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    ,       .       ,            ,   .  .       XIX    XX,   ,   ,   1914.,         [1 - .  .   . 19141991. .,2004. .32.].          . ..      1914.:    , ,  XIX   XX,   ,   [2 - . . .,1993. .10.].  19141918.  ,  ,               X.

        , , ,        XIXX.,      .            ,   .          ,       .        :  ,           .  19051907.  - :         ,    ,     ,    ,    .         .

        19141918.       ,    . Ѡ        ,     ,   .         ...    ,     ,      ,  , , , , , ,     - [3 - .: ..   .].  XIXX.         ,      . .          (, ),   , [4 - .: .   . ., 1995.].  X.       ,  ,       .        :         ,   ,   ,      ,  , .     ,      X.,      ,       .        , ,            - .

 ,   -       蠫 .      ()   - ,       .          ,  . ,        ..,        -   :            ,   .    , ,    ..                  -  (ࠖ )    ,  -                  (  ,  蠄 )   (   ) [5 - ..  . ., 2002. .2021.].          ,          ,   [6 -  . .140.]. ,                   ,        .              .

       ,      ,       . ,     ,      (, ,  ),     ,  () .         (, , )         ,  (  ),  .

      .            ,          ,    .   ,      ,     ,            .          .        , ,   1914.     ,           .     ,  ,   1917.       .  , ,     ,    ,  ,      .  ,    - ,          (   ,    ).  , ,        ,     ,   -  .          .   , ,      ,       , ,  ,       ,         .  , ,      ,       ,    ,    .    ,       ,       ,      .  , ,   - .       , , ,     , , ,  .           ,     .   , ,  -   ,     , ,    ,    1917? 1918.             1917.   ( ,    )     .           ,   ,      1918.      .

      ,   ,, , .         - ,     ,       ,     ,  ,  ,      1917.    :  砖.

           ,      ,     ,     . ʠ     (         102   ,  265,       - ,        13838,  1,     100 000[7 -     :     19061917.:    / . . .., . ... .,2014;   19141917/ . .., ... .,2015.]),          103   (         ,        1405,  521,  475 476    ,    1500),    (       ,        ,       ,  500[8 -             . 19141918.  2. .,2014;      http://vvpmv.shpl.ru/.]),     (       ,  500).       ,   .           ,     .     ,        (  ,   ).      .    ,       .    ,     . ,    1917.      ,           ,       1917.

    ,   ,      :     (98),     (  ,  ,    59),   ,       ,  ,     ( ,  ,    .).              ,  .   ,     ,     ,       ,     ,        .         ,          젖    ,  ,    .

 ,           ,        :  (19141916), [9 -  ,     , 1917.    .  ,    1917.    .] (1917)  (1918).    -   ,    (,  ,    ).  1917.   , ,       ,             . Ѡ1918. (,  27 1917.      )  ,    蠖,    -  (  ).

       , ,   .         ,       ,   .    ,   ,  ,     , ,      ໠    , ..    .           ,      .   .       ,   .  ,      ,  ,    .  ,       ,    .     (   ,   ).  ,     , ,    ,  ,     ,     .

    ,         ,        .     ,            ,  ,    ,      . , ,   1915.   ,   ,      - (    ,  ࠖ).        .        ,      ,   ,   , ,   ,       .       ,  II  .

 ,   ,    ,   .       1917.   ,          XXI. ( ,  ,  ).

ʠ        .      ,    ,          .         ( ,/       ).    ,     ,    . ,        ,      .   ,    ,       ,   , ,   ,     .         : , ,   ,     ,    ,    .         :   ,     ,  , , ,    [10 - . . .VII. 152.].

 X.          .  1902.   .          ( 蠖 )[11 - SternW. Zur Psychologie der Aussage. Experimentelle Untersuchungen ?ber Erinnerungstreue. Zeitschrift f?r die gesamte Strafechtswissenschaft. Vol.XXII. Cahier 2/3, 1902.].            ,    ,      . . . ,      :  ( ,  ),  (    ) 蠫 (    )[12 - AllportG., PostmanL. Psychology of Rumor. Russell and Russell. 1951. P.75.].  1944. . ⠫      ,     [13 - KnappR. A Psychology of Rumor. Public Opinion Quarterly. 8/1. 2237. 1944.]. .., ,        (      ,         ), ,      ,    [14 - ..  . .276.]. Ѡ         : -, -,  ,  [15 -  . .276279.].   ,  ,         ,         ,        1920?.:     !         ,   .       : 28 1925,         .       ,       ,        .            蠖 , ,  . ,        -     , ,  .    ,             [16 - . -   : .    :  //  . 2011. 15. .5582.].

         XIX. ..      XVII.          . .,    , ,          ,     ,     [17 - .  ,   . .,1986.].      ,   ,   ,   ,       ,   .      , ,   蠫       .  1932. .        .     ,    [18 - LefebvreG. La Grande peur de 1789. Suivi de Les foules rvolutionnaires. Paris, 1988.].

Ѡ 1990?.       19141917.    .  1999. ..           ,  , 1997., ..      1917.[19 - .. ʠ    ( 蠫     )//  . ., 1999. .7286; ..  .    . .,1997.]  1997. ..            23 1917.,           ,  [20 - ..    :  . .,1997.]. ,        , -,     - , -,    .           蠫,   蠫.      .

            -  ,      (,  蠫   1916.,  堖  1917., 젖 1917.    ,  1918.   ..). -            ,    .     ,          ,     .    ,      ,      .

      - .    .,  ,    ໠     (, ,    ,    );  ,           [21 - .  //  . 1992. 8. .4979.].   . . 1928.    ,      :     ,      [22 - ThomasW.I., ThomasD.S. The child in America: Behavior problems and programs. New York: Knopf, 1928. P.571572.].    .     (the self-fulfilling prophecy),    ,   ,      ,        [23 - MertonR.K. Social Theory and Social Structure. Free Press, 1968. P.477.]. ..        ( .),         ,      [24 - ..    :   //    1917     . : Russica Pannonicana, 2018. .7790.].

      .       ,          ,   ,   ,   ,  .       ,       蠫. ʠ    ,  .., .., .., .. .[25 - .: ..    XX:      . .,2006; .., ..        . .,2011; .., ..  .          . .,2014.]           ,           (, ) ,            .      ,     ,  .   (  ,   )     (  ),    ,     ,    ,        (    - ).         ,   .       .       ,   , , ,      (   ,      ).   ,      .   ,       ,   [26 - .., ..  .     XIXXX  . .,2010. .5.].       ,            ,     ()   .

            , ,   .  X.      . , .     ,   . , .       , .,       ,     ..[27 - .   . ., 2009; .  : : . .,1989; . Camera lucida. .,1997.]  2001. .   -   .    ,         , , -,   -[28 - RoseG. Visual Methodologies. An Introduction to the Interpretation of the Visual Materials. London: SAGE Publication, 2001.].  2018. ..    ,            [29 -  .  .    / .-. ... .; ., 2018.].

,     ,   . ,    ,  ,     .         .            :  -     ,   蠫  ..

    頖  ,         .  ,        ,     1990?.  ,       :            .        ,        ,          ,       [30 - ., . ,    //  .   .485.].    ,         ,    ,    ,  [31 - .:  ., .  : Π   . .,2012.].         ,      , .[32 - .  :   .  /., 2009. .10.]. ,      軠   ,  ...  , ,         ,   ,     ,        .

      .  -      . Ѡ1980?.         ,    , , .     XXI.[33 - Zeldin Th. France, 18481945. Vol.1: Ambition, Love. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979; StearnsP.N., StearnsC.Z. Emotionology: Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards// The American Historical Review. 1985. Vol.90. 4. P.813836; EliasN. The Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. P.292; ReddyW.M. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. XIV. 380p.; RosenweinB.H. Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006; GrossD.M. The Secret History of Emotion: From Aristotles Rhetoric to Modern Brain Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. X. 194p.;   :    . . / . ., ., .. .,2010; .  ,      //   XX:       .   . 117. 2012.]  ,    ,         ,         ,   [34 - .: .  . .,2018.].         -    ,         ,      .     :     , , ,           . ,      .       , -,    ,   ( ),  ( ), -       .          .

   ,              ,  .                 ,   ,     ,       .          ,   :    , ,  , 蠖 ..

         (  , ),     (    ).        ,  .  ,     ,   - ,    ,   [35 - .  . ., 1999. .28, 39.].    -       .            ,  ,       - ,      .

   ,        ,    ,        .        .  ,     - ,  ,    ,     .      ,    .        .       ,  ,     . .,    ,    .     ,  ,  ,   ,    ,     ,       .      .  1917.,  ,    .,  ,    .

        蠫 ,        . .     ,      (,   )     , ,,       [36 - RosenweinB.H. Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.].    ,          . .,            (  ),    軠      (   )[37 - ReddyW.M. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.].    蠫     ,        .              ,     ,     , . ,      ,        (,              ,          ).        , ,   (.  ,        ).    19141918.       .

       - ,         - ,   ,        . ,       ,                 ,      .        .      X. (  XVIII.,     ,     X.,     -,  )    ,         .       .   ,        ,      .         ,  - .

                 . ,  1964. ..       ,        ,  ,  [38 - ..    1917. .,1964.].  , ,        ,    ,     ,     ,     .           ,    ,         ,         ,   , ,          (1970?.  .., ..; 1980?.., ..)[39 - .: ..   . .,1970; ..     . , 1976;     .  19171920. .,1976;      .    . .,1981;       . .,1984;      . .,1989.].

           - .    ,      ,     .., .., .., .., .. .[40 - .:     .  . .,1969.] ..         1917.,     ,    [41 - ..              1917.//   . .,1968. .1. .159173.].

   ,      ,        -  .      ,  .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., . .[42 - ..  :    19171922. .,2001; ..   : ,     . ., 1999; .., ..     1920?//  : . 1997. .,1998. .287232; ..   蠫 :      19201930?. .,2000; ..    :  . 19201930?. ., 1999; ..    . 19451948.    ()//  . 1998. 4. .99108; ..   :  . 19451953. .,1999; ..  .   . .,2005; ..    . .,2008; .  . .,2008.]         ,       .., .., .., -  19141922.         ,       [43 - .: ..   :   컠//  . , , , . .,1997. .5575; ..  . .566.].

              ,   .      1917.       ,      ,            . ., ., ., ., ..      ,    ,   ( ),  (    )  ( ,   )[44 - .: ., .   . .,1986; .  : , , .  . .,2009; ..  :      //   . 2019. 2 (63). .127136.].        XX     ..[45 - .: ..  .    . .,1997; ..  .   , 19171918. .,2010; .. , , .    . , 19201930. .,2012; .., .. ,  . .,2015.].      ,  ,         ,    ,                 ,       .

     ,      ,     頖        .      򠖠   ,      ,    .         ,          , ,  .          ,      蠫  ,  .     ,   ,     ,     ,   ,  ..     . ,           ,        (      ). Ѡ      ,     . ,    ,   ,          ,    ,     ,   , .

       ,      ,      -        .

, ,         .. (   ..)   .  . 19141917,       .  ,       ,  ,     (   ),       .    -               .

       ..-,   ,  [46 - -.. : 19141920/ . ., .,  . ... .,2014.].    ..,   ,   ,      ,  ,       . ʠ   ,        [47 -  . . 5881. .2. .781.],           ,         .

   ..,    .   .., ,    ,   , , ,    II   [48 - .. ʠ     ..//  : , ,  (  , , 1214 2002). , 2004. .2334.].           ,     ,      .

            󠖠   ...  , ,   ,     ,        . ,    ,        ,          .           .

     ..,         19151916.,       ,  1926.    ,     ,     1999.[49 - ..   (    162 1915)//   . .XVIII. , 1926;        .  .. (  ). ., 1999.] .. ..,   , ,       ,   ,     [50 - .., .. ..   .   //   .   . ʠ60-    . ., 1996. .670703.].   ,        ,         ,     ,   .    -      .           ⠫ ,    [51 -  . .699.].      ,                        .  ...

     .      .    ,    ,        ,    ,    - .    ,        (   )      (, , ,  .)  ,        ,      .




 1



 1914.:  



            ( )   19171921.          , ,    ..,       1917.  ,  1917. [52 - ..   ..    //     .  . .,1969. .251.].         ,         .        .  蠖,  ,  򠖠 19141921.    ,  ( ,  ,  )        ,      [53 - .: EngelsteinL. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 19141921. Oxford University Press, 2017; HolquistP. Making War, Forging Revolution. Russias Continuum of Crisis, 19141921. Cambridge, Mass.; London, 2002; FigesO.A. Peoples Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 18911924. New York, 1998; SanbornJ. Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 19051925. Dekalb, 2003; SmithS.A. Russia in Revolution. An Empire in Crisis, 18901920. Oxford, 2017.].       1917.     ,   1905. - ,    19141921.   .          19141917.   [54 - .: .., .. ,  . .,2015.].

 ,        1914.     1917.?      . -,    1914.   (       ,        ,        19); -,      ,       1917.      . Ѡ    1917.     :     .        ,  .            II.      -    :            .       ,    , -  .   ,   ,     .       1914.      [55 - .: ..       //    XX:   . .; , 2002. .6173.].

        :     ,  ,     , .         ,   - ,       ,       ,   . ,               1914..




           1914


   1914.      .           - ,                -.   .. ,   (    )     ,  ,,  :        ,  ..     . ,      ,  , ,      [56 - .. . . . .26. .331.].  堖 1915. ..   II ,      :  ,  , , 9/10    ,      ,      [57 -  . .264.],         :   ,      ,  .                    [58 -  . .332.].   ,          ,           .

           :      1914.      - .  1926. ..    ,       1905.  1914-:  1905,  1914     ,     , ,        .    , ,   ,     . 19 1914    ,    ,    ,     ,    ,  [59 - ..      . .,1926. .6.].  ,   ,        .                 蠖12          (.. ,     13, .     17,        [60 - .              //     (   ). ., 1999. .22.]).   ,   20 1914.,        70 000 ,   .              ,  ,    .  ,   1917.     -    ,             .

      , ,    ..,        [61 - ..   .67.].    .      ,       , ,   ,   ,    .     ,           ,      : ,    ()   , ,         (    ,     ,  )[62 - . ʠ      .  1914 1917.  . .; ., 1926. .89.].      -  ,         ,   .   ,      ,      - :            ,     22    ,      II[63 - .. , ,  .18.].  ,           12.

          . , .        :              ,     ,     - ,   ,  [64 - .     (19141917). .1.    (). .,1925. .63.].    1970?.,   ..,    ,       [65 - ..  :         ( 1914 1917.). .,1979. .26.].   1920?.                    ,     [66 - ..   .7.],   ..       ,        [67 - ..      1914?//  . 1994. 2. .4352;  . -        ( 1914. 1917.). .,2005.],   .. ,  젖 1914.             ,  ,   , ,       [68 - .. , ,  .10.].         堖     . ,   1972. ,   1914.          , , , , ,    ,   1998.   : Ѡ    1617   1914.       ,         19[69 - .. , ,  .19; ..   :    //   .  XX. .,1998. .438.].          ,        ,         :       ,   ,  , ,  , [70 - ..       ( - )//   .  XX. .,1998. .240.].

        1914.   , ,      ,  1905.,        ,         -      .         .  ,  ,   4      20 1914.   ,    ⠫        ,    ,       1913.:          ( ...),    蠄,   [71 - .. . . . .25. .379.].  ,  ,        ,     ,           ,   11?     ,        .      .    ,   1914.   ,              ,  -  ()   ,      .          :       (...)  [72 -  . .372.].

         .          ,        ,      ,       , ,  ,         (,     )[73 - ..   :    //   .  XX. .,1998. .432433.].         ,              .         :       ,   ,  ,      .      1917.       ,     . ..,      ,          ,      :    ,     ,     :         ,     [74 - .. Π      (    1917.)//     .  . .,1969. .61.].

            .   1913. ..,     ,    ,      ,        1 1913.    [75 - .. . . . .23. .298.].             軠,       蠫 ,         ,   .  1915.   II     ,     ( ;       ;    )   (      )[76 - .. . . . .26. .218219.].    ,   ,   .

         ,        . ,            ,        ꠫.        ..   (       )  (       ).         , .. [77 - ..       XIX XX. .,1924. .201.]. ..     -      л,  ..,   ,             :          [78 -    . .1. .,1935.].        ,    ,   [79 - .: ..    .   . (1914 1917). .,1954; ..        (19141917). .,1967, .].  .     1916.      ,                       [80 - .: ..   . .,1985.].    , .. ,         ,      1917.      ,          (  )  ( )  ,   ,         [81 - .. Π   //   . 1966. 5. .40.].

     . ,    ,        ,       .                   .        ,        ,  , ,   ,    .

               頖  ,             .   ,            1912.   1910.,       ,     ,  26 1912.  1 1913.,     :        .  ,    ,       [82 - .. . . . .22. .258.]. ,    ,      ,       . , 1915.     19141915.,   :        ?    ?    ,     .            , [83 -  . .26. .221.].   9 1917.   ,      : , ,  ,        [84 -  . .30. .328.].

     ,    - :   ,  堖 1914.     1905. ,  ,   1917.,    ,   ,      .                      ,    ,    1905.    ,    1914.

        1960?. ..,     蠖 [85 - .. Π   //   . 1966. 5. .3044.].  ,      -   ,         II        ,    ,       , .. ,      .          , ࠫ   ;   ,        ,   .  ,  ,       , -     .

  ,          .     XIV  (),   1925.,   ,    ,   ,..,          22. ߠ,     ,   .1)   , 2)-  3)  [86 -      ().  . .; ., 1925. .231232.].              :     -   1920?.         . ,  :  ,   ,  ,  1923.   , -  ,    , ,    , , ;     ,   ,   ,  -.       [87 -      .234.].

     ,         1908  1915.     , 1916..       XIV  ()          ,   ,     (, ,         ()),       1960?.         , ,  ,  ,    -   ,       .      ,         ,  ,    X.    1916.       (   19051907.  ),            [88 - .. Π  .38.].

           ,    蠫 ,         1914.     1915   1916.[89 - .:   . 19141918. . / . ... .,1968; ..        . .,1984;         (1914 1917.).    . .,1987.],   1914.      [90 - .. , , .      19141917. .,1972. .14.].  1998. ..   :   ,   ,  1914.,      [91 - ..       ( - )//   .  XX. .,1998. .241.].             .




  :   -  


      ,      -, -  .             ,        1917.  .    -    ,     1914.,     .  ,        -.   1917.   :        ,     ,   .    ,   ,       -           .

     ,   ,     ,   ,      ,     ,        (          ),           . ..   1917.   ,   ,    [92 - .: ..  .    . .,1997;  .  :   , 19171918.  , , , . .,2011.].     1917. ., ..   ⠖     .   ,    ,     ,       1914.      [93 - .: ..   19171921.  . ., 2001; HasegawaTs. Crime and Punishment in the Russian Revolution. Mob Justice and Police in Petrograd. Harvard University Press, 2017; ..     1917//  : , 2004. .,2005. .163200.].

,    -      ,   ,     ,    , ,     .    .. (  -)  1913.   :       ,    ,   ,   ,    ,       [94 -  . 1913. 28.].

             ,     .             ., ., ., .--, ., . .[95 - .: .   . ., 1995; .  . ., 1901; .  //  . .,1998; ..  :  2. .,1999; ..     . .,1994; .  . .,1998, .]          -,      .     .      ..  1880?.    ,      ,    ,     ,  :              .  ,     ,          .      , ,          [96 - ..   // -   .  . ʠ140-. III. ... ., 2012. .111112.].

 -       ,    ,, -      (        , ,     ),       - ,        1914.         - , ,      -,    .  ,    ,        .       ,   ,    .             ,     ,      . ,   頖 1914.       . , ,    1       ,  ,    -   ,    .         1917.[97 -  . .1788. .1. .74. .514.]

  ,        1906.       ,      .    1917. ,  1905.    [98 - .. . . . .30. .314.],  , ,    ,      :     ,           蠄,    [99 - . ʠ   //  . :   . .,1998. .5121.]. ,        1906.:           1905.  ,  ,   -   ,      :                    쓅        ,       ,       [100 - .. . . . .30. .325.].

    , .    ,         : ; -; -; . Ѡ          ,    , ..      ,         ,  ,               ,        :      ,   , ,                  ,  堖 .              [101 - .   //   XIX XX. .,1996. .455491.].      1914?,  1917.,    ,  ,     .

     ,  , ,    ,       ,   .         : -, -.    ,    :    堖 1914.  ,                    1914.   ( ,            22 1914.).     .

   1912.     .         1914.      ,   1905.       ,  80%     (         ,  ,     ,    ,  -   ). ..       :   1914 -     .  ,    ,    ,   ,         ..  ,     .        .    .         -,   [102 - ..   .  :  3. .1:   . .,1992. .40.].

 1914.      ,  , , , , , ,  . ,      ,    1913.  624,      59%,     1914.    337,  81%    [103 - . .150. .1. .669. .12, 77.].  ,       1913.  1 132 324,      1914.1 020 039.

       . ,   1913.      3 868 257,    1914. (,   ,         )5 755 072. ,        1917.   3 822 656[104 -   . .; ., 1934. .88.].

      .             1914.:  ,       .  ,    ,   ,      ,     ,   [105 -  . .102. .265. .975. .73.].

  1914.            [106 - . .150. .1. .669. .77.]. 4      ,    28   .         .     ,   , , ,         .              1905.:    ,   ,    ,   ,     . 7          ,       ,       ,     . 8    ,    , ,     [107 -  . . . 1914. 414.].       10 1914.   :  ,      .         ,     ,     ,    ,       ,     1905.       .  .    .          .     ,     [108 -  . .102. .265. .975. .64.].

        ,       .         .. ,          , ,    ,      ,          : Ѡ        ,       [109 - ..   . .43.].

      : ?        ,          ࠖ     ,    ,    ,        .  89   ,      800 000 ,    487 047   , ..     [110 -  :     . . 1914. 7.].   ,       , , ,      .

  1905.     .   ,   ,  , ,      ,   , :    -[111 -  . .102. .265. .975. .75., 80.].          : ,   [112 -  . .102. .265. .976. .10.].           ,    ,       :   ,    ,    . Alea jacta est ( ...)[113 -  . .102. .265. .975. .65.].

13    ..      .   ,  ,     ,    17          ,          .

        .      ,         .            .           ,        ,   [114 -  . 1914. 11.].              ,        . , , 7     3000      ;  10       ;       ,  [115 -  . . . 1914. 11.]. 11      .    ,      ,    .   ,   ,      .             .                 [116 -  .   .3940.].      : Ӡ     ,   ,        ;  堖 .     ,   ,       ;     . , ,     .      , -     [117 -  . .102. .265. .975. .99; . 976. .1; . 967. .111.].

           ,    ,        ,  ,  . ..       ,      ,  ,   : ,  ,   . ߠ  ,         ,  ,      , ,      . Ƞ  ,       ,    ,  ,  ,  .   ,  ,  ,     ?    ,  ? .    ,  . Ƞ  .    -     .    ࠖ  ,     .      , [118 - ..  . .8. : 18931919. .,2003. .155.].     ,      ,  ,      ,  -   -.   1917.     ,          :   (  )      ,   ,     ,   [119 -  . .206.],   23 1917.

    ,            [120 -  . .102. .244. -. .341.  1. .206206.].        .              2000,   ,    ,  ,     [121 -  . .102. .123. .61, . 2. .. .1212.].         .

 ,                :      ,     ,    . ,    ,  5 1914.               [122 -  . .102. .123. .108, . 61 .. .19.].   :   -              ,  ,   ,      .        . 5          ,      .     ,   ,      .     ,       ,           ,     .             ,       ,  . ,    ,    ,  ,        蠖   .   ,   .        .       ,  ,     .  ,       , ,     .

       .      .     ,         ,            .      ,  ,        ,  ,  34 . , ,     9 11     -    -        500.       蠖  ,     .           -,              .      ,     [123 -  . .102. .123. .61, . 2. .. .1212.].  500            .        ⠫   300.   ,  ,      [124 -  . .1414.].

       .   , ,      , ,     . , 19   ,    - - .      300  ,    .         ,  2?   ,   .       .  ,    18-   .       ,   ,    : , !       ,      .   ,       .  . ,  ,  [125 -  . .102. .123. .108, . 61. . . .12.13.].  ,      , , ,  1917.,       ,  堖  .    ,  1917.        ,   :     ,    .   ,              ,       .

         ,    , . , 22           . Ƞ        .           ࠖ  ,    [126 -  . .102. .123. .4, . 3. . . .1515.].

     ,    ,         :     . ,    4,         20,    ,  ?     3  4     ,        ,       [127 -  . 1914. 4.].          .    4               ,   1       ,  ? ,    ,   : , 1,    ,    .    ,           [128 -  . 1914. 2.].     ,  1,          ,     250 000,    ,       ,        ,  ,   [129 -  . .102. .244. -. .101. .2.].        ,     ,     .  7            .    ,         - ,        .       ,       .        .    ,   ,  .        . 10  [130 -  . 1914. 2.].

 ,              . ..      1914.: ,     .       . ,  ,      ,       ,               ,         ,         [131 - ..   . .3537.].

       ,         .   ,        [132 -  . .102. .244. -. .341. 1. .141.]. ,      20  ,        -     ,         [133 -  . .147.]. ,  ,        .        , -    . , ,  1914.      -.      ,    ,   ,    .      ,         [134 -  . .67.].      ,    ,    ,       -[135 -  . .68.].  1914.,    ,    ,        - 𠖠       ,      [136 -  -. 1914. 6.].

-       , ,    -,   ,     [137 - ..   . .40.].     ,    : , ,            ,     ,   ,       ,       .

       ,      ,     .         ,   . 3 1914.     -      (  ),   .       ,       .    65[138 -  . .111. .5. .506. .24.].     ,         .   ,        ,  ,  , , ,   ,       ,    .       ,         .         ,  14   :        ,      ,     400   .       [139 -  . .102. .244. -. .341. 1. .175175.].   ,    ,    ,     .

   ,    ,     ,    , -   . ..,     ,      :     1903.  71%      , 68%   66%    [140 - ..      XIXX.//       1861 1917. ., 1997. .57.].      ,         ,    ,   ,    [141 -  . .5859.]. ..  ,         ,  ,    ,       ,   [142 - ..        X.//   .152.].

         ,     .    .    1913.,       .     1914.,    ,  1914. ,   ,    ,      1914.        ,            ,      [143 - .              //     (   ). ., 1999. .1819.].      頖 .        ,            ,     ,              ,    ,    [144 - .     //   .9697.]. ,            ,    ,         .

      , -,         , -, ,        . ,         ,            . , ..    ,   ,       .       (            )  (   ,         )[145 - ..          .150, 163.]. ,          ,     ,        ,   [146 - .: SteinbergM.D. Voices of Revolution, 1917. New Heaven; London, 2001; SteinbergM.D. Proletarian Imagination. Self, Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 19101925. Itaca; London, 2002.].

 ,                .       ,   ,  .          ,  -        .           ,   . : --! !   ! --!   !       !

 ,    -     .  ..  1997.,     ,              [147 - .. //   .200201.],   1964.    1917        [148 - ..    1917. .,1964.].  1970?.      .. ..[149 - ..     //  : , , . .,1970. .100140; .. 1917   //  . .242255.]. ..      19131914.,     ,      ,    1913.,  ?  ,    .     ,   -.      [150 - ..  IV   (19121914). .,1981. .98.].     ,             -      .

,  ,           (        ),  :         , ,  ,    .      ,  ,     . Ѡ          [151 - StearnsP.N., StearnsC.Z. Emotionology: Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards// The American Historical Review. 1985. Vol.90. 4. P.813836; EliasN. The Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. P.292; ReddyW.M. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. XIV. 380p.; RosenweinB.H. Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006; PlamperJ. The History of Emotions. An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015.],    :         (   ),  ,          .    ,             ,                 [152 - ScheffT. Repression of Emotion: A Danger to Modern Societies?// Emotions in Politics. The Affect Dimension in Political Tension. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. P.84.].

       .   :     ,     , ;     ..            .         ,                .  ,  ,  , ,       , ,  .

        ,           ,   .          ,      .            ,   . ,            .   . ,     ,      ,     .      - . ,     ,    ,      -     :    ,   ,      -    .   ,   ,    ,      . ,     ,         . ߠ:     ,:     腓[153 - .   . , 2017. .133134.]  ,    -       .      ,    ,          ,       .              :    - [154 - .     XX.   //   .  . .,2013. .15.].  ..  19061914.      [155 - ., .      (1917). .,2006. .14.]. ʠ         , ,     ,    - .

 ,    ,   .         ,       , ,   - ,          .       ,    .        :      ,  ,     ,        ,     . 21    ,  17    .    ,       젖     500,        1000,      .   ,         ,    [156 -  . .102. .123. .4, . 3. .. .1212.].      ,      .

      .,  -   .          ,     -            .




    1914.: , , 


         1914.,       -[157 - ., : JollJ. The Origins of the First World War. London; New York, 1984; FergusonN. The Pity of War. London, 1998.].  , ,     .  ,        ,      ,     .   ,    . ., ..  ,      1914.,      ,   [158 - .    1914.   :    //    . ., 1999. .203206; .., .. ,  . .,2015. .32.].  ,  ,    ,    -.   ,        .     ,   1914.       ,             [159 - ..       .240; ..       (19141917). .1. 1914. . .,2014. .60.]. , ,  ,    , 頖      蠖         .   ..            (  )[160 - .. , 19141918.: , , //     , 19141918:  . . . .,2014. .17.]. ,              ,         ⠖    .        , ,   ,      [161 - .  :         //     : . . , 2007. .388.].       ,  ,   .

        .                     (      22 1914.),     ,        ,           .                  ,         . ,            ,     ,    頖,    ,        .  ,           , , [162 - State, Society, and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War. Cambridge, 1997. P.225; FergusonN. The Pity War. London, 1998. P.177; ZiemannB. War Experiences in Rural Germany. 19141923. Oxford; New York, 2007. P.1923.].

             .          ,     . ..      - :            1915.      1916.[163 - ..        (19141917). .,1967. .70, 254.]

          . ..  - ()   :       ,   ,  , ,  , .          [164 - ..       .240.].   ,    ,   . . ,         ,      ,       [165 - .              //     (   ). ., 1999. .27.].   ,            1914.,      . ..     , ,             [166 - .. ,        . .,2004. .88.].            ,         , ,         ,     ( ...)  .        [167 - ..  1914     //  . 2010. 2. .185.]. -,                ,     . ..    ,         [168 - ..  1914-:   //    .  . 2014. 4. .11.].

..  ,           ,       [169 - ..   XX. .,1999. .171172.].      ,            ,      ,       .   ..            ,    ,  ,            :  ,     ,  ,  [170 - ..    XX.      . .,2006. .66.].           .   ,            .               ,    ,    .          .  ,        ,      .      ,       [171 - ..          (   )//     , 19141918.:    . .,2014. .142144.]. ,     ,          ,        :    ,   ,   ,   .        ,       - .

            (,       ,     ),         ,         .       ,      .      ,       , ,  .                . ,        ,             , ,            ,        .   1914. .       :    ,          ,  ,  ,   ,  ,     ,    , , ,    , ,    ,  ,         ,  ,      ,  . ,       . Ƞ      ,       ,     ,           ,   [172 - .  // . 1914. 6. 14.].

                  .        ,  . ,         1914.,          . , ..  :           .      ,      ,       [173 - ..      19141917.//  - . 2007. . 2. .2. .179.].            .

      ,     . ..,     ,        ,       ,        .    ,         ,     [174 - ..         . .146.]. , -,     젖, ,      ,    ,  , -,   ,     8% . ,        ,        .       ,    ,     .          . , .. -         ,              [175 - ..              //      .574.].

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  ,       ,     . , ..          1721   ,        [177 - ..         (   )//      . ... 2009. 96. .52.].    ,        .             ,      蠖      ( , );       ,         .     .

        2014.          ,     .        ,            ,    . ..      1914.,  ,        ,   :  , ,                     ,    ,   , ,  [178 - ..         (1914 1917.)//     , 19141918 .136.].  ,              . ..,        ,      :   1914. ,    ,  , ,  ,     [179 - ..     : 1914 1917.    . . . . . , 2007. .231.].       ,     ,   ,    ,             ,        .     ., ,          ,      [180 - .    1914.   :    //     (   ). ., 1999. .208209.]. ,     : ,       ,          ,       ,     .     ,      .     -           .          .

         ,,  .. .  ,          ,   ,   .             : 1)     ,     ; 2)  ; 3)  [181 -  . .206.].                ,    ,       .      ,           ,  ,                 ,    ,         [182 - ..   ?      //     , 19141918:   . . .,2014. .44.].

     , ..  ,          ,  ,       ,       ,    [183 - ..      , 19141918. . . . . , 1999. .399.].            ,      . ..           :  ,     , ,          ,    ,             .   ,          [184 - ..       .  . . . . ., 2002.].         ,    ,      ,     .   ,   1914.,   ,        .     ,             .    ,     II,      .    ..,       ,    :    ,      [185 - .. ʠ    ( 蠫     )//  . ., 1999. .86.]. ..       ,         ,       (, , ) 蠄 () ,       [186 - .., .. ,  . .,2015. .332.].

          ,    ,   蠫.    ,       堖.   ..   ,        蠫     [187 - ..       ( - )//   .  XX. .,1998. .240.].  ,         ,  - . ..    1914. ,     ,     [188 - ..       //    XX.   . .; , 2002. .6173.].        (   )        ,       , -,     (  ,    ?), -            (,  .)[189 -  . .67.].      (   )  -   , -,  ,         (, .. , ),   :  ,        頖      .  ꠖ .          [190 - ..  1914-:   //    .  . 2014. 4. .18.].

             蠖, .        .          ,      (   ,               ). ,    ,      ,       .     ,      (     ),         ,         . .  ,           [191 - .      //     .   - . .,2014. .56.]. ..,     ,       -,   ,    ,  ,  ,       [192 - ..       :    19141917.//    .  . 2014. 1. .30.].   ..   1914.   :     ࠖ         ,  [193 - ..    (19141917). ., 2017. .36.]. ..  ,                [194 - ..         ( 1914 1917.)//   .   . ., 2008. .369396.]. Ѡ  ..,     ,  ,   ,        ,     [195 - ..      19141918.//     , 19141918:    . .,2014. .230237.].    ,   ,     ࠖ            - .   ,     ,   , -     .     ,     ,                   . ..  ,     (  ...)         ,       [196 - ..   . 19141918. . . . . . .,1994. .13.].               ,         .

 ,      ,  ,  蠖    ,    ,    ,    .                ,       .

         .           ,    ..[197 - ..         //  . 2011. 4. .44.]. .. ,           [198 - .., .. ,   .320.]. ..      (     )[199 - ..    . . . . .,2011. .237.].   .., .       [200 - ..   -. .,1918. .76; ..   .  . .,2015.].    ,      ,      (    ).

     .  ..       .,          , .         [201 - ..   . . .,1996. .449.].     . ʠ,                .

           ,    .     ,       .       , ,      ,     ,     ,      :    ,       - ,     ,       .               ,     .        ,             . ,      ,   ,      ,              ,  . Ѡ          ,    ,       .

      1914.     .        ,      .  ,  1914.         . .., ,      ,  ,       [202 - ..       ( - )//   .  XX. .,1998. .236.].      ,        1914.:       ,      .    1914.     .  1914.           :          ,   ,     .   .            [203 - FergusonN. The Pity of War. London, 1998.]. ..   , ,            ,    [204 - .., .. ,   .33.].       ,         ,    ,        󠖠  , , [205 - .. , 19141918.: , , //     , 19141918:   . . .,2014. .12.].

    1914.    ().           .            . .,         ,  ,           ,      ,   ,      :  ,             ,   ,   [206 - .    .206.].              :     ,          , ,    : , , . Ƞ    ,   蠄       [207 -  -. 1914. 17.].  ,           .

   .    17 1914.       :        .   , ,  , , , ,  堖  -  , . ,       [208 - .  (19101921). . . .,1961. .4. .47.].     :     , -,   ,     [209 - ..    19141915. .112.].       ,   ,      .    ,        ,    , ,   . .,        X.,        ,      XIX.     [210 - .   :      //   :    . . / . ., . .. .,2010. .202226.]. Π       ..[211 - ..       //    XX.   . .; , 2002. .62.]. Ѡ    1914.        , :    (  ,       )      .

     1914.   ,     . ,     ,     (, ),   ( ).  -        .          ,  [212 - .  //  . 1914. 12. .42.]      .

      ,  ,        ,    -  .        ,   ,    ,        ,     ,    ,      ,     .         .   ,      .  ,               .      ,             ,  1914. .[213 - .   //  . 1914. 8. .117.].      .            ,    (       )[214 - .   - , 19141916//    :    . ., 1999. .315325; .    18781917.: ʠ   //     : . . , 2007. .453460; ..   1914 1917:   . .,2014; ..  :   -  1917//    . .,2017. .465474; MerridaleC. The Collective Mind: Trauma and Shell-Shock in Twentieth-Century Russia// Journal of Contemporary History. 35. Heft 1. (January 2000). P.3955.].       ,      .      ,       .        .         ,   , ,      1914.[215 -  . .102. .265. .977. .28.]     ,     ,   , .         1914.:    , ,  , ,   - [216 -  . .102. .265. .995. .1497.].




   1914.     


      . Ӡ-          ,     .   ?   ?  .    ?       ?[217 - ..  . .8. .157.] .. 2 1914.,  ,       .        ..    , ,          .    .  1914.     ,   , -! 蠫  !        .. ..,    ...  ,    26     ,       27.    :   .  ,  ,  ,    ,        , , , ,      蠖     ,     ,   [218 - .. , -!:    ..    19141918. .1. .,1922. .36.]  젖 1914.       .    ,      -. .. .. ,         ,   [219 - .., .. ,   .83.].     ..  .., ,      -    [220 - ..      //  XXI. 2017. 1. .97.].     1914.           ,  ,    .     . ,   1914.     - -.

  -        . ,      ,            .  ..,     ,      [221 - .: ..   ]. 2 1914. ⠫      ..   ,          .  ,        ,   :       ,  , 蠖  堖     , [222 -  . 1914. 2.].    ..,       :  ,         .             ,  . ʠ     ,    ,      .   , ,  ,     .         ,     ,  ,           [223 - ..   // -  -.   . .3. 19141917. .,2009. .7.].

      . ..   1914.:         -.    .       ,  ,       1914.        ,       [224 - ..    //  . 1914. 12.].     ,   .          :          ,         .         :   ,     :       ,  :   ,    [225 - ..    //  . 1914. 12. .89.].       . .., .. ,         ,        . .., ,       ,    , ,     , ,        [226 - ..  -  //  . ., 1999. .89.].    ..,           [227 - ..     1914.// ..   . , 1921.].  ,   ,    ,    ,  ,    ,      ,     ,  ,  , ,    [228 - ..  -  .93.].   1914  ,  -      .        .

  -   . .            - ,          (    .    ):        :     ,            ,      ,       ,        -  [229 - ..  //  . 1914. 12. .84.].      -    .            ,   .     ,       ,  ..[230 - ..  //  . 1914. 10. .140.]. ..  -   -     ,    -  :       .               , ,     [231 - ..  . .,1915. .5.].          ..,  ,     ,    [232 - .: ..  1914  . ., 1914.].

     ..,   , ,          :    ø,  ,  ,   ,      , ,  ;    젖 . , -,            .       [233 -  . 1914. 10.].

,      ..   ,         .           . ߠ, -,       ; , -,      ; , -,                  ,    [234 - ..   //  .   . .,1915. .21.].        ,   ࠖ   .    ,          ,             [235 -  . .25.].             XIXXX.,     ,       :        , ..   .            ,  :    ,   ,   堖,    ,      - [236 -  . .34.].

       ,        ,          .           .., ,      -  .      18 1914.:          . ߠ   .  . ߠ  ,   , ,     ⠄ .  , ,   ,      .    ,    [237 -  . .102. .265. .997. .1652.].

  ..        , ,           .                   [238 - .., .. ,   .108109.].        ,         ,   .

Ѡ    ... ,   ,  .    [239 - .. Π  // -  .16.].    ,         ,    :  ࠖ ,    (18121815.),   ,    ,    ⠄ .     :          ,     ! Ӡ         ,    :  ,   [240 - .. Π   .18.].  ,                ,            [241 - ..  -       //    . 2014. 5. .75.].

 ,  ,    ,   ,          ,   :   , ,   ,   :  ,       .   , ,   ,   :      ,  .  ,     [242 - .. Π   .18.].       ,   ,    , , , 堖,        .

..,  26 1914.    .. ..,      ,    ,    ,  : , ,   蠖 .  .      ,     ,        .      ,    [243 - .. // -  .3031.].

 ,         ,         -,  . ..      ,    - ,        .     ,   , ,       . 3   ..: ,  ,  , , , , .       ,        ,    ( ,     ,         . ,  !).   ,    ,  !      , , !   ,    :  腓    ,    ,    !    ![244 -  .        . .,1997. .585.]          .

 ,     ,     - .      ,              ,  ,     ,  ,        [245 - .  //  . 1914. 10. .8893.].                ( , ,       ). .     1914.      ,     [246 - StockdaleM. Mobilizing the Nation: Patriotic Culture in Russias Great War and Revolution, 191420// Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 191422. Book 2: Political Culture, Identities, Mentalities, and Memory. Bloomington, Indiana, 2014. P.6.].

        . ..      ,          [247 - .., .. ,   .144.]. ,    ,   ,        .    ,         .        .             , ..       ,        [248 - ..       ()//  XXI. 2017. 2. .53.].  , ,            ,  , ,  -  .  -      .

         ,      ,     .   .. -  ,   1914.   (5%),      .    : 堖 1915.18%,  1915?  1917-35,6%[249 - ..          ( 1914 1917)//    .  , . 2011. .10. .6: . .19.].     1914.     ,   ,    ,  .  .      :    !    ,  ,  ,    -         ,    ,    腻               ,    ,      :          ,   ,     .     ,     ,    ,        .     ?[250 -  . .102. .265. .993. .1209.] ,  ,     . ,  1914.       ,   . ,     :   ,   ..

         . -      -  ..   ,    ࠖ    [251 - . 1914. 21.].

       [252 - ..       :    19141917.//    .  . 2014. 1. .28.].         ,   ,      .           [253 -   . 1914. 3031. 26. .554.].  ,    ,    ,                 [254 -   . 1914. 4748. 28. .953.].

   ,    ,      ,    1917.

    ,   ,       :   ,   ,         ,      ( )         . ..  ,           ,       [255 - ..   1914 1917.:   . .,2014. .114.]. ,  ,      1917.     ,      [256 -  . .124125.].          ,       ,           .              [257 -   (,  ):  / ., . . . .., ... .,2019. .439.].  ,    ,     , , ,    . ,         : -,            堖  ,       ; -,         ,       .          ,    ,    .     ,     ,   :  ,      .      ,  ,  :   ,      ,       ,        [258 - ..   .134.].       ,   ,   ,   [259 -  . .128.].

 ,  ,  ,     1914.,    ,  .  ,         (       ),      .  -             ,      1914   , , ,    (),   () .

   ,      - ,    , .           [260 - Nation und Emotion: Deutschland und Frankreich im Vergleich. 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft). Gottingen, 1995; WestenD. The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation. New York, 2007.]. ,    , ..  ,   ,   .     , .    ,       :       (, ),   (, ).        [261 - BrubakerR. In the name of the nation: reflections on nationalism and patriotism// Citizenship Studies. 2004. 8 (2). .121.].        ,    ,     .  .     , . ,  1789.    [262 - HunterE. A sociological analysis of certain types of patriotism. New York, 1932. P.2226; HobsbaumE. Nations and nationalism since 1870: programme, myth, reality. Cambridge, 1990. P.8788.].  1914.    ,   ,       ,      ,    .

     1914.        ,  .        (񠖠; ),           (, ,     ,    , ,     , .).  ,    (  ,     )    ,       :   , - (  ) .  ,        ,   , ,      .      ,      , .    ,  ,    ,    :   (      ),  (   ),  (  ,    ),  (,         ).    :  (     ),  ( -  - ), .    : -  (     ),  (  ). ,         .         : , , , , ,  ..       ,    1914.   (  )  ,           .     1914.    ,    ,   .  ,      ,             1914. -         ,   蠖, , ,   .


***

      -  .       ,          .                  . -,      , -   .          , - ,           ,   .     -    ,   蠖    ( ),     . -,     .          ,   ,  ,   ,   ,       .     .  -  .  ,    ࠖ 1914. ,      ,   .        :     -.              .




 2



  - :   



                ,   ,   , ,  ,  蠖,   .                 ,  .  ,    ,         ,   ,        .  ,  ⠖   ,   1914. (      ),  ,      蠖 .                , , ,    ,  ,   ,      .    -  ,                 .        (    )      ,         ,   ,    .       ,  ,          .

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                .    . ,  7,   ,   ,      ⠖ ,      ,  ,    .   ,      ,    [271 -  . 1914. 7.]. -,    :        ,    ,  ,    ,         .          .      9,    87 826,    900 000[272 -    -  . 1914.]. -   ..   8:  ,   ,      ;      ,      ..   -, , .      .   . 150 000,   ; 9    :    :    150 000,          .            [273 - .. . 19061916. ., 1997. .519, 521.].  ,   ,     11,      ,       蠖18,  940 593[274 -    -  . 1914.].      . Ѡ4  10   7 14[275 -  . .102. .123. .108, . 61. . .25.].

      :          . ,       ,           (   ),      [276 - -..  :  2. .1. , 1988. .238.].    ,          ,           ,   .   ..     ,       . , ,       :

		 .  .
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  蠫        .      8:     , ,       .      : -  ,  ,  ,       ,      ,  .   ,      ,    .    .         1000[279 -  . 1914. 8.].               .

          . 10      ,      :    ,   ,   ,     ,      .     .        ,   .            .    ,    ,       .      ,         ,   ,     ,  [280 -  . .102. .265. .967. .7575.].    , ,,    ,    : Ӡ         ,     ,     ,    ,       ,     1905.              [281 -  . .102. .265. .975. .64.].      .  ,         ,     ,  ,         :        ;             , ?     .  ,            .           [282 - ..  17? .45.].

   12       ,        (  ,    ,   ,     [283 -  . .48.]), ,    ,       17[284 -  . .102. .123. .108, . 61. .. .26.].        ,        . ,     ,   . 13 ⠫ -    , ,   - ,       [285 -  -. 1914. 13.].     . 14     ,     ,        ,     [286 -  . 1914. 15.].   ,         - ,    .        22 1914.      1915.,   ,   ,       .               :   ,        , ,           ,   15 1914.,        .

    15  16   蠫   젖.    ,      .        ,    ,    .            ,       .       ,      ,    ,  :          ,        [287 -  .  ꠹816.].           ,           .       ,   ,           .     ,   ,     ,        [288 -  . 1914. 15.  ꠹816.].       : , ,  .         . Ѡ ,  15 1914.[289 -  .]         ,           ,     ,    .    ,  ꠫ ,      ,     [290 -  .].     ,    ,          . ,         . 15    ,       ,  . 17 ⠫    ,         [291 - . 1914. 17.].  ,  ,  15     (        ),     ,      , ,    ,   15  16   ,         ,       .

      ,   . 15    ..    ,        . 16     ,   III,  ,   .    .    ,    .  5        ,        !     III,  [292 -  . 1914. 16.].

 ,             (    ).  ,      蠫    ,    [293 -   . . . 19; 2014.].     .        .                .     ,  , ,      .     , ,  ,          .    ,          .        ,             ,       铻, [294 - ..  17? .49.].              (     ),       .     , ,    ,       ,      ,  .       ,    ,        .        .    ,   ,     [295 -   . . . 20.].    ,    ,    ,      ,   .  ,      , , , 堖 1917.,   ,   ,  ,    .  ,     1914.,      ,  ,         .

          ,         , .        ..,    ,     ,  ,      , ,          ,  .  , ,     ,     [296 - .. . .2. .371.]. .        ,   蠖.., .., ,       ,    ,   .     ,       ,   ;  ,   ,         ,  ,          :      , , , :   !   !   : , , , , , ,   ..   .  ,        ,      ?..[297 - .   .50.]  ..,     17,   ,      :        ,    .   ,  .     [298 -  . .102. .265. .990. .939.].          .    ..   18:   ,   .   [299 - .. . 18961918. .2: 19041918. ., 2015. .195.].

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            .                .          ,    :      -         , , : ,  ..  ⠖ ,     ; -   .   ,   ,     .  ,    Ƞ,          ,    ,           .               .     ,  ,    , ,    ,    .    ,      ,    . ʠ   ,      ,   .       ,         .         堖 .             .                   ,    ,   .        [302 - ..  17? .5051.].

19           .    ,  19  20         :   ,      ,     .      .      ,    [303 -  . 1914. 20.].         :     ,      .         ,  頖 [304 -  .].   21     ,       ,   .                 [305 -  . 1914. 22.].        :      ,       , -        .

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    .,    ,  :

      ,  .               ;   ,      .

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,        ;     ;         ,      ;  , ,       ,   .                1905   [310 - .   .4849.].


      ,     ,   ,      . ,      19 1914.   , ,  -    , ,  ,  , ,      .      ,     ,      .    ,        .       .        ꠖ .    ,       蠖 .    ,    ,  .       , , ,  .    ,   ,  ,        [311 - Mobilisation of Russian Army at start of World War One. Br. Path. https://www.britishpathe.com/video/russian-army-1.].      (,  ,  )  ,    ..            , -    [312 -   . . . 46.].

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- .      ,   :         ,  ,      :    ;       ,   ,    ;      !,  [316 - .      .  . .,1926. .89.].    ,       ,          .

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. 1.           20 1914.   






. 2.   .   .   



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. 3.       20 1914.



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