)     ----; 2)      .

   ,  ,   ( )     .    -  . ,      [99 -  . .  .    . .: , 2013. . 129.].    ,        .    ,       [100 -  .].    :   /  .  . .       , , ,   ,            .      - .   ,                .   ,            ,      ( , ).

          ,      仠   ----.         Dabewu?tsein  ----[101 -  . .   : 4- .  II.    / . . . : . . . -, 2010. . 7.].   ,    ,  ,       -  -[102 -  .].

              .  ,   ,    .      ,     .    , ,    .     , ,     ,    ,     .   ,   (     )    . ----       ( ,   ,   ,   ),     Sein  Bewu?tsein,     ().     .   ,  ,        [103 -  .].              ,  ,       ,     ,      [104 -  . . 5.].  ,   - ,          ,      ---- (    -) -    -   (  ) ,          .

          .     ,    ,      ,             .   . . :     ,  ,    ,  ,   ,         ,    ,   [105 -  . .   .  4- .  III.    / . . . : . . . -, 2011. . 56.].     ,      .

    ,   ,       [106 -  . . 60.].      ,  ,    ,      ,      .     :   ,         ,      -         ,        ,      [107 -  . . 80.].

       ----   ,       . ,        .     ,   .     -       . , ,    ,    ,    ,   .

      . .      [108 - .:  . .      // . 2009. 4.  . .        //  . 2010. 2. . 411.  . .   . . .      //   . 2012. 2. . 4663.  . .  :     //   . 2012. 6. . 618.].   ,  ,     ,    .   . . :         ,   .    .  .  ,   - ;   ,   .   .  ,  ,    [109 -  . .  :   //  . 2012. 2. . 166199.].      :       ,   [110 -  .].  ,     ,          ,      .

 ,  ,   ,      .       ,     .       ( ,   )    .  ,      , ..   .      ,     .      .

     -  .     :   .    , ,  ,           .

 ,     ,      .  ,  . .   ---- . .                    ,   .




 1.3.    


 1969 . . . .     ,        .         -        ,      ,            .  ,     ,     . ,    ,     ,  ,  .    ,     [111 -  . . .   //    /   . . . . .: , , 2000. . 379.].      ,     .   . :  ,     ,           [   , ] , ,   ..   () [112 - Rysiew P. Naturalism in Epistemology // The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [ ] URL = <https:// plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/epistemology-naturalized/>.].

       .       (Kornblith)[113 - Kornblith H. Knowledge and its place in nature. Oxford University Press. 2002.],       (natural kind),             .       (Bishop and Trout)[114 - Bishop M., Trout J. Epistemology and the psychology of human judgment. Oxford University Press. 2004.]         (    ),      ,     .

 ,             ,  , ,   .      ,         .        -      .   .    ,      .  ,     ,             .        .    . ,    ,          (          . ).

     ,     .   ,           ,          .              .      .               ,     [115 -  . .    :    . .: , 2017. . 2627.].   ,         .                .    -  -            .     ,          .          ,  ,      .                  .

           .      - [116 - Riggs W. The Value Turn in Epistemology // New Waves in Epistemology. Palgrave-Macmillan. 2008. P. 300323.].        [117 - Neta R. How to Naturalize Epistemology // New Waves in Epistemology. Palgrave-Macmillan. 2008. P. 324353.].    .  ,        ,  .      ,   .    ,      ,  .. .        [118 -  . .      //     . 2017. 11. . 1015. .    .].    ,   ,  ,    .

       ,     . , . .  ,             [119 -  . .  :    . .: + , 2009. . 169.].    . , . , .     ,         .

1.  ,       , ..   ,      ,      ,     ,             [120 -  . . 170.].               . ,      .

2.    , ..      . ,    ,       [121 -  . . 170171.].

3.       , ..  ,     [122 -   . 172.].

4.            [123 -   . 172.].

5.          ,     [124 -   . 173.].        ,  , ..   .

6.        ,     ,      [125 -   . 174.].

        ,            .          . ,       .    . . .

1.        ,  ,     ,   [126 -  . .      ? //    . . XXXVI,  2, 2013. . 172.].

2.       ,      ,   ,      [127 -  .].

3.   ,  ,     ,     [128 -  .].          ,       .

       (proper function),      .       warrant,       .     , , , .       ,     ,       .  ,     ,  .  , 廠  ,       .      :  S,  ,  (warranted),      S,            (design plan),   [129 - Plantinga A. Warrant and Proper Function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. . 19.].  ,      :

  ,    ,   ;

       ,       ;

  ,       ;

   , ..     ,         ,  [130 -  . . 194.].

       ,    .         (intelligent design),   .          ,     .

      ,  ,            , ,     ,  ,    (generality problem)[131 -      2.2  .    ,        .].              . .   ,   . ,             [132 - Sosa E. Review: Proper Functionalism and Virtue Epistemology // No?s, Vol. 27, . 1, 1993. P. 5165.].                   ,       .      ,     ,   ,   ,  .   .       .

                ?   ,       .      .

   ,    -   ,     [133 - Neta R. How to Naturalize Epistemology // New Waves in Epistemology. Palgrave-Macmillan. 2008. P. 324353]. -     .    -    .   ,    ,     .         ,                .    ,         . , ,       -,  .   ,         -  ,    .            ,   .

   ,      .        ,    .     -  .       ,     .  ,      (beliefs).          ,   ,   ,   -    .

      ,     . , . , . -, .   .   . ,          ,     [134 - Graham P. Warrant, functions, history // Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue. Ed. by A. Fairweather & O. Flanagan. Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition. 2014. P. 15.].      ,  1)     ; 2)     ,         ,           ,    .               .       ,    ,    ,   -,        (    ).

       .    ,   .   ,  ,    .      () .     .  ,    ,   ,    ,       . .           [135 -  . . .     // , ,    ,   .    . : , 2012. 10. . 2. . 6973.].      . ,    ,        .       .     ,       .    . .     .  x ,  ,   z    , :

1)   z.

2) X   ,   z[136 - . : Graham P. Warrant, functions, history // Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue. Ed. by A. Fairweather & O. Flanagan. Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition. 2014. P. 18.].

  ,     ,      .1,       .  ,   ,  ,  -    .            .

    ? ,    ,   ,   .       .         .       ,         .

  ,      :

3)   -     ,          ,  ,     [137 - McLaughlin P. What Functions Explain: Functional Explanation and Self-Reproducing Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2001.].

,     .     ,       ,   .     .     .  ,    .   ,    , ..      .       ,       3).        ,      .      ,      .

          .   ,           . ,    ,    , ..    .  ,          .   ,  ,    [138 - Millikan R. G. Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories: New Foundations for Realism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1984.].    .

   .     ,         ,        ,          ,    .    ,  ,      .         (  ),       .

,       . ,     ,     ,    ,      . ,     ,   . ,   .     ,     [139 - Neta R. The epistemic ought // Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue. Ed. by A. Fairweather & O. Flanagan. Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition. 2014. P. 36.].   :

      ,   ,   .

      ,   ,    .

    ໠   -,   ,     .

   ,      -   . ,  ,        .         ,  ,    .

    .   ,         , ..    [140 - Graham P. Warrant, functions, history // Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue. Ed. by A. Fairweather & O. Flanagan. Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition. 2014. . 24.].          .      .            .

       ,     .     ,     .    ,           ,          .    ,   ,       ,     .

  ,       . ,   , ,      :               ,        [141 - Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue (p. 28). Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition.]. ,    ,    .        ,       ,     .     ,       ,     .                .

       : 1)     ; 2)   ; 3)        .

 , ,                .      ,        ,         ,  ,          .




 1.4.     


 - ,  ,    ,     .       .     : , , , .        :  -,    -,   .      .  :     .            ,       ,   [142 - Schwitzgebel E. Belief // Routledge Companion to Epistemology. Edited by Sven Bernecker and Duncan Pritchard. Taylor & Francis. 2011. P. 14.]. ,        ,           .       .     ,   ,    .

         .   . . .           .   .   . ,        .

     ,   ?    .   :  ,       ( . . .),   ,        :   -     ,      [143 - Pritchard D. What is this thing called knowledge? Second edition. New York: Routlege, 2010.].  :        ,     ,     ,   ,   .   ,  ,       .   ,         ,   ,           ,   ,        ,    .  ,         ,    ,    [144 -  .].

 ,               ,    , ,         .               - ,  [145 - .: Snarskaya E., Karimov A., Guryanov A., Avdoshin G. Philosophy as Inquiry Aimed at the Absolute Knowledge // Tarih Kultur Ve Sanat Arastirmalari Dergisi  Journal Of History Culture And Art Research. 2017. Vol: 6. Issue: 4. P. 580587.].

   .       ,  ,       , ..     .  ,  ,  ,    ,      [146 - .: Williamson T. Knowledge and Its Limits, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. P. 5.].    ,    ,  ,    .         ,      ,    .

 ,   ,  .  ,        belief,      , , . .      [147 -  . .   :    //    . 2009. 3. C. 6173.],     ,      .         (propositional attitude),    ,    .       .    ,    ,      .     : S A,  ,  S  ,   ,    . ,  ()  (),      (). ,                .

  ,           ,  , ,   . ,    .               ,    . . [148 - .:  . .   . .:  , 2004.].  ,   , :

S ,  ,  S   ,  ,     ,       [149 -   ,         .              .].

    ,     ,    . , , S  ,     9.    ,  S  ,     8,  10,  1000,  1 000 000  ..

,          ,        .     (, )    (????????)   (????).      a       ,       ,     . ,           ,        . ,    belief     .  ,       ,     ,       .         (hold on to ones beliefs).

 ,      ,  -  ,      . ,    ,   ,    (,   ,   ),         .     ,     .       , , ,      ,      .        ,          (     ),     ,       ,  .

      ;       , , , .    - ,   .  ,   ,      :   ()   ().   ,     ,        ,    .  ,    ,  ,       ,          [150 - . 2.7.].

  ,        ,      ,        .

          ,      .  1963 .[151 - Gettier E. L. Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? // Analysis. 1963. Vol. 23. P. 121123.      .   :  . .    / .. . : . -, 2017. . 1930.   .       -   -  , , .]      [152 - Pritchard, D. What is this thing called knowledge? Second edition. New-York: Routlege. 2010. P. 24.].

 .          .   8.20.  ,   8.20.  ,  8.20.  ,  ,     ,      8.20.       ,     .

 ,   8.20,  1) , 2)    , 3)     .     ,    ,   8.20.   .

        ,        [153 - . :  . .   :   :             ,     47.03.01 , 45.03.04      /. . ;      ,        . . . :   , 2019.].   ,        ,         .

         , ,   ,      [154 - Zagzebski L. On Epistemology. Wadsworth. Canada. 2009. P. 34.]:

1.         ,   (    )    .

2.   .  ,   ,     .

3.    (believing).       .         [ ,  ].   ,    .     ,   -    .

4.    .            .      .

5.     .   ,   .    ,      .

6.     .   ,   , .          .

     .       ,  :   ?   ?    ?      :

          ,   .    ,  .        ,    (open-minded)     (closed-minded),   ,            .    ,         ( )    ,       -[155 -  . P. 8.].    :  ,    ,      .  ,        :           [156 -  .].

            .




 1.5.     


         ,  ,     .      /        /     : ,   .. ,          . .           [157 -      /  . . -.  . . . :  +  , 2009. [ ] URL: http://enc-dic.com/enc_epist/Internalizmjeksternalizm-164.html.].               . . [158 -  . .     //  . 2007. 11. . 119-132.], . . [159 -  . .     // . 2006. 1. . 325 .], . . [160 -  . .   . .:  , 2004. . 14-25.], . . [161 -  . .           //  . 2017,  2. . 7482.].

   ,   ,   , ,   ,  ,    (       , ).   ,        .  ,     .        .   ,       ,         ,   ,     ,    .    :   ,  ,    .        :     .      ,    .          .

 ,   ,    (  )   . .       :

(  )    ,       .

(  )    ,           ,  [162 - .: Pappas G. Internalist vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic Justification // The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [ ] URL: = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/justep-intext/>.].

     .    ,         ,   .       , .. ,       ,      .           ,   ,     ,        .         ,      .         , ,   .

  ,           . ,       - ,    .  -         ,  -        (     , ).      . ,    ,    .             ,     -  .    ,   ,    ,  :

 ,  ,    ,           ,   ,    ,  [163 - Pappas G. Internalist vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic Justification // The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [ ] URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/justep-intext.].

       : ,  S ,  ,            ,  [164 -  .].

   ,        .   ,         :    ,     ,      .   , ,    ,        ,    ,    .      ,     -   .  ,    -        .

        : S  ,  ,   .       ,      .       ,         .

 ,               ,  ,       ,  .            .   . . :   ,      S  ,  , ,  S       . ,    ,    S,       S  ,  ,        .        ,           .     ,      ,   ,          -             ,    -   ,   [165 -  . .      //  . 2007. 11. .124.].

        ,   ,       ,   .    ?       ,   ,   , , ,    .              .         ,      ( . accessible  ).       ,      ( . mental  ).

     .   . .       ,       ,  ,      ,        [166 - Chisholm R. The Indispensability of Internal Justification // Synthese. 1988. Vol. 74:3. P. 285296.].   . :        ,   ,   ,      ,     ,     [167 - BonJour L. Externalism/Internalism // A Companion to Epistemology. Jonathan Dancy and Ernest Sosa, eds., Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. P. 132.].

 ,     ,    ,     .   ,       .     ,      .

 ,      .         . ,     :      ,            ,     [168 - Pollock, J. At the Interface of Philosophy and AI // The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology. John Greco and Ernest Sosa, eds. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999. P. 383 414.].

,          ,  .           ,          [169 -   , ,     .].       , ..  ,     ,   . ,   ,     ,       .         ,      ,  ,      ,      . ,  ,    .

     ( . evidence  ).  ,       ,       ,           [170 - Conee E. Evidentialism: Essays in Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2004. P. 7.].   ,       .         .

      ,         .   ,    ,   ,      , ..    - ,  , ,    .      ,     .   ,      ,        .

                .     , .       ( ..   )     .

.     :   (justification)    (entitlement)[171 - Burge T. Content Preservation // The Philosophical Review. 1993. Vol. 102. 4. P. 457488.].   entitlement     .     ,  :     -,  ,    ,   [172 - Oxford Dictionary. [ ] URL: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/entitlement.].    entitlement     .     ,      - .   (entitlements)       .        .           [173 - Burge T. Content Preservation // The Philosophical Review. 1993. Vol. 102,  4. P. 458.].  :     (entitled) ,   ,  , ,                   .       ,             .  (justification),   ,  ,          .         .         [174 -  . P. 457458.].

   (entitlement)          . . [175 - . 1.2.].

  ,     ,  ,         .  ,    ,     [176 - Goldman A. The Internalist Conception of Justification // Midwest Studies in Philosophy. 1980. 5. . 2751.].        ,        ,  . ,          ,     ,         .        .  ,               .    ,         .      ,         .     ,              .        - -. :  ,         !     .   ,     (     ).    ,      .      ,   ,      .

  ,  ,       .   ,    ,       .   ,     ,          ( doxa  ). ,   ,           ,      ,     .

       . ,  ,    ,    ,       ,       ,   . ,              (    doxa).    t      ,  ,           .   ,         .            ,  , ,      .        ,    .   ,        . ,        .  ,   ,          ,      .

  ,    ,      .    -   ,   ,        . ,   ,          ,       .      ,   . .       ,    :   ,      ,   ,    ,     :  ,     , ,   ,      [177 -  .     //   2 . . 2. .: , 1994. . 30.].

    ?     ,  ,       ,    : 1)  ; 2)     .          !       ?      .      :   ,     ? ,       .       .   ,           ,      ?    ,         ,     .  ,   ,      ,         .

    ,         (doxastic decision principle). ,   ,     ,       .     . 1.     ?        ?       ? 2.            ? 3.  ,      ?

 ,         [178 - Goldman A. The Internalist Conception of Justification // Midwest Studies in Philosophy. 1980. 5. . 2751.].  :     ?   , , ,      -   : ,   ..         ?       ,  ?    ,          ,        .           ,   ,           ,     .           ,          ?  ,      .   ,   S ,  ,      ,     ?         ,     .      .        .

 :       ?    ,         .       .   ,        .    ,      .   ,     ,   , ..       .          ? ,     ,      .   ,     ?  ,            , ,     ,     ,           .       ,     ,        ,  , ..   .  ,       ()   .

 ,   ,   ,        ,      .   ,       .     ? ,  ,       . :

     S  ,     .

      .      :

     S  ,     .

    ,      ?   ,   ,     ? ?     ,     ,   ?     .     :  ,     ,  ,     ,  ,     , ..  .           .        ,    ,      .

 ,          . ,    ,   :   ,    ,    ,    .    - :   ,   ,    ,    ,    .

    ,    :   ,       ,     ,      ,     , ?     ,        .

      .         . ,  ,     ,     ,   ,           ().    ,     ? ,       , ,  ,   .    ,     ? ,   .       .

-,        ,         , ..        .         ,    . -, ,             .        :

()  S,  ,      ,     .

      ,        .       !       .

     .    [179 - Lehrer K. Self-Trust: A Study of Reason, Knowledge, and Autonomy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.]. ,     ,     ,      .             !  ,      - .   ,       ?   , ad infinitum. ,        .   ,   ,      .   ,     ?      -    ,  . ,   ,      ,    ,       ,      .      .  ,      ,       .   ,         : 1) ,     1.2,  2) ,     1.3.

    ,             .        ,       .  ,     .         .  ,  ,        ,   ,       .   ,  ,      ,   ,         .  ,    ,       ,   .         ?

  (  )    . .   .             ?[180 - Esfeld M. What can Heideggers Being and Time Tell Todays Analytic Philosophy? // Philosophical Explorations. 2001. 4. P. 4662.].   -- ,      .  :            -   ,    ,                  [181 -  .   . .: Ad Marginem, 1997. . 62.].     , ,  ,     -      -   -   ,   .

              ,       ,   . . [182 -  . .  :  . : . -, 2011. . 3132.].      .     ,                 .        ( ).     ,      ,  .     ,      , .  ,      ,            .            ,   - , ..      ,     ,        .

          .   ,   [183 - . :  . .    :     //   :     . 2017. . 6,  1. . 3959.].           ,        [184 -  . . 39.].   . . ,        ,    ,      ,      , ..            [185 -  . . 44.].




2.   :   





 2.1.             XXI 


        .          [186 - Anscombe G. Modern Moral Philosophy // Philosophy. 1958. 33. P. 119.].   1980- .  .         ,    ,   ,    ,      ,       .   ,      ,     -,  -,    (truth-conducive)  , ,   ,  ,  ,     .       1979 .  ,      ( . reliable  ),        ,      . ,      ,        .

          , ,       .       ,       .

           (1984),         :     .       ,     -.       .         (1992),   (1993),   (1996).  ,                .         ,        .        ( )     .             .          ,      .           ,  ,             .             (thick concepts)     (thin concepts)  [187 -      . 3.].

,          , ,  ,     .

  2000- .      ,           ,      ,          .      ,   ,   ,    ,   ,   .       ,         .

  ,         .     ,   , ,    ,       .




 2.2.  .   . 


  ,      ,          .         . , . , .   . .         . [188 - . 1,  1.3.].        ,        .           ,   , ,   .  ,        . [189 -  . .  .  . . . . , 2003. . 205.].      : . . [190 -  . .      //  . 2007. 11. . 119132.], . . [191 -  . .   . .:  , 2004.], . . [192 -  . .      //      / . . , - ; . . . . . .: , 2009. . 724.], . . [193 -       / //    . 2011. 4(4). .  . . 2627.]  .

  ,     ,    locus classicus       :      ,   1980 [194 - Sosa E. The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge // Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 1980. 5 (1). P. 326.].      ,    -    :     .               .      , .    ,   ,       ,          ,      .         ,  ,    .         .     1980- .   ,             ,           .           .   ,   .           ,       ()   ().

           ( ).     ,   ,     ,       .         :   .      ,      .  ,           .       . ,        ,      .      ,       ,         . ,       .         .      ,    .  ,     .         ,     ,   .  ?

   .      .    .     .     ,    ,                 ,        [195 -  .   / .  //    . 2005. .6. 4. . 226235.].    ,     .           ,   , .    ,    -      .      .  ,          ,       , ..   :   ()     ().

      ,      ,      .         . ,  ,     ,       ,      modus ponens: 1)  ; 2)     ,   .                ,           .    ,             .

1.      (, ),       .

2.          ,      .

3.        ,        .

4.          -  .

5.  . 13 ,       .

          .  ,          .           .       ,         .  ,     ,        ,      .  ,      ,      .          .

, ,   .          .     ,     .     ,      , ..       . ,       .      ,        .   1980 .      (virtue).

    .     .         (process reliabilism) [196 - Goldman A. Reliabilism: What Is Justified Belief // Justification and Knowledge, ed. G. S. Pappas. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1979. P. 123.].      ,      .        ,           , , ,       [197 - Goldman A. Epistemic Folkways and Scientifci Epistemology // Philosophical Issues. 1993. Vol. 3. P. 271285.].

      .  ,   ,    ,    .    .    ,          ,   .      .     .    ,  ,    ,    -  , -: , ,   .. ,   ,           ().  ,     ,    .     ,         .      .         .     ,   .     : , , ,  ,   , , ,  ..         (   ), , , ,  : , , , , ,  .         (, ,   ),      (     80%)[198 - Goldman A. Reliabilism: What Is Justified Belief // Justification and Knowledge, ed. G. S. Pappas. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1979. P. 1.].

 ,        ,  ,   ,          ,    . ,   ,  ,    ,  ,    ,    ,     ,     :  ,   , ,      .

     .

1.  S ,   (  t),      S,   S,  ,  .

      ,      S    S    ,  p,       1),      .

2.  S ,  ,    ,   S,  ,  .

   .    -      ,        .    -        ,    ,    ,           ,       ,    ,    .          [199 - . : Karimov A. R., Kazakova V. A. Semantic and metasemantic notions of analyticity // Asian Social Science. 2014. Vol. 10. . 22. P. 285290.  . . :     //   . : . 2013. 3. . 246252. Karimov A. R. Analyticity and modality // Dialogue and Universalism. Journal of the International Society for Universal Dialogue. Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. 2014. Vol. XXIV,  3. P. 8993.].

 ,     ,     ,   (sustains), . ,  ,        ,     .    ,      ,    .         ,     .      ,    ,   ,  .    ?                 . ,    ,        ,       ,    .   ,   , ,      :  ,   ,     .         .

  (,  ,    )       ,  (  )         ,   [200 - Goldman A. Reliabilism: What Is Justified Belief // Justification and Knowledge, ed. G. S. Pappas (Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1979. P. 12.].

  . ,     ,       ,        ,             10  (  ).  , ,    ,         ,      .      .  ,       ,    ,     ,   .          . ,  ,    ,   ,  ,     .

      ,    .    ,  , , ,       .      ,   ,   ,   ,   ,  . .,     ,     .   ,  ,  .        .  ,       .

       .         , .. ,             [201 -  . P. 13.].         -   ,        , , , ,   ..

     : ,     ,   -, ..    .  ,  ,     ,        , ,    ,    ,  .    ,      .   ,    ,     .       ,  ,    ,  . ,  ,         . ,       .

       ,        ,  ,       .    ,     .    ,       .     ,       ,     .          ,    . :

  S,   (  t)        (belief-forming process),   S,  ,  [202 - Goldman A. Reliabilism: What Is Justified Belief // Justification and Knowledge, ed. G. S. Pappas. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1979. P. 15.].

 ,     ,   .   ,         .  ,    , , ,  ,      ,        .      :

         ,     .  ,    ,           [203 -  . P. 17.].

  ,         ,     .                 (current time-slice theory).             .        (),   .        ,   .       .        .    ,       ,  ,         .   ,    ,   .     ,  ,   ,    ,  ,   . ,    ,     ,     .   ,    .

      .           .   . .

1.      . ,     (  )      (       ).     ,        (  ),    ,  .

2.       ,          . ,       ,     .           .     : 1)      ; 2)      ,    ,     ,    ; 3) , , ,          .          .    .

3.   .    ,       ,    .             .  ,   ,    ,       .  ,     .   ,    ,              .         , ,   ..  -             ; ..        .  ,    ;   ,         ,  .

   ,         ,     , .. ,       .         [204 -   ,              (  . ),    3   ,  .].

4.   (generality problem).          [205 - Conee E., Feldman R. The Generality Problem for Reliabilism // Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition. 1998. Vol. 89. 1. P. 129.]. ,       ,    ,      .     ?    ? ,     .   ,  ,   : -   ,        -  - ,          ..,      .      .      ,  , .       ? ,      , . ,  ,  ,       ,    .    ,  ,       .       ad hoc   ,       .  ,     ,   .   ,        .  ,  ,     , , ,     .  ,   ,     ,         [206 -  . P. 5.].

      ,    ?     ,         .     ,            .        :              . .         ,       :

     ,         ,     ,    .   ,  -         ,            .      .      ,  ,           .           ,      [207 - Heller M. The Simple Solution to the Generality Problem // Nous, 1995. 29(4). . 501515.].

       . ,      [208 - Tolly J. Reliabilism and the generality problem. A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Notre Dame, Indiana. USA. 2016.].      .  ,  ,          .

    ,   -   ,   -.          .    ,           ,     .       , ,  .  ,    ,         ().       ,          ?   .    ,      .

.     , ,         ,    .  ,      : , ,     ,    .      ,     ,     ,      .          ?    .

 ,  ,      . , -, ,      :

   ,              , , ,    .

   ,         ,     .   ,    ?           .        ? ,  .       ,      ?

, quid pro quo        ,   , ..   (  ).        ,        ?

  ,  ,      ,     .   ,       .




 2.3.   (. , . , . )


C               (virtue reliabilism),      . , . , . . .  ( , )           [209 - Sosa E.  Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge. Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition. 2007.].

- (. )[210 - . :  . .        // . . . -. . . 2017. 1. . 3644.].            .     ,       . -,   ,     :  ,     . -,   ,    ,     .       ,   ,       .     ,        .  ,     ,        .           .      ,      (      ).      .  ,       :  (accuracy),  (adroitness)   (aptness).      -     ,   .

 ,      - .    1)  , ..  ; 2)  , ..       ; 3)  , ..     [211 -  . P. 227.].

    ,     .    . . ,      -  ,       ,    [212 -  . .    //   . 2016. 4. . 89.].  ,        ,        .

   ,   ,   (safety).  ,       .    ,     ,     .    ,      .   , ,  ,  ,    [213 -  . P. 235.].

     (sensitivity) .   ,     :   S,  ,      ,     ,   S ( )    ,  .

   ,     .     . ,      .      [214 - .   .    .  . ,    / . . . . , . . . : .: , 2002.] ,    , ..    . ,     .      ,      ,   .       ,      ,     .          , ,   ,     .

        . ,   ,     .      ,     .  ,     ,      ,   ,    . ,  ,       .     ,    ,     .       ,           ,     .

 ,     ,         (basis-relative safety).    ,  ,  ,   ,   ,     ,    ,  ,     ( ) ,    .  ,     ,     ,    .     ,      ,     ,     ,      .

     ,      ,     ,  ,       ,  .  ,       ,     (basis relative sensitivity).

       ,       .           ,    .       .

1.   ,             .

2.         .

3. ,        .

4. ,      , ,     ,     ,     .

      ,   ,    .       ? .        .    ,  1)   ,       ,     ; 2)   ,         .  ,        ,    ,   .   ,      ,       ,        , .. . ,         -      ,   ,   .

 ,    ,  . ,     ,      ,   .      ,   ,        .

        .     , .. ,     . ,    ,      .  , ,   ,      - ,         ,    .  ,       ,  .   ,   ,    ,   ,         .     ,       .  ,     :

   ,  ,        ,           ,             [215 - Sosa E. Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge. Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 319.].

    ,   ,     .     ,    ,     .  ,     (animal knowledge),     ,    ,       .      ,       .         . (  ,  ,    ,    ).       -, .. ,     .        ,      , ..         . ,      ,    .           ,         .  : S   ,  ,  :

1)  , 

2)  S,         S.

S   ,  ,  :

1)  , 

2)  S,         S; 

3) S   ,        ,   ,   ,    S.

       ?  ,     ,     ,     .      .       . ,     ,   S ,  .     ,    ,     ,       .     .   ,      ,        (  ).

 ,       .              . ,   -  ,   ,   -     .   , -  ,     ,   ,  3 :

     ;

       ;

         .

  ,          ,        [216 - . 3.].

          - SSS-.  SSS , : seat (), shape ()  situation ().       :

     ,  ,     : )   ,    ,    ,         ; )    ,       , ..   , ,   ..; )        (  ,   ),   ,      ,   ,     ..[217 - Sosa E. Epistemology. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. 2017. P. 191 192.].

        .  ,         ,          ,    .   AAA-  SSS-,      . ,       -    .

        .  ( -, ).   ,       (  ,  )[218 - Greco J. Knowledge and Success from Ability // Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition. (Jan., 2009). Vol. 142, No. 1. P. 1726.].  ,      , ..  ,   .               .  ,    ,   ,           .      ,        (,    ,     ),   ,    ,      .            .     :

S ,  ,    ,  S    (  ),    S,     [219 -  . P. 18.].

        .     ,     ,   S   ,  ,  ,  S   :   ,  S ,  ,    ,     ,  S    . ,    ,  S      ,   S   ,    ,     ..    ,         ,    ,  ,  - [220 - Greco J. Knowledge as Credit for True Belief // Michael DePaul & Linda Zagzebski (eds.), Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. P. 111134.].

         , ..      .                   .   ,     . .        :

 .  ,     .     .  ,       ,      .   ,       ,       [221 - Chisholm R. Theory of knowledge (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977. P. 105.].

 ,          ,        . ,        .  ,     ,  ,      , ,   S  .      .      .  ,      ,   1)           ,    ; 2)       .

        . ,          ,      .     :       ,        .         .

         .   :

  .            .     ,  ,      . ,      ,        ,         (,       ).   ,       ,       [222 - Goldman A. Discrimination and perceptual knowledge // Journal of Philosophy, 1976. 73. P. 771791.].

         .         .     . ,  ,    . ,              10 .  ,      ,          3 . , ,         . ,    - , ,    ,    ,        .           ,     ,        . ,            ,         ,       ,      . ,  .         . ,              .         :

S            ,  S        [223 - Greco J. Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity Kindle Edition. 2010. Kindle Location 959.].

 ,  ,    ,           . ,    ,      ,  ,     .    .  ,         .   ,     .       .       .   ,     .

  ,  ,        ,  - ,    ,       ,     (salient) ,     .        .

             ,    .  ,          ,   [224 -  . Kindle Location 57.].    :     (achievement),       (credit).        (agent reliabiliam),             .

      .  ,  :   ,  -  -,    .  , ,     ,  -  .         .      ( . . .)[225 -  . Kindle Location 61.].

   ,      ,        .         - ,    .      :  X  Y    X   Y. ,            , ..     ,    .  ,     : 1)       2)   3)   .    ,      :

 S,  ,       (   ,   )    ,  S   ,    S   [226 -  . Kindle Location 586.].

       .  ,  ,     ,   .    ,       .  ,        ,    :

   (superior) .   -      ,  ,    ,    .         ,         .        .  ,         [227 - Greco J. Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity. Kindle Edition. 2010. Kindle Locations 81-82.].

       ,       ,      ,   .           (person-level),       .

   ,     [228 - Plantinga A. Warrant and Proper Function. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.]:

  . ,   S     ,       ,        ,     .      ,    ,          .

   ,        .             , ..   .    ,        .        . [229 - Goldman A. Epistemology and Cognition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986.].      . [230 - .    .].

       ,        . ,       .        ,      .         :           .       ,  ()   [231 - Greco J. Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity Kindle Edition. 2010. Kindle Location 1065.].     ,        ,    . ,   ,           .         . ,       .

         .  ( , ).       .

     ,           .     : S ,  ,    ,  1), 2), 3),  1), 2), 3)   ,       .      ?

       :

1. () S ,  ,    ,    S,     ,   S,      .

 ,  ,   [232 - Pritchard D. The Value of Knowledge // The Harvard Review of Philosophy, 2009. Vol. 16. P. 219.]:

1. (  )   S     .

2. (  )   S ,  ,     S.

 ,          .      ,          .       :       .

  (   ).      ,        ,   .         1) ; 2)     .   ,      .    ,      .  ,      ,       .  ,      .

     [233 - Greco J. The value problem // Routlege Companion to epistemology. Edited by Sven Berneker and Duncan Pritchard. Routlege. London and Ney-York, 2011. P. 219 231.].       ,        .              ,           (           ),           .

 ,     . ,    .       [234 - .  5.].    .  ,     ,        .     ,    .       ,        .   ,        ,      ,       .  ,            (  ).        .         .         .   ,             .          .  ,     ,    , , .         : , ,        ,   ,      , ,  ,       .        ,       ,   .       ,    .   ,  ,         .           ,     ,       .

        - (anti-luck virtue epistemology)[235 - Pritchard D. The Nature and Value of Knowledge: Three Investigations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.],             .      ,        ,    , ,    -     .       . ,      .      ,         ,         .   .       :    S,     ,      ,     ,  ,   ,     ,   [236 - Pritchard D. Epistemic Luck. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.].

    (..   ,        ) ,     ,    .   ,     ,     ,  ,       .

,          ,  ,      ,        .        ,       [237 -       .  5.].




 2.4.   


    ,    ?  ,        ,   ,    ,   ,     .       - ,      .  ,            ,        ,         .   ,         .

: S ,      ,  /    ,  ,         ,   ,    ,    .

  ,     ,    ,    .   ,  ,  ,    , : 1)  ; 2) S ,   ; 3)  S,  ,   ; 4) -  . ,   . ,    ,      : ,     ,      ,        ,    .      ,    .     ,      ,     , ,    ,       (,     )[238 - Jones W. E. Why Do We Value Knowledge? // American Philosophical Quarterly, 1997. Vol. 34 (4). P. 423439.]. ,  ,      ,     ,      .      ,        ?  ,    ,  ,   ,  ,   ,    ,      .        (swamping argument).     ,       .

1.       ( ).

2.    ,    ,       .

3. ,     ,   ,     .

.  ,          .        [239 - Zagzebski L. The search for the source of epistemic good // Metaphilosophy. 2003. Vol. 34,  1/2. P. 15.].   ,     (.. ,     ),  ,       ,    .          . ,  ,    ,  ,   ,     , ,    .       ,           .     ,    ,    .           ,     ,      ,   .          ,       ,     ,   .      :

() ,     ,   .

 ,  ,     .      . ,  - ,    ,    ,    ,         .   . 1000 ,     ,    ,  1000 ,   ,          .

         [240 - Goldman A. I., Olsson E. J. Reliabilism and the Value of Knowledge // A. Haddock, A. Millar, & D. H. Pritchard (Eds.), Epistemic Value Oxford University Press, 2009.].

 :  .   ,       ,     ,   ,      .      .    ?     ,     (  )  .    .        .         ,   ,       , ,   ,       .       . ,     ,    .   ,       ,  ,       .

 :  .  ,   ,    ,      ,   .     ,     , ..     ,        .     .      : , , ,  ..       . ,      ,      -  .   ,         ,      .      .      ,             .  ,      .

      . [241 -   .:  . .    //   . 2017.  5. .2635.].   ,  ,    , ..   .     .      ? ,     ,     .    ,       ,           .  ,       . -     ,   ,      .    ,   ,     .       ,  ,     , ,     ,    .         [242 - Sosa E. A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume I: Kindle Edition. 2007. Kindle Location 669670.].            .

     . ,  ,           .          ,       ? , ,      ,         ?  ,        ,      .  -   ,   ,     ?  ,  ,    . ,    ,         (, ,  ) .        ,       . ,  ,    ,    ,    -.   :   ,    :           []   .  ,      [243 - Ernest Sosa. A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume I. Kindle Edition. 2007. Kindle Location 681682.].

 ,       . ,      ,     -    .     ,      ,           ,    ,        .         -      .     ,      .             .   ,    ,  ,   ,       ,   ,     .         .   :  ,   ,  ,     (,   ),  (sitting)  ,          [] [244 -  .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/artur-karimov/epistemologiya-dobrodeteley/)  .

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notes



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