    
  


        ,         , , -,   .  ,      .          ,  ,    .    , ,           ,      .              ,      ,  ,           .       (   ), , ,    (   ).      ,    ,        .






 





 .   .


       .   ,         (a/an)   (the).      ,          ,       ,     . ,    .         ,     (    ),        . .    .        . ,        .      . .          ,     ,          Panama, England, Russia, Japan, Jordan, America  ..

: the Sudan, the Gambia, the Lebanon, the Ukraine.



(           ,  Ukraine). .        (union),  (kingdom),  (commonwealth),  (republic),    (state),  (federation)  ..,    ,        the. : The United States (of America), The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United Arab Emirates, The Republic of Panama, The Russian Federation  .. .    (   )    ,         the. : the Netherlands, the Philippines  .. , ,     .

   . 

1. ,  ,   the   

1) My best friend lives in  United States. 2) I live in  Hungary, but often go to  Russian Federation on business. 3) My son studied in  United Kingdom and now he works in  Italian Republic. 4) I got acquainted with my wife in  France. She worked there. 5) Actually, she was born in  Sweden, went to university  England and worked all over the world  in  United Arab Emirates, in  Republic of Panama, in  Netherlands and in  Mexico.



! ,     . ,    - ,    ,     .




 .  say, speak, tell  talk.


    .      . ,  ,       .          ,    ( ) .   say, speak, tell, talk. ,       ,      .             , , , ,    ..  ,           .

 speak       . : 1.  /   . He speaks three languages. 2.    ()  . Mr. Grapes is speaking on the phone. 3.       . Id like to speak to/with your teacher. 4.          .



Could you speak with her with her about my job.  talk       speak,  ,    ,        speak  ,   . ,          .   talk      ,   speak. : 1.   /  . My brother talks very slowly.

2.        . Why havent you talked with him on the phone. 3.       .



We were having tea and talking about the weather. ,  speak  talk      /.    talk       ,  . ,          (        /).          talk (  ,  ).

 say      , :  ,       ,    ,   .

: 1.  ,    . He said (that) he would go to Moscow. 2.   ,   .



He said to me that he was very busy.          .     .          say,   speak  talk. : 1.  ,   . She says (that) shes busy to-day. 2. , ()    . They say (that) he has become a famous painter.    ,     -     .        speak.  ,     .      ,        say.      /,      speak.

 tell    .  ,    . Tell   (     )  say    (- -). : 1.   ,      . He told me (said to me) that he couldnt find his hotel. 2.     . His father told him to go to bed. 3.     .

He told us funny stories. ,   tell         ,  ,   .



  .

   say (1), speak (2), talk (3), tell (4),      .

1. Its much easier to travel, when you  English. 2. Who  that dogs cannot think? 3. Can we  about this later? 4. From that day on they never  about that man. 5. your people to stop. 6. He didnt like to  about such matters on/over the phone. 7. Please, dont  anybody.

8. I didnt know that they had already  you everything. 9. Mr. Spikes  that he could not help us. 10. They  that London is better than Paris.

: 1.(2/3); 2.(1); 3.(3/2); 4.(3/2); 5.(4); 6.(2/3); 7.(4); 8.(4); 9.(1); 10.(1).






 





 . -  .




        .   ,  (     ),    ,       .   .       . 1. c  -  to look AT somebody. : She looked at me quickly.     . 2.   -/-  to depend ON smb/smth. : I havent depended on my parents since I came of age.         ,   . 3.   -  to consist OF something. : My advice consists of two parts.      . 4.   -  to get rid OF something. : He never got rid of his limp.        . 5.  - ( ) to wait FOR somebody. : Ive been waiting for you for twenty minutes. Where have you been?     .   ? 6.  - ( )  to be interested IN something. : Your wife wasnt interested in my offer.      . 7.  - ( )  to approve OF something. : My father has never approved of my career.       . 8.   -  to refer TO something. : He referred to something I had never heard of.    -,      . 9.     to stand IN the wind. : Dont stand in the wind! Youll get cold.    ! . 10.    -  to be sure OF something. : He was sure of his position in the argument.        .

11.    For dinner : We had fish for dinner.      . 12.     AT this/that time. : I saw him, because he was in London at the time.    ,         . 13. -     to lie  the sun. : They did nothing but lie in the sun and ate ice-cream.     ,       . 14. /  -  to catch AT something. : He caught at a branch and took a deep breath.        . 15.    In the picture. : What do you see in the picture?     ?     . C  ,     :      .  ,     ,        .

  .

     .

     :    ? .     .    ? .   .     - ?      .

   ?     ,     .     . .   .

.     . .




 .  -.


I.           : I am sorry; pardon me; excuse me. ,             .  ,    ,    . Excuseme     ,     - .       , ,       -. : Excuse me, could you help me with my suitcases?  Excuse me, is this Ox street? Iamsorry ,   ,  ,   -  (,     ).     : , ,   .. : I am so sorry, I didnt mean to hurt you. I am sorry    ,    -          .    I am sorry   :   ,   .. .

How is your dog? My dog got lost last year. Oh, Im sorry, I didnt know that. Pardonme      ,       ,    .      . : Did you see John yesterday? Pardon me? Did you see John yesterday?

Pardon me? I say: Did you see John yesterday? Oh, no. I didnt.

,       .          . , excuse me         I am sorry.  ,   ,   excuse me. I am sorry     pardon me. : Did you see John yesterday?

I am sorry? Did you see John yesterday? Oh, no. I didnt.

     ,           .

, ,  ,       . , ,      please.     ,          .         .   .  . ,    . Please, come to me tomorrow.  .  , ,  . . .



Could you give me this book, please? Here it is. /Here you are.Thank you.  .     . . Thanks a lot for your help. Youre welcome.

 .       . .   . I dont wanna go to that party. O.K. You may stay home. ,           .      ,       .    -,   ,      /   (    , ,  ),    (    ).            .

   - thank you,     :

1. You are welcome. 2. Not at all. 3. Any time. 4. Thats O.K.

5. Thank you. 6. My pleasure. 7. Dont mention it. 8. No problem.

    .      .    -  ,         : You are welcome. . (      thank you   ). Not at all.   . Any time.     ( )   . Thats O.K.   ( ,     ). Thank you.   (    ). My pleasure.    (/ ). Dont mention it.    (   ). No problem.   (       /        ).




 





 .   .


         .    ,             .       .  ,   ,   .   ,           .                .           .      (      ).   ?   ,      ,     .   . ,        ,   ,      .  ,   ,        .         ,          .  .  . -,    ,    r   ,       .    ,    -  (      ),     .  ,     ,   ,   ,   ..     r       . -,    ,      , , , sorry, got, dog, box, god, fox, job  .. ,    .  ,     ,  , , ,  ..     ,    ,    ,      : , , ,  .. -,          t   d,      .   .    ,   t  letter, better, writer  ..    .  ,    : , , .        ,       , ,  .. -,      ,  ,      .        .   :  !.  .    ?,  .  .       ,  -   ,     ,       .      .  -    -,  .    ,     .    ,     ,  ,          ,   .   : Pardon me?  Im sorry. I didnt get/understand what you said. Can you say it again?  Can you speak slowly please? Im a foreigner. I dont know English well.    .  ,     ,     ,        .   .       .   : Would you be so kind as to show me how I can possibly find the nearest book shop?  : Wheres the nearest bookstore, please?             .

  



  bloke () / guy ();   car park () / parking lot ();   chemist's () / drugstore ();   crossing () / crosswalk ();  ()  draughts () / checkers ();  (.)  driving licence () / driver's license ();   get-got-got () / get-got-gotten ();    licence plate () / license plate ();   lift () / elevator ();   film () / movie ();   flat () / apartment ();   floor () / storey ();   half an hour () / a half-hour ();   holiday () / vacation ();  ill  () / sick ();

   letter-box () / mailbox ();

  lorry () / truck ();   main road () / highway ();   mum () / mom ();   pantry () / closet ();   sidewalk () / pavement ();   petrol () / gas ();

  pharmacy () / drugstore ();   practise () /practice ();

    ride in a bus () / ride a bus ();   ring up () / call ();   rucksack () / backpack ();   shop () / store ();    small restaurant () /diner ();   traffic-light () / stoplight ();    tap () /faucet ();   tram () / streetcar ();   underground () / subway ().



  

  catalogue () /catalog ();   cheque () /check ();   colour () /color (); ,   flavour () /flavor ();   programme () /program ().



  

     ,   ,   .          .  ,   , ,       (Past Indefinite)    (Present Perfect).      ,          ,         .

 / 

Have you a brother? /Do you have a brother?; Have you ever seen it? /Did you ever see it?; I have written this letter. /I wrote this letter; I haven't seen her for two years. /I haven't seen her in two years; He was taken to hospital. /He was taken to the hospital; She was there all the time. /She was there all of the time; Your dog isnt so big as mine. /Your dog isnt as big as mine; I wish I were a student. /I wish I was a student; I suggest (that) we should go. /I suggest (that) we go.






 .  get.


          .          .     get. ,     ,     get,            . ,  ,           : , , , .   .

1. Where did you get this car?     ?/     ? 2. How did you get here?    /? 3. It was getting dark very quickly.   / .  get    :  (,      have got). 1.Lets have a drink. Ive got some money on me.  .    . 2. I wasnt afraid to stay in the forest. I got two dogs with me.      ,     .    get   .

3. Youve got to help him hes you brother.    ,    . 4. He couldnt stay any longer he got to go (  gotta go) to work.     ,   get    : /, , ,  ( -). 1. I couldnt get what he was talking about.   / ,    . 2. Get me a chair I want to sit.   ,   . 3. I cant get John to walk our dog.        . 4. Hes a bad mechanic. He cant get this machine working.   .       ( ,   ). 5. What are you getting at?    ?       get.         .         get,   ,    .     , ,   ,   .    .      .       :           ..  ,  get        , ,   .          get  . Get up  , . Get at somebody   -  , . Get back . Get away  , . Get down to something/doing something    - ,    - . Get by  ,   -  . I can get by on 40 bucks a week.



Get into  ,  -. We know how he got into the house. Get over   -. I hope she got over her disease.

Get out (of some place)   ( - ). Lets get out of here Im tired. Get through  ,        . Im afraid she wont be able to get through her first exams.    .



  .

  ,    get    . 1. When we got down to work it was already 10 p.m. 2. She was talking so much but I couldnt get a word.

3. I cant help you now Ive got to go to work. 4. Will you get back by Sunday? 5. It was January and we all got cold after a while. 6. Problems are part of our lives we cant get away from them. 7. Why dont you get your children to help you with your work? 8. Do you know where we can get tickets for this show? 9. I hate my boss hes always getting at me. 10. Waiter! Could you get me an ashtray?




 





 .  any, some, no.


           any, some,  no.       ,         .    any.    .

-, , . : Any student can help you. /    . Any pen will do. /  . Any person, who comes to my party, will be my guest. ,     ,   . -,   -, -,          ,       .    any      .      any    ,     . : Do you have any dictionary?    - ? Do you know any poems by heart?   -  ? Do you need any helpers when you work?   - ,  ? I dont need any helpers.    () . -,    , , -.    any           .     any     ,        . : Have you had any cheese today?     /- ? I havent got any money on me.    ()   . Is there any pop in the fridge?    ? There wasnt any surprise in his voice.      () . -,    any          , . : We tried feeding the dog but that didnt help any.    ,   /  .    some.      .   some    . -, some  , -, ,  .     some     ,     .    some      . : He gave her some flowers.     . I need some cucumbers for this salad.       . He ate some soup and went to bed.   ()    . The waiter brought us some cheese.    () . -, some  -, -, , . : He went there with some people.     - . The police found some secret documents in his apartment.   -/     . There were some shouts in the crowd when the singer appeared on the stage.    - ,     . -, some    ,       -,  -  (  ). : Why dont you go and buy some flowers for her?         (-) ? Would you like some beer?    () ? Can I have some respect here?       ? -,  some       . : Do you remember my last article? Yes. That was some article I must say!     ? .   ,  !





  (some  any)        ,    ,     . :

I need some water. Could you bring me some? Do you have any coffee? No, we dont have any.



.

   some  any.

1. There were  flowers in the garden but there werent  trees.

2. The secretary brought  papers to sign. 3. Do you have children?

4. There was  butter and  bread on the table. 5. Are there  books on that topic in your library? 6. I need  water. 7. Could you bring me  salt, please? 8. We expected to find  beer in her fridge but there wasnt  . 9. Do you sell red wine? No, we dont have  . 10. There were  people in the room. 11. He asked about  doctor but I dont know  doctors here.

    no.     .             /  .     no    . : Do you have any books about England? No. I have no books about England.

   (-)   ? .    ()   . There were no people in the street.     () . I wanted a cup of coffee but there was no coffee in the kitchen.     ,      (/) .



,    ,            .  -   ,      .              . ,  ,      , :      .

 .    no () c  no ().  no          . ,  : Do you know this girl? No.    No, I dont know this girl,      no    .    ?    ,    No, I dont know this girl  .      ,        .






 .   -.


     -. ,  , ,             s   es.          .  .    ,    ,      .       ,      (       ).     .         (       ), , ,    . ,         ,  ,  .         ,    .     : aircraft  , ; deer  , ; dice   ,   (   die       the die is cast); reindeer   ,  ; sheep  , ; swine  , ; trout  ; fish  , ; fruit  , .    (fish, fruit)         (fishes, fruits).  ,        .      : foot  feet (, ); gentleman  gentlemen (); goose  geese (); man  men (, ); tooth  teeth (); woman  women ().             [wuman]  [wimin].    mouse () louse ()        ,    (s). Louse  lice; mouse  mice.     ,           : cattle    , clothes  , police  , people  .

     .     people      (people  ),    (peoples  ).         c : binoculars  , glasses  , jeans  , scissors  , shorts    ..     ,      ,     : crossroads  , ; headquarters  , ; lazybones  , ; means  , ; works  , .

  ,   ,        ,        ,     .    :   a stretcher, stretchers;   a sledge, sledges;   a clock, clocks;    a watch, watches.




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/aleksandr-pahotin-21167494/poleznye-besedy-ob-angliyskom-yazyke/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


