 4.0:   
 


           ,      .     ,       ,        .        ?       ?          -?

 , ,  ,        ,     -      .  4.0              .

  , ,    ,     .





 

 4.0:   



 2018, Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pre Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without the prior written permission of Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pre Ltd.

    , , .  -, 2020




  




  ,   2.0[1 - .King. Bank 2.0: how customer behavior and technology will change the future of financial services. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Business, 2010. [. .: ..  2.0.         . .: -, 2012.] . .]   4.0,         ,             .   :    .

 ,   Moven         JPMorgan Chase



      .  4.0     ,     ,             ,      2050,       .     ,     ,           ,     .

 ,          



  4.0     :                  .     ,     ,       ,             (,  , --).   ,    ,     ,            .

 ,    [2 - .Skinner. Digital Human. The fourth revolution of humanity includes everyone. Chichester: Wiley, 2018. [. .: ..  .     ,   . .: ,  , 2018.] . .]     Financial Services Club



 -  !       ,               ,        ,  ,             .  4.0  ,    ,   ,  ,   .   .

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            ,          .        .  , ,       4.0.

 ,   -          Emirates NBD



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  ,  ,      ໠      .         .      -,        ,        .

 ,   Mob76,     SXSW,     The Economist, BBC, Forbes  Fast Company



,       , ,       .          .     Moven       ,    4.0  .

 ,  -,        TD Bank Group


 ,     ,   ,                 .










  2.0    2009,        ,         . -  .  Betterment, Simple  Moven   ,           ,  .   2.0                       .

 2012        .    ,     ,     ,       .             ,         ,          -,         .    .   3.0[4 - .King. Bank 3.0: why banking is no longer somewhere you go, but something you do. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2013. [. .: ..  3.0.       ,   ,  ,   . .: -, 2014.] . .]    ,     .    ,     ,   ,  ,   .         .

      .      ,      .      4.0 :   ,           [5 -        . . .].                  ,  ,   1020          .   ,       ,     .

  40                ,   [6 -          . . .] , ,     ,       .    ,         ,   .           ,     .      ,  ,       .  -    ,     ,      ,         -.

 , ,      ,  ,    ,   ,      ,             .                   ,        ,    ,        .       ,  M-Pesa, Alipay  Ant Financial, WeChat  Tencent, Paytm   .   ,      -,   Acorns, Digit, Robinhood  ,      .    ,     ,         ,     ,    ,      ,         .

    25        ,             .      ,       ,        .   -         ,   ,           -.              .

     ,   ,             ,                      .      ,   ,    , ,            . ,        ,  ,  ,       ,      .

  ,              ,          . ?  ,          ,    ,    .          ,               .         .

,  4.0  .



 ,   Moven,   Breaking Banks




 


          .      ,    Moven      .         Moven,    ,        ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     -, ,  .     ,        .

-,    Marshall Cavendish,    , , ,  ,              ,      ,  ,      .

-,    Breaking Banks  Provoke Media,  . .,  ,  ,    ,             .

     .  ,   -   -  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,       .   Ripple,   ,     Emirates NBD,  ,  ,    .

     ,        .

,          ,        .        Provoke Management,         .   , ,      ,          .

        ,        ,            . , , ,            .




 1

 2050





 1.    



           .

 

         (  ,     ), ,   ,              .       -    ,    , ,  ,           ,       .        ,     ,       .

       ,           .

          ,         :     ,       .         (),     (),     1500    .          (Overcast),     (Paperclip).                   .       ,        (The Black List),          .

        ,   ,    1945    ,  ,     .   ,         ,   :       ,    .     ,            .             ,      ,     .

,      (),  ,    ,     ,         ,     .  ,             -2    ,         .   :               44-    ,          [7 - 2 1945.].



    324-        ,     -2                .      ,   ,       -2.  (     ,  )      ,       . -,  ,    ,    .

  44-  :  [8 - The Battle History of the 44th Infantry Division: Mission Accomplished. . .]

                             U-570      .

 ,           , , ,  -2 ( ,        2754    6253  )[9 - :       19391945 (http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/homefront/arp/arp4a.html (http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/homefront/arp/arp4a.html)).],    ,            :    -2   ,      ,     .

       1950-        .    ,   ,      ,           ()                    .  16    1945    ,         .     ,    .

 -5                -  .    1967  1973   13      .   -5  203 400  (770 000 )    318 000  (1,2 )  ,    .        -1   7,5 - ,    25   ,         -380.            1,2 .

,         1950-  1960- ,     .  ,          : 20  1969          ,    1972         .  1980-             ,         ,     .




    


         5060% ,    ,           ,  ,   -2  .  ,              ,      -2.     (iterative design, iterative engineering)      (design by analogy)[10 -     ,   100        .].

       ,                   ,    .         ,          .   - - ,      .

      .    ,      .           .              .     ,  ,         ,     ,       .              ,    .   ,       .

     PayPal      : Tesla, SpaceX  SolarCity[11 -     Hyperloop


    


  ,           .


     ,     .        . . .


       .    -    . . .].                (first principles).      ,   ,         ,         ,    .          .  1885,         ,                  -          .



 ,      ,    .     :  - ,    ,  ,    .    ,             .

 ,        YouTube[12 - .  The First Principles Method Explained by Elon Musk  : https://youtu.be/NV3sBlRgzTI (https://youtu.be/NV3sBlRgzTI)(:Innomind.org (http://www.innomind.org/)).]

 :   ,        10 .      ,       ,     ,  .   [13 - A.Vance. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. New York: HarperCollins, 2017. [. .: ..  . Tesla, SpaceX    . .: -, 2016.] . .]               .       ,    ,   :      ,      ,      ,     .   :      ,    ,  ,       ,       ,  ,     50 ?   : ,  .

 2010       380 .   SpaceX :   -   Falcon 9 65 ,  -   Falcon Heavy  90 .            SpaceX  1100 ,          United Launch Alliance,   SpaceX     ,    14000-39000 .

                 18000 . ,   SpaceX ,            [14 - ASDS (automated spaceport drone ship)    -,     .] (      ,   ,     )[15 -  SpaceX              -   .],                   Falcon Heavy   400 .   ,   SpaceX           90%   14    .   Falcon Heavy    Space Launch System  70        1 .   Falcon Heavy  64 ,    90 ,    10  ,     (        ).






 1.        SpaceX    



  90-      ,   ,   ,   ,       ,           .


     iPhone

          .            .         ( Motorola,  Blackberry, - Nokia[16 -     Nokia 8110,    1997           . . .])        ,     , -    iPod.



    ,     ,       iPhone,  .    ,     .  ,          .     ,     ,       .

   MediaBank,    Business Insider, 12  2011

  ,            ,     PalmPilot. ,      PalmPilot,            ,    .  ,      ,   -        ,       -  ,      ,        .






 2. iPhone        



   ,     Apple,           ;    .   iPhone           ,   ,   ,      . ,     iPhone  ,  :    Blackberry   RIM         Apple?   ,    Blackberry.    .

       ?     .          , ,       ,            ,    ,    ?       ,           ,       ,    ,  ,  ,                ?

,      .      ,     ,               .          ,       .       ?




    


     .             ,     ,    .          ,       .       ,     XII        ,       .          ,       ,       1850.  Apple Pay,   ,   ,    :       ,   .   ?           Monte dei Paschi di Siena,      750 .

     ,                    .    ,      -   ,       -[17 -    2.0   ,        ,   -     ,  ,  ,       .].       -                      ,                           .

      .                ,   .          ,     ,      ,                            , ,         ,       .

         [18 -        .].

   :        ,      -    ?  ,           SpaceX       ,               ,    .

,         ?


    

  ,        .   ,         (   )?  ,          ,  ?

  ,      .

1.         (   ).

2.      .

3.      .

    ,        (,     ),        ,     .

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?    .

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?    ,   ?

    ,          ,       ,           .           ,       .

      XIV       ,      .      :     .          ,    :     ,          .          ,     ,        .           ,        .

            ,            .           (semantic banking):



     , ,       .       .           ,     ,   ,   ,     .    ,     (, , , )   :           ,  .    ,            .

 ,   ValueWeb[19 - .Skinner. ValueWeb: how FinTech firms are using mobile and blockchain technologies to create the Internet of Value. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Business, 2016. [. .: .. ValueWeb.  -         . .: ,  , 2017.] . .]

 ,                     Alexa  Siri,    (mixed reality, MR)  Magic Leap  HoloLens,       ,    ,     ,       .    :           ,     .

           ,     ,         .         ,  , , ,     (artificial intelligence, AT).

         ,  ,    ,    ..   .  ,            .       Amazon Echo[20 -       Alexa.]  Google Home,            .     ,           [21 -           


.


B.King, A.Lightman, J.P.Rangaswami, A.Lark. Augmented: life in the smart lane. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2016. [. .: ., ., . ., ..   . .: -, 2018.] . .]:

,    .

,  100    .

,        ?

,      Bresciani[22 -        .        Alexa,      Bresciani.].

             :   ,    ,      .

 ,         ,          ,    ? ,  .     ,         ,      ,           .     ,            .

,            ,   Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Alibaba  .    ,         .      Uber  Amazon       (  )   (  ),        ,      .                    ,     ,         .

         Facebook, Uber  Amazon   ,      ,   ,       ,     .




,    


                  .  , , , , , , , ,               .    190 [23 -       PayPal.   Alipay    80      .]      .                .  ,    ,        .          ,         .

      2005,    70%         ,               ,     . ,     ,            (  SIM-  )          .   ,         ,  :      ,   SIM-       .         M-Pesa,    Safaricom.          40%  [24 - :  A new East Africa campaign  The Economist, 9  2015.].



    26      22    .  ,     45  ,     ,  ,        .     ,  40%  ,       600   ,        ,     .

 ,   Safaricom/M-Pesa[25 -    Breaking Banks,   9  2017.]

          .   2008   The Star[26 - :  Big Banks in Plot to Kill M-Pesa  The Star, 23  2008.] ,    M-Pesa           .     .  2008  M-Pesa     ,    .        ,           .         ,     .






 3.  M-Pesa             



    200 000    M-Pesa.  ,    , ,      ,  .   M-Pesa          ,           .  ,    M-Pesa       ;  6070%       .    ,          20%  ,  .

    ,             .     20 [27 - :  .      , ,  .],   ,         ,     .               :    25%      .    30%   ,        .       ,             .     Standard Bank  2015,  70%                  . ,     ,          .

        .  ,    M-Pesa,       .



  ,      ,  ,      ,     ,      ,      .    ,        .   [ M-Pesa]       2,5    ,        7,5  .               180 .

 ,     [28 -    Breaking Banks,   9  2017.]

   (Kenya Commercial Bank, KCB)          ,           ,          M-Pesa.   124-   122,      ,   2      .      .   ,    (Commercial Bank of Africa, ),     ,    M-Pesa    M-Shwari:             .   M-Pesa  27%    ;          .    .

   M-Pesa       , -        .  2015[29 - : iResearch (http://www.iresearchchina.com/content/details7_21238.html (http://www.iresearchchina.com/content/details7_21238.html)).]        10 [30 -    һ!]  (1,45  ),   2017  112   (17  ).  :      2015[31 - :   . 7 reasons mobile payments still arent mainstream  CIO, 7  2016.]   8,71 ,   2017 120 ,    0,1%    .  ,   2021       300 ,           (      ),      .  2018                   .        ,    ,         ,    .

  2015  350           ,  2017   750 .        Alipay,         (    ),   2017      , WeChat Pay,        MasterCard  Visa.   Alipay     : 2015     Visa  9000   ,   Alipay  87000 ,     10  .   Alipay   89    ,      ,    . ,     11  2017  Alipay     159,9  (25,3 ),   84%    .

 ,              PayPal, Apple Pay, Android Pay  Samsung Pay  9 ,  ,     .    Visa   260 .       Ant Financial (  Alipay)     ,             150 [32 -       4    2016.  ,         ,      100 .].       4060%  ,   92%     Ant Financial ( Alipay)  Tencent ( WeChat/WePay)[33 - :  Alipay, WeChat Pay vie for customers   ChinaDaily.com (http://www.chinadaily.com/), 3  2017 (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/tech/2017-08/03/content_30337784.htm (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/tech/2017-08/03/content_30337784.htm)).]. ,   : 92%             UnionPay,  MasterCard,  Visa,  SWIFT    .  -.    2017      18,8   (2,8  ),    2017   17  .

 Ant Financial      (,     Starbucks[34 -  2016        Starbucks   8  (:     Starbucks).]   WeChat) ,          .  2017  Alipay       Yue Bao        226  (    ),      -. Alipay       . [35 -  Chinese money market fund becomes worlds biggest  Financial Times, 26  2017 (https://www.ft.com/content/28d4e100-2a6d-11e7bc4b-5528796fe35c (https://www.ft.com/content/28d4e100-2a6d-11e7bc4b-5528796fe35c)).]       ,              JPMorgan.    Yue ,          ,   .   ,     .

               Apple, Tencent, UnionPay  Baidu,      .     WeChat       130 .    ,           ,         40%[36 - :  Asian Banking Journal.].      ,   ,   ,      .

 Ant Financial       - :        ,     80      ,  MoneyGram , Kakao Pay , GCash  Globe Telecom   Paytm .  Ant Financial   ,      . .

    ,       Ant Financial   500 ,   2030    1  .               (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, ICBC)       .     Ant Financial      UBS  Goldman Sachs,         .  Ant Financial      ,                . Ant Financial    .  -,    - :  ,   .

,  Ant Financial  ,        ,   ,      -, ,     .   ,    :                  .          ,   mBank, BBVA, Capital One  DBS,                iPhone    -         ,      . ,         ,       . ,   DBS  Digibank   Atom Bank        ,      ,    . , ,            ,         ,     .

,         ,        (annual percentage rate, APR)    -    ,   .  2016     Emirates NBD   ,            .  !

          .  Digit  Acorns     ,     :      ,      ,              .  Fidor     ,           [37 -  ,            ,  ,         ,      .].

        ,          .  2014      PayPal     Affirm,       ,     .  Grameen    ,   Zopa    ,  P2P-;     .        ,     .

                 ,  ,        .   ,  Sesame Credit (  Ant Financial), Lenddo  Vouch,     ,    ,   LendUp  ,       ,       .

     ,        ,       , , .     :   SWIFT  Western Union         ()   ,    M-Pesa, Abra, Ripple       ,    .

   (distributed ledger technology, DLT),   ,             .   :     DAO      ,           Ethereum.           .           ,                 .  ,   ,         .

,      ,       ,    ,          .      .




   ?


    SpaceX        ,            .  Tesla        ,      ,         ,     ,   Volvo.  iPhone  Apple      ,           .  Daimler  Benz       ,          ,             .

   Ant Financial, Tencent, Safaricom   -         -     ,             .

  4.0        ,     .  4.0    ,           ,    ,            .  4.0       ,   Alexa  Siri,      ,  ,  ,  ,     .  4.0    -  ,           ,    ,     .  4.0               ,         .

  4.0 ,         ,  .          ,      ,    .      ,  ,       .  ,         .

    ?    .       (augmented reality, AR)                 .  ,           ,     ,          .   . ,         ,     -    .

  .   ,    ,   ,         ;  ,    ,             .     ,       ,        ,             ,         ,      .    :         ,   .       , ,         10    ,  ,           [38 -    ()  (Community Reinvestment Act, CRA)   ,   1977            . . .],   50 .      ,   ,      .

               ,    .         ,   , ,  ,       4.0:       .            :  ,         .

-     ,               ,            ,  ,        .       , ,     -,        ,    ,            ,        .

     ,   ,  -,              , ,  ,  -      .                     ,   (machine learning)       ,      ,  -,            Google.

 4.0     ; ,        ; ,   ,     ,      .  4.0    ,   ,         .  4.0   ,    ,    ,       .  4.0   -        ,    .

         4.0,             .             ,      ,    .    ? ,    .

   ,  ,       ,   . ,       ,    .        .




 


 Ant Financial      

 

 Alipay,           .   ,    ,         ,               .

 ,     Alibaba  Ant Financial


  20           .          1997,    [39 -  19971998,        - ,       . . .].   Bank of China           300 000 ,               .    ,     .        ;       .                .



 1.      2017. :  The Banker,  2017






        ,      .       QQ,   300  ,    ,    .    .                     .    ,       .  2006 [40 -         20022012. . .] :

 1978  2003     147,3    1,4  ,     9,4%;       20,6  851,2     16,1%;         250    29  .

 2006      [41 - .: https://www.finextra.com/resources/feature.aspx?featureid=845 (https://www.finextra.com/resources/feature.aspx?featureid=845).]    ,          .   .

     ,       ,          .   .  -  ,    QQ    WeChat  Tencent.      -: Alibaba (  Amazon), Baidu (  Google)  .      .

          .                ,         .         .  Ant Financial   IPO    .

 Ant Financial     2014    2003,  Alibaba       -,   .     eBay. -   ,   ,    ,  Ant Financial          ,        [42 - .        .].

  2017         Ant Financial  Alipay;     ,    .        ,      ,     Ant Financial.      .




 Alibaba


    Ant Financial,  ,      Alibaba.       ,            Alibaba. com[43 - P.Erisman. Alibabas world: how a remarkable Chinese company is changing the face of global business. New York: St. Martins Press, 2015. [. .: ..  Alibaba.com.   -  . .:  , 2016.] . .].    ,  ,    1994,       Alibaba     .

    Alibaba    1980,          ,  .  ,             ,     ,     .   16 ,             ,       .      16 ,       , .






 1.     1980



         .                .        1985,   (   )   21,   .

      ,        .     ,  ,  ,      .    .        ,     ,       .        .                   .

    ,       ,          .             :

        .    ,       .

    ?

        .    ,      .      .

   ,             ,     -   .     ,      :       29   [ ]  ,        , , , ,     ,            ,  ,    .

        -,       .        .        ,      1995     .

     1995,         -;       .  ,   ,            .  ,     : 1999    Alibaba.      ,    Amazon,    .  Amazon      ,          ,       .  Amazon  -     ,   ,       .

     .  1990-               .    Alibaba     ,         . ,      -   ,      ,          . Alibaba  1999   ,   -,           .     ,     ,         :          Taobao.    2003      eBay ,     ,        [44 -        eBay. . .],       (     ):        2000-       ,      ,   .

   Taobao (    )       (    ,       )   .     ,           eBay.



eBay     .

     .

  ,  .

   ,  .

 ,   Alibaba Group

 eBay         ,  EachNet.   ,  eBay    Alibaba,  ,    -    .     Alibaba        eBay,        .   eBay           ,   Ma     Alibaba. ,     ,    ,       .

 Taobao, ,   ,               . eBay       ,             ,   .

Alibaba       . ,  2004    Alipay   -,             .          ,       Taobao.  2008    Taobao   Tmall,      .

 2013 Alibaba   Alipay      Yue Bao (   ).  2015      ,   - MYbank    ,            API[45 - API (application programming interface)    ( ). . .].

      Alipay, MYbank, Yue ,   (open banking)      Ant Financial ( ).       :   ,    .         Ant Financial,   : 2015    45 ,  2016-  60 ,    IPO   2019,  ,  100 .

  :  Alibaba    Taobao, Tmall, Alipay Yue          ,   Amazon, Facebook, Netflix, PayPal      .     :

?                  ,   ,    Alibaba Pictures;

?        ,         Taobao;

?               Youku (  Netflix);

?     ,        Tmall;

? ,       (     )      Ant Financial.

 ,    ,            .       .             Taobao   2017:  :    (Netrepeneurs: Made in Internet).          .     -:      ,     ,    Taobao,    -  .

    ,      .

?     :     -,       .       .         ,     .   .     . ,     ,    ,       ,       ,    -:        ,   .

?      ,   (big data)       .      .      " " (" "  " "). ,  , ,       .  ,        .     , ,       ,   .

? Alibaba   -.    . ,       .

?            .        .       ,    .      .     (internet of things, IoT),       .    ,         .

?           .      .     ,    .    .

?    ,   .          24 .      ,        ,        .       .         .      ,        .   ,        .      ,          .

?      , :    ,      ,    .     , ,          ,  .      .       ,   .

? Alibaba    ,      ,  . ,   .      .  ,    Alibaba,   ,     ,  ,       .

? .     .  Alibaba      ,          -.     ,    ,    .  Alibaba     ,         ,    .  2036   ,   100      .      .     .

?           ,  .

?        .       ,       .  ,   ,      .  ,           ,          .

?      ,     .        "  ".    -   -, ,     .       ,        .       .






 2.  Ma   Alibaba    (M@de in Internet) 



   10      .

1.   :   .

2.:   ,   .

3.  ,     .

4.  ,  .

5.  ,      .

6.  ,  .

7.    .

8.     .

9.   .

10.     ,    .


  Alipay?

 - Alipay   ,     .           Alibaba   ,   Taobao.    ,       .

 2011 Alipay         QR-,  ,        .           ,              .   QR-    . -    Starbucks      - ;  Alipay    QR-:      QR-,         ,              Alipay.

,     ,       Alipay   ,     Yahoo  SoftBank,    40%  30%  Alibaba .   ,   Alipay        ,           .      Alipay      .     :  ,     Alipay     Alibaba,        .

 [46 -   ,   11  (11.11).  ,     .        . . .]    ,      ;        Alipay  WeChat Pay      ,            .

   2014,   Tencent  400    WeChat      ,       .      :   40       400  (64 ).       -  2015      , ,   190   Alipay  (  )    600  (96 ),         .    Tencent   ,       , 800  (125 ),    Alipay   WeChat. Tencent  WeChat   : 18   WeChat      ,     Alipay Wallet   240 .  ,        .






 3.   Alipay      :   Visa    1750     24000      Alipay    ,   300 000   



  Alipay      ,        .   Yue  (  ,    ),          Alipay  ,     .    Yue    ,   Ant Financial             ,    .

     2014,         .    2015 Ant Financial  - MYbank,    ,  30%  Ant Financial,   Fosun Industrial, Wanxiang Sannong  Ningbo Jinrun    ,    , ,    .     4  ( 644 ).     MYbank  Alibaba,              Taobao  Tmall.

   MYbank      Taobao,      .      MYbank     ,      ,                  .

 :  ,   ,    Taobao.  ,    ,          MYbank.         3795  ,        ,   :  3  ()  56000  (8000 ).

  ,      MYbank, Alibaba        ,  2013        Cloud for Financial Services,   Ali Finance Cloud.

 Ali Finance Cloud  Ant Financial    .        MYbank , ,           ,      ,        .

            ,  Ant Financial  ,           .     :     ,   , ,    ,  ,    (infrastructure-as-a-service, IaaS),    (platform-as-a-service, PaaS),     (know-your-customer, KYC)   .

     Finance Cloud    ,      .     Finance Cloud    :     40 ,    ,       (peer-to-peer, P2P) .




 Ant Financial:   


    Ant Financial  ,       ,          .            2016[47 -    ,    ,        Ant Financial  2016 (https://os.alipayobjects.com/rmsportal/omkAQCxPyHDDqtqBDnlh.pdf (https://os.alipayobjects.com/rmsportal/omkAQCxPyHDDqtqBDnlh.pdf)).].

  ,   ,   ,             ,        , ,   .           .

       ,         ,    ,   ,      . ,          ,    ,          ?   .              ?   .       , ,    ,    ,    ,       ?

     ,   ,  . ,   ,       .     :      ,        .

      ,         . ,      ,     ,        . ,  Ant Financial       Zhima Credit,            .

    Zhima Credit          ,      .   Zhima Credit      ,      Ant Financial,          .  , , ,       ,           MYbank.

  Ant Financial       .

      Zhima Credit,  ,                  .   Ant Financial     3-1-0:       ,          ,          .

 MYbank     ,   -   .    2017       6,5        800  (125 ).

 ,             .        ,     .        .  ,      ,         .

 Ant Financial ,       ,         .        ,       .     ,      .                 .     ,         .

        Ant Financial,    .      ,   ,  ,    .      Zhima Credit         .   2017  Zhima Credit       730 000  ,  50000      .     Ant Financial                .

,   1990- ,       ,      . ,    ,   1990,  Ant Credit Pay    . ,           ,    .   Ant Credit Pay, 99% ,   1990- ,     .   ,     .

   Alibaba    2017,    ,        Taobao.      ,  .  ,          .      ,  (   )   .      ,     ,     ,        .

 Ant Financial       .  ,         .   ,       .        .

,      Ant Financial   .     [48 -       - ,    ,            ,      . . .] Ant Forest.

  Ant Forest          Alipay          .           .   ,         ,     .  , Ant Forest       ,   ,          .      ,              ,         .


 :   

 Ant Financial     ,        . ,           7,5     .          ,      ,         ,       .

 Ant Financial   ,      ,        ,        .  ,        Alipay  Ant Financial       ,     .

-,          ,    .    Ant Financial       ,         . ,   2015   680     Paytm      [49 -   2016         ( 500  1000 )       .   85%        . . .],     Paytm 200   .   2016 Ant Financial      Ascend Money,      . Ant Financial   Ascend Money   - -     .  , ,  Ascend Money  ,    , , ,  .

  2017 Ant Financial    3        ,  ,         MoneyGram  880 .           ,     Pay,    2017      Paytm,   Ant Financial    .

 ,        , Ant Financial     .   2015      Wirecard,       :           .       Ingenico,   Ant Financial ,      First Data      .

    Wirecard, Ingenico  First Data       ,     . Ant Financial    ,                  .

  ,         2017,   :     .                     ,     .

 Ant Financial     -  ,     ,      .  Alipay   ,     .   Alibaba  Alipay.

         -,   Amazon  eBay:        ,   ,        .  -        - ,     ,  Alibaba  Alipay,  :          ,          ,         .   Amazon       (automated clearing house, ACH),   14  ,         Alibaba    .

         ,  , Ant Financial  ,           .   ,         ,   ,    .    Facebook, Amazon  PayPal,    .    Ant Financial.

-        ,    -.

          Ant Financial       .           ,     ,    , ,     ,     ,    Ant Financial.




 2

 

(     )


    ,              ,      .

    ,  2011


   ,          ,   .   ,          ,           ,    .          󻠖   ,     ,      .                  ,     ,           .   ,       ,            .             ,          .

     .        ,   .           . ,   ,          2017,        ,     (machine-executable regulation) ,   ,    .

   .         ,            1997[50 - Clayton Christensen. The Innovators Dilemma


 (.: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj9rOKe_uDVAhUMmoMKHbl-CBkQFgg0MAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claytonchristensen.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-innovators-dilemma%2F&usg=AFQjCNHyfrCGTv2MBU9wUzlWnNrj8n2SrA (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj9rOKe_uDVAhUMmoMKHbl-CBkQFgg0MAI&url=http://www.claytonchristensen.com/books/the-innovators-dilemma/&usg=AFQjCNHyfrCGTv2MBU9wUzlWnNrj8n2SrA)).


..Christensen. The Innovators Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 1997. [. .:.M..  .  -     . .:  , 2016.] . .]  ,          ,   ,    ,          (disruptive technologies).   ,    ,       .         ,    .        .

   ,        ,  ,        ,        .            ,     (:  )     (:  ).             ,               .     ,         .          ,    :   ,           ,           .

  ,   ,    ,       ,  -        .       ,          .                 . ,    ,   ,   , .       4.0   ,               ,        .

            .   :        (       XIX    ),      ,     ,   ,  ,  , ,     , ,      ,       ,   , , ,    .

     ,        .                .                2300            (,   ,    ).       .      ,  ,            .  ,      ,  ,         ,    .

     iPhone  ,  2007.            ,     ,          .




 ,  


           .   ,             .       ,        .     .        ,         ,     :        ,     .






 1.       



              ;        .     .               .             ,      .   ,           ,   ,      ,   .

     ,           ,  -      .


:  ,     ?

      ,   .  : ?  , ?  ?   ?    ?         ?         ?

    ,   ,           .   :    ,       (  )      .     ,     ;  ,                 .

  , ,         ,              .     ,      ; ,          .     ,    .

        ,      .        ,   [51 -    ,  ,         ,      (virtual private networks, VPN)    .].             .  ,        ( ,  ,    ), ,        ,       ,      .  -    ;   ,    ,  -    ;              ,   . ,           .

     ,       -    :    [52 -           : HODL


,     !.


HODL   Hold On for Dear Life;     hold,  ,          .   HODL    Bitcointalk 18  2013,     GameKyuubi    ,                   .      : I AM HODLING. . .],        .    - ,  -              ,            Apple,  ,       .                .           ,    .      ,       .

    ,      ,        ,        ,  ,  ,          ,    .

       4500    .      ,         ,    .

   , -, -         ,    . ,   Sun Exchange   ,       ,         .       ,      .  ,    -      ,        .

         ,       .


      

   (Decentralized Autonomous Organisation, DAO)   ,        - Ethereum.              .  DAO        -   ,         .  1015       ,         .

 DAO    ,  ,     .     (    )     .      ,       ,     .    ,  , ,      ,  .      ,          .   ,           .  , DAO             .

    (,              )            .  DAO         ;      ;        .      ,      .              150 ;    ,      1 .  !

       -               Mastercoin  2013.          ,           (initial coin offering, ICO).  Mastercoin, DAO, Ethereum, Blockchain Capital[53 -  Are cryptocurrencies about to go mainstream?  The Observer, 1  2017 (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/cryptocurrencies-mainstream-finance-bitcoin-ethereum (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/cryptocurrencies-mainstream-finance-bitcoin-ethereum)).]           ICO   .

  ICO     ; ,         [54 -           Investor Bulletin: Initial Coin Offerings (https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings (https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings)).].    2017    3040  .    , , , ,       ICO?    ICO       ?

           ,   ICO   :              ,       .    :  ICO      ,          . ,     ,          ICO     ,        ,        .     .   ,         ,      .

  ,      ICO ( , ,             ). ,                ,           .              -        ICO,        . ,  ICO,             ,     ,    ICO-,     . ( .  5.)

   DAO         ,          ,    ,  ,     .  ,   ,       ; DAO   ,    .      ;  , ,    .        ,   DAO,       ,   .

 ,    - DAO,         ( 50 ).    ,  .   DAO  - ,        ,   .

 ,        AI-  -,   DAO,               ,    . ,        -    ,      ,   .   ,  AI-,        ,        .

     AI-      -         ?     ,    - ,     ,        ?   ,        ,    -  ,   .    , -       ,    ,  ,          .




           


 30  [55 -            1989     ;    Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF);    Groupe daction financi?re (GAFI).]          ()         (),        37 ,  40        (anti-money laundering, AML),          (terrorist financing).         .  ,      ,      .        .



        ,            ,             .

 20,   (2012)

             ,    .

          . -,     ,   ,     .      ,   ,    ,   . ,                 .

   ,      ,   ,                   . ,       .

  ,      25%  ,   2    ,               [56 - :  /        .]. ,        .        50          [57 - https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/globalization.html (https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/globalization.html).].  ,       ,             ,    .      ,  .

              :        1 [58 -  HSBC    1,9  (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi7qbb4hOHVAhXBfyYKHa5-DcAQFggtMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F10%2FHSBC-said-to-near-l-9-billion-settlement-over-money-laundering%2F%3Fmcubz3Dl&usg=AFQjCNGaAgOEpYZrn0Pp0WaupEedz3rwIw (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi7qbb4hOHVAhXBfyYKHa5-DcAQFggtMAE&url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/HSBC-said-to-near-l-9-billion-settlement-over-money-laundering/?mcubz3Dl&usg=AFQjCNGaAgOEpYZrn0Pp0WaupEedz3rwIw)).].  ,          , ,   ,      ,    .       ,           ,          ,     . ,         .        !

         ,          ,         . ,                   ,      ,            ,      ,      .        [59 -      (Alliance for Financial Inclusion, AFI)      (http://www.afi-global.org/publications/2458/The-2016-Global-Policy-Forum-GPF-Report-Building-the-Pillars-of-Sustainable-Inclusion (http://www.afi-global.org/publications/2458/The-2016-Global-Policy-Forum-GPF-Report-Building-the-Pillars-of-Sustainable-Inclusion)).].         [60 -    (redlining)    XX ,        ,  , ,    . . .].

        ,  -         .          2003 (Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, FACTA)   ,    ,          .           ,          [61 -     Overseas Americans cant open foreign accounts because of FACTA? Court says tough luck!   AngloInfo.com (https://www.angloinfo.com/), 29  2016.].

,       ,    .

                   ,        .  ,   Ethereum  Ripple,    Starbucks     Xbox:      10000 ,       .    90%      Alipay  WeChat;  ,      ,    ,     .

          10000         .  ,           .    AI-,      ,     ,        .   ,       ,          ,    .

            .            ,       ,    ,           ,     ,    .       ,  ,    ,    0,2%  .  ,       499 ,  .     50-100    ,     0,2%.  !  ,   ,         ,            .

   ,          .       ,     ,   ,     ;   ,             .  ,  ,              .       .


    ໠      

       .      Uber   ,        [62 -  Uber second-quarter bookings increase, loss narrows  Reuters Technology News, 24  2017.].    2017     17%,      10%,     9 .  Amazon      20  ; ,  Uber         .  Uber, ,     ,   .     17 ;  -        ,        :  , ,      Uber.

         Uber          .   Frontier Group  2016,  ,     60 , [63 -  A New Direction: Our Changing Relationship with Driving and the Implications for Americas Future.];  Uber    .



    XX      ,     .     : ,       .                ,     ,     ,  ,  .

 Frontier Group      




 2.  ,  ,        



     ,      ,       (,  Uber)        ,   :         ,  ,                      [64 -       .].

    ,        ,            .      Accenture   Standard Bank, 70%                ,     [65 - :  Standard Bank / Accenture (2015).].    .     (Reserve Bank of India)      25%     ,      ;             ,                .             Aadhaar       :   .    15  2017,   Aadhaar    1,171  .  88%  .

             .                                 Aadhaar.  2015     358    (61%),    2014  281  (48%).               [66 - : Intermedia.].      ,        ,      .        ,   ,              .         ,      25%  ,    .

       :        ?               ?  :   .

          Facebook, Apple, Tencent, Amazon, Alibaba/Alipay Uber, Snapchat      .        ,        ,    (,    )  . ,  Facebook[67 -        .]     ,         .          .

         ,         (      )         .        ,           ,    ,     ,   ,   .                       -,             .

               ,       .  ,   2025          ,   Facebook    Aadhaar.           .  ,             ,         . ,   ,         1520  ,      [68 -  ,       ,     ,       (http://theconversation.com/passport-staff-miss-one-in-seven-fake-id-checks-30606 (http://theconversation.com/passport-staff-miss-one-in-seven-fake-id-checks-30606)).].  ,                 ,  , ,    ,      .

      ,              ,        .


  ?

             .              : ,           -                .    ,  -    .     .    Moven    ,   ,    Amazon Web Services (AWS) ,    ,        .   ,   AWS    .

         .        AWS  ,        ,     . IT-      ,        ,      :  ;    (   );        , -       .     ,     ,      ,  -     .

 ,   ,   AWS  Microsoft Azure,    ,     ,           .          ,       ,   [69 -      Amazon       (https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/dod/ (https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/dod/)).],    IT-      .

     ,        (,   )     .          ,    .               ,    ,    , ,      .

       ,                   .    : ,   ,   ,           (regulatory technology, RegTech)[70 - ,        . . .],   .

                 .         .

 ,              , ,   .  ,        ,   .          ,    ,           -   .  ,                 ,  ,  .                   .


   

  ,          ,    , ,   .           ,       ,        .     ,        ,         ,           .  ,                   ,    ,  ,      .

          ,                .            (disparate impact)     ,      ,          .  ,      ,                  .

         ,                 ,      ,    . -             ,      .        ,          .     ,      ,        (,       -   ),          .             ,        ,        .

     .           ,                            .          ,     ,        .

   80  130             [71 -        Report on the Economic Wellbeing of U. S.Households in 2015,  2016 (https://www.federalreserve.gov/2015-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201605.pdf (https://www.federalreserve.gov/2015-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201605.pdf)).].        ,            [72 -                      .].




     


     ,  ,    .  ,  ,   .  ,      ,      ,        .

     ,  (Riksbank)[73 -      .] ,   1668        . ,          .       ,    2750  ..        .  1694,   ,     (Bank of England),   ,          XIV.

     ,     .          XVIIIXIX .  1844        .      ,  ,      ([74 -    . . .]).         ,          .        -           .     20072008  ,                - .

   ,      :          .    1930-     ,      ,          .

,   ,     ,    ;   ,       ,     Ant Financial  Microsoft (     Xbox)     Starbucks     (: ) ,   ,       .

           ,         ,        .    Microsoft                 ?      Ant Financial, Facebook  Amazon        ,           ?

  , ,  Alipay,      ,        ?   ,  Alipay     ,  ?   ,  .             Ant Financial       ,    ? ,   ,     ;  Ant Financial ,    .   ,       Ant Financial         .   ,           (challenger bank),        .  ,                   ?     ,        .

     ,        ,                      ,    .                              .

,  ,           Siri  Alexa,           : ,          . ,             .

            ,   -         .      ,   ,        :      ,     Alexa    MasterCard.     ,   - -,  AI-,  ,       WeChat  Alipay,    .   ,    , AI-        AI-,          Alipay      Citibank,  -.

 :       -      ?       ,      ;     ,     ,          16- ?  ,         ,              (PayPal, Venmo, Alipay, WeChat  ..).  ,        ,       -    ?         ,   ?


    ?

           .

-,         :      ,        . ,    ,        .       ,       ,  ,       .         . ,       ,     ,               .  ,      ,     ,        .

-,      -        .   :       ,     ,      ,     .   ,      ,    ,      .

-,       ,    ,       .         ,        .      ,     ,      ,    ,       ,      ,       .      ,      ,         ,  ,   .

,        .  ,   ,       ,      ,          AI-    .

 , ,    .        ,     ,            .  ,          ,    - ,   ,       ,    ,    .  ,     .    ,       .     ,                               ,   ,  ,        (   ,        ).      ,         .

,  ,       .              ,    ,  M-Pesa, Alipay  WeChat Pay,     ,    (network effect).

    ,      ,     ,   .         .     ,     .        ,    .      XXI     .




  


   ,         ,          (                        ).      .

    (supervisory technology, SupTech)[75 - ,             . . .]     ,   .                           .         ,                  . (           ,          .)

      ,          ,     ,   .       ,      ,       ,                  .

 .           ,    ,     .  ,        ,     , ,             -   .            ,       :    .

   .   2017              .   ,     ,                     . ,    ,    .     ,           ,      .    ,           .       ,  ,   ,          ,    .      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/brett-king-2/bank-4-0-novaya-finansovaya-realnost/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


.King. Bank 2.0: how customer behavior and technology will change the future of financial services. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Business, 2010. [. .: ..  2.0.         . .: -, 2012.] . .




2


.Skinner. Digital Human. The fourth revolution of humanity includes everyone. Chichester: Wiley, 2018. [. .: ..  .     ,   . .: ,  , 2018.] . .




3


L.Camp, A.Thomson. No Small Change. Why Financial Services Needs A New Kind Of Marketing. Chichester: Wiley, 2038. . .




4


.King. Bank 3.0: why banking is no longer somewhere you go, but something you do. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2013. [. .: ..  3.0.       ,   ,  ,   . .: -, 2014.] . .




5


       . . .




6


         . . .




7


2 1945.




8


The Battle History of the 44th Infantry Division: Mission Accomplished. . .




9


:       19391945 (http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/homefront/arp/arp4a.html (http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/homefront/arp/arp4a.html)).




10


    ,   100        .




11


    Hyperloop


    


  ,           .




     ,     .        . . .




       .    -    . . .




12


.  The First Principles Method Explained by Elon Musk  : https://youtu.be/NV3sBlRgzTI (https://youtu.be/NV3sBlRgzTI)(:Innomind.org (http://www.innomind.org/)).




13


A.Vance. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. New York: HarperCollins, 2017. [. .: ..  . Tesla, SpaceX    . .: -, 2016.] . .




14


ASDS (automated spaceport drone ship)    -,     .




15


 SpaceX              -   .




16


    Nokia 8110,    1997           . . .




17


   2.0   ,        ,   -     ,  ,  ,       .




18


       .




19


.Skinner. ValueWeb: how FinTech firms are using mobile and blockchain technologies to create the Internet of Value. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Business, 2016. [. .: .. ValueWeb.  -         . .: ,  , 2017.] . .




20


      Alexa.




21


          


.




B.King, A.Lightman, J.P.Rangaswami, A.Lark. Augmented: life in the smart lane. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2016. [. .: ., ., . ., ..   . .: -, 2018.] . .




22


       .        Alexa,      Bresciani.




23


      PayPal.   Alipay    80      .




24


:  A new East Africa campaign  The Economist, 9  2015.




25


   Breaking Banks,   9  2017.




26


:  Big Banks in Plot to Kill M-Pesa  The Star, 23  2008.




27


:  .      , ,  .




28


   Breaking Banks,   9  2017.




29


: iResearch (http://www.iresearchchina.com/content/details7_21238.html (http://www.iresearchchina.com/content/details7_21238.html)).




30


   һ!




31


:   . 7 reasons mobile payments still arent mainstream  CIO, 7  2016.




32


      4    2016.  ,         ,      100 .




33


:  Alipay, WeChat Pay vie for customers   ChinaDaily.com (http://www.chinadaily.com/), 3  2017 (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/tech/2017-08/03/content_30337784.htm (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/tech/2017-08/03/content_30337784.htm)).




34


 2016        Starbucks   8  (:     Starbucks).




35


 Chinese money market fund becomes worlds biggest  Financial Times, 26  2017 (https://www.ft.com/content/28d4e100-2a6d-11e7bc4b-5528796fe35c (https://www.ft.com/content/28d4e100-2a6d-11e7bc4b-5528796fe35c)).




36


:  Asian Banking Journal.




37


 ,            ,  ,         ,      .




38


   ()  (Community Reinvestment Act, CRA)   ,   1977            . . .




39


 19971998,        - ,       . . .




40


        20022012. . .




41


.: https://www.finextra.com/resources/feature.aspx?featureid=845 (https://www.finextra.com/resources/feature.aspx?featureid=845).




42


.        .




43


P.Erisman. Alibabas world: how a remarkable Chinese company is changing the face of global business. New York: St. Martins Press, 2015. [. .: ..  Alibaba.com.   -  . .:  , 2016.] . .




44


       eBay. . .




45


API (application programming interface)    ( ). . .




46


  ,   11  (11.11).  ,     .        . . .




47


   ,    ,        Ant Financial  2016 (https://os.alipayobjects.com/rmsportal/omkAQCxPyHDDqtqBDnlh.pdf (https://os.alipayobjects.com/rmsportal/omkAQCxPyHDDqtqBDnlh.pdf)).




48


      - ,    ,            ,      . . .




49


  2016         ( 500  1000 )       .   85%        . . .




50


Clayton Christensen. The Innovators Dilemma


 (.: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj9rOKe_uDVAhUMmoMKHbl-CBkQFgg0MAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claytonchristensen.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-innovators-dilemma%2F&usg=AFQjCNHyfrCGTv2MBU9wUzlWnNrj8n2SrA (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj9rOKe_uDVAhUMmoMKHbl-CBkQFgg0MAI&url=http://www.claytonchristensen.com/books/the-innovators-dilemma/&usg=AFQjCNHyfrCGTv2MBU9wUzlWnNrj8n2SrA)).




..Christensen. The Innovators Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 1997. [. .:.M..  .  -     . .:  , 2016.] . .




51


   ,  ,         ,      (virtual private networks, VPN)    .




52


          : HODL


,     !.




HODL   Hold On for Dear Life;     hold,  ,          .   HODL    Bitcointalk 18  2013,     GameKyuubi    ,                   .      : I AM HODLING. . .




53


 Are cryptocurrencies about to go mainstream?  The Observer, 1  2017 (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/cryptocurrencies-mainstream-finance-bitcoin-ethereum (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/cryptocurrencies-mainstream-finance-bitcoin-ethereum)).




54


          Investor Bulletin: Initial Coin Offerings (https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings (https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings)).




55


           1989     ;    Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF);    Groupe daction financi?re (GAFI).




56


:  /        .




57


https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/globalization.html (https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/globalization.html).




58


 HSBC    1,9  (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi7qbb4hOHVAhXBfyYKHa5-DcAQFggtMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F10%2FHSBC-said-to-near-l-9-billion-settlement-over-money-laundering%2F%3Fmcubz3Dl&usg=AFQjCNGaAgOEpYZrn0Pp0WaupEedz3rwIw (https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi7qbb4hOHVAhXBfyYKHa5-DcAQFggtMAE&url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/HSBC-said-to-near-l-9-billion-settlement-over-money-laundering/?mcubz3Dl&usg=AFQjCNGaAgOEpYZrn0Pp0WaupEedz3rwIw)).




59


     (Alliance for Financial Inclusion, AFI)      (http://www.afi-global.org/publications/2458/The-2016-Global-Policy-Forum-GPF-Report-Building-the-Pillars-of-Sustainable-Inclusion (http://www.afi-global.org/publications/2458/The-2016-Global-Policy-Forum-GPF-Report-Building-the-Pillars-of-Sustainable-Inclusion)).




60


   (redlining)    XX ,        ,  , ,    . . .




61


    Overseas Americans cant open foreign accounts because of FACTA? Court says tough luck!   AngloInfo.com (https://www.angloinfo.com/), 29  2016.




62


 Uber second-quarter bookings increase, loss narrows  Reuters Technology News, 24  2017.




63


 A New Direction: Our Changing Relationship with Driving and the Implications for Americas Future.




64


      .




65


:  Standard Bank / Accenture (2015).




66


: Intermedia.




67


       .




68


 ,       ,     ,       (http://theconversation.com/passport-staff-miss-one-in-seven-fake-id-checks-30606 (http://theconversation.com/passport-staff-miss-one-in-seven-fake-id-checks-30606)).




69


     Amazon       (https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/dod/ (https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/dod/)).




70


,        . . .




71


       Report on the Economic Wellbeing of U. S.Households in 2015,  2016 (https://www.federalreserve.gov/2015-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201605.pdf (https://www.federalreserve.gov/2015-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201605.pdf)).




72


                     .




73


     .




74


   . . .




75


,             . . .


