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I

 ,   ,       1962 . ,      ,   [1 - H.L. A. Hart, Immorality and Treason, The Listener, July 30, 1959, p. 162.]       [2 - H. L. A. Hart, The Use and Abuse of the Criminal Law, Oxford Lawyer, 1961, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 712.],   ,              ,       1959 .        ( ).[3 - Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (London: Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1957).]           ,      ,   , ,      ,    ,     :        ,   ,    ,    .  ,   ,     ,    -      ,        ,      1959 .,              ,   1965 .      ,               ,     ,          ,       ,      .                      ,                    ,     .

     ,       ,       ,                  .     ,       ,     ,   ,  ,             ,      ,   ,     ,     .        ,             .  ,          ,     ,    (        ,     ),          .      ,           ,                .   , ,    ,   ,    ,     ,   prima facie       ,     ,   ,    ,  ,     ,   ,   ,  .  ,              [4 - H. L. A. Hart, Social Solidarity and the Enforcement of Morality, The University of Chicago Law Review, 1967, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 113.],                .   ,     ,       ,        ,        -  .


II

                ,            ,           .  ,  ,       ,              ,            ,       :            ,     .  ,         ,                  ,                   ,      ,  .

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III

, ,  ,          .   20        ,    .   ,        ,        ?        ?       ?               , ,    ,          . ,  , ,                38  ,  ,    ,       , ,       .

 ,      ,     , ,                      ,   ,   ,       ,         ,      ,  , ,         ,   ,      .



 1981 .


   

Brown, Donald G. Mill on Liberty and Morality, Philosophical Review, 1972, p. 133158.

Dworkin, Ronald . Lord Devlin and the Enforcement of Morals, Yale Law Journal, 1966, vol. 75, no. 6, p. 9861005;    Liberty and Moralism, in Dworkin, Ronald . Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 240258;  : ,     ,  , .    (: , 2004), . 326349.

Devlin, Lord. The Enforcement of Morals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961).

Dybikowski, J. . Lord Devlins Morality and its Enforcement, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 1966, vol. 75, no. 1, p. 89110.

Mitchell, asil. Law, Morality, and Religion in  Secular Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967).

Sartorius, Rolf . The Enforcement of Morality, Yale Law Journal, 1972, vol. 81, no. 5, . 891910.

Ten, . L. Crime and Immorality, Modern Law Review, 1969, vol. 32, no. 6, . 648.

. Paternalism and Morality, Ratio, 1971, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 191201.

. Enforcing a Shared Morality, Ethics, 1972, vol. 82, no 4, . 321329.

. Mill  Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980).




I





    


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        ,          ,    ;  ,  ,    ,       .       ,    ,    ,        ,         ,           ,    ,    . ,       : , -,      , ,  ,    ,     ,         ,     . ,      ,       .        Shaw v. Director of Public Prosecutions[9 - Shaw v. Director of Public Prosecutions (1961) 2 A.E.R. 446, (1962) A.C. 223.]    (  )    XVIII .  (   [10 -   (Star Chamber)   XVXVII .     ,         .           ,  . . .])  ,            .                 ,    ,   1774 .,         ,   :



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, ,        .         obiter dictum[14 -   ,     (.). . .].  ,              ,         .       ,       ,      ,    ,      .    ,    , ,  ,    ,  ,       , ,    ,      [15 - (1961) 2 A.E.R. 461, 466, (1962) A.C. 282.].  ,     -   ,         - ,  ,    .

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,         ,      custos morum,       ,       . -,  ,       ,   ,      ,             . -, ,   ,     ,          custos morum (     ).   ,     ,   , ,       ,      ,    ,   .         ,    ex post facto[19 - ,  (.). . .]   . ,         ,      ,       ,               [20 -   28  1935 .].  ,      ,  ,    ,     , [21 - Principles of the Civil Code, part I, ch. 17 (I [Bowring ed.] Works 326).]      ,           ,    ex post facto law[22 -           : Glanville Williams, Conspiring to Corrupt, The Listener, 24 August 1961, p. 275; Hall Williams, The Ladies Directory and Criminal Conspiracy: The Judge As Custos Morum, Modern Law Review, 1961, vol. 24, no. 5, p. 626631 (       ); D. Seaborne Davies, The House of Lords and the Criminal Law, Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law, 1961, vol. 6, p. 105 (     ).          . . : A. L. Goodhart, The Shaw Case: The Law and Public Morals, Law Quarterly Review 1961, vol. 77, p. 560568. (Ex post facto law  ,   . . .).].




  


       . ,   ,       ?         ,    ,                     .

               ,   1954 .   ,  ,   ,    .    [23 - Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offenses and Prostitution (CMD247) 1957.]   1957 .    ,    .    12  1  ,         ,   ,    ;   ,    ,        ,      ,   ,        ,            .     [24 - The Street Offenses Act 1959.],     ,   ,    ,     ,  ,     ,    [25 -                   ,  1967 . . .].

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             ,  ,    ,     ,        .     ,          ,   ,   ,      61   :       ,  ,    ,      .

 ,           .  1955 .              ,          ,   ,        .     (inter alia) ,    ,          ,       [26 - American Law Institute Model Penal Code, Tentative Draft No. 4, p. 277.],  ,           ,      ,     [27 - Ibid., p. 278.].       ,      .              1955 .,  ,          ,       35  24[28 -      Time, May 30, 1955, p. 13.].

 , , ,    -     ,       .            .              .           , , [29 - James Fitzjames Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, 2nd ed. (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1874).],            .     ,   ,        ,          , ,   ,         [30 - Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, p. 162.].   ,     ,  ,              ,      [31 - Patrick Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959).]        ,        ,        ,     ,          ,     .

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notes



1


H.L. A. Hart, Immorality and Treason, The Listener, July 30, 1959, p. 162.




2


H. L. A. Hart, The Use and Abuse of the Criminal Law, Oxford Lawyer, 1961, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 712.




3


Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (London: Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1957).




4


H. L. A. Hart, Social Solidarity and the Enforcement of Morality, The University of Chicago Law Review, 1967, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 113.




5


    . . .




6


Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1949), p. 374376, 407410.




7


John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1869), ch. I.




8


Ibid.




9


Shaw v. Director of Public Prosecutions (1961) 2 A.E.R. 446, (1962) A.C. 223.




10


  (Star Chamber)   XVXVII .     ,         .           ,  . . .




11


Jones v. Randall (1774). Lofft., p. 385. Contra bonos mores (et decorum)     (.). . .




12


  (.). . .




13


Shaw v. Director of Public Prosecutions (1961) 2 A.E.R. 452453. (1962), A.C. 268.




14


  ,     (.). . .




15


(1961) 2 A.E.R. 461, 466, (1962) A.C. 282.




16


The Obscene Publications Act 1959.




17


The Street Offences Act 1959.




18


Manchester Guardian, January 31, 1962;    Weisz v. Monahan (1962) 2 W.L.R. 262. . : R. v. Quinn (1961) 3 W.L.R. 611.




19


,  (.). . .




20


  28  1935 .




21


Principles of the Civil Code, part I, ch. 17 (I [Bowring ed.] Works 326).




22


          : Glanville Williams, Conspiring to Corrupt, The Listener, 24 August 1961, p. 275; Hall Williams, The Ladies Directory and Criminal Conspiracy: The Judge As Custos Morum, Modern Law Review, 1961, vol. 24, no. 5, p. 626631 (       ); D. Seaborne Davies, The House of Lords and the Criminal Law, Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law, 1961, vol. 6, p. 105 (     ).          . . : A. L. Goodhart, The Shaw Case: The Law and Public Morals, Law Quarterly Review 1961, vol. 77, p. 560568. (Ex post facto law  ,   . . .).




23


Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offenses and Prostitution (CMD247) 1957.




24


The Street Offenses Act 1959.




25


                  ,  1967 . . .




26


American Law Institute Model Penal Code, Tentative Draft No. 4, p. 277.




27


Ibid., p. 278.




28


     Time, May 30, 1955, p. 13.




29


James Fitzjames Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, 2nd ed. (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1874).




30


Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, p. 162.




31


Patrick Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959).




32


Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals, p. 1314.




33


Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals, p. 1415.




34


    ,    ,           ,   ,         . .: Graham Hughes, Morals and the Criminal Law, Yale Law Journal, 1962, vol. 71, no. 4, p. 672.     ,                 .




35


   (.). . .


