DARPA   
  


   ,   DARPA         ,  .





DARPA   



   



  , ,2020



ISBN978-5-4498-6256-3

     Ridero































































































































































































































































































 

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Tounderstand the difference between correlation and causation inreal data.

Two largely disconnected fields have explored this problem indepth:

(1) statisticians and computer scientists motivated tounderstand the mathematics ofrandomized controlled trials and similar tests,and

(2) quantum physicists motivated totest local hidden variable theories ofquantum correlations.

Can combined insights from these two communities provide anew way tounderstand, test, and debug errors inquantum computers?



Quantum Bio-Computing

whether some biological phenomena manifest and exploit quantum entanglement.

Moreover, if it is exploited, might it play arole insome kind ofcomputational process? An important series ofrelated sub-questions may be more amenable toanswers and DNA might be alogical place tostart. What physical parameters might be entangled and what would be the physical mechanism leading tothose parameters being entangled? What is the physical evidence that there is entanglement? What might the physical/biological consequences be ofthat entanglement? Is there abio-communication or bio-computational consequence that aclassical description fails toexplain? One typically assumes that entanglement is fragile and decoherence eliminates it. Abiological system is far from the super-cooled environment usually associated with quantum computers. It is ahighly nonlinear non-equilibrium system. Nevertheless, inDNA, at room temperature, segments ofcoherence inelectron spin or electron flow might occur but this does not mean there will be entanglement. The well-established Bell inequality tests for entanglement were developed through straightforward logical arguments. Is there aBells test for some function ofDNA? We have tobe cautious. We can show positive outcomes for strongly correlated phenomena as shown insome classical optical coherence experiments inwhich just two parameters like polarization and mode can be entangled. There is adifference between correlation and entanglement ofparameters at one location and truly non-local entangled phenomena. Are co-operative and coherent events inbiology better understood using aquantum description? Is there physical evidence that entanglement might be exploited byDNA associated with the speed and dynamics ofits generation or its information transfer role? Might these dynamic effects be acause ofentanglement? Is there acomputer program that DNA represents which governs its information processing role inbiology as aquantum computer? Are there solutions or outcomes that would be difficult toexplain or even realize otherwise? Clearly, answers tothese questions and adeeper understanding ofabio-quantum computer could impact not only our appreciation ofbiology and medicine, but also could advance quantum computing as well as other topics such as neural interfaces tocomputers using molecular electronics.



constitute ageneral theory ofcomplexity or new axioms ofcomplexity that could potentially be applied toseveral disciplines within physics, chemistry, biology, neuropsychology, applied sociology,etc.



new ways toseparate correlation and causation incomplexdata




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