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  ,          ,  .       ,       ,        (special arbitration tribunals).       ,  .  ,    ,  ,      () .

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 1

 


         .     (),     ,        ()    (),     .  ,   ,   .

      (policy makers)          .         ,       :       ()      .  ,    500     ,       ,   1995 .   .

   ?  ,         .                        . ,     ,         .       (,   )         , ,   ,      .

     , , ,     ,        .      .            ,    [3 -   .: Shushanik Hakobyan and John McLaren, Looking for Local Labor-Market Effects of NAFTA, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 98(4), October 2016: 728741.     .: David H. Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson, The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade, Annual Review of Economics, vol. 8, October 2016: 205240.    ,                17  .   .                  - .].        ,       .      ,         ,      .                [4 -              ,            0,08%.      :      . (Lorenzo Caliendo and Fernando Parro, Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 82(1), 2015: 144.)     ,         0,08%      ,      .  ,     ,            .       ,       (,  ,    ).       .].

      ,        ,          .      -   ,   ,      .    ,   ,   ,     (,       ),     .       .    ,         (ground rules)[5 - Christina Starmans, Mark Sheskin, and Paul Bloom, Why People Prefer Unequal Societies, Nature: Human Behaviour, vol. 1, April 2017: 82.].

    2016 .       ,      .        ,            ,           .      ,      ,    񻠖           Vox.com[6 - Zack Beauchamp, If Youre Poor in Another Country, This Is the Scariest Thing Bernie Sanders Has Said, Vox, April 5, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/3/1/11139718/bernie-sanders-trade-global-poverty.].

  ,            ,          .      ,               .  [7 -      (. progressives)         .        (18901910? .),      1912 .  ,      1918 . (           .)      ,     . . .]    .

   ,     ,       . ,     (, ,   ),   :     ,     . ,    ,    (!)            [8 - Dani Rodrik, Growth Strategies, in Handbook of Economic Growth, P. Aghion and S. Durlauf, eds., vol. 1A, North-Holland, 2005: 9671014.]. ,       (  ),  [9 - Dani Rodrik, Mexicos Growth Problem, Project Syndicate, November 13, 2014, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/mexico-growth-problem-by-dani-rodrik?201411?barrier=accessreg.].

   ,     (   , , ),          .          ,       1980?  1990? .   .              (       ),          ,      .

       ,                   .          -   ,  ,      ,          ,   .

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 ,        [10 -              governance,           .      廠  (  )  -     global governance (     )  domestic governance (  ).    governance   ,   corporate governance      . . .] ,    ,   .             ,         [11 - Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, W. W. Norton, New York, 2011;  ,  :     .   , , 2014.].           ,       .

             ,            .        ()  :  .  ,    .      (  ,   )         .       ,       .

 ,          .     ,    ,   ,   ,   .   , ,   ,     ,            .  :          ,   .    ,   ,             (),         .   ,  ,  ,            ;         .

        .       ,     .   ,    .         [12 -         Dani Rodrik, How Far Will International Economic Integration Go? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 2000.           .].  ,      ,    ,       .       ,       .  ,            .

    .  ,            ,    ,       .

               ,       .           ,          .          ,         (      ).

     (  1930? .)   [13 -        (. victory for political extremism),        ,    ,     ,  ,     . ,   extremism  ,  ,         ,      .             extremist. . .]. ,         XIX .    .     ,              .

            ,    ,      (cultural reassertion).          ,     ,    .       ,        .         ,        .       (national assertion)  , ,      [14 - Jeffry A. Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Rise and Fall in the Twentieth Century, W. W. Norton, New York, 2007.].

 , ,        .                 .         ;     .

  :       (economic security),          (mainstream)  .           ,       -     ,     .

        .                  ,       2017 .  , , , ,           .      ,            .

      .         -    2017 .        .              ,       .

       .  , ,      ,     ,    . ,        .     ,        ,   :    ,  , ,      .

   1930? .,            ,      .        ,              .

           ,        ,         .        ,    .     ,   ,          .

             .   .         ,     :      ,     .         ,                   .


     

       .       ,      .                     .      ,          .        (emerging-markets)[15 -  emerging markets     -:  ,   . .        ,       .         (,   ),     . . .]     .

-,            ,      ,    ? -,      - ,       ?  ,         .

     ,           .   :           ,   ,          . ,   ,               .              .    c      ,     .

      .         ,     [16 - Dani Rodrik, Premature Deindustrialization, Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 21, 2015: 133.].     ,               ,        .     ,           ( ,    ).

    ,              .    , ,  ,       ,     ,             .   ,   ,        ,   , ,   ,           ()  . ,       ,      .            ,       .

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        ,        .  ,        .   .   ,       ,   1930? ..

   ,                     .      36  ,  1981 .[17 - Carl J. Green, The New Protectionism, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, vol. 3, 1981: 1.]

      .      ,     ,         .                 .       .

          .  ,   ,    1990?  2000? .       ,     - ,    .      ( ,   ).

 ,   1980? .      .        ,    ,     .           ()   (ad hoc).           ,     [18 - John Gerard Ruggie, International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order, International Organization, vol. 36(2), Spring 1982: 379415.].

      ,     : ! .              , , ,  . ,      ,           .

         ?    (  )  ,           .        (     )[19 - IMF Sees Subdued Global Growth, Warns Economic Stagnation Could Fuel Protectionist Calls, IMF News, October 4, 2016, http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/10/03/AM2016-NA100416-WEO.].

  , ,   ,       .  , , -   ,  ,    ,  .  globaltradealert.org              .       ,         .   ,        ,     .

    ,              ,       1980? .   .                  -,     ,         ,    .  , ,  .

   1980? .   ,             ,         .  ,          - .           .          .

            ,    (illiberal)  [20 -  (. nativism)       (   ). . .],    , ,  .   ,          (vision) ,         .

             (   ,   ).     -       .     ,   [. .]       .

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     .         ,        ,        ,         .


 

       ,     ,    .   ,      ,          ,    .      ,           -    ,    ,      .

   .      ,    ? -        ,      ,  ,     ?        ?     ?     ?    ?  ,   ,  ?        (responsibilities)?

       ,           .     ,         ,            .       ,          (        )  .      ,   ,  ,   ,    .                    .

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 2

  


  2016 .      ,      .      ,  ,      (citizen of nowhere).

             .       ,    ,   ,  ,       ,   .        .                   1933 .[21 - John Rentoul, Theresa Mays conference speech: What she said and what she really meant, The Independent, October 5, 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/theresa-may-conference-speech-what-she-said-what-she-meant-john-rentoul-a7346456. html; Roger Cohen, Theresa Mays Global Britain Is Baloney, New York Times, January 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/opinion/theresa-mays-global-britain-is-baloney.html?_r=0; Bagehot, Mays revolutionary conservatism, Economist, October 8, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21708223-britains-new-prime-minister-signals-new-illiberal-direction-country; Philip Murphy, Theresa Mays rejection of Enlightenment values, Letters Section, The Guardian, October 9, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/09/theresa-may-rejection-of-enlightenment-values.]

 ,    .      .     ,   ,   .      ,         .    ,    ,   ,   .          .     ,          .   ,    ,    ,         .

      .      ,      ,   ( ,    )        .

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      ,     XXI .          ,     ,     .                ?      1934 .    ,     :            ,     [22 - Leon Trotsky, Nationalism and Economic Life, Foreign Affairs, vol. 12, 1933: 395;  ,   , :  . . . . 7.].          .          .

         ,           (irrelevant)     , ,  ,  .    :



  ,     ,    ,    , ,     (nationalistic).         ,  , ,        .        ,      ,      -  ,        (   )[23 - Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalization, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2002, p. 12.].


     :



         (    )    ?  ,      ,    ,  ,      [24 - Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2009, p. 143;  ,  .   ,   , , 2016, . 204.].


           ,        ,          .

 ,      ,       ,       .       ,     ,    ,        ,    ,   .   ,   ,           (jurisdictional discontinuities)      .  ,             .          ,      .          .        ,        170% (  )    ,     [25 - James A. Anderson and Eric van Wincoop, Trade Costs, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 42, 2004: 691751.].

         .    ( ),        ,       ,      . ,                           .    ,                  .          ,        .


   

    .    ,    (world order),    ,    -  1966 .[26 - Stanley Hoffman, Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe, Daedalus, vol. 95(3), 1966: 862915.]  廠    1971 .     [27 - Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of US Enterprises, Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 13(4), 1971: 13.].       ,         .       (   )    (  )      ,   ,    .

      .           ,   (locus) ,   ,     (repository)    .   .

 ,         ,        ,   :          ?              5%             .  ,   ,    5%       ,       5%    .   ,    , ,        .

     .    ,     ,         [28 - Dani Rodrik, Is Global Equality the Enemy of National Equality? HKS Working Paper, January 2017.].  ,     ,   ,    BMW    ,     ,    .   ,   5%  ,     .         ,        .

        :        ,  (  )  ,           .  ,    ,     ,         ,     [29 - Fran?ois Bourguignon and Christian Morrisson, Inequality Among World Citizens: 18201992, American Economic Review, vol. 92, 2002: 727744.].    ,    .

-,    .  ,    ,               ,   ,      . , ,    .     ,      .              ,    .

     ,      (World Values Survey),    80 .   75  (http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/).     ,    ,    .     ,    ,           [, ].      ,    ,           .                        [30 -   ,   .                 .        . 2.1  2.2,      . . .]].  ,             .     2004 2008 .,                  ,   .

  2.1      ,     , ,   .       ,     ,    ,     .     ,      ,     ,          .      .            ,  ,      [    . .],          .

     ,         .   ,   . 2.1,        ,     ,          .






. 2.1.  ,    (      )

   ,           [, ]      ,             .

: D. Rodrik, Who Needs the Nation State? Economic Geography, 89(1), January 2013: 119.



 ,     2008 .   .      ( )    :  18%  29%     12%  22%   (   :  20102014  20042008 .).

 ,         .  ,  ,  ,               .   . 2.2,        .     ,     ,     .     (,   25 ),                    .






. 2.2.  - 

   ,           [, ]      ,             .

: D. Rodrik, Who Needs the Nation State? Economic Geography, 89(1), January 2013: 119.



,                    2008 .       ,    .     ,  ,  -        .           ,   (in life)   ,    (in death)  .

          .      ( ),   ,      (   ), ,    .            ,    ,     ,    .


     

  ,       ,    .   ,       ,       [31 -       ,     .      ,            . . .]     [32 - Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD9901992, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1992;  , ,    . 9901992 .  , , 2009; Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1983;  -,   . , , 1991; Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, Viking, New York, 2011; Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 4th ed., Blackwell, New York, 1993;  , . , -, 2010; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised ed., Verso, London, 2006;  ,  :      .  , , 2001.].           .           ,           .          .

    ,     ,         - ?          ?  ,      ,              ,   ,   ?

   .        (nationalism).           ,  .  ,        .         ,   .  ,      , :   ?  ,         [33 - . : Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 7; , , . 25.   : - ,    ?,   :    . , -, 2003, 160.].      ,   ,            .

           ,      ,    .   ,      ,   .    ,    ,       .  ,    ,          ,       ,      (scope) .         .     (market-supporting rules)      .          .  ,         .             .






. 2.3.    : D. Rodrik, Who Needs the Nation State? Economic Geography, 89(1), January 2013: 119.



,  ,         .     ,        .          ,   .

      (counterpoint)   ,    . 2.3.     ,       ,               . ,   ,       (  ),        .

    (    . 2.3)    ,      ,        .         (institutional nonuniqueness),         .      .   ,   ,     .          (    ),           .


   

    ,        , ,   . ,        ,    ,   .     ,     ,     ,         . .        ,       ,  , -  - ,    .

          .              ,      .  ,    - ,        1970? .,   ,   (  ,     )    (policy space),              .     ,    ,       .            .                ,          ,        [ . .].

              - ,  -         .           ,       .    ,    [34 - John Agnew, Putting Politics into Economic Geography, in The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Economic Geography, T. J. Barnes, J. Peck, and E. Sheppard, eds., Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA, 2012.]  - ,       .          ,        [ . .],   .

     , ,  ,      .                 .      ,     1920? .,       .      ,     1930? .,       .

  1980? .             .      ,    [35 - Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, W. W. Norton, New York, 2011;  ,  :     .   , , 2014.],     ,      .          .      ,  ,   ,    ,        ,       .        ,   ,          .     :       ,      .

      ,         .       .                   .        ,      .     ,        .

,    ,   .                       .  ,     ,     (  ,  ,      - ),         .        ,     ,       .

         ,         . ,                , ,  ,          .         ,                  .  ,      - ,     .


  :     ?

    ,     -          ,   .   ,         :     ( )        .         .

       .         ,        .       ,   ,       [36 - Anne Marie Slaughter, A New World Order, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2004.].        (private governance),        [37 - John Ruggie, Reconstituting the Global Public Domain  Issues, Actors, and Practices, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 10, 2004: 499531; Frederick Mayer and Gary Gereffi, Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance, Business and Politics, vol. 12(3), 2010: 125.].        ,      ,           (public reasons)[38 - Joshua Cohen and Charles F. Sabel, Global Democracy? International Law and Politics, vol. 37, 2005: 779.].          .

  ,         .       ,        ,          .     .      : 1)        ; 2)         ; 3)         ; 4)        .


     

    ,       (   ).  , ,    .    ,    ,   .   ,        ,  ,       .  ,         .

            .  ,              .        ,   ,       .  ,            ,     ,       . , , ,  ,    .      .

      ,          .          ,   -,           ,       .   ,           (),     (best practices),     .

     ,         ,      . ,                    ,           .       ,   ,         .                    ,          [39 - Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2001.]. ,  ,     ,    .

       (malleability)  .    ,   ,    ,      ,    [40 - Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, New York, 1998.].          ,   ,         ,     .   ,     (best-practice)  , .

  ,     (institutional arrangements)     .    ,      :    (societies),           ,    ,     .                 .   ,   (      ),          ,               .   ,          ,        [41 - Richard Freeman, Labor Market Institutions Around the World, Discussion Paper No. 844, London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, London, January 2008.].

         .   ,   -              (endowments).   ,  ,  ,       :         .  -         .  ,    ,  ,  -  - . (   ,     ,  ,  ,    .)

 ,     (ex ante)   ,   .         ,      .


  

  ,            [42 - Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 46;  , , 56.].       .      ,                 ,    .      ,         ,    ,   ,    -        .            .

,      .      .         [43 -     ,   ,     . . .]?     ?      ,   ,     ?        ?        ?             ?        ?        ?     - ?  . .

             .        (   ),        .         , ,  ,           .   ,     .  ,   ,            ,         ,  , ,      , , ,     ,     .   ,        ,       ,           .

        .    1998 .,       , ,    ,      ,         (). ,              . ,         ,      ,     .      ,        ,         . (    2006 .,               (),        .)

      ,     -   .  ,     ,       ,     (precautionary principle),        .       .       :     ,         ?  ,     :    ,      ?            .            ,         .

  () ,             .       (politics),       .  ,         .  ( )    ,  (  )   .

   ,  ,   ,     .       ,      (,     ),      [44 - Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1962;  ,     .   , , 2015.].     .           . ,     ,    .

,           .       1960?  1970? .    ,       ,         .     ,   -     ,   ,        ,    . , ,         ,           .     ,      ,                .              ,         .

       ,        ,      .              (,   ,    ),   [45 - Alberto Alesina and Enrico Spolaore, The Size of Nations, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.].    ,    ,      .   ,   ,    ,  ,         .         .   ,   ,          []    .

       ,          (    )       .     ,      .       ,       ,      ,  ( ,   )       .


 :  

    ,    .       ,   . ,  ,           ,  ,         .    ,    ,      :        .  ,       ,     .      ,           .   ,     ,      ,       ,   ,  .

       ,    .       ,       ,  , , ,          .       , ,    . .,     ,              .  , ,  .  ,       ,          (biases).  ,  ,  ,          .

     ,          ,    ,         (localization effects),        ,    () .         -    ,  ,          [46 - Anne-Clia Disdier and Keith Head, The Puzzling Persistence of the Distance Effect on Bilateral Trade, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 90(1), 2008: 3748.].   [47 -   (stylized fact)      . . .]    :           .       1,0,      10%   10-  .    .  ,          ,      . (    .)

    -,  1467      103 ,       ,    :      ,    XIX .  , ,   1960? .,       (. . 2.4).  , , ,   ,       .    ,  ,     ,    ( )     1,7  1,9  1985  1989 .,    2001  2005 .,        .    ,          (        ),           40% [48 - Matias Berthelon and Caroline Freund, On the Conservation of Distance in International Trade, Journal of International Economics, vol. 75(2), July 2008: 311.].






. 2.4.    (??)    

: Disdier, A.-C., and Head, K. 2008. Th e Puzzling Persistence of the Distance E? ect on Bilateral Trade, Th e Review of Economics and Statistics 90(1): 3748.



    ,      [49 -   (    Keith Hampton, Netville: Community on and Offline in a Wired Suburb, in The Cybercities Reader, S. Graham Routledge, ed., London, 2004: 256262)    : Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, W. W. Norton, New York, 2011;  ,  :     .   , , 2014.].   1990? .             .                 -.   ( )     , ,   (online jukebox),   ,         .           .       :            ,     ,            .   ,  , ,           ,    .

    .           .         ,          .         :         .     ,      ,    ,          .               .                        .  ,    , ,      .  , ,  ,         ,      .

   ,   .         :         ,   [  . .]  , ,    . .[50 - Bernardo S. Blum and Avi Goldfarb, Does the Internet Defy the Law of Gravity? Journal of International Economics, vol. 70(2), 2006: 384405.].    ,   ,   , 10-          33%:      (  ),     .

       ,          .  New York Times  ,  Apple   iPhone  ,        .         ,           Foxconn City,   Apple   ,     [51 - Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher, How the U. S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, New York Times, January 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.].

  ,            ,   ,      .                    (    ).          ,   .    (,   ,  -)  ,    .      , ,  ,           ,  .

 ,    ,      .   ,         ,     .     .    :  ,   ,   ,  ,             [52 - Edward Leamer, A Flat World, a Level Playing Field, a Small World After All, or None of the Above? A Review of Thomas L. Friedmans The World is Flat, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 45(1), 2007: 83126.].   ,  ,       .       (relationship-specific investments),    .   iPhone      ,           (lock-in effects),   Apple  - .

       .   ,              .         ,   .   ,                          .       ,    ,  -    .    ,      [53 - Kevin Morgan, The Exaggerated Death of Geography: Learning, Proximity, and Territorial Innovation Systems, Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 4, 2004: 321.].

,       ,      .    ,        .


  

,   ,   ,    ,   ,      .    ,       . ,       ,        (societys rules).              .     ,     -  800300 .  . .      ,  ,   ,     [54 - Josiah Ober, Wealthy Hellas, Presidential Address, Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 140, 2010: 241286.].

     .      XIX .      .        ,        [55 - Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 47;  , , 57.].   ,              .            .       ,           .     .            ,   ,      [56 - Kelvin Lancaster, Consumer Demand: A New Approach, Columbia University Press, New York, 1971; Avinash K. Dixit and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity, American Economic Review, vol. 27, 1977: 217238.].  ,    ,   ,     ,    .

    ,        .      ,              -       . -,        .      , ,     :       . ,          .               ,           .  , ,              ;        ;        ,  , ,     .       .

 ,        ,  .           1980? .    (corporate taxes)   .          :        0,7 . .  ,            1 . .[57 - Michael P. Devereux, Ben Lockwood, and Michela Redoano, Do Countries Compete Over Corporate Tax Rates? Journal of Public Economics, vol. 92(5), June 2008: 12101235.     . : S. M. Ali Abbas and Alexander Klemm, with Sukhmani Bedi and Junhyung Park, A Partial Race to the Bottom: Corporate Tax Developments in Emerging and Developing Economies, IMF Working Paper WP/12/28, Washington, DC, January 2012.].   ,         ,      .    ,             ,        (capital taxes) . ,            .

  ,        ,              .     (  ),   ,     . ,     ,     .       ,  , ,             .  ,        ,              .    ,             (    ).        [   . .],        .


   ?

        .     ?       (citizen)     (subject)   (national)    . ,      (polity)    .     ,     .

    ,        .   .             ,  .   ,    ,     .   ,     ,   .                 .

 .        ?

                   .                .                 .

       .     ,       .  ,      .        (citizens everywhere),       .

,             .    () ,     .     ,     (   ).     ,       ,       .

  ,          ,   ?[58 - Dani Rodrik, Is Global Equality the Enemy of National Equality? HKS Working Paper, January 2017.]           ,   ?

         ,       . ,    ,   (,    )    .       (  ,  ,  , -  - ) ,       ,        .    ,       ,         ,   ,        ,  ,        .

,   (, )        .        ,    .           ,     ,     ,    .

      (,  ,  )        .     ,    -  (,     ).

        , ,    ,     .        ,       ,            [59 - Mrs. May, We Are All Citizens of the World, Says Philosopher, BBC News, October 29, 2016.].   .

 -   ,       ,  ,        ,       .      ,              .

     ,   (    ),    ,   .             -   , ,   (   ).


   ?

     :  ,         ;  ,    (scope)       .     .   (,     )    ,    .

           .    ,    .    ,       .            .         ,      .

   ?  .




 3

  


   .        ,             . ,         .

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    ?

 , , ,     ,             .          (,        , ,   )     ,     (  ).    [60 -        moral hazard,             .         ,    .        :  ,  ,  ,   . . . .]   ,   ,  - ,           .

         (economic governance)       .         ,       .        ,     .

    ,          ,       . ,                .    . -            .        -       .

      ,  ,   ,     .   ,         .                ,    , .         .           ,    .

        ,        .        .           .                 .   (     )          .        ,      ,  ,         .       ,       . ,        ,         .

  (   ,   ,          )      .


   

       .      -           .

  (, ,   )     .  ,    , -,           (chattering classes)     ,       ,  .

       ,           .          ,   .       ,       ,   ,     ,      ,    ,    ,     ,      . .      .  ,          ,     .

            ,   ,       .      ,    , ,    .

,           ,   . ,     ,   ,      ,       .               .

      [61 -  2010  2012 .    ,             . ,   ,  ,   ,       . . .] ,   - ,  ,     (     ,      [62 - Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh, Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers, IMF Working Paper, January 2013.]).  ,  ,                 .

,    ,     .   (   )        (,  ,    );       ;   ;   (rollback of pensions);     ,   ,  , .    ,  ,  ( ),                [63 - Olivier Blanchard, Greece: Past Critiques and the Path Forward, IMF Blog, July 9, 2015, https://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2015/07/09/greece-past-critiques-and-the-path-forward/.].      ,               .


 

   , , - .       ( )     ,  ,   1980? .     ,     ,         , ,      .   1990? .      ,      .        (   ),       1990? .

     ,   ,   1980? . ( ,   ,   , )        ,    .

    ,           (  ).      .   [64 -         ,  . . .] 46   ,        ,  ,       .   (modal estimate)     ,  ,    ,       [65 - Jan Babeck? and Nauro F. Campos, Does Reform Work? An Econometric Survey of the Reform-Growth Puzzle, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 39(2), 2011: 140158.         .: Pasquale Marco Marrazzo and Alessio Terzi, Wide-Reaching Structural Reforms and Growth: A Cross-Country Synthetic Control Approach, unpublished paper, Harvard, CID, April 2017.].

  , ,      ( ),      (  ).

       ,        .    (),          ,            .            .

               .        (   ,    ).    ,       .        . ,   -,        ,     .

   ,  ,          .    ,        2%  [66 - Steven N. Durlauf, Paul A. Johnson, and Jonathan R. W. Temple, Growth Econometrics, Working Paper no. 61, Vassar College Economics, October 2004, https://economics.vassar.edu/docs/working-papers/VCEWP61.pdf.].                 2%  .

      ,      .     ,            .         () ,    ,      .              1,3%   (   3  ).     , ,   2009 .      25%.

,          ,     ,      .     (    )            . ,     ,   .          ?  -  ,   2010  2015 .     40       ,   [67 - Zsolt Darvars, Is Greece Destined to Grow? Bruegel, June 15, 2015, http://bruegel.org/2015/06/is-greece-destined-to-grow/.].        (),     .           :      ,   ,   (  )     .


 ?

    .            .        ,     ?         ,    ?

   ,        .         ,     (growth accelerations)[68 - Ricardo Hausmann, Lant Pritchett, and Dani Rodrik, Growth Accelerations, Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 10(4), 2005: 303329.].              2 . . (         ).   ,       ,  , 8 ,       (   )   ,  , 3,5%  .  ,    ,         ,  ,           .

   ,      .     80   35- ,  1957  1992 . ,  ,         -     ,  25%.  110 ,   ,  ,  ,     19571992 .

   ,  ,   , ,   ,    ,   .  ,          .  15%        ,    16%       .

            (,            )   ,       (,    ).        .      ,          .

      1980? ., ,   .        ( 1,7%  1950 1980 .  3,8%  19802000 .,       19811982 .).           1991 .,       ,          ,     [69 -      license raj.     ,     ,            19471990 . . .].  ,       1991 .   .

    ,                    1980 .[70 -          : Arvind Subramanian and Dani Rodrik, From Hindu Growth to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition, IMF Staff Papers, vol. 52(2), 2005.        .]                .     1980 .   ,             .      :    .

,     ,    .      ,      .        1984 .           . ,     ,  ,      (animal spirits)[71 -         .  ,     .    :  ,   . . .]   .

    ,       (distortions)      [72 -      (   . .),    ,   ,    . ,    (  ,      . .)  ,   ,  -. . .].      1978 .    .           .     ,              (    )    . ,         , ,         30 ,      .

  ,           XX .      1971 .,   , ,   -  (export processing zone)   ,           ,         [  . .].

    ?               ,        . ,           ,      [73 -            .       . (,        .)  . .]   .      ,      ,   .             ,   .


 ,  

  2005 .  ,                    (settings)[74 - Ricardo Hausmann, Dani Rodrik, and Andrs Velasco, Growth Diagnostics, in The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance, J. E. Stiglitz and N. Serra, eds., Oxford University Press, New York, 2008.]. , ,          ,     (  ,          . .),  ,         (  ,      . .).   ,  ,  ,    ,           ,      ,     .

     ,               ,    .            ,      .        ,   ,    .                       ,    .

  .                ?                      .   ,     ,     ,            ,     .              ,       .          :      .            ,             .

      ,        -   ,       .  ,         ,        .      .           .

 ,         .    ,  ,           ,         [75 - Theodore Pelagidis, Why Internal Devaluation is Not Leading to Export-Led Growth in Greece, Brookings Online, September 12, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2014/09/12-internal-devaluation-export-growth-greece-pelagidis.].   (prioritized)         .

          .           :          .        ( )    ,      ,         .

 ,     ,   -,         ( ,   )   .      (authority)    ,    ,         ,   .  ,           (zoning regulation) ,             .   ,        .

        .  ,                 .      ,         .  ( )         ,       .   ,           1960? .

    ,            1980? .                 .   ,          ,    .   ,      ,     .             .


 ,  

           .          (big bang)         .        ,   , ,   ,     .   ()          .   ,      .       ,    ,         .

  1990? .   .                  ,           .

        ,        .           1980?  1990? .

  (   )   .  ,   ,  ,           ( ).         ,             .

   ,          ,     .   ,            (          ).   ,  ,     . ,    ,      ,       .

   .  ,      . ,       .      ,    ,    .  ,         (    )    ,       .

   , ,       ,        .       ,    ,    ,    .                    -,   .


     

             .   ,          -   ,    ,         . ,       , ,   ,            .  ,            .   ,             .    :        .

     ,  ,       (    ,   ).                  (    ).  ,        ,    .

          .   ,    ,    -  - .      ,    (legitimacy)      () .       ,    , -,      ,        .       ,     ,      .  , ,  ,    ,           ,              . , ,   ,      .   ,    ,                   ,    .

 -        ,         (    ).   ,   (    )     ,       .

                -   .       ,         . ,   ,            .   ,      ,        .

         .        (  )       ,    .     ,         ,          .      ,     .      ,             ,      .

            ,   .      ?        ?           ,     .


,    

   ,    ,   ,           ,    .             .     ,    (     ,   ,  ).     ,       :     ,     .      ,    ,          .     ,        .       ,        ,       ,      .       .

    .     : ,        (        )    .  -       :      -     .

         ,  ,       ,   .                   ,      ,     .   ,   ,     .     ,     , ,  ,      (,  , , ,    . .),         .    ,         .

     ?                      ,    ?         .     ,       ,       .           ,   .       ,  ,   ,    ,    (  ) - .     ,  ,   .         (       ),        .

     ,     ( ,    ),    . ,       ,      .           .       ,          .  ,      ,  ,   ,         .


  

   ,     (    , ,    ),    .           ,   .                         ,       /   .     .

 ,      -  :      ,    .       .       .      ,          .         ,        .                 .      -        -  -         .

,          ,    ,     ,     (extremity)  .            .  ,   ,  ,     ,      ,   - .

    ,           .


    

        ,       .      2012 .      [76 -    2012 .     (25  27 ).         ,   . . . .],        ,      . - , - , ,           .       .

      ,      ,                  -.  ,  ,     ,  ,       .

            .           ,   .     ,        ,        ,      [    ]        .

   (2015 .)   ,                   ,           .        ,       :     .

            -      .  ,    ,    (  )      .  ,        :   , ,              .

        (,  ),    .        .       ,   .  ,         :    .         ?

,            ,      . , ,           .    ,     ,     . ,    :      ,              .

 ,              ,     ,    . (   ,    ,      , ,   .)      컠     .      .

     ,      .             .  ,             ,    .      ,      .

       .   (     )     ,         .       : -  .               ,  ,      .  , ,    .

,    ,                   1931 .     1925 .      ,      ,           .  ,  ,   ,  ,       - .     20%,        ,     .  ,    1931 .        .

    ,            .    ,       :     ,            ,        ,      .      (instincts),        ,               .

  ,    .            ,    .                   ,       .

       1990? .      1991 .    ,          1: 1     .             (),     .    ,    .          .

         1999 .      .         ,   ,            .

          ,          .  ,                  , ,     ,      .       ,   ,         ,      .        .   2002 .     ,    .

   .  ,     ,   15   .      2004 .               .        ,       . ,            2008 .      .         ,    20%,    2009 .   18%.   2009 .         .

   ,           .        2005 .           ,          .

       ? ,    ,    :    黠             ,      .  ,   ,     ,        .

   ,         ,    -     .          ,      .       .


  ?

              2017 .      ,            .         ,     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/deni-rodrik-23119987/otkrovennyy-razgovor-o-torgovle-idei-dlya-razumnoy-mi/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


     ,              .                   . . .




2


          . . .




3


  .: Shushanik Hakobyan and John McLaren, Looking for Local Labor-Market Effects of NAFTA, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 98(4), October 2016: 728741.     .: David H. Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson, The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade, Annual Review of Economics, vol. 8, October 2016: 205240.    ,                17  .   .                  - .




4


             ,            0,08%.      :      . (Lorenzo Caliendo and Fernando Parro, Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 82(1), 2015: 144.)     ,         0,08%      ,      .  ,     ,            .       ,       (,  ,    ).       .




5


Christina Starmans, Mark Sheskin, and Paul Bloom, Why People Prefer Unequal Societies, Nature: Human Behaviour, vol. 1, April 2017: 82.




6


Zack Beauchamp, If Youre Poor in Another Country, This Is the Scariest Thing Bernie Sanders Has Said, Vox, April 5, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/3/1/11139718/bernie-sanders-trade-global-poverty.




7


     (. progressives)         .        (18901910? .),      1912 .  ,      1918 . (           .)      ,     . . .




8


Dani Rodrik, Growth Strategies, in Handbook of Economic Growth, P. Aghion and S. Durlauf, eds., vol. 1A, North-Holland, 2005: 9671014.




9


Dani Rodrik, Mexicos Growth Problem, Project Syndicate, November 13, 2014, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/mexico-growth-problem-by-dani-rodrik?201411?barrier=accessreg.




10


             governance,           .      廠  (  )  -     global governance (     )  domestic governance (  ).    governance   ,   corporate governance      . . .




11


Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, W. W. Norton, New York, 2011;  ,  :     .   , , 2014.




12


        Dani Rodrik, How Far Will International Economic Integration Go? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 2000.           .




13


       (. victory for political extremism),        ,    ,     ,  ,     . ,   extremism  ,  ,         ,      .             extremist. . .




14


Jeffry A. Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Rise and Fall in the Twentieth Century, W. W. Norton, New York, 2007.




15


 emerging markets     -:  ,   . .        ,       .         (,   ),     . . .




16


Dani Rodrik, Premature Deindustrialization, Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 21, 2015: 133.




17


Carl J. Green, The New Protectionism, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, vol. 3, 1981: 1.




18


John Gerard Ruggie, International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order, International Organization, vol. 36(2), Spring 1982: 379415.




19


IMF Sees Subdued Global Growth, Warns Economic Stagnation Could Fuel Protectionist Calls, IMF News, October 4, 2016, http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/10/03/AM2016-NA100416-WEO.




20


 (. nativism)       (   ). . .




21


John Rentoul, Theresa Mays conference speech: What she said and what she really meant, The Independent, October 5, 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/theresa-may-conference-speech-what-she-said-what-she-meant-john-rentoul-a7346456. html; Roger Cohen, Theresa Mays Global Britain Is Baloney, New York Times, January 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/opinion/theresa-mays-global-britain-is-baloney.html?_r=0; Bagehot, Mays revolutionary conservatism, Economist, October 8, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21708223-britains-new-prime-minister-signals-new-illiberal-direction-country; Philip Murphy, Theresa Mays rejection of Enlightenment values, Letters Section, The Guardian, October 9, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/09/theresa-may-rejection-of-enlightenment-values.




22


Leon Trotsky, Nationalism and Economic Life, Foreign Affairs, vol. 12, 1933: 395;  ,   , :  . . . . 7.




23


Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalization, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2002, p. 12.




24


Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2009, p. 143;  ,  .   ,   , , 2016, . 204.




25


James A. Anderson and Eric van Wincoop, Trade Costs, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 42, 2004: 691751.




26


Stanley Hoffman, Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe, Daedalus, vol. 95(3), 1966: 862915.




27


Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of US Enterprises, Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 13(4), 1971: 13.




28


Dani Rodrik, Is Global Equality the Enemy of National Equality? HKS Working Paper, January 2017.




29


Fran?ois Bourguignon and Christian Morrisson, Inequality Among World Citizens: 18201992, American Economic Review, vol. 92, 2002: 727744.




30


  ,   .                 .        . 2.1  2.2,      . . .]




31


      ,     .      ,            . . .




32


Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD9901992, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1992;  , ,    . 9901992 .  , , 2009; Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1983;  -,   . , , 1991; Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, Viking, New York, 2011; Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 4th ed., Blackwell, New York, 1993;  , . , -, 2010; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised ed., Verso, London, 2006;  ,  :      .  , , 2001.




33


. : Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 7; , , . 25.   : - ,    ?,   :    . , -, 2003, 160.




34


John Agnew, Putting Politics into Economic Geography, in The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Economic Geography, T. J. Barnes, J. Peck, and E. Sheppard, eds., Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA, 2012.




35


Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, W. W. Norton, New York, 2011;  ,  :     .   , , 2014.




36


Anne Marie Slaughter, A New World Order, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2004.




37


John Ruggie, Reconstituting the Global Public Domain  Issues, Actors, and Practices, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 10, 2004: 499531; Frederick Mayer and Gary Gereffi, Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance, Business and Politics, vol. 12(3), 2010: 125.




38


Joshua Cohen and Charles F. Sabel, Global Democracy? International Law and Politics, vol. 37, 2005: 779.




39


Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2001.




40


Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, New York, 1998.




41


Richard Freeman, Labor Market Institutions Around the World, Discussion Paper No. 844, London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, London, January 2008.




42


Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 46;  , , 56.




43


    ,   ,     . . .




44


Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1962;  ,     .   , , 2015.




45


Alberto Alesina and Enrico Spolaore, The Size of Nations, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.




46


Anne-Clia Disdier and Keith Head, The Puzzling Persistence of the Distance Effect on Bilateral Trade, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 90(1), 2008: 3748.




47


  (stylized fact)      . . .




48


Matias Berthelon and Caroline Freund, On the Conservation of Distance in International Trade, Journal of International Economics, vol. 75(2), July 2008: 311.




49


  (    Keith Hampton, Netville: Community on and Offline in a Wired Suburb, in The Cybercities Reader, S. Graham Routledge, ed., London, 2004: 256262)    : Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, W. W. Norton, New York, 2011;  ,  :     .   , , 2014.




50


Bernardo S. Blum and Avi Goldfarb, Does the Internet Defy the Law of Gravity? Journal of International Economics, vol. 70(2), 2006: 384405.




51


Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher, How the U. S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, New York Times, January 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.




52


Edward Leamer, A Flat World, a Level Playing Field, a Small World After All, or None of the Above? A Review of Thomas L. Friedmans The World is Flat, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 45(1), 2007: 83126.




53


Kevin Morgan, The Exaggerated Death of Geography: Learning, Proximity, and Territorial Innovation Systems, Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 4, 2004: 321.




54


Josiah Ober, Wealthy Hellas, Presidential Address, Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 140, 2010: 241286.




55


Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 47;  , , 57.




56


Kelvin Lancaster, Consumer Demand: A New Approach, Columbia University Press, New York, 1971; Avinash K. Dixit and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity, American Economic Review, vol. 27, 1977: 217238.




57


Michael P. Devereux, Ben Lockwood, and Michela Redoano, Do Countries Compete Over Corporate Tax Rates? Journal of Public Economics, vol. 92(5), June 2008: 12101235.     . : S. M. Ali Abbas and Alexander Klemm, with Sukhmani Bedi and Junhyung Park, A Partial Race to the Bottom: Corporate Tax Developments in Emerging and Developing Economies, IMF Working Paper WP/12/28, Washington, DC, January 2012.




58


Dani Rodrik, Is Global Equality the Enemy of National Equality? HKS Working Paper, January 2017.




59


Mrs. May, We Are All Citizens of the World, Says Philosopher, BBC News, October 29, 2016.




60


       moral hazard,             .         ,    .        :  ,  ,  ,   . . . .




61


 2010  2012 .    ,             . ,   ,  ,   ,       . . .




62


Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh, Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers, IMF Working Paper, January 2013.




63


Olivier Blanchard, Greece: Past Critiques and the Path Forward, IMF Blog, July 9, 2015, https://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2015/07/09/greece-past-critiques-and-the-path-forward/.




64


        ,  . . .




65


Jan Babeck? and Nauro F. Campos, Does Reform Work? An Econometric Survey of the Reform-Growth Puzzle, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 39(2), 2011: 140158.         .: Pasquale Marco Marrazzo and Alessio Terzi, Wide-Reaching Structural Reforms and Growth: A Cross-Country Synthetic Control Approach, unpublished paper, Harvard, CID, April 2017.




66


Steven N. Durlauf, Paul A. Johnson, and Jonathan R. W. Temple, Growth Econometrics, Working Paper no. 61, Vassar College Economics, October 2004, https://economics.vassar.edu/docs/working-papers/VCEWP61.pdf.




67


Zsolt Darvars, Is Greece Destined to Grow? Bruegel, June 15, 2015, http://bruegel.org/2015/06/is-greece-destined-to-grow/.




68


Ricardo Hausmann, Lant Pritchett, and Dani Rodrik, Growth Accelerations, Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 10(4), 2005: 303329.




69


     license raj.     ,     ,            19471990 . . .




70


         : Arvind Subramanian and Dani Rodrik, From Hindu Growth to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition, IMF Staff Papers, vol. 52(2), 2005.        .




71


        .  ,     .    :  ,   . . .




72


     (   . .),    ,   ,    . ,    (  ,      . .)  ,   ,  -. . .




73


           .       . (,        .)  . .




74


Ricardo Hausmann, Dani Rodrik, and Andrs Velasco, Growth Diagnostics, in The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance, J. E. Stiglitz and N. Serra, eds., Oxford University Press, New York, 2008.




75


Theodore Pelagidis, Why Internal Devaluation is Not Leading to Export-Led Growth in Greece, Brookings Online, September 12, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2014/09/12-internal-devaluation-export-growth-greece-pelagidis.




76


   2012 .     (25  27 ).         ,   . . . .


