  .      
 


                1930- ,    .  ,       , ,  , ,    .      (   ,      ,   ,     ..,   ,     ).

    ,    : .   . .   ,               ,        -.

             , -,    ,     ,  -,        .

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 2012 by President and Fellows of Harvard College

 , 2017






 laissez faire


  1924.             ,         laissez faire (        [1 - Laissez faire     ,         : laissez faire, laissez passer ( ,   (.).            XIV - , ,      : Laissez nous faire (  ).    1736.       -  (16941757), -  XV       17411747. ( .:  .  Laissez faire et laissez passer,  ,  :    . .; : , 2017 (  ).)       ,        XVIIXVIII.         .         ,     .   laissez faire       1870- . (.       . 76.)    XIX.     laissez faire, laissez passer     .     XIX.      :  ,      XIX    .          ,  .             .     ,             laissez faire         .  . . . .]).     41 ,     ,       -    .       ,  25                     Economic Journal.                      .         ,        [2 -          ,   : Robert Skidelsky: John Maynard Keynes, vol. 1, Hopes Betrayed, 18831920 (London: Macmillan, 1983); vol. 2, The Economist as Savior, 19201937 (London: Macmillan, 1992); vol. 3, Fighting for Freedom, 19371946 (London: Macmillan, 2000). . : R. F. Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (London: Macmillan, 1951); Peter Clarke, The Keynesian Revolution in the Making, 19241936 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988). [.:  .   . 18831946. , ,  : 2 . .:    , 2005.]].          ,    .      [3 - John Maynard Keynes, The End of Laissez-Faire (London: Hogarth, 1927), p. 5.       1924.       ,  ,  1926.,   . [.:  . .  laissez faire //  . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 367.]].

  laissez faire,  ,       .  laissez faire      ,   ,   .      -     .          [4 - Ibid., pp. 17; 20. [.:  . . 373, 372.]].       ,        ,    [5 - Ibid., . 32.].    ,         ,       [6 - Ibid., p. 33. [ . . 377.]].           .      laissez faire    ,        ,       50     ,    ,     -  [7 - John Elliott Cairnes, Essays in Political Economy: Theoretical and Applied (London: Macmillan, 1873), . 244.].        laissez faire,           ,   :       ,        ,       <    >,     ,         [8 - Keynes, End of Laissez-Faire, . 3233. [.:  . .  laissez faire. . 377.]].         .  , laissez faire  ,       .

   ,    laissez faire    ,   ,   .       ,    laissez faire   ,   ,      ,    laissez faire      .           ,                      [9 - Ibid., pp. 3435. [ . . 378.]].        laissez faire,       ,  .   ,     ,    ,               ,      .    ,   ,     ,  laissez faire     ,     . ,               [10 - Ibid., p. 36. [ . . 378.]].   laissez faire     ,           .

  ,    laissez faire   ,         .                      .   ,  ,  -    laissez faire     ,    . ,       ,          .        ,   ,    .     ,                 ,       .      ,  .            [11 - Ibid., p. 44. [ . . 381.]].        ,    ,   ,  .   laissez faire     , ,   ,       ,      [12 - Ibid., p. 38. [ . . 379.]].   ,      .

       .    Laissez faire        , ,     ,  ,      [13 - Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 2, Economist as Saviour, . 225229.]. ,            ,        .           ,     ,     . ,  ,    ,         .   ,   ,  ,             ,     ,          [14 - Keynes, End of Laissez-Faire, . 5253. [.:  . .  laissez faire. . 384.]].       ,     ,      ,    . ,     ,       ,         ,  ,   ,   ,     [15 - Ibid., . 4647. [ . . 382.]].          ,      .  ,  ,       ,       ,       ,        ,       [16 - Ibid., p. 50. [.:  . . 383.]].  laissez faire        . ,  ,       .

           ,           .     1920-       ,     ,   ,     laissez faire  [17 - Review: The End of Laissez Faire, Journal of Political Economy 36, no. 1 (1928), . 179180; Sidney Webb, The End of Laissez-Faire, Economic Journal 36, no. 143 (1926), . 434441.].         ,        .                    , ,     ,     [18 - Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 19141991 (London: Michael Joseph and Pelham, 1994; reprint, New York: Vintage, 1996), pp. 9495.].   ,       ,          [19 - Michael Bernstein, A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), . 64.   (.: Richard Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-revolution, 19311983 (London: Harper Collins, 1994), . 174).].   ,             ,      ,    .         ,     laissez faire.      laissez faire       ,     1933.    ,       ,       , ,      :     -    -  ,      [20 -     , 7  1933., box 62, folder 10, Frank H. Knight Papers, Regenstein Library, University of Chicago ( Knight Papers);     , 9  1933., box 62, folder 9, Knight Papers.]. 1930-   ,             ,        .

     ,   laissez faire       .   , ,     laissez faire     ,    ,    .              ,       . ,              .  1980-    -               .           ;        ,    ;       ,     laissez faire.    -                 [21 -        1981.,   :         ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    (Ronald Reagan, Remarks at the Conservative Political Action Conference, Speaking My Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), . 96).   1975.       ,      ,        :   ].    laissez faire,         .

,        ,    .  ,             ,         laissez faire.         ,           ,     ,           .   ,    ,     , ,        ,   , ,          c  ,                .            ,       ,      ,    , , ,         .     ,              ,                  .   ,    , ,   ,          .



              , ,         - .       ,  ,                 [22 - Alan Brinkley, The Problem of American Conservatism, American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (1994), . 409; Michael Kazin, The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century, American Historical Review 97, no. 1 (1992), . 136.].          , , ,    [23 - Thomas Frank, Whats the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).      .: Jonathan Rieder, The Rise of the Silent Majority, in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Prince ton: Prince ton University Press, 1989), 243268; Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001); Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformationof American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).].       ,              ,        [24 - Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), . 163; Jerome L. Himmelstein, To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), . 45.       ,       . : Jonathan Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), . 8; Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford, 1995), . 67.].            ,        ,                   ,    , , ,   [25 -      . Richard Hofstadter, The Pseudo-conservative Revolt, in The New American Right, ed. Daniel Bell (New York: Criterion, 1955), . 42.     ,       : Michael Rogin, The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1967).      .: Joseph Crespino, In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution (Prince ton: Prince ton University Press, 2007); Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992); Thomas Byrne Edsall, The Changing Shape of Power: A Realignment in Public Policy, in Fraser and Gerstle, Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 269293; Matthew Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Prince ton: Princeton University Press, 2006).].          -    ,        .

  -  ,            ,      , ,  ,        ,       .         ,     .        ,            , ,       .  homo oeconomicus[26 -   (.). . .]      ,        ,          .      ,               ,  ,     .                 .  ,        ,   ,      ,  ,        .

      ,         ,   ,  ,     [27 - Steven B. Smith, Reading Leo Strauss: Politics, Philosophy, Judaism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Catherine Zuckert and Michael Zuckert, The Truth about Leo Strauss: Political Philosophy and American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Bruce Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Michael Kimmage, The Conservative Turn: Lionel Trilling, Whittaker Chambers, and the Lessons of Anti- communism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009); Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).       : Robert Devigne, Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).     ,        . .: Olivier Dard, Bertrand de Jouvenel (Paris: Perrin, 2008); Hans J?rg Hennecke, Wilhelm R?pke: Ein Leben in der Brandung (Stuttgart: Sch?ffer-Poeschel, 2005).].                  [28 - Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton: Prince ton University Press, 2005).].               [29 - Darren Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011); Bethany Moreton, To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009).].            ,         .          ,     .  ,  ,      [30 -        laissez faire    . .: Julia C. Ott, The Peoples Market, chap. 9in When Wall Street Met Main Street: The Quest for an Investors Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011); Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).         .: Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009); Phillips-Fein, Business Conservatives and the Mont P?lerin Society, in The Road from Mont P?lerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective, ed. Philip Mirowski and Dieter Plehwe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), 280301; Moreton, To Serve God and Wal-Mart; Eduardo Canedo, The Rise of the Deregulation Movement in Modern America, 19571980 (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2008).].      , Rand Corporation           - [31 - S.M. Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).].    ,   ,    [32 - Steven M. Teles, The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).].    ,      ,       National Review[33 - Jeffrey Hart, The Making of the American Conservative Mind: National Review and Its Times (Wilmington, Del.: ISI, 2005).].             .     ,           ,   (advocacy)          [34 -      . : Kim Phillips-Fein, Conservatism: A State of the Field, Journal of American History 98, no. 3 (2011), . 723743.].

              .      ,                       .       ,      ,     ,          .       ,          .    ,   ,     ,     ,           ,                  ,    .         ,   ,    ,    ,      .     ,     ,  ,  ,      ,        .



  laissez faire,   ,          ,      .         .         ,  ,   ,  ,     ,       ,   , ,     ,    ,  , [35 - Keynes, End of Laissez-Faire, . 50.].         :     ,             .                ,              .     ( )     ,          .

       ,            ,    .   ,      ,                  .      :                 - ,    .            -.    1947.         , , ,   ,    [36 -  ,       , . : Address by Prof. Hayek on Aims and Organisation of the Conference, 4, box 5, folder 13, Mont P?lerin Society Records, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, Calif. [ .     - //  .     . .: , 2009. . 283298.]].         ,       ,   ,        ,     .       - [37 -        -: Bernhard Walpen, Die offenen Feinde und ihre Gesellschaft: Eine hegemonietheoretische Studie zur Mont P?lerin Society (Hamburg: VSA, 2004).      : Philip Plickert, Wandlungen des Neoliberalismus: Eine Studie zu Entwicklung und Ausstrahlung der Mont P?lerin Society (Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2008),   .   R. M. Hartwell, A History of the Mont Pelerin Society (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995)      .           : Ben Jackson, At the Origins of Neo-liberalism: The Free Economy and the Strong State, 19301947, Historical Journal 53, no. 1 (2010), . 129151.   -         : Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable, . 100121; John L. Kelley, The Revitalization of Market Liberalism, in Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), chap. 2.].         - .

        ,        ,   .        ,       .         ,                .         , ,   ,      XIX.,            .    ,               .   ,          .       ,       ,     . ,    ,  ,  ,  ,   .

               ,      ,   .            ,    ,      laissez faire.     , ,         ,     ,     .       ,   ,     ,    ,               .                  .          ,          .       ,             .     ,   .

 ,       19301940- ,    (   )      ,      .  ,    ,   ,          ,        .          ,          [38 - Friedrich Hayek, Individualism: True and False, in Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), . 23 [ . :    //  .    . .: , 2016. . 140].].    ,     .    ,             (   ,  ) ,    ,     [39 -       : Taylor Boas and Jordan Gans-Morse, Neoliberalism: From a New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-liberal Slogan, Studies in Comparative International Development 44, no. 2 (2009), . 137161.].  /       -    .       ,          -,    .              .          .    ,        ,         [40 -   ,         .        XIX    .,     19001917.,    .   . ,        .   1930-                    ,         .  ,                  19321940.        :  .     :      . .; , 2016.       , ,       ,       XVIIIXIX.       ,         ,  .       ,           ,   (,  . 232). . .]. ,       ,     :     -  ,    ,      ,                ,     -    (advocacy) [41 -    . : George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America: Since 1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1976).].           ,   ,           .        ,         .

 ,    ,          .        1930-    ,     ,               .              laissez faire    ,      .     ,                   [42 - Roger E. Backhouse, The Rise of Free Market Economics: Economists and the Role of the State since 1970, in Economists and the Role of Government, ed. Peter Boettke and Steven Medema, History of Political Economy 37 (2005), . 355392.].   1960-         .              .      ,     ,   ,      ,       .        :             . ,  ,   ,           ;         ,      .    ,              .

  -       .             . ,      ,     ,        ,   .               .        ,         .              ,        ,     ,   ,     ,     .          ,      ,   .  ,     ,        .   -      :          .         ,     .




 1

    


 1933.,      ,     laissez faire,     ,        .   ,         ,               .        ,        ,    ,     .    - ,    ,      ,      ;      ,        [43 - A. W. Coats, The Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-war Years, Atlantic Economic Journal 10, no. 1 (1982), . 19; Lionel Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist (London: Macmillan, 1971), . 72.].    16   ,                .      ;         [44 - Aubrey Jones, in My LSE, ed. Joan Abse (London: Robson, 1977), . 36.].        ,        ,   ,      ,   .

     ,   ,     ,  ,        ,      ;     ,        .    ,   ,          .   ,  ,           .         ,     , -,      .   ,   , , ,    ,   .         ,       ,   ,      ,       [45 - Friedrich Hayek, The Trend of Economic Thinking, Economica 40 (1933), . 121.   , ,   ,        The Trend of Economics (New York: F. S. Crofts and Co., 1930).].  ,       ,     ,          .

        ,       ,        ,    1930- .                , ,    ,     .         ,   ,   ,  .         ,    ,         .              .           ,        .   ,    -  ,       ,    1930.,   [46 - Lionel Robbins, The Present Position of Economic Science, Economica 28 (1930), . 23.].       ,        ,          .  1934.    , ,   ,    ,  ,    ,                 ,     [47 -    Adelphi Company, 9  1934., box 58, folder 2, Frank H. Knight Papers, Regenstein Library, University of Chicago ( Knight Papers).].              и :   ,         ,      [48 - Wilhelm R?pke, Fascist Economics, Economica, n.s., 2, no. 5 (1935), . 85.].

      ,       .    ,    ,    .              .   ,         ,                  .  ,           ,      [49 - Robert Collins, The Business Response to Keynes, 19291964 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 3031.].      ,           .     -       ,          ,       [50 - Yuval P. Yonay, The Struggle over the Soul of Economics: Institutionalist and Neoclassical Economists in America between the Wars (Prince ton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Malcolm Rutherford, The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 19181947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Wayne Parsons, The Power of the Financial Press: Journalism and Economic Opinion in Britain and America (Aldershot, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 1989).].      ,    (1936)        ,              ,    .

 -      1930-        .         ,       .   ,   ,     ,         .           ,   ,           .        ,          .         ,       ,     .

               ,        ,  .                  .           ,        ,  ,            .   -  ,        1930-           ,   ,     ,  ,  .    ,             .       laissez faire           ,  ,      .         ,    ,        ,          .  ,           .     ,      ;        ,        .

     -        ,     ,            .      ,     ,    ,       ,   .            ,           ,        . ,       ,       .     ,       -    .       ,          ,     ,   [51 - Collins, Business Response to Keynes, . 50.].                     ,      ,       .

         ,  ,     ,   ,     .    1933.         , ,         .  ,   ,        .   ,        ; ,     .       ,    ,     [52 - Hayek, Trend of Economic Thinking, . 121.].  ,       ,           .     ,    1930-        ,          .      ,    :    ,         ,       ,     ,   ,           .             .,      ,     ,           .      ,    ,        ,      .



  1930-         , ,        .                   ,      ,    ,       .  -       ,    .            ,      ,             .       ,   ,   .  ,  ,        ,     ; ,  ,        .         ,          ,       ,        ,      .

              .    ,   40   ,    ,   ,          .            .     ,     ,    ,              ,      ,          ,       [53 - George Bernard Shaw, Sixty Years of Fabianism: A Postscript, in Fabian Essays, 6th ed., ed. George Bernard Shaw (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962), . 314.].     ,  ,      ,      ,       ,  ,      [54 - Sidney Webb, Introduction to the 1920 Reprint, in Shaw, Fabian Essays, . 280.].          ,    ,  [55 - Asa Briggs, Introduction (        1923.), in Shaw, Fabian Essays, . 15.].          ,        .                 . ,        ,    .

  1930-       ,    ,       .       (1931)         . -   -,        ,     [56 - Shaw, Preface to the 1931 Reprint, in Shaw, Fabian Essays, . 257258.].  .  20   1919.       ,       [57 - Coats, Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-war Years, . 1920.].       ,       [58 - Bernard Crick, in Abse, My LSE, . 146.].           ,     ,    .

                 .    , ,         .         :   , ,       [59 - Ralf Dahrendorf, LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 18951995 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 11.].  ,     ,        .    ,  ,  1930-        ,      .         ,            ,   ,   ,   ,  laissez faire      ,   ,    [60 - Beatrice Webb diaries, 17 December 1931 (vol. 45), 28 February 1932 (vol. 46), 12 March 1934 (vol. 48), 19 January 1935 (vol. 49), and 1 May 1937 (vol. 51), in Pass?eld Papers, LSE Archives (  ).].  ,   ,   ,             ,     .

  ,       ,   1907.,          .          ; ,   ,     ,  ,        [61 - Edwin Cannan, The Economic Outlook (London: P. S. King and Son, 1922), . 11.].         ,      .       ,     ,  ,     .  ,            ,     ,     ,    ,      ,         ,    ,  [62 - Edwin Cannan, An Economists Protest (London: P. S. King and Son, 1927), pp. VIVII.].           ,     .   1920-                  ,         [63 - Donald Winch, Economics and Policy: A Historical Study (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1969), 148; Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, vol. 4 (New York: Viking, 1959), . 171.].            . ,  ,    ,         [64 - Edwin Cannan, The Need for Simpler Economics, Economic Journal 43, no. 171 (1933), . 370.]. ,       : ,  ,    ,    ,   ,      [65 - C. R. Fay, Edwin Cannan: The Tribute of a Friend, Economic Record 13 (1937), . 16.].

     .           ,         .        ,       ,      [66 - Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, p. 85;  ,    , 1983, Nadim Shehadi Papers, LSE Archives (  Shehadi Papers).].          ,   [67 - Susan Howson, Lionel Robbins (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), . 82.].    ,    ,    -   , , ,   .  ,    ,      [68 - Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 83.].     . .   ,      ,  -                   [69 - T. E. Gregory, Edwin Cannan: A Personal Impression, Economica 2, no. 8 (1935), . 365.].        ,        ,        .            ,           .    ,           .   .     .        [70 - Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 83.].          ,              [71 - Friedrich Hayek, The London School of Economics, 18951945, Economica 13, no. 49 (1946), . 23.].       ,    ,           [72 - John Hicks, Introductory: LSE and the Robbins Circle, in Money, Interest and Wages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 4;  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers.].

          ,         ,    ,    1930-        .              ,          .   ,     -,        ,     .          ,     ,        ,        .      ,    -;            [73 - ., ,     , 28  1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.].                  ,        [74 - Coats, Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-war Years, . 25.].  -      ,  ,  ,          ,    .

     70-  XIX.   ,       [75 -        . . .].           .         (   Methodenstreit,   )      .  ,           ,      .

        , ,   , ,         .        ,       , ,          [76 - Erik Grimmer-Solem, The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 18641894 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003), . 254.].       ,             .        .

          [77 - .:  . .   :      . .; : , 2013. . .],    ;          .               ,    1920.   ,             .        ,    .      ,  .     [78 - Ludwig von Mises, Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth, trans. S. Adler, in Friedrich Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1935; reprint, London: George Routledge and Sons, 1938), . 110. [.:  . .      //  . .    : , , . .; :  (  ).]].      [79 - Die Gemeinwirtschaft. Untersuchungen ?ber den Sozialismus. Jena, 1922. . .:  . . :    . .; : , 2016. . .];           ,           ,    [80 - Ludwig von Mises, Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, trans. J. Kahane (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981) [ . . :    . .; : , 2016].].                      [81 - Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 135.].

               1930- .                ,      ,    [82 - Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Signi?cance of Economic Science (London: Macmillan, 1932), . 7276.].   ,   -[83 - .: - .   . . 23. : , 2010. . .],    ,                 .            ,          .    1929.    ,     ,       ,        .

        ,     .  1930.                  ,     1920- .   ,         ,  ,    ,        ,           .       ,                        [84 - Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 2, The Economist as Savior, 19201937 (London: Macmillan, 1992), . 334.].   ,      -    ,       [85 - Susan Howson and Donald Winch, The Economic Advisory Council, 19301939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), . 58.].      ,      ,  ,         [86 - Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 151.].

          . ,   ,     ,  ,  ,     ,      .       .    ,         ,  ,       .           ,        ,           [87 -  ,    , 11  1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library;  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers.        ,  и   . .: Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 180.].      ,  , ,         ,     ,        ,        [88 - Howson and Winch, Economic Advisory Council, . 6061.].  ,             ,             ,      .      ,   ,         .              .            ,   ,           [89 -  .: Howson and Winch, Economic Advisory Council, . 3081; Bruce Caldwell, Introduction, in The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 9, Contra Keynes and Cambridge: Essays, Correspondence, ed. Bruce Caldwell (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995), . 20.].      ,                  .     ,            .

  1931.,      ,        [90 - Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 178.].        ,       .       ,     ,        ,    [91 - Joan Robinson, The Second Crisis of Economic Theory, in Contributions to Modern Economics (New York: Academic Press, 1978), . 2.].                   ,      1924.     ;         . ,   ,  - ,     ,         -  19231924.,        .                   ,   ,           [92 - .:  . .   :      . .; : , 2013. . 130131.].          .

       ,      .         ,        .     :     ,       ,      [93 - . ,    , 4  1983, Shehadi Papers;   ,    ,  , Shehadi Papers; Aubrey Jones, in Abse, My LSE, . 36.].            ,        ,     ,       .         ,      . ,     ,     ,  , ,   ,         .   ,                        .                 .  , ,       ,     ,     ,        ,       .                  .       ,         [..    . .],   [94 -      . : Caldwell, Introduction, . 1418.].     ,                      . ,   ,    ,      ,      ,            ,     [95 - Friedrich Hayek, Prices and Production, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1935), . 99 [ .   . : , 2008. . 116].].    ,                              [96 - Ibid., p. 127 [ . . 153].].    ,           .

       ,     ,     .        ,  ,  , ,          . ;      ,        [97 - Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, 127; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 200.].                 [98 -  ,    , 1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.]. ,          ,    . ,  32      ,       .     [99 -  ,    , 11  1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.].  ,      .      ,  ,  ,      ,      .   ,            ,     .       ,  ,    ,    [100 - F. A. Hayek, Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue, ed. Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), . 100.].

        ,      .                   Economica            .      ,        .    , ,   ,          ,      [101 - John Maynard Keynes, The Pure Theory of Money: A Reply to Dr. Hayek, in Caldwell, Contra Keynes and Cambridge, . 153.].    ,               .  ,      ,       ,        ,   [102 -   , 29  1932., in Caldwell, Contra Keynes and Cambridge, . 173.].         .      ,             ,  ,   -   [103 - Piero Sraffa, Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital, in Caldwell, Contra Keynes and Cambridge, . 200, 205.].       .           ,     ,   ,      ,   ,     [104 - Keynes, Pure Theory of Money, . 154; Sraffa, Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital, . 201.].   1932.       ,  ,      .

           ,       .      1930-       ; ,  ,  ,       ,  -  ,        ,    ,       ,     [105 - Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 132;  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 200.].     ,      ,        . ,             -,       ;          ,         ,       [106 -  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 206.].                     .     ,  1930-       ,    ,    ,      [107 - Nicholas Kaldor, Essays on Value and Distribution, 2nd ed. (London: Duckworth, 1980), p. XI.].

     ,    ,      .    ,      ,  ,      ,     .      ,   ,        .     (1934)              ,   .                   ,    ,    .    ,        , , , ,          .  ,   ,        , ,         ,       ,    ,  .      [108 - Robbins, The Great Depression (London: Macmillan and Co., 1934), . 60.].      :   ,     ,     ,          [109 - Ibid., . 125.].       ,      ,     ,       ,    ,        [110 - Ibid., . 172, 183, 189, 190.].     ,      , ,   ,      ,       ,    [111 - Ibid., . 60.].

     ,    .   ,      ,   [112 - Ibid., . 194.].       ,              .            .      , ,    ,              .       ,    ,            ,       [113 - Hayek, Trend of Economic Thinking, . 123.].        ,          .       ,         ,  ,         .    ,         ,  , , ,     ,    ,  ,    1932.    Economist.           .        ,    [114 -  ,  , Economist, 28 May 1932, 1189.].                   ,            .       ,   ;        .

       .         1936.     ,   .            ,     .                 ,                  [115 - John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (London: Macmillan, 1936; reprint, San Diego: Harvest, 1964), . 2334. [.:  . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 5866.]      . : Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 2, Economist as Saviour, . 537571.].      ,         ,        ,        .  ,      ,       , ,       .     ,   .         ,      ,            ,     [116 -     , 6  1940., box 16, folder 24, Jacob Viner Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton ( Viner Papers).].       ,          .        ,         .       :            ,    ,       , ,  ,   [117 - Jacob Viner, Mr. Keynes on the Causes of Unemployment, Quarterly Journal of Economics 51 (1936), . 147.]. (     ,     [118 -     , 21  1938., box 22, folder 14, Viner Papers.].)   ,        ,       ,       .    ,        ,     :      ,       [119 - Albert Hirschman, How the Keynesian Revolution Was Exported from the United States, and Other Comments, in The Political Power of Economic Ideas, ed. Peter A. Hall (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), . 349.].

          ,      .        ,     ,       ,   -   [120 - Paul Samuelson, Lord Keynes and the General Theory, Econometrica 14 (1946), . 187.].    ,          .  ,      ,     ,     ,        , ,     ,  ,       ,       [121 - Joseph Schumpeter, Review: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Journal of the American Statistical Association 31, no. 196 (1936), . 791.].        , ,   ,          .    ,              [122 -  ,    , 15  1983., Shehadi Papers.].  1933.      ,          .         ,          19331934.    [123 -  ,    ,  , Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 253.].

           ,  ,        ,            [124 - Alvin Hansen, Mr. Keynes on Underemployment Equilibrium, Journal of Political Economy 44, no. 5 (1936), p. 669.].                  ,    .                 ,  ,   ,        [125 - Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, . 322. [.:  . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 294.]].                  .    ,  ,          1934/35  ,        ,      [126 -  ,    ,  , Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 252.     .:  ,    , 1984, Shehadi Papers.].              .       ,          ,     ,  ,        ,       ,        [127 - ., ,    , 9  1985., box 22, folder 27, Friedrich Hayek Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, Calif. ( Hayek Papers);    , 19  1982., box 11, folder 40, Hayek Papers.].       ,      .

          ,    .        :        ,   ,        ,  19311932.[128 - John Hicks, The Hayek Story, in Critical Essays in Monetary Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), . 214.]     ,  ,        ,        ,     [129 - Ibid., p. 205.].      ,   ,       .   ,  ,     ,      [130 -  ,    , 15  1983., Shehadi Papers.].  ,        , ,              .   ,        ,     [131 - Milton Friedman, Mr. Market: A Nobelist Views Todays Fed, Currencies, Social Security, Regulation,    ,  Barrons, 24  1998., . 34.].             ,  .        -  [132 -  ,   .  III,  1984., Shehadi Papers.].           ,    ,      , ,          ,   .     - [133 -  ,   , , ,  2006.].   1941.   ,   ,    .  , ,           , ,     ,     [134 -  ,    , 1978., Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.].

 ,        ,    .       ,   ,       ,   .  - ,   ,     [135 -  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers.].            1947.               ,         [136 - Lionel Robbins, The Economic Problem in Peace and War (London: Macmillan, 1947), . 8, 14, 17, 75.]




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1


Laissez faire     ,         : laissez faire, laissez passer ( ,   (.).            XIV - , ,      : Laissez nous faire (  ).    1736.       -  (16941757), -  XV       17411747. ( .:  .  Laissez faire et laissez passer,  ,  :    . .; : , 2017 (  ).)       ,        XVIIXVIII.         .         ,     .   laissez faire       1870- . (.       . 76.)    XIX.     laissez faire, laissez passer     .     XIX.      :  ,      XIX    .          ,  .             .     ,             laissez faire         .  . . . .




2


         ,   : Robert Skidelsky: John Maynard Keynes, vol. 1, Hopes Betrayed, 18831920 (London: Macmillan, 1983); vol. 2, The Economist as Savior, 19201937 (London: Macmillan, 1992); vol. 3, Fighting for Freedom, 19371946 (London: Macmillan, 2000). . : R. F. Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (London: Macmillan, 1951); Peter Clarke, The Keynesian Revolution in the Making, 19241936 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988). [.:  .   . 18831946. , ,  : 2 . .:    , 2005.]




3


John Maynard Keynes, The End of Laissez-Faire (London: Hogarth, 1927), p. 5.       1924.       ,  ,  1926.,   . [.:  . .  laissez faire //  . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 367.]




4


Ibid., pp. 17; 20. [.:  . . 373, 372.]




5


Ibid., . 32.




6


Ibid., p. 33. [ . . 377.]




7


John Elliott Cairnes, Essays in Political Economy: Theoretical and Applied (London: Macmillan, 1873), . 244.




8


Keynes, End of Laissez-Faire, . 3233. [.:  . .  laissez faire. . 377.]




9


Ibid., pp. 3435. [ . . 378.]




10


Ibid., p. 36. [ . . 378.]




11


Ibid., p. 44. [ . . 381.]




12


Ibid., p. 38. [ . . 379.]




13


Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 2, Economist as Saviour, . 225229.




14


Keynes, End of Laissez-Faire, . 5253. [.:  . .  laissez faire. . 384.]




15


Ibid., . 4647. [ . . 382.]




16


Ibid., p. 50. [.:  . . 383.]




17


Review: The End of Laissez Faire, Journal of Political Economy 36, no. 1 (1928), . 179180; Sidney Webb, The End of Laissez-Faire, Economic Journal 36, no. 143 (1926), . 434441.




18


Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 19141991 (London: Michael Joseph and Pelham, 1994; reprint, New York: Vintage, 1996), pp. 9495.




19


Michael Bernstein, A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), . 64.   (.: Richard Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-revolution, 19311983 (London: Harper Collins, 1994), . 174).




20


    , 7  1933., box 62, folder 10, Frank H. Knight Papers, Regenstein Library, University of Chicago ( Knight Papers);     , 9  1933., box 62, folder 9, Knight Papers.




21


       1981.,   :         ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    (Ronald Reagan, Remarks at the Conservative Political Action Conference, Speaking My Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), . 96).   1975.       ,      ,        :   




22


Alan Brinkley, The Problem of American Conservatism, American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (1994), . 409; Michael Kazin, The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century, American Historical Review 97, no. 1 (1992), . 136.




23


Thomas Frank, Whats the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).      .: Jonathan Rieder, The Rise of the Silent Majority, in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Prince ton: Prince ton University Press, 1989), 243268; Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001); Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformationof American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).




24


Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), . 163; Jerome L. Himmelstein, To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), . 45.       ,       . : Jonathan Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), . 8; Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford, 1995), . 67.




25


     . Richard Hofstadter, The Pseudo-conservative Revolt, in The New American Right, ed. Daniel Bell (New York: Criterion, 1955), . 42.     ,       : Michael Rogin, The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1967).      .: Joseph Crespino, In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution (Prince ton: Prince ton University Press, 2007); Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992); Thomas Byrne Edsall, The Changing Shape of Power: A Realignment in Public Policy, in Fraser and Gerstle, Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 269293; Matthew Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Prince ton: Princeton University Press, 2006).




26


  (.). . .




27


Steven B. Smith, Reading Leo Strauss: Politics, Philosophy, Judaism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Catherine Zuckert and Michael Zuckert, The Truth about Leo Strauss: Political Philosophy and American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Bruce Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Michael Kimmage, The Conservative Turn: Lionel Trilling, Whittaker Chambers, and the Lessons of Anti- communism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009); Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).       : Robert Devigne, Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).     ,        . .: Olivier Dard, Bertrand de Jouvenel (Paris: Perrin, 2008); Hans J?rg Hennecke, Wilhelm R?pke: Ein Leben in der Brandung (Stuttgart: Sch?ffer-Poeschel, 2005).




28


Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton: Prince ton University Press, 2005).




29


Darren Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011); Bethany Moreton, To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009).




30


       laissez faire    . .: Julia C. Ott, The Peoples Market, chap. 9in When Wall Street Met Main Street: The Quest for an Investors Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011); Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).         .: Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009); Phillips-Fein, Business Conservatives and the Mont P?lerin Society, in The Road from Mont P?lerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective, ed. Philip Mirowski and Dieter Plehwe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), 280301; Moreton, To Serve God and Wal-Mart; Eduardo Canedo, The Rise of the Deregulation Movement in Modern America, 19571980 (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2008).




31


S.M. Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).




32


Steven M. Teles, The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).




33


Jeffrey Hart, The Making of the American Conservative Mind: National Review and Its Times (Wilmington, Del.: ISI, 2005).




34


     . : Kim Phillips-Fein, Conservatism: A State of the Field, Journal of American History 98, no. 3 (2011), . 723743.




35


Keynes, End of Laissez-Faire, . 50.




36


 ,       , . : Address by Prof. Hayek on Aims and Organisation of the Conference, 4, box 5, folder 13, Mont P?lerin Society Records, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, Calif. [ .     - //  .     . .: , 2009. . 283298.]




37


       -: Bernhard Walpen, Die offenen Feinde und ihre Gesellschaft: Eine hegemonietheoretische Studie zur Mont P?lerin Society (Hamburg: VSA, 2004).      : Philip Plickert, Wandlungen des Neoliberalismus: Eine Studie zu Entwicklung und Ausstrahlung der Mont P?lerin Society (Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2008),   .   R. M. Hartwell, A History of the Mont Pelerin Society (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995)      .           : Ben Jackson, At the Origins of Neo-liberalism: The Free Economy and the Strong State, 19301947, Historical Journal 53, no. 1 (2010), . 129151.   -         : Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable, . 100121; John L. Kelley, The Revitalization of Market Liberalism, in Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), chap. 2.




38


Friedrich Hayek, Individualism: True and False, in Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), . 23 [ . :    //  .    . .: , 2016. . 140].




39


      : Taylor Boas and Jordan Gans-Morse, Neoliberalism: From a New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-liberal Slogan, Studies in Comparative International Development 44, no. 2 (2009), . 137161.




40


  ,         .        XIX    .,     19001917.,    .   . ,        .   1930-                    ,         .  ,                  19321940.        :  .     :      . .; , 2016.       , ,       ,       XVIIIXIX.       ,         ,  .       ,           ,   (,  . 232). . .




41


   . : George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America: Since 1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1976).




42


Roger E. Backhouse, The Rise of Free Market Economics: Economists and the Role of the State since 1970, in Economists and the Role of Government, ed. Peter Boettke and Steven Medema, History of Political Economy 37 (2005), . 355392.




43


A. W. Coats, The Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-war Years, Atlantic Economic Journal 10, no. 1 (1982), . 19; Lionel Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist (London: Macmillan, 1971), . 72.




44


Aubrey Jones, in My LSE, ed. Joan Abse (London: Robson, 1977), . 36.




45


Friedrich Hayek, The Trend of Economic Thinking, Economica 40 (1933), . 121.   , ,   ,        The Trend of Economics (New York: F. S. Crofts and Co., 1930).




46


Lionel Robbins, The Present Position of Economic Science, Economica 28 (1930), . 23.




47


   Adelphi Company, 9  1934., box 58, folder 2, Frank H. Knight Papers, Regenstein Library, University of Chicago ( Knight Papers).




48


Wilhelm R?pke, Fascist Economics, Economica, n.s., 2, no. 5 (1935), . 85.




49


Robert Collins, The Business Response to Keynes, 19291964 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 3031.




50


Yuval P. Yonay, The Struggle over the Soul of Economics: Institutionalist and Neoclassical Economists in America between the Wars (Prince ton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Malcolm Rutherford, The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 19181947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Wayne Parsons, The Power of the Financial Press: Journalism and Economic Opinion in Britain and America (Aldershot, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 1989).




51


Collins, Business Response to Keynes, . 50.




52


Hayek, Trend of Economic Thinking, . 121.




53


George Bernard Shaw, Sixty Years of Fabianism: A Postscript, in Fabian Essays, 6th ed., ed. George Bernard Shaw (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962), . 314.




54


Sidney Webb, Introduction to the 1920 Reprint, in Shaw, Fabian Essays, . 280.




55


Asa Briggs, Introduction (        1923.), in Shaw, Fabian Essays, . 15.




56


Shaw, Preface to the 1931 Reprint, in Shaw, Fabian Essays, . 257258.




57


Coats, Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-war Years, . 1920.




58


Bernard Crick, in Abse, My LSE, . 146.




59


Ralf Dahrendorf, LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 18951995 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 11.




60


Beatrice Webb diaries, 17 December 1931 (vol. 45), 28 February 1932 (vol. 46), 12 March 1934 (vol. 48), 19 January 1935 (vol. 49), and 1 May 1937 (vol. 51), in Pass?eld Papers, LSE Archives (  ).




61


Edwin Cannan, The Economic Outlook (London: P. S. King and Son, 1922), . 11.




62


Edwin Cannan, An Economists Protest (London: P. S. King and Son, 1927), pp. VIVII.




63


Donald Winch, Economics and Policy: A Historical Study (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1969), 148; Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, vol. 4 (New York: Viking, 1959), . 171.




64


Edwin Cannan, The Need for Simpler Economics, Economic Journal 43, no. 171 (1933), . 370.




65


C. R. Fay, Edwin Cannan: The Tribute of a Friend, Economic Record 13 (1937), . 16.




66


Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, p. 85;  ,    , 1983, Nadim Shehadi Papers, LSE Archives (  Shehadi Papers).




67


Susan Howson, Lionel Robbins (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), . 82.




68


Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 83.




69


T. E. Gregory, Edwin Cannan: A Personal Impression, Economica 2, no. 8 (1935), . 365.




70


Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 83.




71


Friedrich Hayek, The London School of Economics, 18951945, Economica 13, no. 49 (1946), . 23.




72


John Hicks, Introductory: LSE and the Robbins Circle, in Money, Interest and Wages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 4;  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers.




73


., ,     , 28  1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.




74


Coats, Distinctive LSE Ethos in the Inter-war Years, . 25.




75


       . . .




76


Erik Grimmer-Solem, The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 18641894 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003), . 254.




77


.:  . .   :      . .; : , 2013. . .




78


Ludwig von Mises, Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth, trans. S. Adler, in Friedrich Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1935; reprint, London: George Routledge and Sons, 1938), . 110. [.:  . .      //  . .    : , , . .; :  (  ).]




79


Die Gemeinwirtschaft. Untersuchungen ?ber den Sozialismus. Jena, 1922. . .:  . . :    . .; : , 2016. . .




80


Ludwig von Mises, Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, trans. J. Kahane (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981) [ . . :    . .; : , 2016].




81


Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 135.




82


Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Signi?cance of Economic Science (London: Macmillan, 1932), . 7276.




83


.: - .   . . 23. : , 2010. . .




84


Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 2, The Economist as Savior, 19201937 (London: Macmillan, 1992), . 334.




85


Susan Howson and Donald Winch, The Economic Advisory Council, 19301939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), . 58.




86


Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 151.




87


 ,    , 11  1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library;  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers.        ,  и   . .: Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 180.




88


Howson and Winch, Economic Advisory Council, . 6061.




89


 .: Howson and Winch, Economic Advisory Council, . 3081; Bruce Caldwell, Introduction, in The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 9, Contra Keynes and Cambridge: Essays, Correspondence, ed. Bruce Caldwell (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995), . 20.




90


Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 178.




91


Joan Robinson, The Second Crisis of Economic Theory, in Contributions to Modern Economics (New York: Academic Press, 1978), . 2.




92


.:  . .   :      . .; : , 2013. . 130131.




93


. ,    , 4  1983, Shehadi Papers;   ,    ,  , Shehadi Papers; Aubrey Jones, in Abse, My LSE, . 36.




94


     . : Caldwell, Introduction, . 1418.




95


Friedrich Hayek, Prices and Production, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1935), . 99 [ .   . : , 2008. . 116].




96


Ibid., p. 127 [ . . 153].




97


Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, 127; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 200.




98


 ,    , 1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.




99


 ,    , 11  1978, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.




100


F. A. Hayek, Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue, ed. Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), . 100.




101


John Maynard Keynes, The Pure Theory of Money: A Reply to Dr. Hayek, in Caldwell, Contra Keynes and Cambridge, . 153.




102


  , 29  1932., in Caldwell, Contra Keynes and Cambridge, . 173.




103


Piero Sraffa, Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital, in Caldwell, Contra Keynes and Cambridge, . 200, 205.




104


Keynes, Pure Theory of Money, . 154; Sraffa, Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital, . 201.




105


Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, . 132;  ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 200.




106


 ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 206.




107


Nicholas Kaldor, Essays on Value and Distribution, 2nd ed. (London: Duckworth, 1980), p. XI.




108


Robbins, The Great Depression (London: Macmillan and Co., 1934), . 60.




109


Ibid., . 125.




110


Ibid., . 172, 183, 189, 190.




111


Ibid., . 60.




112


Ibid., . 194.




113


Hayek, Trend of Economic Thinking, . 123.




114


 ,  , Economist, 28 May 1932, 1189.




115


John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (London: Macmillan, 1936; reprint, San Diego: Harvest, 1964), . 2334. [.:  . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 5866.]      . : Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 2, Economist as Saviour, . 537571.




116


    , 6  1940., box 16, folder 24, Jacob Viner Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton ( Viner Papers).




117


Jacob Viner, Mr. Keynes on the Causes of Unemployment, Quarterly Journal of Economics 51 (1936), . 147.




118


    , 21  1938., box 22, folder 14, Viner Papers.




119


Albert Hirschman, How the Keynesian Revolution Was Exported from the United States, and Other Comments, in The Political Power of Economic Ideas, ed. Peter A. Hall (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), . 349.




120


Paul Samuelson, Lord Keynes and the General Theory, Econometrica 14 (1946), . 187.




121


Joseph Schumpeter, Review: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Journal of the American Statistical Association 31, no. 196 (1936), . 791.




122


 ,    , 15  1983., Shehadi Papers.




123


 ,    ,  , Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 253.




124


Alvin Hansen, Mr. Keynes on Underemployment Equilibrium, Journal of Political Economy 44, no. 5 (1936), p. 669.




125


Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, . 322. [.:  . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 294.]




126


 ,    ,  , Shehadi Papers; Howson, Lionel Robbins, . 252.     .:  ,    , 1984, Shehadi Papers.




127


., ,    , 9  1985., box 22, folder 27, Friedrich Hayek Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, Calif. ( Hayek Papers);    , 19  1982., box 11, folder 40, Hayek Papers.




128


John Hicks, The Hayek Story, in Critical Essays in Monetary Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), . 214.




129


Ibid., p. 205.




130


 ,    , 15  1983., Shehadi Papers.




131


Milton Friedman, Mr. Market: A Nobelist Views Todays Fed, Currencies, Social Security, Regulation,    ,  Barrons, 24  1998., . 34.




132


 ,   .  III,  1984., Shehadi Papers.




133


 ,   , , ,  2006.




134


 ,    , 1978., Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library.




135


 ,    , 1983, Shehadi Papers.




136


Lionel Robbins, The Economic Problem in Peace and War (London: Macmillan, 1947), . 8, 14, 17, 75.


