  
  


   ,   ?.......    "  "?  ,      ?.....






        .



         



,   ,  ,    ,       ,          ໠   



     -         ?........             .   - (  )              .     ,     ,          , ,  ,       (   ),           .

,        ?

:

,   ,       腅 .

  ?

  .

   ?

          ,        .    (-  ????? )      ,   ,    .   -     ,      .

,          .            (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F),    

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C), (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)) .          -  (?? ???? ?? ??????). ,   .

    !

  ,  ????         , ..                     ,          (,   ,    ,    , ,   ,   ),        .

         (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82)         (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0);:

            :   ,      ,        ;           ,       .         .    ,               .   ,   (    )  ,     .     ,          ,      ,      ,        ,   ,   ,        .           , , ,     ,  -     ,       ,   ,   ,              .       .

  ,  ,      -       .  ,       ,      ,        ,        .   ,     (   )    ,           ,   .

              ,       ,      ,  ,    .                - .

 ,   ,       -    ,          E=mc2,

  ? , m ? ,  ?     , 299792458/ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83).

 ,       ,     .   ,  ,     90  ,       !      ,       ,    .     ,        ,       

    E=mc2         ,         (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5).  ,            .








        (.     .1).   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B1),    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B9)        (2005).    ,     , ,           .    ,      ,     !?

, ,   .          E=mc


?           E


=mv


/2.

 ,          . , ,  ,     ,          . !......   !

   V    ,      .        2         ,  ѻ   (    )      .            ,    2   !

 ,  , 軠     !  ,   ,         ,   ..       ,    .  ,      ,  : ,  !......   ..

       ,         ?            ?

!         ,     !

 ,         .        .          ,         ,            .

        ,   ,      .       (Geometrie und Erfahrung, 1921   :

       ,   ,     ,      .   :

         .

,    ,      100           ,       ,         - .  ,      ,         .

  ,       ,     :

        ,       .

 ..

        ,       ?

堖   -蠖   ?

            () ?

         ,      ,      ?

      -,    ,             ?

      ?

1.

1.1.










  ,     ,       , ,       ,    .     ,  ,      ,       ,   ,     .     ,         .

  ,   (. ksmos  ,   gone, goneia  )        .     ,     .

  3      .      ࠖ   ( ),     .








    ,   .          ,       (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4)   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)  .       (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA),  ,    ,     (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82)   ,    .

       ,      :     .    12  .       :   (),     .     , ,      ,     .      ,   .   ,  - ,      .    , , , ⠖      .  ,        .           ,     ,          ,       .

         .

  ,   ,   ,     .       .       ,      ,  ,        .

  ,  .      (      )

,   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81)       ,   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80)      .  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B)     ,   , ,         ().      ,        ,     ().   ,   ,    .        (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9).

    !

     - .         .

  , ,      (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0),   .          .  ,       ,   .

        

,   V        !..     ( (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%86))   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%86))  )    ,       .

   .  2000     ,     ,             ,       ,      .

          ,         .            .

  ,        (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD) (428  347   )          .      ,   ,  ,  ,     .

 ,  ,       .

     ..

            .

          頖        (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC).   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)         (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85)(II. .. (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.))  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8)(X (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA)XI (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA). ..)     " ",       (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD).  ,   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85),    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0) (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB),              (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9).








        .

  4   :  (1),  (2),  (3),  (4),  (5),  (6).

 ,          ,    .   , ,  ,    - , ,   ,  - ,   ,      ,       .

   ,         !  ,     ,   ,    ,  .

           .      .      pacha , ,   , ,       (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)).       .    : 堖 ,  -堖 -.      :  ,  ?awpa pacha  ,   ,          .

     :   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0),   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0),   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0).            .   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80)    ,   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3) .  ,    :  -      ,      .   ,    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0))     ,   ,    -   .          - :       (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8),    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F))      (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8).

 蠖     -.  ,    셅     셅  XVI      ,    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)  .      ,     (    ,         ).  ,          .           .   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA) -     ; -,         .              .

  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE)    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81)  ,           .      (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82),    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5)    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81).         ( (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81))       .  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD) ,         .

      .             (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)   .

 XVIII     .  ,    ,   ,   ,       .  ,  ,  ,    .

  1755  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1755_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1),   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB) ,      ,      ,   ,   ,     .    ,     (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C),     (http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1),    .

  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC)            ,   ⻠     .  1795  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1795_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1),    NGC 1514 (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_1514),        ,   .

 1837  ..     ? .    (0,125" 0,055")       .          .

XX ꠖ    腅..

               ,      ,    .

 1916 (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5) .  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD)      (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8)  ,      .  1917 ,   ,   ,          (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F).        .

 1929 (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5)  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BB)           ,    .  1932  .  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8)      蠖 ,     ,     .

 19461949  .  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87),     ,        .     黠   ,                .  19911993     -1 COBE    .  1998  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5)      Ia   . ,     .

,  , , ,               .  ,    ,    ,     ,                .           .

   - ,   - ,    -,    ,.. .

1.2.  

   ,      ,   - ,          5..








          , ,       ,      14-15        .        , ,    ,      . ,   ..  -,       .  ,  ,    . -    ,   ,      .    ,           .







  

 



10-45  10-37 

 1026K

 



10-6 

 1013 K

   



10-5 c

1012 K

   



10-4  

3 

1011-109 K

  ,   



400. 

4000 

 



15. 

300 K

   



1. 

20 K

    



3. 

10 K

     



10- 15. 

3 K

    



1014

10-2 K

   



1037

10-18 K

   



1040

10-20 K

      



10100

10-40-10-60 K

    



       ?........ ,   !

 :      ,             45   ,   0,000000000001  45     !

           ,   ,   10        (    )!

  ,       ,     .      (  ,     )      ,      273,15   !?

      ,  !?        ,      ,         ,       .

          ,        ,       !

        ,     ,  ,  ,  , ,   ,   .  ,    14    ,  .

   .         ,     ,       .     , ,         .  -  ,       ,    ,     .           ,    .

  ,       .         ,       , , ,   ..   .

     10 .

  ,    ,               ,     .             .           .

           ,     :

      ,      .   ,     ,    (   ), ,       .      !

  셅  .       1015 ,         .     , ,  ,       .    ,   ,      ,  .

  ,        .    (, ),        ,   ,       ,   .

        .    ,      .     充     500   500 .     60 ,    0,6 .   ,                 ,      ,      ,     .

    ,       ,   ,  -    ,     ,     !        \   .

,             ..       .

             (, , , )     .   .    .

300 000  .   10 000 .           .     ,      ,    .

 -  ,   ,    .    .         ,    .

 ?

          :

   ,     ,       (.  .6)..








      ,  ,         ,              .         ,     .

           . ,  ,  ,        .  ,      (.7)








  ,     !

          .           ,     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0).   .

   ,  ,      .       70%    .       -     !

      ,   ,     ,   .       ( 10?29/?),       .  ,           ( 70%  )  ,      (  ) .

      ,      酅








             8,     .      ,    -   .

    ,         .

   ,       .

      ,     ,       . ,   ,    .

    ,    ,        .      .

  ,     ,  ,   ,       .    ,   ..

           ,   .    ,       ,  ,           ,           .     ,        .

 ,   ,   - ,    !.   ,         ,    .          .         .        .     ,   ,          .      ,   ,     .

 ,     (  )?

    ?

      ,             .

      1028 ,           10-33 !

 ,       ,   10-13 .  , ,          ,     !

    10-35 ,        ,      1027          1 . !!!

 ,          .   ,             ,  ,   .         ,       ,    !?

 -  ,    ,        ,      .  , ,   ,       ,        .         ,          ,   .         ,         .

   ,    ,  .

     !?      ,      ?

       -,   ()    ?

         -      .     ,    ,              .

     ,      , , ,  -           .        : ࠖ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0),  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)

  ,       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0).    (   XIX )  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81).

      , ,    , ,    廠          1,         !

       ,    ,         ?

 ?  ,        ,  -!     ,     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5).   ,         ,          !?

   ,      ,   ,   ,        .

,     ?

  ,  ,  .      ..   ,     :   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)   ,        ..  ,    .

 ,    ()  -   ,    () ,         ,   , :   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)     ;   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)    :   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)     ;

  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)    ;   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)   ,  ;

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF):    ;

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5):   ,    , , .

 ,             ,    -   ,  :

 (  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)  )  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)),  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0), (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0), (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC);

       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0).

    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0).

         -腅    ,  -!

  ,   充

    ࠖ    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)),   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD);   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8F),      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)),   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5).

      !

  ,   -     .

    !

       .          (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)   ,     .

          .

  ,  ,            ,    .  ,      ,   ..

 ,            ,       ,         ,     ( ).

       .. ,   ,          .    :

      ,     !

,  -    ,  ,       ,    .

         ,  ,         1  (   ),     1  !

             !?   ,      ,       !

  ,   ,          .           .     .   ,   ,   ,       ,       !

, ,         .

 ,    (     )   ,         셅.

1.3.  

,   ,      (         ),    !

           (   ),         .








    ,    ,         (.9).  !

     -?

!........  ,         ,      ?

     ,                ,     ,   ,     ,        ,    !

      ,      ,               .       .

,        (     )     ,  ,    ( )    () , .   ,    򻠖   ,   .                (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0),      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82).    -    .     ,             (       ).

            (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD)1912 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912)1914 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  1929 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BB,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB),       ,   ,      (  ,   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0)).

  , ,   ,      ,  ,        (       ),     ,      .

   .       :

 ,           300000 \.      !   ,         75     1 .

  ,   ,  :

     ໠      (1?)     3,261339 (,         300 00    30,8568  .)!!!

 ,   ,     ,          .

      ,       .              ,           ,     !

    ?    ,    ,   !

         !?

    -     (   ,   ,   )     ,       . , ,   1"     2 .

         ,    ,     .                  .        (     )    5/.

 ,              !

    ?

          !         !

    ?

              75 \  1 ,        (  14  )   : 75  14000000000 / 3.2 = 328125000000 \,   1093750    !

     .

            . ,    ,   !    (  )    .         ,          !

,   ?

   !     !

      ,      ,          .  ,     !   ,         .

         ,      ,     .

 ,   , -  ,    ,   ,     ,     ,    ?

 ,          ,     ,     .        ,     :

   (     ,    )   ( ,   ) , -,      , ,        ,            .          ,     !

  ,     .      ,     (  )  ,         ,       .

  ,     ,        ,      (.10).






         (  ,  )          ,      ,   .

          :

1.                  .

2.      (  )

   ?

  ,     ,   .      ,                   ,       .

   -  !  ,           .

              ,       -.           .  ,             ,             ,      腅.   .

         ,   !

,     !

,      !    .

  ! ,  ?

    ,        ,          .

  ?

        

    ,    (  )     ,         .

             100 !

        ?  -   . ,   ,         .   ,  ,   .    - ,  ,   ,   .

   ,   -       .

          ,   ,         ,         .     ,     ,     腅








2.       -?

2.1.   

        .        ,     ,    .     ,       ,        ,    .     ,        ,     .     ,      ,           - ?

       ?

    ,          !

               ,     ,  -    ,   .

            ,     ,     .  ,   ,      .             .

               .  ,           ,    .

,  2  2 = 4  . ,       2     ,      ,        -  .

   ,             .            .                .            .    ,          .  ,           ,   !

   ,           -    .

         .  ,   ,          ,  ,          ,   , ,    ,       ,     ,     (       ).

,             , , ,   ,     .          ,  .   -    ,           , ,   ,   .           ,      (  ).

   ,    ,    .  ,  ,            ,       .

  ,  ,    :

      , -,      .

,            ,        ,           .

  ,         (     )  ,         ()     .

               .       ,        ,     ,  ,     ,     .

,    .

 ,        .       .     ,     -  .             ,         ,    腅    -  -,   ,  .       ,    .

  ,  .

     ,        ,     .        ,        , a  b,        .      :

0 * a = 0

0 * b = 0

0 * a = 0 * b

  0,       a = b.     .

        .        .  ,     -   ,       . , ,     ,      .      ..     .

 x86           ,       0.            ,     ,     .       ,          .            .          .

  .

        . ,        ,    ,    ,         ,         .          ,     ,        .       ,    ,  .

        !

 ,                  컠  .       ,       ,      .

    ,     .

        .                 :            .   ,    ,  ,  !?

,          .        ,      ,  , ,  - .

   !?

  ,      ,      .             .

  ,            ,    -             .








   12        .       :   . ,          ,    : ,     ,     .            .     ,  -         ,    .

,      .       .      .   .      2/3.         .      4/9.   ,  ,  ,         ,    .       ,       ,   , ,          :      ?

 ,    ,         ,            -    .   ,               .








  ,                   ,       .

     ,      :         .

,  ,      .              ,   -    .         ,      (1,2,3,4)    4,   6=6  ..

             .     ,          .  ,  ,     ,      .         ,   ,  .

  ,                    !

    ,      ,     (  )    (  )!

   - ,            ,      .       ,           ,         .     !

              ,   ,     - .  ,     ,      ,      .

       ,     ..

   ,   ,    ,       ,    ,  - .  ,         ,    :       .    ,      .

2.2.  .

      ,         ,        ,      : ,    !?

         :      - ,     !

 ,   , ,       .       .   ,  ,      ,                   ,     .

         .         -  -:     ..   , ,     !

     ໠  ,    ,          .

 ,    (  )   .   ,  (  )     .         ,     !  -       ,          .  

     ,     ,   ,   100         .

     ,         ,        ,                   .

,    ,       ,              .

        ,   ,      ,   .  ,           : ,       .

               .           ,    ,        ,   .

    ,      . ,   , ,          ( ),     ,     (, ,   ),   .     .

            XVII .       ,  ,       .         ,          .

   ,  ? ,   ,  .

      ,      ,    .                       .

    ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   .

     . .  ,       ,   .  1861   :   ,   ;    1874    :        ,    !.

  ,   ,      .

       ,         ,  ,          .

  ,   ,            ,     :

  .       ,   , ..   .

   ,   .

        .

  ,              .

         (, ) .

           ,        .     ,        ,       ,  .

 ,          .         .        ,                .

,        ,    ,    ,           .

     . ,    !

                   .         -,        .      ,     ,             (  )  .

         .        .

        , ,        ,                ,  : ,   ,      ?

         .   ,       ,        .

        ,    .       .

     .

    , ,  ,    ,    .      ,    .        ,     .

    ,    ,   -     . ,     ,        .          .         , 堖    , 堖    ..

        .     ,         :

1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16+       1, .. .       .    ,        (     )       ,     .

 ,        : 1/2+1/3+1/4+1/5+1/6+,     ()    .

      ,      . ,  ,    ,    ,     셅..

            .      .

           :

  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4)   ,        .

  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4)      ,    .

  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4)   ,       ,      (>0)   (<0).

  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4)   ,       ,      (>0)   (<0).

 (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4)   ,      .

   (http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1)      .

  , ,       ,   ,      .

   ,           . ,    ,      .             !?

       ()      . ,   ,     ,       , ,   !

   ,     ,  ,    .             (        ).   ,  ,    ,      ( )  .

            .  , -,       .

    -    22 ,          .

     ..

 ,      ,    컠     .

  , ,      ,     ,    ,     ,         :

= m 




   ,      ,      ,      ,          (  ).        . ,  ,         ,     .           .

      ,      .       ,     .

 ,     ,    .     酅

   ,    ,        ,    ,       .

    ..

    ,      .    !    ,  ,   ,   ,   ,    .

          ,       .     ,         .       ,        .

,  ,        .

   ,        !

   ,    ,           .

,      , ,   ,      .

        ,  ,    .         :        ?1021   ,    .

 ,   ,       ,          .           

         ,        :  ,      ,    . Ÿ     ,        (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC).

    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B)    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8).          ,    10?29/?.     ,        !

      ,  :

-,    ,       ,

-,      ,     ,      .

 1887   ࠖ     蠖    ,     ,    ,     ,        .        ,        -.

      ,           ,                .

      ,   ( )       .

    .     ,          ,     . ,       ,  ,      , ࠖ  .

       ,          :   !

   ,     ,     ,   .

,  , ,  ,    !!!       .          :

     ,       ,     ?

    ,      ,         ,     .  ,         , ..    .

          ,      !?       ,          .

         .            ,   .

         (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/field_medium/).      ,    .       ,   ,   ,    ,   .       ,     !

    ,        , ,   ,   (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/movement/) .         ,            .

             .                   (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/space/), , (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/matter/), (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/movement/) (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/interaction/),       ,     ,      .

         (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/ether/),    ,       ,   , ,   , ..    -    ,    .

   (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/field_physics/)      .

    ,   , (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/distance/)     ,           .     ,           (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/interaction/),      .

      (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/field_shell/),   .                (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/space/).      , ,  ,    .        (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/quantum_behavior/)       .

 ,      .             !

        .     (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/density/)   (W),        :

W = W(r,t)       .

      ,                  -   .

            (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/lorentz_transformation/)  (http://www.fieldphysics.ru/galilean_transformation/)    ,       .

             ,     .

 ,    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)     V  X,   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)       ,     :



          (t).

        !

       .       !        ,        .

         .



 ,         :



      .

 ,   (F = ma)   ,           :

m = m0/1  v


/ c


.

  ,    ,         , ,  ,        ,  , ,               .

    : m = m0.

        ,      !?      ,   ,  ,   :

      ,   , !

       ,        ,           .

           ,     

   ,      ,    ,         ?!              ,    . ,     ,  .       (. (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)solus   ipse ) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F),     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F))          (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C) .        Cogito ergo sum, , ,       ,    .

    !

        ,    ,   !?

 ,   ,      ?         ,    ,  ,      .

   -        ,   .         :

1.       ,     ,   ,      (     ).

2.                     ,    .

,        .

2.3. 

,            ,   (  )    .        ,  ,     .  ,              ,                .

 ,  ,    ,    ,        ( G. J. Jameson, M. Urbicain).






      ?

        :     .

     ,                   ,          ,         .  ,             .       -.     ,          (  )     ,  , .   ,        .   ,  ,   .        .   ,        ,              (  ),    (    ).








   ,  -      ,          .            ,     ,    .   ,        .                (.13)!

     .

     :

1.         ,        ,      ?

2.            ,    ?

3. ,       ?

 ,      !?

     -     ,      ,   ,        .

,       !

      ,            .       .      :     .   ,   .       ,   .      ,    㠖    .

    !

     ⠖   ,   . ,      

              ,      ,     .

    ? ().

,   ,     ?           .

, ,   !

 ?            .

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)3,1415926535897932384626433832795

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)11,00100100001111110110

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)3,243F6A8885A308D31319

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)3; 08 29 44 00 47 25 53 07

     .     ,       ? (),   ,   !!!

 ,        ,   ,   ,  .             .  ,  ,        .           

   ,    ,  , ,   .

,       ,     , ,         腅             .

             ,       . ,       .

        ?

!  ,       .    :   ,           .       .       ,         .  , ,      ,   .    ,       .

,  ,    ,         .     ,  "",   ,    -:    "",    ,     .

     λ:

,     -   !          ,             ,           ,   ,       .

   λ               ,     .             !........

   ,      : λ        ,          -!?      ,           .

 ,    XX          .        ,        .      :         ,  "" .         .                     ,  . ,    ,             .

       ,    ,       셅  ,         ,    ,     .   ,       ?

   ,  . .     !

    .

     ,   ,  ,    :

   !

            !

  ,     ,       ,      .   ,      

,     ,           ,      .

           .     ()   ,    ,  ,     ,         ,      !

     (3,14)     ,         !              .

       .

             .  ,  , ,     .         .

   ......                .    ,   ,     ()   .

 ,     2R,  R =  ,    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE),           m/n,  m  n  . ,          .

 (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE)ࠠ    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85)1761  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1761_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4).     軠 3,1415926535897932384626433832795








      ,            !?

    ,              .        14   .

     ,      .

        ,     (  )     ()  !

 , ,    , ,   ,       .   ,     (2R)  ,   蠖   2 .

   .......    1,      23,1423,14123, 1415.... ,       .

       (   )     .

   ,             .  (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C),           ,     .       (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB).

      ?

,        ,   ,          ,   .








      15         .          (),        !

                ,    . \             .  (.  16)     ).          ( ),          ( ).








   ()   ,    .

  M    (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F)UV       O     ,   UV,   M    . a   


.      : p = .

 ,  ? =OM   ? OV.  OV           (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)?.       (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82) :  =k

  ,    O   M   ,       (),  ,    ,    ,  ,   .

              ,     .

       ,            ,      (.  17).








 ,      (  ),                    ,     ,               .

 ,    .

,     ,                     .         (2R),    ,        : 1 = 2R,  R = 1/2.

    ,    () ,  

0,15915494309189533576888376337251.........

  ,  (  )       !!!

     3  !

          (-     )       , , ,         (  ).

     ,     , ,          ,   .



                  ,        .        ,         ,  ,      ,     .   ,     .     ,      !     .








    ,       (.18) ࠖ     (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE) (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F),          .

      ,   , ,   ,    ,     4-   . .,    ,    ,   !

,   !

  ,     - ,      . ,      -      .

       (    ).

     ?

,          ,  ,   ,    !

          ,      !

               .     ,        ,     ( ).

,       .         ,              .

                      .

   19.......

        ,    .








  1     .

     2        ( ).     3       ,        .      .      , ,       ,    .        ,                 .

         !?

     .   ,       ,                 , ,           .

         .      70-  XX ,    (     . .   . . )  ,     (    )  - ,     .      ,   .

-       ,       .








 ,   ,        ,        20.

    .

      (   ),        .

     ,       .              .      ,    (   )    .

          ,     .       .

     ,        .   ,         ,    ,            .

              .       ,  ,       :

 ?   ?    ?  ? ? .

2.4.   

            1913           ( . Torsion  ). ,        ,  ,    .

 ,   ,          ,         .

,         ,        .     (     ),     ,      ,     .

      .

              .           .

    ,     ,   ,        ,      ,         -.

,             ,     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=51361677)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


