   
 

 


,       ,          . ,     ,    .

           .       ,  젖    ,         .

   ,            .           ,       ,     ,      .





 ,  

   :      



  

  

  . 

  . 

 . 

  . 

  . 



 Sergey Gorbatov and Angela Lane, 2019

    , , .   , 2020



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .


* * *







 !

      . ,             ,     .         .          .

    ,         .          .         .            ,       . , , ,      ,   ,    .

-,     ,   .    ,         5  1.   :     .

-,   ,     .      .    ,       ,  ,     .

,    (  , ,  )     .  .  ,        蠖    ࠖ      .     ,        .     ,      .

    ,         .         ,   . ,    -         .  ,  :   ,   .

         ,



P.S.          .  .     :      !






   ?


 ,    .             .     ,     .      :       렖      .

         ,     .

            :      ,  , ,     .         ,     ,         ,      .

      .

 ,  , ,     ,      .    ,       ,    ,   .        ,       .              .  ,   ,            .  , ,         .      .

  ,     ,     .

   ,    ,       .          :     ,     ,  ,   ,       .           .             .

 ,    .     ?        (    ).      , ,        .      ,     .      ,        .

  ,  , ,    .      .   1    .






 1.    ?




   

  ,      ,        .   .   ,     . ,      15,          .


 


  

   .   1        ,  ,   .  2     : ,     (    ʻ).  3       .   4      : ,   .   5       .       .  ,       .


 


,   

    ,  .          ,    .  6          ,    ,     .  ,      ,  ,    ,   .            .       .  7 ,     ,             ,    ,      .       . ,           .

    ,        .  8     ,    .      :   ,   .    ,  .  9     .  , ,   ,      . ,  10    .        ( ,  ,  ,   ),         .

  11     .      ,   ,  .   ,    .  ,       .


 


  

      .       ,    .       .       ?          ,             ( 12).   13   ,       ,         .  14   ,         .  15   :    ,       .      .

                 ,     .

          ,    .         ,   .  : -    .          -   , ,  .     .




 I

  



     .  :     ?  ,    . 堖    . ,  ,               ,   .   [1 -  ,           Prudential     2018 .].

 ,
      Prudential

  ,    ,    .       ,   ,      ?

  ,        .   21 :     , ,     :    ,    ,   ,   ,     ,    ,    ,       ..

                   :

1.    .

2.     .

3.     .



        .      (    ).       .

         ,     (  ).            .






 2. ,       [2 -        Gorbatov, S., & Lane, A. (2017). Fair talk: Moving beyond the conversation in search of increased and better feedback. Performance Improvement, 56 (10), 614. doi: 10.1002/pfi.21731.]



,    (  ),     ,     .    ,           .     ,      . ,            .      ,       堖 ,      .

      .

  :        .   ,   .         .




 1

   



,    ,    , ,          ,    [3 -  ,          Aon     2018 .].

 ,
     Aon

     .         .     .   ,     -,                 .

               .

  ,           .         (       ?).     ,     .  : ,    ,     .    .      ,     :      .  ,  :    ,        [4 - Bandiera, O., Larcinese, V., & Rasul, I. (2015). Blissful ignorance? A natural experiment on the effect of feedback on students' performance. Labour Economics, 34, 1325. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2015.02.002.].         .

        ,  ?   ,         .        ,     .     .    Uber    ,    Amazon    ,      TripAdvisor  OpenTable,      ,     Yelp.

,    蠖    ,      ,        . ,    ࠖ   ,  .

       ?




 .  :   


  ,    (  ),   .      ,      .       .  ,       -:  ,  , ,  ,     .

    ,    .

 ,            .       ,    [5 - Gorbatov, S., & Lane, A. (2018). Is HR missing the point on performance feedback? MIT Sloan Management Review, 59 (4), 6571.].       ,       .


 1


    

  :         .    ?   .

     !   ,   ,   ,  ,    .   ,   -    .        ,       .      ,         .


 2


    

  :        .      ?

    , ,      . ,  :   -      .         ,         [6 - Moss, S. E., & Sanchez, J. I. (2004). Are your employees avoiding you? Managerial strategies for closing the feedback gap. Academy of Management Executive, 18 (1), 3244. doi: 10.5465/AME.2004.12691168.],      .         ? ,   24%  -        [7 - Moss, S. E., Valenzi, E. R., & Taggart, W. (2003). Are you hiding from your boss? The development of a taxonomy and instrument to assess the feedback management behaviors of good and bad performers. Journal of Management, 29 (4), 487510. doi: 10.1016/S01492063_03_000229.].

   ,        .

-,   . ,     ,   .      ,          [8 - Anseel, F., Beatty, A. S., Shen, W., Lievens, F., & Sackett, P. R. (2015). How are we doing after 30 years? A meta-analytic review of the antecedents and outcomes of feedback-seeking behavior. Journal of Management, 41 (1), 318348. doi: 10.1177/0149206313484521.].

-, ,   ,  ,   ,   .         .  ,            .  ,        : ,         [9 - Rasheed, A., Khan, S.-U.-R., Rasheed, M. F., & Munir, Y. (2015). The impact of feedback orientation and the effect of satisfaction with feedback on in-role job performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26 (1), 3151. doi: 10.1002/ hrdq.21202.].  ,       .

 ,  ,      ,        .

      .        ,    .         .          ,      - ,     .   ,   , ,      ,   .     ,            !


 3


    

  :     .     .        .

     ,     .        ,        ,     .      ,          .

  :  ,     ,   ,          .       [10 - Kinicki, A. J., Prussia, G. E., Wu, B. (J.), & McKee-Ryan, F. M. (2004). A covariance structure analysis of employees' response to performance feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (6), 10571069. doi: 10.1037/00219010.89.6.1057.].               ,      .

  .   ,  , ,          ,     . :          ⠖           . :     .   ,   


 4


 ܠ  ,    ܠ  !

  :  ,  !

       : ,     .   ,      .       ?

    ,            [11 - Lam, C. F., DeRue, D. S., Karam, E. P., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2011). The impact of feedback frequency on learning and task performance: Challenging the "more is better" assumption. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116 (2), 217228. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.05.002.].    ,         ,   ,        .        ,         .          .

    .               .  ,           .   ,         .     ,    [12 - Casas-Arce, P., Louren?o, S. M., & Mart?nez-Jerez, F. A. (2017). The performance effect of feedback frequency and detail: Evidence from a field experiment in customer satisfaction. Journal of Accounting Research, 55 (5), 10511088. doi: 10.1111/1475679X.12184.].     .      ,        [13 -  .].


 5


  ܠ  

  :      ,     ,    ?     ""  ?

 ,      .  ,      .     ,    ,         .

 ,    .       .    ,      ,   .

?       .      :      ,   !

?     .           ,     .

?         .  ,        :    ,             [14 - Lombardo, M. M., & Eichinger, R. W. (2012). Leadership machine (10th anniv. ed.). (n. p.): Lominger International, p. 127.].



  ,      ,     .   ,     (  )      .  ,          ,      [15 - Audia, P. G., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2000). The paradox of success: An archival and a laboratory study of strategic persistence following radical environmental change. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (5), 837853. doi: 10.2307/1556413.].

     .      ,      .  ,   ,    ""[16 -  . ,    .        . .: , 2019.],   Twitter:    [17 - Sharma, R. [@RobinSharma]. (2013, September 20). Negative feedback can make us bitter or better. https://twitter.com/robinsharma/status/381087770761916416 (https://twitter.com/robinsharma/status/381087770761916416).].   !

         ,    .   .

? 1:      ,    ,        (     )[18 - Van-Dijk, D., & Kluger, A. N. (2004). Feedback sign effect on motivation: Is it moderated by regulatory focus? Applied Psychology, 53 (1), 113135. doi: 10.1111/j.14640597.2004.00163.x.].

? 2:        ,    ,      (    )[19 -  .].

? 3:           :  ,    ,      : ,      [20 - London, M., & Smither, J. W. (2002). Feedback orientation, feedback culture, and the longitudinal performance management process. Human Resource Management Review, 12 (1), 81100. doi: 10.1016/s10534822(01)000432.].



   ,      ,      .   , ,        .       .     :         ,      [21 - Tenney, E. R., Logg, J. M., & Moore, D. A. (2015). (Too) optimistic about optimism: The belief that optimism improves performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108 (3), 377399. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000018.].    :     .      , ,                [22 - Warrenfeltz, R., & Kellett, T. (2015). Coaching the dark side of personality: High impact strategies to build a winning leadership reputation. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems, pp. 3031.].

        .        ,   .     ,      ,     [23 - Sommer, K. L., & Kulkarni, M. (2012). Does constructive performance feedback improve citizenship intentions and job satisfaction? The roles of perceived opportunities for advancement, respect, and mood. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23 (2), 177201. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.21132.].

   .          , ,   .        ,   ,     [24 - Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119 (2), 254284. doi: 10.1037/00332909.119.2.254.].


 6


 ܠ 

  :    ,      !    ,    ,    .

   ,   : ,     .    :          .    ,           ,       .

       ,  ,            ,  .     ,        .              .

  ,     , .   ,       ,     ,  .




   


 ,  ,       .      3.






 3.     



  ,    .

  ,       (  )   .          .     ,   ,     ,    .         ,     .        ,  -      .

          ? .




 


             .       .         ,         .          ,        .




 





 ܠ   

 ,       Prudential Financial, Inc.

          ,  Avon, A. P. Moller-Maersk.       Prudential.  2018      HR Executive Award   Academy of Management.



        .

       ,     .

   .     ,      ,    .  ,   .    ,     ,       .     .   ,   ,       頖    ,   .       .



     ?

    ,    ,    ,   .     ,     .      ,  .    .      -.   ,     .   ,     ,     :

1.      ?

2.          ?

       .         ,   .  ࠖ      .     :             ,      .



   ,         ?

         .

           .   ,   ,  .      2 + 2:        15        ,      ,    ,    .

   ,     .      :  ,  .      .    - :    .            .



       ?

   ,       .

    .            ,       .   ,         .  ,            .

     .          :   ,   . ,           ,          .   ,          .





 2

   



      ,    ,      [25 - Godin, S. (2010, February 04). What's expected vs. what's amazing. https://seths.blog/2010/02/whats-expected-vs-whats-amazing/ (https://seths.blog/2010/02/whats-expected-vs-whats-amazing/) (  5  2018 ).].

 

,      ,    ,      . ,               .    ,    :  (      )    . , ,       (,    ).

     ,  ,   ,   ,    .

     .        ,     ,    ,   .     ,   ,  ,      .




   ?  ʻ 


  ,   ?

.        .      ,    .

  .

?   .  ,   ,      .    .

?        .    ,       ,  ,    .

?       .      ,    .       ,   .



       ʻ :  ,     (.  4).         ,    .






 4.   ʻ 









   蠖     ,      .     ,   蠖   ,      .




 ( ,  )      [26 -      .                 0,50  0,60.          頖  0,30  0,40. .: Kuncel, N. R., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2010). Individual differences as predictors of work, educational, and broad life outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 49 (4), 331336. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.042.].           (IQ)   .      .




      .    ,  IQ        .

          ,         .         ,    .      䠖 ,     .    ,      .

,        ,     , ,     .        ,     .




     .  ,        ,    .



        [27 - Lasse, C. (2015). What is a competency? ATD. https://www.td.org/insights/what-is-a-competency (https://www.td.org/insights/what-is-a-competency) (  20  2018 ).].


     .

    (,        )   (,      ).        ,  .    : ,       - .

 - ,  ,   .        .        ,         (       6).

    ,        ,    1  .        .     .

 ,         .   ,   .      ,      ,      .      ,        .

    ,       ?   ,         ?  ,   ?   :     .


 ,    Ƞ  ?

   :      ?,      ,   .

 ,    .      .  ,     .   ,     ,           .       .  ,       ,    ,         ,      .

     ,          ,   .




 


   ,      ,    ,     .


   

    .  ,    .    .  ,   , ,     ,        [28 - McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60 (2), 175215. doi: 10.1111/j.14676494.1992.tb00970.x.].

       ?

       .   ,       ,  [29 -   . (2010)      ,   ,    0,20  0,40.    (2014),  ,           0,25. .: Kuncel, Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2010). Individual differences as predictors of work, educational, and broad life outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 49 (4), 331336; Schmitt, N. (2014). Personality and cognitive ability as predictors of effective performance at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1 (1), 4565. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413091255.].   ,       蠖   .   ,            ![30 -      ,          0,48. .: Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Illies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journey of Applied Psychology, 87 (4), 765780. doi: 10.1037//00219010.87.4.765.]

          ,  .    .         .  ,   ,       , .        ,      ,    .      .         ,        .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=51976417)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ,           Prudential     2018 .




2


       Gorbatov, S., & Lane, A. (2017). Fair talk: Moving beyond the conversation in search of increased and better feedback. Performance Improvement, 56 (10), 614. doi: 10.1002/pfi.21731.




3


 ,          Aon     2018 .




4


Bandiera, O., Larcinese, V., & Rasul, I. (2015). Blissful ignorance? A natural experiment on the effect of feedback on students' performance. Labour Economics, 34, 1325. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2015.02.002.




5


Gorbatov, S., & Lane, A. (2018). Is HR missing the point on performance feedback? MIT Sloan Management Review, 59 (4), 6571.




6


Moss, S. E., & Sanchez, J. I. (2004). Are your employees avoiding you? Managerial strategies for closing the feedback gap. Academy of Management Executive, 18 (1), 3244. doi: 10.5465/AME.2004.12691168.




7


Moss, S. E., Valenzi, E. R., & Taggart, W. (2003). Are you hiding from your boss? The development of a taxonomy and instrument to assess the feedback management behaviors of good and bad performers. Journal of Management, 29 (4), 487510. doi: 10.1016/S01492063_03_000229.




8


Anseel, F., Beatty, A. S., Shen, W., Lievens, F., & Sackett, P. R. (2015). How are we doing after 30 years? A meta-analytic review of the antecedents and outcomes of feedback-seeking behavior. Journal of Management, 41 (1), 318348. doi: 10.1177/0149206313484521.




9


Rasheed, A., Khan, S.-U.-R., Rasheed, M. F., & Munir, Y. (2015). The impact of feedback orientation and the effect of satisfaction with feedback on in-role job performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26 (1), 3151. doi: 10.1002/ hrdq.21202.




10


Kinicki, A. J., Prussia, G. E., Wu, B. (J.), & McKee-Ryan, F. M. (2004). A covariance structure analysis of employees' response to performance feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (6), 10571069. doi: 10.1037/00219010.89.6.1057.




11


Lam, C. F., DeRue, D. S., Karam, E. P., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2011). The impact of feedback frequency on learning and task performance: Challenging the "more is better" assumption. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116 (2), 217228. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.05.002.




12


Casas-Arce, P., Louren?o, S. M., & Mart?nez-Jerez, F. A. (2017). The performance effect of feedback frequency and detail: Evidence from a field experiment in customer satisfaction. Journal of Accounting Research, 55 (5), 10511088. doi: 10.1111/1475679X.12184.




13


 .




14


Lombardo, M. M., & Eichinger, R. W. (2012). Leadership machine (10th anniv. ed.). (n. p.): Lominger International, p. 127.




15


Audia, P. G., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2000). The paradox of success: An archival and a laboratory study of strategic persistence following radical environmental change. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (5), 837853. doi: 10.2307/1556413.




16


 . ,    .        . .: , 2019.




17


Sharma, R. [@RobinSharma]. (2013, September 20). Negative feedback can make us bitter or better. https://twitter.com/robinsharma/status/381087770761916416 (https://twitter.com/robinsharma/status/381087770761916416).




18


Van-Dijk, D., & Kluger, A. N. (2004). Feedback sign effect on motivation: Is it moderated by regulatory focus? Applied Psychology, 53 (1), 113135. doi: 10.1111/j.14640597.2004.00163.x.




19


 .




20


London, M., & Smither, J. W. (2002). Feedback orientation, feedback culture, and the longitudinal performance management process. Human Resource Management Review, 12 (1), 81100. doi: 10.1016/s10534822(01)000432.




21


Tenney, E. R., Logg, J. M., & Moore, D. A. (2015). (Too) optimistic about optimism: The belief that optimism improves performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108 (3), 377399. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000018.




22


Warrenfeltz, R., & Kellett, T. (2015). Coaching the dark side of personality: High impact strategies to build a winning leadership reputation. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems, pp. 3031.




23


Sommer, K. L., & Kulkarni, M. (2012). Does constructive performance feedback improve citizenship intentions and job satisfaction? The roles of perceived opportunities for advancement, respect, and mood. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23 (2), 177201. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.21132.




24


Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119 (2), 254284. doi: 10.1037/00332909.119.2.254.




25


Godin, S. (2010, February 04). What's expected vs. what's amazing. https://seths.blog/2010/02/whats-expected-vs-whats-amazing/ (https://seths.blog/2010/02/whats-expected-vs-whats-amazing/) (  5  2018 ).




26


     .                 0,50  0,60.          頖  0,30  0,40. .: Kuncel, N. R., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2010). Individual differences as predictors of work, educational, and broad life outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 49 (4), 331336. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.042.




27


Lasse, C. (2015). What is a competency? ATD. https://www.td.org/insights/what-is-a-competency (https://www.td.org/insights/what-is-a-competency) (  20  2018 ).




28


McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60 (2), 175215. doi: 10.1111/j.14676494.1992.tb00970.x.




29


  . (2010)      ,   ,    0,20  0,40.    (2014),  ,           0,25. .: Kuncel, Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2010). Individual differences as predictors of work, educational, and broad life outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 49 (4), 331336; Schmitt, N. (2014). Personality and cognitive ability as predictors of effective performance at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1 (1), 4565. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413091255.




30


     ,          0,48. .: Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Illies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journey of Applied Psychology, 87 (4), 765780. doi: 10.1037//00219010.87.4.765.


