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    ,    ,      .       ,   ,     ,     ,      .  :        [1 - . 16:2122].        ,        [2 - Ren Girard, Violence andtheSacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, 1977), p. 251 ( . . .: , 2010.)].  ,      .

    ,    . ,     ,  ,      .    :       .     ,    .   : -     ! Ƞ      ,    ,    (      ).      :      [3 - Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization inSociety (London, 1968); Robert L. OConnell, Ride oftheSecond Horseman: TheBirth andDeath ofWar (NewYork andOxford, 1995), pp. 613, 10610,12829; OConnell, OfArms andMen: AHistory ofWar, Weapons andAggression (NewYork andOxford, 1989), pp. 2225; John Keegan, AHistory ofWarfare (London, 1993), pp. 22329; Bruce Lincoln, War andWarriors: AnOverview, inDeath, War andSacrifice: Studies inIdeology andPractice (Chicago andLondon, 1991), pp. 13840; Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: AStudy ofthePlay Element inCulture (Boston, 1955 ed.), pp. 89104 (. Homo Ludens.  . .:   , 2015.); Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror intheMind ofGod: TheGlobal Rise ofReligious Violence (Berkeley, Los Angeles andLondon, 2001), p. 90; Malise Ruthven, AFury for God: TheIslamist Attack onAmerica (London, 2002), p. 101; James A. Aho, Religious Mythology andtheArt ofWar: Comparative Religious Symbolisms ofMilitary Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. xi xiii, 435; Richard English, Terrorism: How toRespond (Oxford andNewYork, 2009), pp. 2755].         ,     ࠫ        .

Ƞ ,       ,    .  ,   : ,   ,  ,  .     ,    XVIXVII.    ,      .      ,  ,  , . Ƞ    . ,    ,      XVIIXVIII.       :      .         .  ,      .

  ,     ,    [4 - Thomas A. Indinopulos & Bryan C. Wilson, eds, What isReligion? Origins, Definitions andExplanations (Leiden, 1998); Wilfred Cantwell Smith, TheMeaning andEnd ofReligion: ANew Approach totheReligious Traditions ofMankind (NewYork, 1962); Talal Asad, TheConstruction ofReligion asanAnthropological Category, inGenealogies ofReligion: Discipline andReasons ofPower inChristianity andIslam (Baltimore, 1993); Derek Peterson & Darren Walhof, eds, TheInvention ofReligion: Rethinking Belief inPolitics andHistory (New Brunswick, NJ, & London, 2002); Timothy Fitzgerald, ed., Religion andtheSecular: Historical andColonial Formations (London & Oakville, 2007); Arthur L. Greil & David G. Bromley, eds., Defining Religion: Investigating theBoundaries between theSacred andSecular (Oxford, 2003); Daniel Dubuisson, TheWestern Construction ofReligion: Myths, Knowledge andIdeology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore, 1998); William T. Cavanaugh, TheMyth ofReligious Violence (Oxford, 2009)].         ,  ,   ,   蠖  ,    .    ,    ꠫,      ,   .      .  ໠    : , , ,  [5 - Dubuisson, Western Construction ofReligion, p. 168].     :           蠓锻[6 - H.J. Rose, Religion, terms relating to, inM. Carey, ed., TheOxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1949)].     , ,   , , , , ,  [7 - Smith, Meaning andEnd ofReligion, pp. 5068].        ,           ,     ,       [8 - Louis Jacobs, ed., TheJewish Religion: ACompanion (Oxford, 1995), p. 418].

[2 -   religio ,   religio    . . .]   religio .     ,    ,    .   ,  ,  ,    religio, ,    [9 - Smith, Meaning andEnd ofReligion, pp. 2325].   religio     :     .   (.354430. ..) religio      ,   ,   ,  ,      [10 - Ibid., pp. 2931].     religio    ,   ,    ⠫  (saeculum)[11 - Ibid., p. 33].

  ,         , .     !         :  ( ),       . ,      ,  -   [12 - Cavanaugh, Myth ofReligious Violence, pp. 7285].   ,    ,      ,  ,         .          ,     .    ,      ,    .         ,     ,      .  :   ,    .       ,   .

      .  ,   ,    ,   :  , ,  ,  , , ,  ,  ,  , ,   .    ,    . Ƞ,   , ,      .        ,   ,  ,   .     .     ;      . ,   ,    .    .     .   ,     , 堖          . Ƞ     蠖     .

      ,    ,        [13 - Mircea Eliade, TheMyth ofEternal Return, Or, Cosmos andHistory, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ed.), pp. 134. (.  . .: , 2000.)].  ,            , ,    .        ,   蠖 , , ,     .  , ,  ,    [14 - Ibid., pp. 3234; Karl Jaspers, TheOrigin andGoal ofHistory, trans. Michael Bullock (London, 1953), p. 40. (.   . .: , 1994.)].      ,   .           .     ,    .   ,    ,     .        ,   ,  , ,  .  , ,    . ࠖ     .   ?     .

Ӡ   , ,    .       .  ,    500 .     ,     ,   , ,  ( ) .     ,  ,     ,    .  ,    [15 - Paul Gilbert, TheCompassionate Mind: ANew Approach toLifes Challenges (London, 2009).].       (,  120 )[16 - P. Broca, Anatomie compare des circonvolutions crbrales: legrand lobe limbique, Revue anthropologie, 1, 1868].           , ,   ,   ,   .       -,   [17 - Gilbert, Compassionate Mind, pp. 17071].

   ,  ,    ,         .    - (371288. ..),    .   ,      - ,       ,   ,   .  -  ,  ,   - .  ,  -,   ,      .      ,       .  ,    ,    [18 - Mencius, TheBook ofMencius, 2A. 6. (-. .:  , 1999.)].

   -,      .  20000 ,  ,     ().    ,    .    ,   :      , 堖 .     .        ,         ,  .       .           .  ,      -   ,      ,     .   ,  ,     ,    .     ,   堖   .      ,      .             ,      ,   [19 - Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: TheAnthropology ofGreek Sacrificial Ritual, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1983), pp. 1622].

  , ,  [20 - Mircea Eliade, AHistory ofReligious Ideas, 3 vols, trans. Willard R. Trask (Chicago & London, 1978, 1982, 1985), 1, pp. 78, 24 (.    . .:  , 2014.); Joseph Campbell, Historical Atlas ofWorld Mythologies, 2 vols (NewYork, 1988), 1, pp. 4849; Campbell, & Bill Moyers, ThePower ofMyth (NewYork, 1988), pp. 7072, 8587].  ,    - ,     .  ,  ,   .  ,      c.          , ,    ,     () .      (  17000!)   .        :   ,      ,  , ,  .            (religio)   (  -  17 ).  ,   .

     ,      [21 - Andr Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures ofPrehistoric Art (NewYork, n. d.), p. 112].  , ,   ,     XI. ..,   ,  .     .    [22 - Jill Cook, TheSwimming Reindeer (London, 2010)]. -,     , ,   ,      .   :     ,    .   ,   ,    ,     ,  , ,    , [23 - Neil MacGregor, AHistory oftheWorld in100 Objects (London, 2001), p. 22. (.   100 . .: , 2012.)].  ,   ,       :



     ,      ,         [24 - Ibid., p. 24].


 ,        ,   .

    堖   ,     .     ,    :  , , , ,  [25 - J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations onHunting (NewYork, 1985), p. 3].   ,   ,     ,  .    ,      ,       ,  [26 - Walter Burkert, Structure andHistory inGreek Mythology andRitual (Berkeley, Los Angeles andLondon, 1980), pp. 5456; Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 4245].        ,   .       . Ƞ   ,          .          ,     ,          [27 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, p. 33].      :     .

 -   .      , ,     .  ,    ,     . Ƞ       ,        .     ,   ,     ,      .      .  ,  TheNewYork Times,    ꠫,    .



   :    , .   ,   .    . .    ,   ,     :     , .  - :        [28 - Chris Hedges, War isaForce That Gives Us Meaning (NewYork, 2003 ed.), p. 10].


,         ,       ,   .  ,     ,    .

    ,  ,    . ,      (), ,       [29 - Theodore Nadelson, Trained toKill: Soldiers atWar (Baltimore, 2005), p. 64].  ,        , ,      .      ,       : , ࠖ , 堫堖  蠫  . :



 , ,    ,   . ߠ ,   ,  ,  .            . ߠ ,    [30 - Ibid., pp. 6869].


  :      , ,      ;     , . ࠖ  .  ,  . [31 - Hedges, War isaForce, p. 3].     ,     ,    .         .

      ,      .        ,    [32 - I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (NewYork, 1989), p. 405]. Ƞ  .      ,   ( ),      .   : , , .   ,   , ,   .      ,  , , ࠫ .    . ,        .      400  ,     .  :  15?20%       .       ,   :    ,   [33 - Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, OnKilling: ThePsychological Cost ofLearning toKill inWar andSociety, rev. ed. (NewYork, 2009), pp. 34].

   .    ,    ,     ,    .       :



  ,     .      , ,   ,   ,  ,  , ,       ,    .     ,     [34 - Joanna Bourke, AnIntimate History ofKilling: Face toFace Killing inTwentieth- Century Warfare (NewYork, 1999), p. 67].


,    ,     .  ,  ,  (?) ,   ,    ,  :  ,  ,   .

,      ,    .       ,    :    ,    [35 - Peter Jay, Road toRiches orTheWealth ofMan (London, 2000), pp. 3536]. ,      [36 - K. J. Wenke, Patterns ofPrehistory: Humankinds First Three Million Years (NewYork, 1961), p. 130; John Keegan, AHistory ofWarfare (London, 1993), pp. 12021; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, p. 35].   ,      [37 - M. H. Fried, TheEvolution ofPolitical Society: AnEssay inPolitical Anthropology (NewYork, 1967), pp. 10102; C. McCalley, Conference Archives, inJ. Harris, ed., TheAnthropology ofWar (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 11].         :     .       , ,      [38 - Lenski, Power andPrivilege: ATheory ofSocial Stratification (Chapel Hill andLondon, 1966), pp. 18990].       ,        .   IX. .. I. ..   ,       !      (   )    . Ѡ  , 頖 .

        : ,  ,    .       .    ,    .   ,      ,  [39 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 5758].      .   , ,  ,    , -,    ;      [40 - J. L. Angel, Paleoecology, Pleodeography andHealth, inS. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology andSocial Evolution (TheHague, 1975); David Rindos, TheOrigins ofAgriculture: AnEvolutionary Perspective (Orlando, Fla., 1984), pp. 18687].   -,     .   ,  ,    ,   , .  ,      , ⠖  ,      . ,       .    ,  ,     ,  ,  ,     .   ,   ,    ,          [41 - E. O. James, TheAncient Gods: TheHistory andDiffusion ofReligion intheAncient Near East andtheEastern Mediterranean (London, 1960), p. 89; S. H. Hooke, Middle Eastern Mythology: From theAssyrians totheHebrews (Harmondsworth, UK, 1963), p. 83].

      . ʠ IX. ..    ( )   3000 (  !).    ,       [42 - K. W. Kenyon, Digging up Jericho: TheResults oftheJericho Excavations, 19531956 (NewYork, 1957)].       ,  ,   .  ,     ,        ,       . ,    젖  .       5000 .      . Ƞ ,        ,  [43 - Jacob Bronowski, TheAscent ofMan (Boston, 1973), pp. 8688; J. Mellaert, Early Urban Communities intheNear East, 9000 to3400 BCE, inP. Mooney, ed., TheOrigins ofCivilization (Oxford, 1979), pp. 2225; P. Dorell, TheUniqueness ofJericho, inR. Morrey & P. Parr, eds, Archaeology intheLevant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, UK, 1978)].

     :   ,           ,      .        [44 - Robert Eisen, ThePeace andViolence ofJudaism: From theBible toModern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 12].    ,  , 



       ,     ,     ,        [45 - World Council ofChurches, Violence, Nonviolence, andtheStruggle for Social Justice (Geneva, 1972), p. 6].


         .

 ,    :      ,      [46 - Gerhard E. Lenski, Power andPrivilege, pp. 10514; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, p. 28; E. O. Wilson, OnHuman Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), p. 140; M. Ehrenburg, Women inPrehistory (London, 1989), p. 38].        ,   ,    .  ,      .    :        .  ,       ,       [47 - A. R. Radcliffe, TheAndaman Islanders (NewYork, 1948), p. 43],      , ,  ,   [48 - Ibid., p. 177]. ,    ,         ,         .

  I,       .    , ,  ,      ,  ( 2% )          ,     . ,   ,     :   ,     ,   [49 - John H. Kautsky, ThePolitics oftheAristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick andLondon, 1997), p. 374].        ,   .   ,      ,    .  ,  ,      . Ƞ    -   (, ,  ),    ,       [50 - Ibid., p. 177].

  II III    .         .     ࠖ  , ,         .     .       ,   ,        .     蠖    (.268223. ..).  ,      ,    ,   .     .        ,  ࠖ   蠖      .

     ,   ,     . , ,            [51 - Keegan, History ofWarfare, pp. 38486; John Haldon, Warfare, State andSociety intheByzantine World (London andNewYork, 2005), pp. 1011].          ,       .  蠖   .      .         ,     .  ,      ,  ;        ,      [52 - Bruce Lincoln, TheRole ofReligion inAchmenean Imperialism, inNicole Brisch, ed., Religion andPower: Divine Kingship intheAncient World andBeyond (Chicago, 2008)].        ,     ?        ?   ,      .

    ,    蠖 , , 堖   .         ,       ,    .         . ,         [53 - Cavanaugh, Myth ofReligious Violence],      ,       ,      .

       ,  ,     . ,    ,   ()    , I    .  ,   , ,    ,      ,   -         ,       .

Ӡ      ,  ,          , ,   ,  ,  ,    . , ,       ,    ;     ,    ,   .    .   ,  :    蠖  .         ,   .          ,       . , ,      ,     .          :    .

 III       ,     .  1980- .   11 2001.      ,             .    ,       ,   ,       :    ,  . Ƞ :    ,     .      ,    (  )     ,   ,  ,        ,    .      .   ,    ,        ,      ,     .  ,     , ,  ,      .




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,       ,   頖 , [54 -  , 1.2.26.  ,   , .:  : Stephen Mitchell, trans., TheEpic ofGilgamesh: ANew English Version (NewYork, London, Toronto, Sydney, 2004). [   .. . .:   (Π ). .: , 2006. . .]]. ,   ,   . ,    ,      . ʠ III. ..  (   )   - ,   .  -,         1200. ..,     ,   .           ,   ,     . -   :

		   ,
		 ,  :
		 [55 - Ibid., 1.1.1618]

,   ,   .    .        . ,   2750. ..,   :

		 , , , ,
		   ,
		   ![56 - Ibid., 1.2.810]

,       ,   ,   .

    - :   .         ,   ,      [57 -      III. ..       (.1700. ..).  - (.1200. ..)   ,     ].         . ,  ,        :

		   ,
		   [58 -  , 1.2.23. .:    : Andrew George, trans., TheEpic ofGilgamesh: TheBabylonian Epic Poem inAkkadian andSumerian (London, 1999)]

, ,      [59 - George, Epic ofGilgamesh, p. xlvi].        .      ,      .

-,      ,  ,    .      .         5000. ..[60 - John Keegan, AHistory ofWarfare (London, 1993), pp. 12630; Robert L. OConnell, Ride oftheSecond Horseman: TheBirth andDeath ofWar (NewYork andOxford, 1995), pp. 8889]   ,     ,     ,   .   !    ,    ,      .  ,       ,        .    [61 - R. M. Adams, Heartlands ofCities: Surveys ofAncient Settlements andLand Use ontheCentral Floodplains oftheEuphrates (Chicago, 1981), pp. 60, 244; William H. McNeill, Plagues andPeople (London, 1994), p. 47]. ʠ3500. ..      (,  ).    ,      ,     .  ,    :  ,   ,     , ,  蠖    [62 - McNeill, Plagues andPeople, pp. 5455].

  , 3000. ..    12 .    ,   .     .      ;    - ,     .       , ,   㠖     [63 - Gerhard E. Lenski, Power andPrivilege: ATheory ofSocial Stratification (Chapel Hill andLondon, 1966), p. 228]. Ѡ       ,  .        -   .      :  ,    ,   ,   ,     .  ,    ,    : ,  ,          .      ,     ,   [64 - A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait ofaDead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), pp. 8283; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 9395].      .   :   , [65 - Samuel N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology: AStudy oftheSpiritual andLiterary Achievement oftheThird Millennium BC (Philadelphia, 1944), p. 118. [. .: .   . .: , 1965. . .]].  :

		ߠ ,
		   ,
		  ,
		  [66 - Ibid., . 145. [. .: .   . .: , 1965. . .]].

    ,          ,        [67 - Gottwald, ThePolitics ofAncient Israel (Louisville, 2001), pp. 11819].    , -  ,   .       ,   ,       [68 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 9192]. Ƞ,  ,         , , .     ,  . ,         . Ƞ      .

      ?           (  )[69 - Georges Dumzil, TheDestiny oftheWarrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago andLondon, 1969), p. 3].  ,     .     ;        ;      ,      .          .  ,     , ,   . ,     ,        , ,   [70 - Thorkild Jacobsen, TheCosmos asState, inH. andH. A. Frankfort, eds, TheIntellectual Adventure ofAncient Man: AnEssay onSpeculative Thought intheAncient Near East (Chicago, 1946), pp. 14851].  , ,  ,    (,  ,   ,  ).   ,   , ,  .      . ʠ, :  蠖 ,  [71 -  , 1.2.1]. ,   ,      ,    ߻,    .  , ,  ,   ,  .  ()       ,      .  ( )      ,     .       (     ).    ,    .

  (    )  ,     .      .  ꠫ 蠫.      , ,   [72 -    .: : .   . .:  , 2005.].          ,          .           .  ,      ,   ,  ,       .        ,     [73 - Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, pp. 14548; 18697; George, Epic ofGilgamesh, pp. xxxvii xxxviii].      ,  ,       .          .

   ,       :      .          [74 - Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, pp. 18691; Tammi J. Schneider, AnIntroduction toAncient Mesopotamian Religion (Grand Rapids, Mich. & Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 6679; George, Epic ofGilgamesh, pp. xxxviii xxxix].  ,    ,     ,       .  ,    ;       .  -,     ,   :  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,    .      ,     .    頖    ࠖ   .

    :       ,   .     :   ,   ,    . ,      .    ,            :   ,     [75 - Schneider, Introduction, p. 5; Jacobsen, Cosmos asState p. 203].      ,  ,     .      :     ,     ,  .  ,      ( ).

      ,       .     ,  ,      .   ,    ,   ,   . ,       ,      .

,     ,  . ʠ XV. ..     ,   ,  . Ƞ   ,  ,  ,  蠖    ,   .       ,       .  , ,    ,       .    ,   ,   , , ,  ,     [76 - John Kautsky, ThePolitics ofAristocratic Empire, 2nd. ed., pp. 1516; 107].   -  ,       ,   5000    [77 - Thomas Merton, Faith andViolence (Notre Dame, Ind., 1968), pp. 78]. ,    ,   ,      [78 - Walter Benjamin, Theses onthePhilosophy ofHistory, inIlluminations (London, 1999), p. 248].

            .    ,    [79 - Max Weber, TheTheory ofSocial andEconomic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons (NewYork, 1947), pp. 34148].     ,         .       .     ,   :

		   ?
		   ,
		, , ?[80 -  , 1.2.2426]

 ,   .

  ,   1700. ..,    ,      蠫 ,  ,   [81 -  , 1.1.   .:   : Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, theFlood, Gilgamesh, andOthers (Oxford andNewYork, 1989), p. 10. [   .. . .: ߠ   :    / . . .. .:  , 1981. . .]].  , ,  ,   ( )   :         ,        .    ,  ,     [82 - Ibid., 1.3839]. ,     :

		  !
		    !|
		   ,
		 ,  [83 - Ibid., 1.146149]

,  , .   ,     :

		 ,  .
		    ,
		  ,   [84 - Ibid., 1.177179].

      ,  .    -  ,     [85 - Ibid., 1.180].     .       ,     ,     ,      .    :

		    ,
		    .
		  , [86 - Ibid. 2.5.1618. (   ࠖ  :       .        . . .)]

-   . ,    ,     , :    [87 - Ibid., 3.7].         .     :       ,     .

 ,        [88 - W. G. Lambert & A. R. Millard, Atra-Hasis: TheBabylonian Story oftheFlood (Oxford, 1969), pp. 3139.].       , ,    [89 - Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, p. 45].  ,     ,        ,     ,     .  ,  蠖 ,  蠖           .

 ,     III. ..,   ,      [90 - Keegan, History ofWarfare, p. 128].     ,     ,   -   ,          .  -  . , , ,  ,      .  ,   ,        .     ,     ,     .  ,   .    ,   [91 -  , 3.2627 ( )].      ,  .      ,   .    :

		ߠ ,  ,
		  :  ,
		ߠ   ,
		    ![92 - Ibid., 1.4.47.1.5.3]

 , -   ,  .        .      [93 - Ibid., 3.1.1920 ( )].

ʠ        ,     ,         ,  ,  ,     . ,         ,     ,  [94 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 9697].    ,   ,  ,   ,   [95 - A. L. Oppenheimer, Trade intheAncient Near East, International Congress ofEconomic History, 5, 1976].   , ,       蠖 .          [96 - Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, p. 178].     :       . ,  ,        [97 - Thorstein Veblen, TheTheory oftheLeisure Class: AnEconomic Study ofInstitutions (Boston, 1973), pp. 41, 45;  . (.   . .: , 2015.)].          ,    , ,  [98 - Ibid., p. 30].

 ,      頖   , :     ,  .  :

		    .
		     ,
		Ƞ,  ,  ![99 -  , 3.3.57 ( )]

  㠖  ,   .  ,      -   .    .          .  ,  ,      ,    ,       .   ,   .

    .  ,   :     ,   젖 ,   .      [100 - Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, pp. 17072, 346].  :

		,   ?..
		    :
		    ![101 -  , 3.4.10, 1315 ( )]

, ,  .      , ,          .    :

		    ,
		ꠖ   ,
		  렖 !..
		  ,   ,
		   ![102 - Ibid., 3.4.68, 2325]

       [103 - Ibid., 3.2.10].    .   ࠖ     젖  ?  ,      , ,   ,     .

 .   :     [104 - Chris Hedges, War isaForce That Gives Us Meaning (NewYork, 2003), p. 21].     .           ,       .     ,       [105 -  , 5.3132 ( )].  ,   :    ,      .     ,   ,           . ,  ,   ,  .   ,       :   ,   ,  ,  [106 - Ibid., 7.303305].   , -    :       ,       .       ,       -    .      ?

    : -      .          ,     . -     ,      [107 - R. Cribb, Nomads andArchaeology (Cambridge, UK, 1999), pp. 18, 136, 215].   , ,     6000. ..,       ,   [108 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 6768].   , ,   ,    ,     .       .      ,    ,  III. ..   [109 - K. C. Chang, TheArchaeology ofAncient China (New Haven, 1968), pp. 15254]. ʠ      ,     ,     ,     [110 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 7778].

,     4500. ..,   .     (),   ꠫,         [111 - Ibid.].  2500. ..         ,   , , , , ,  .  ,   ,  .    ࠖ   ,     ,  1500. ..   . ,   ,    , ,  ,   .

         .    (.55120. ..)  ,         ,     :  ,  , ?  ,    ,  [112 - . Π   , 14 [ .. . .: .   . . 1. .  . .: , 1969. . .]. .: Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, p. 178].   ,  : ,   ,   [113 - Veblen, Theory oftheLeisure Class, p. 45].  ,   ()    ,   ([3 -       .]) ,  ࠖ  :    ,        .       ,         .

,   ,         .   ,    ,    - .    ,      -     [114 - Bruce Lincoln, Indo-European Religions: AnIntroduction, inDeath, War andSacrifice: Studies inIdeology andPractice (Chicago andLondon, 1991), pp. 110].    :   ,    .   ,   .      ,   :  ,    ,      .

   ,        II. ..[115 - Mary Boyce, Priests, Cattle andMen, Bulletin oftheSchool ofOriental andAfrican Studies, 1988, pp. 50826.]    ,      [116 - ., .,     30:7c; 32; 49: 4b; 50: 7a; 30: 106; 44: 4d; 51:96; Bruce Lincoln, Warriors andNon-Herdsmen: AResponse toMary Boyce, inDeath, War andSacrifice, pp. 14760].      ,  ,    蠖   , ,      ,   .     ,         ,    ,   .      .      :    , ,   ,  ,   [117 - Lincoln, Indo-European Religions, pp. 1013].

-        .  ,  ,        ,  .      ,      .  ,    .    ,     ⠖  ,      .     ,          [118 - Ibid., p. 12].     ,    ,   . ,     :  ,      [119 - Bruce Lincoln, War andWarriors: AnOverview, inDeath, War andSacrifice, pp. 13840].       :     ,  .                  ,   :  , ,     [120 - ,  XII 310315. .:  : Richard Lattimore, TheIliad ofHomer (Chicago andLondon, 1951). [ ..   .: . . .: , 1984. . .]].     . ,   value () valour ()    ,  virtue () virility ().

     , ,  .     ,     [121 - Lincoln, War andWarriors, p. 143]. ,       ꠫:      .   [122 - Georges Dumzil, TheDestiny oftheWarrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago andLondon, 1969), pp. 6474].  ,    ,   .     (),      :

		     ,
		  ,   ;
		,  ,  , ;
		, ;    [123 -   490494].

   :    .    ,    ,      :   ,  ,      [124 -  : 495503; Seth L. Schein, TheMortal Hero: AnIntroduction toHomers Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles andLondon), pp. 14546].       [125 - Lincoln, Indo-European Religions, p. 4].     (. ),   -  .    .      .       [126 - Dumzil, Destiny oftheWarrior, pp. 10607].

    ,     ,   .  ,       .   ,  . ,  ,  ,   ,     :

		  , ,
		  ,   ,
		 ,    ,
		,  ,   
		,      ;
		       [127 -  IV 482488]

⠫    ,    .     ,    ,    .     , ,   ,   :      ? ,    ?  .  :

		Π,     ;
		   , ,  ,
		      ,
		    , [128 -  XI 488491. .:   : Walter Shewring, Homer: TheOdyssey (Oxford andNewYork, 1980). [ .. .: . , . .:  , 1967. . .]].


* * *

  , ,          [129 - James Mellaart, TheNeolithic oftheNear East (London, 1975), pp. 119, 167, 20607; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 7481].    ,      .     ,   .    ,   ,     .     :         ?[130 - J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society andEconomy attheDawn ofHistory (London, 1992), p. 251.] ʠ III. ..     :     ,  ,   .    :     ,    ,      [131 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 13242].     ,      . Ƞ   ,   [132 - Keegan, History ofWarfare, pp. 13031]. -,         , ,  ,   .         ,     [133 - John Romer, People oftheNile: Everyday Life inAncient Egypt (NewYork, 1982), p. 115].

          .    ,  2340 2284. ..     34[134 - Keegan, History ofWarfare, pp. 13335].     ,   ,      ,  . , ࠖ   ,   ,     . Ƞ     :       .   (.2500. ..),   ,  ,  ,         .   ,   .  ,      ,  [135 - Yigal Yadin, TheArt ofWarfare inBiblical Lands, 2 vols (NewYork, 1963), I, pp. 13435; Robert Adams, TheEvolution ofUrban Society: Early Mesopotamia andPrehispanic Mexico (Chicago, 1966), p. 149].        ,    ,  .     -  .    , ,   .        .   :    ,     [136 - Kramer, Sumerian Mythology, p. 123].    , ,       .   :    ,    [137 - Ibid., p. 120].

         ,  .     .        .        ,   ,   .    ,   ,        [138 - Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, p. 108; . Carlo M. Cipolla, Before theIndustrial Revolution: European Society andEconomy, 10001700 (NewYork, 1976), pp. 12930, 151].   , ,    :     .     ,        . , ,   ,   . Ƞ     :     ,   .         .

 2330. ..     : ,    ,     ,     .    ,   ,       .      [139 - Robert L. OConnell, OfArms andMen: AHistory ofWar: Weapons andAggression (NewYork, p. 38); Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 10001; William H. McNeill, ThePursuit ofPower: Technology, Armed Force andSociety since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 23; Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 2223; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 15354; Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: TheInvention oftheCity (London, 2001), pp. 85108]. ,     5400     ,  .  䠖    (,   ).     (     ) ,    ,      ,     .          .    ,      .      ,   ,   ,  .       ,        .

   .     ,       . Ƞ  :   .      :    ,   蠖 ,    ,      (, , , , )   .   ,  34       56. Ƞ      :   ,   [140 - Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism andSocial Classes: Two Essays (NewYork, 1955), p. 25: Perry Anderson, Lineages oftheAbsolutist State (London, 1974), p. 32. (.   . .:  , 2010.)].               .     ,  , ,         ,     [141 - Anderson, Lineages, p. 31].    :        ,     [142 - Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, pp. 14852]. ,  -   ,   ,      ,   [143 - Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), p. 298. (.  . .:   , 2003.)].  :    .

Π   ,       .     ,    ,                [144 - Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 95.          ].       .  ,     ; ,      .   [4 -  (-) ,  . . .],  22602223. ..     ,    .       ,    .          .  ,      젖        [145 - Ibid., p. 100].     , ,     ,   ,   .

         .      ,    ,   .     ,     .         ;               . ,      ,     . Ƞ  ,  ,   ,     ,    ,  .

        .  2113 2029. ..          ,     . , XIX. .., -  -     .   (.17921750. ..),  ,          .   , ,    .      ,  ,     ,    ,    [146 -  , . . J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating totheOld Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 164. [. :    . . I / . .., .., ... .:  , 1980. . .]].     ,       .      ,    :  ,      ,    [147 - . F. C. Frensham, Social Justice inAncient Israel andintheAncient Near East (Minneapolis, 1995), p. 193].    :  ,   ,  [148 -  , ;  . .: Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 178] ,      ,         ,   .

       .     ,     ,  . Ƞ    ,    . Ƞ      ,      :    ,       - .  ,   ,     ,      .    , ,     .    [149 - Marshall G. S. Hodgson, TheVenture ofIslam: Conscience andHistory inaWorld Civilization (Chicago andLondon, 1974), 3 vols, 1, pp. 10810].

   .  ,  ,    III. ..,           . ,   ,    ,     ,  [150 - Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 10506.     ; Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, p. 169].  ,       .   4,     ,  ,       [151 - N. K. Sanders, ed. andtrans., TheBabylonian Creation Hymn, inPoems ofHeaven andHell from Ancient Mesopotamia (London, 1971), pp. 4460].      ,     ,        .

            .     :    ,      [152 - Jonathan Z. Smith, APearl ofGreat Price andaCargo ofYams: AStudy inSituational Incongruity, inJonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon toJonestown (Chicago andLondon, 1982), pp. 9096; Mircea Eliade, AHistory ofReligious Ideas, trans. Willard R. Trask, 3 vols, (Chicago, 1978), 1, pp. 7276; Sanders, Babylonian Creation Hymn, pp. 4751].     ,  .



ߠ ,   ,   . ߠ  ,    . ߠ. ߠ . ߠ  [153 - Smith, Pearl ofGreat Price, p. 91].


     , 砖 ,  ,  .        ,         .       ,    :    .  -  ,     .      , . Ƞ    .

          .        . 

		   ,
		 ,  [154 - Sanders, Babylonian Creation, p. 73. [. .. .:      .:  , 1981. . .]].

    ,    .  ,     .  ,  ,   ,     ,   .       ,   ,   ,  .    :     ,   .       ():  ,        ,    ,  .    ,     ,   .

      .      ,   , ,     ?           ,    .  ,  ,  ,  ,   [155 - Ibid.].     :

		, ,    ,
		 ,  ,   ,
		 ,  [156 - Ibid., p. 79]

   ,    ,    :   .        ( ),     ,   ,    ,   ,    .        . ,  ,    .        ,     ;   ,     ,    ,   .          ,    .

    XVII. ..,         .    ,   ,     (  ),     (XVI. ..)[157 - OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 14142].    1567. ..,       .     ,    ,      .   II. ..      ;       (.16001155. ..);       (14201200. ..); ,   ,     1500. .. ,    ( XIV. ..). I,    (  ),       ,       .

    [158 - Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 198216].  ,  XIX. ..  ,      .          .      ,   (  )         . ʠ,    ,  ,          .      .     ,       ,   :     .

    ,    - I (13071275. ..)        .         .  I (12741245. ..)    :  ,   ,    ,      [159 - A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1972, 1976), 1, pp. 8081].       ,  .       ( ),   :    [160 - H. W. F. Saggs, TheMight That Was Assyria (London, 1984), pp. 4849; . // Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic history: Acollection ofstudies bySoviet scholars. Moscow, 1969, pp. 22122].

      I (12441208. ..),         .         ,      ;  ,      .     I    :    , ,    .     , ࠖ   :



ߠ            ,              .        [161 - Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, pp. 12324].


       ,  .  I (.11151093. ..)   .         ,       [162 - Saggs, Might That Was Assyria, p. 62].        ,     . ,       ,  ,    ,      [163 - Ibid., p. 61].

    .    ,     , ,     ,    .     ,  (   )   ,  . Ƞ-     .      ,      .     .   ,    ,    ,         젖    ,  , 蠫   ,    [164 -   , 76. .: Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, pp. 21214. [ .. .: -  / . ... .: , 2007.  .]].     ,    .    , -,    ,     :    ,   .   ,   ,  ,    ,     , .       ,            ,  -  .       :        .

  1200. ..  .         .    - ( ),     .      ,      .     ,     :     .  ⠖ ,  ,   (),      , ,   .        ,  .  ,  ,         .     :  ,        .        ,     ;   ,  ,  [165 -  46. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos andtheWorld toCome: TheAncient Roots ofApocalyptic Faith (New Haven andLondon, 1993), p. 77; Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs andPractices, 2nd ed. (London andNewYork), p. xliii ( ..  . .: , 1987.); Peter Clark, Zoroastrians: AnIntroduction toanAncient Faith (Brighton andPortland, Oreg., 1998), p. 19].

   , ,   ,     :      .  ,    : - ( ),    ,  .   ,           [166 -  30].       ,      ,    -  ,       .       ,   [167 - Boyce, Zoroastrians, pp. 2324].     ,     蠖 [168 - Lincoln, Warriors andNon-Herdsmen, p. 153].       ,        .  ,     ,           .   ,     .     .   , ,   ,        [169 -  44].

    .   ,      ,    .   ꠫, ,    ࠖ    ,   ,     . ,    ,        [170 - Lincoln, Warriors andNon-Herdsmen, p. 158]. ,     :       .      , , ,     ,    .   ,      ,      ,   .     .        .




2

:  


,   ,    .     ()     ,      .   ,      [171 - Jarrod L. Whitaker, Strong Arms andDrinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence andtheBody inAncient India (Oxford, 2011), pp. 15253].          ,      ,   .       ,  ,  [172 - , III 32: 14, 911. .:  : Ralph T. Griffith, TheRig Veda (London, 1992). [ .. .: . IIV. .: , 1999. . .]].     ,    , ,  ,    .     ,          ()    ,   ,     .    ,     ,      .

   ,        .     :   ,      .     .     ,      ,      , 蠫 .   ,      ,   :   ,       ,    .      :  ,    . ,  ,   ,   .    ,    ,         (),       .

          , XIX. ..     .   :    ,       [173 - Edwin Bryant, TheQuest for theOrigins ofVedic Culture: TheIndo-Aryan Debate (Oxford andNewYork, 2001); Colin Renfrew, ThePuzzle ofIndo-European Origins (London, 1987); Romila Thapar, Early India: From theOrigins toAD 1300 (Berkeley andLos Angeles, 2002), pp. 10507].         ,     (.23002000. ..)    ,     :   ,    .   ,    ,        젖  ()[174 - Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 35; Wendy Doniger, TheHindus: AnAlternative History (Oxford, 2009), pp. 11113.].    ,      .        .      ,      VI. ..       ,    .         ,    , ,  ,      .

 1200. ..       :  ,    () ,   . ,        ,   ,     ,    ().         .      , ,        ,      ,      .     (),    [175 - Louis Renou, Religions ofAncient India (London, 1953), p. 20; Michael Witzel, Vedas andUpanishads, inGavin Flood, ed., Blackwell Companion toHinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 7071; J. C. Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation andtheAxial Age, inS. N. Eisenstadt, ed., TheOrigins andDiversity ofAxial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 398].        .      ,  ,       .

      . ,    ,   -.     ,       .        ,  .       ,    ,  ,      .         ,   -  [176 - J. C. Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation andtheAxial Age, pp. 39698; Heesterman, TheInner Conflict ofTradition: Essays onIndian Ritual, Kingship andSociety (Chicago andLondon, 1985), p. 206; John Keay, India: AHistory (London, 2000), pp. 3133; Thapar, Early India, pp. 12630].    ,   , .  (),   ,    , ,       .     ,    ,     .    ,   ,    ,       ,    .       ,    :       ,    ,    .         ,    .    .

  ,      .       .    ,   ,         . ,     [177 - , 1.32.5],   砫,    ,        .      ,         [5 - ࠖ      ().]. ,  ,        ,   ,      [178 -   (), 6.8.11. .:   : J. C. Heesterman, TheBroken World ofSacrifice: AnEssay inAncient Indian Religion (Chicago andLondon, 1993), p. 123].      ,      . , ,  :          -,      ,  ,   [179 - , 8.16.1; 8.95.6; 10.38.4].   ,      - ,     [180 - Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 35; 1623; Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (NewYork, 1992), pp. 18081, 221].

       , ,     ,   ,     ,   .    ,   蠖     [181 - Renou, Religions ofAncient India, p. 6; Witzel, Vedas andUpanishads, p. 73].    ,    ,     [182 - Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 11517].    .  , ࠖ  ,         ,  [183 - . , 2.22.4].     ,      , ,     .       ,  ,     [184 - , 3.31; 10.62.2].       vr (, , ),     ( )[185 - Witzel, Vedas andUpanishads, p. 72].       ,   .  ()    ,    ;    (),    anxiety ()   Angst ()    [186 - Doniger, Hindus, p. 114].    :     ,  , .

ʠ . ..      .     .       , 堖  .   ,  , -        ,    ,    [187 - Heesterman, Ritual andRevelation,  p. 403].        ,    . Ƞ, ,        .    ,  ,   .             (    !),  ,     .   ,     [188 -  7.1.1.14, .: Mircea Eliade, TheMyth oftheEternal Return orCosmos andHistory, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, 1974), pp. 1011].        .    ,    ,   .    :           , [189 - -, 4.2.1.23.2; .: Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 2324; 13437].     ,    ߻ ()[190 -  2.2.2.810; Heesterman, Broken World, p. 24].

Ƞ,  ,   ,    . ,    ,    :   ,       ,    ;   -     (),   () [191 - Georges Dumzil, TheDestiny oftheWarrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago andLondon, 1970), pp. 7678].        ,          .      ,      .

 ,      ,  ,      .  ,       [192 - John H. Kautsky, ThePolitical Consequences ofModernization (New Brunswick andLondon, 1997), pp. 2526].    :   .    ,       ,          .      ,    :       ,       .      .   -      ,      ,       .

      .      , ,      :       ,    [193 - Whitaker, Strong Arms, p. 158].   .  ,      ,    -.   ,  ,  :      .  ,     ,     .   , , ,  .    ,     . -,      ,   , ,    .   ,     .

     ,      .  ,      蠖  ,  . ..       ()[194 - Louis Renou, Sur la Notion de brahman , Journal Asiatique, 237 (1949); Jan Gonda, Change andContinuity inIndian Religion (The Hague, 1965), p. 200].  ,   ,     . ,     .     :

		, , ,   ,
		, ,  .
		 ,    [195 - , 1.164.46.  ].

Ѡ,  ,         ,  (   )   : ,  . ,   , ,   ,   [196 - , 10.129. 67].    ,      ,    [197 - Jan Gonda, TheVision oftheVedic Poets (TheHague, 1963), p. 18].     [198 - Renou, Religions ofAncient India, pp. 22025; R. C. Zaehner, Hinduism (London, NewYork andToronto, 1962), pp. 21925].

      [199 - , 10. 90].      ,    .     (). ,        .      : , , , ,  ,       頖    .        :      ,  . ,          ,   :    .

       :

		  ,
		  ?
		 , ,
		,  ?
		  ,
		  ,
		, ,  ,
		  [200 - Ibid., 10.90. [ .. .: . Iՠ X. .: , 1999. . .]].

,       : ,  .        ࠖ    ,   .   ()     ().     ,   ,         .

     ;         .  ,    ,  ,   [201 - Bruce Lincoln, Indo-European Religions: AnIntroduction, inDeath, War andSacrifice: Studies inIdeology andPractice (Chicago andLondon, 1991), p. 8].       ,  ,   ⠫,      ().   ,  ࠖ  ,  ,    ,    .      .      ,     .    :    .        .   ⠖ ,  젖   .     .

       .    蠖     ࠖ   ,      ,   ,    [202 - Bruce Lincoln, Sacrificial Ideology andIndo-European Society, inDeath, War andSacrifice, p. 173].  ,   ,    ,    ,     .  ,     . ,     ,  , ,     (    ,   ).       : ,    ,    ,    .   .   ,    ,   [203 - Thapar, Early India, p. 123].

 ,      ,       . ,        ,      .  ,    ,    ,    ,    .   ,   ,        [204 - Lincoln, Sacrificial Ideology, pp. 17475].

      .  900. ..      .      ,   .      ,  -        . ,   ,  ,      .      (),    .          ,     .         (     ).          ,   ,    :  , !  , ࠖ  , ,          .

       ,    ().      .      ,     ,  .   , ,   ,   ,     ,    [205 - Ibid., pp. 14347]. ,   ,      [206 - Reinhard Bendix, Kings orPeople: Power andtheMandate toRule (Berkeley, 1977), p. 228].      .        ,   ,  ,    [207 - Max Weber, TheReligion ofIndia: TheSociology ofHinduism andBuddhism, trans. anded. Hans H. Gerth andDon Martindale (Glencoe, Ill., 1951), p. 65].      . Ƞ   ,     ,  [208 - Alfred Vogts, AHistory ofMilitarism: Civilian andMilitary, rev. ed. (NewYork, 1959), p. 42].

 IX. ..            .  ,       ,      .      (IXVII. ..).      .        (  ),    .         ,  -   : ,      堖  ,      ,     [209 - - (), 7.7: 910, .: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 62]. Ƞ,         :     ,       [210 -  6.8.14; Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation andtheAxial Age, p. 402].

 ,     .       :  ,   ,      .      ,     [211 - J. C. Heesterman, TheInner Conflict ofTradition: Essays onIndian Ritual, Kingship andSociety (Chicago andLondon, 1993) pp. 68, 8485].     .        ,      :

		     ,   !
		     !
		   , 
		,    !
		  ,  .
		ʠ    [212 - , 1.162.2021; .   ]

            [213 - - (), 6.4.8.1; .: Heesterman, Inner Conflict, p. 209].   ,        .        ,     [214 - - (), 3.7.7.14; .: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 34]. ,   ,     ,    ,  ,     ,      [215 - Witzel, Vedas andUpanisads, p. 82].   ,    ,     .

       .           ,     [216 -  , 10.6.5.8; .: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 57].   ,      .  ,         ;      .        ,  , ,    ,      ,     .     ,   / ,  ,  [217 - Zaehner, Hinduism, pp. 5960; Renou, Religions ofAncient India, p. 18; Witzel, Vedas andUpanisads, p. 81 Brian K. Smith, Reflections onResemblance, Ritual andReligion (Oxford andNewYork, 1989), pp. 3034, 7281].

Ƞ  ,         .   ,    ,        ,  ()    .    ,    ,    .  ,    ,       [218 - Jonathan Z. Smith, TheBare Facts ofRitual, inImagining Religion: From Babylon toJonestown (Chicago andLondon, 1982), p. 63]. Ƞ     ,  ,        ,  .       ,   . ,  ,    ,        ,   .     ,    ,       .

         ,     .               (    ).      ,      (320540. ..).     (, )       .     . ,   ,             .   , ,   ,   ,    .

    ,        .         ,       .       ,     .         .      ,  ,      . Ƞ,      ,     .

ʠVI. ..     ,   ,  .     , , , , ,        [219 - Doniger, Hindus, pp. 13742; Gavin Flood, AnIntroduction toHinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 8081].       ,  16  ,    (-  )  (-).    .    ,        [220 - Thapar, Early India, pp. 15052], ,   ,    :



   ,  ,  ,         ,    ,  ,         ,       [221 -  , 7.1622; .:  G. Buhler (Delhi, 1962). [ .,   .. .:  . .: , 1992. . .]]


,    ,      . -     ,  ,        I. ..

         : - ( ),       . ,      ,         .         .      ,  ,   ,   [222 - Thapar, Early India, pp. 14749; Doniger, Hindus, pp. 16566.].         :   - ( ),   . ,        .              ,   I. ..[223 - Thapar, Early India, p. 138.] ,        .

    ,     ,      . ,    , , , , , , ࠖ    .      ,      ,   [224 - Hermann Kulke, TheHistorical Background ofIndias Axial Age, inS. N. Eisenstadt, ed., TheOrigins andDiversity ofAxial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 385].          () ,    [225 - Thapar, Early India, p. 154].   .      ,      .        .   ,     . ,    ,   [226 - Richard Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: ASocial History from Ancient Benares toModern Colombo (London andNewYork, 1988), pp. 5556]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/karen-armstrong-2/polya-krovi-religiya-i-istoriya-nasiliya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


       .      ,    .. . .




2


  religio ,   religio    . . .




3


      .




4


 (-) ,  . . .




5


ࠖ      ().










1


. 16:2122




2


Ren Girard, Violence andtheSacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, 1977), p. 251 ( . . .: , 2010.)




3


Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization inSociety (London, 1968); Robert L. OConnell, Ride oftheSecond Horseman: TheBirth andDeath ofWar (NewYork andOxford, 1995), pp. 613, 10610,12829; OConnell, OfArms andMen: AHistory ofWar, Weapons andAggression (NewYork andOxford, 1989), pp. 2225; John Keegan, AHistory ofWarfare (London, 1993), pp. 22329; Bruce Lincoln, War andWarriors: AnOverview, inDeath, War andSacrifice: Studies inIdeology andPractice (Chicago andLondon, 1991), pp. 13840; Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: AStudy ofthePlay Element inCulture (Boston, 1955 ed.), pp. 89104 (. Homo Ludens.  . .:   , 2015.); Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror intheMind ofGod: TheGlobal Rise ofReligious Violence (Berkeley, Los Angeles andLondon, 2001), p. 90; Malise Ruthven, AFury for God: TheIslamist Attack onAmerica (London, 2002), p. 101; James A. Aho, Religious Mythology andtheArt ofWar: Comparative Religious Symbolisms ofMilitary Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. xi xiii, 435; Richard English, Terrorism: How toRespond (Oxford andNewYork, 2009), pp. 2755




4


Thomas A. Indinopulos & Bryan C. Wilson, eds, What isReligion? Origins, Definitions andExplanations (Leiden, 1998); Wilfred Cantwell Smith, TheMeaning andEnd ofReligion: ANew Approach totheReligious Traditions ofMankind (NewYork, 1962); Talal Asad, TheConstruction ofReligion asanAnthropological Category, inGenealogies ofReligion: Discipline andReasons ofPower inChristianity andIslam (Baltimore, 1993); Derek Peterson & Darren Walhof, eds, TheInvention ofReligion: Rethinking Belief inPolitics andHistory (New Brunswick, NJ, & London, 2002); Timothy Fitzgerald, ed., Religion andtheSecular: Historical andColonial Formations (London & Oakville, 2007); Arthur L. Greil & David G. Bromley, eds., Defining Religion: Investigating theBoundaries between theSacred andSecular (Oxford, 2003); Daniel Dubuisson, TheWestern Construction ofReligion: Myths, Knowledge andIdeology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore, 1998); William T. Cavanaugh, TheMyth ofReligious Violence (Oxford, 2009)




5


Dubuisson, Western Construction ofReligion, p. 168




6


H.J. Rose, Religion, terms relating to, inM. Carey, ed., TheOxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1949)




7


Smith, Meaning andEnd ofReligion, pp. 5068




8


Louis Jacobs, ed., TheJewish Religion: ACompanion (Oxford, 1995), p. 418




9


Smith, Meaning andEnd ofReligion, pp. 2325




10


Ibid., pp. 2931




11


Ibid., p. 33




12


Cavanaugh, Myth ofReligious Violence, pp. 7285




13


Mircea Eliade, TheMyth ofEternal Return, Or, Cosmos andHistory, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ed.), pp. 134. (.  . .: , 2000.)




14


Ibid., pp. 3234; Karl Jaspers, TheOrigin andGoal ofHistory, trans. Michael Bullock (London, 1953), p. 40. (.   . .: , 1994.)




15


Paul Gilbert, TheCompassionate Mind: ANew Approach toLifes Challenges (London, 2009).




16


P. Broca, Anatomie compare des circonvolutions crbrales: legrand lobe limbique, Revue anthropologie, 1, 1868




17


Gilbert, Compassionate Mind, pp. 17071




18


Mencius, TheBook ofMencius, 2A. 6. (-. .:  , 1999.)




19


Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: TheAnthropology ofGreek Sacrificial Ritual, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1983), pp. 1622




20


Mircea Eliade, AHistory ofReligious Ideas, 3 vols, trans. Willard R. Trask (Chicago & London, 1978, 1982, 1985), 1, pp. 78, 24 (.    . .:  , 2014.); Joseph Campbell, Historical Atlas ofWorld Mythologies, 2 vols (NewYork, 1988), 1, pp. 4849; Campbell, & Bill Moyers, ThePower ofMyth (NewYork, 1988), pp. 7072, 8587




21


Andr Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures ofPrehistoric Art (NewYork, n. d.), p. 112




22


Jill Cook, TheSwimming Reindeer (London, 2010)




23


Neil MacGregor, AHistory oftheWorld in100 Objects (London, 2001), p. 22. (.   100 . .: , 2012.)




24


Ibid., p. 24




25


J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations onHunting (NewYork, 1985), p. 3




26


Walter Burkert, Structure andHistory inGreek Mythology andRitual (Berkeley, Los Angeles andLondon, 1980), pp. 5456; Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 4245




27


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, p. 33




28


Chris Hedges, War isaForce That Gives Us Meaning (NewYork, 2003 ed.), p. 10




29


Theodore Nadelson, Trained toKill: Soldiers atWar (Baltimore, 2005), p. 64




30


Ibid., pp. 6869




31


Hedges, War isaForce, p. 3




32


I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (NewYork, 1989), p. 405




33


Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, OnKilling: ThePsychological Cost ofLearning toKill inWar andSociety, rev. ed. (NewYork, 2009), pp. 34




34


Joanna Bourke, AnIntimate History ofKilling: Face toFace Killing inTwentieth- Century Warfare (NewYork, 1999), p. 67




35


Peter Jay, Road toRiches orTheWealth ofMan (London, 2000), pp. 3536




36


K. J. Wenke, Patterns ofPrehistory: Humankinds First Three Million Years (NewYork, 1961), p. 130; John Keegan, AHistory ofWarfare (London, 1993), pp. 12021; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, p. 35




37


M. H. Fried, TheEvolution ofPolitical Society: AnEssay inPolitical Anthropology (NewYork, 1967), pp. 10102; C. McCalley, Conference Archives, inJ. Harris, ed., TheAnthropology ofWar (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 11




38


Lenski, Power andPrivilege: ATheory ofSocial Stratification (Chapel Hill andLondon, 1966), pp. 18990




39


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 5758




40


J. L. Angel, Paleoecology, Pleodeography andHealth, inS. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology andSocial Evolution (TheHague, 1975); David Rindos, TheOrigins ofAgriculture: AnEvolutionary Perspective (Orlando, Fla., 1984), pp. 18687




41


E. O. James, TheAncient Gods: TheHistory andDiffusion ofReligion intheAncient Near East andtheEastern Mediterranean (London, 1960), p. 89; S. H. Hooke, Middle Eastern Mythology: From theAssyrians totheHebrews (Harmondsworth, UK, 1963), p. 83




42


K. W. Kenyon, Digging up Jericho: TheResults oftheJericho Excavations, 19531956 (NewYork, 1957)




43


Jacob Bronowski, TheAscent ofMan (Boston, 1973), pp. 8688; J. Mellaert, Early Urban Communities intheNear East, 9000 to3400 BCE, inP. Mooney, ed., TheOrigins ofCivilization (Oxford, 1979), pp. 2225; P. Dorell, TheUniqueness ofJericho, inR. Morrey & P. Parr, eds, Archaeology intheLevant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, UK, 1978)




44


Robert Eisen, ThePeace andViolence ofJudaism: From theBible toModern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 12




45


World Council ofChurches, Violence, Nonviolence, andtheStruggle for Social Justice (Geneva, 1972), p. 6




46


Gerhard E. Lenski, Power andPrivilege, pp. 10514; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, p. 28; E. O. Wilson, OnHuman Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), p. 140; M. Ehrenburg, Women inPrehistory (London, 1989), p. 38




47


A. R. Radcliffe, TheAndaman Islanders (NewYork, 1948), p. 43




48


Ibid., p. 177




49


John H. Kautsky, ThePolitics oftheAristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick andLondon, 1997), p. 374




50


Ibid., p. 177




51


Keegan, History ofWarfare, pp. 38486; John Haldon, Warfare, State andSociety intheByzantine World (London andNewYork, 2005), pp. 1011




52


Bruce Lincoln, TheRole ofReligion inAchmenean Imperialism, inNicole Brisch, ed., Religion andPower: Divine Kingship intheAncient World andBeyond (Chicago, 2008)




53


Cavanaugh, Myth ofReligious Violence




54


 , 1.2.26.  ,   , .:  : Stephen Mitchell, trans., TheEpic ofGilgamesh: ANew English Version (NewYork, London, Toronto, Sydney, 2004). [   .. . .:   (Π ). .: , 2006. . .]




55


Ibid., 1.1.1618




56


Ibid., 1.2.810




57


     III. ..       (.1700. ..).  - (.1200. ..)   ,     




58


 , 1.2.23. .:    : Andrew George, trans., TheEpic ofGilgamesh: TheBabylonian Epic Poem inAkkadian andSumerian (London, 1999)




59


George, Epic ofGilgamesh, p. xlvi




60


John Keegan, AHistory ofWarfare (London, 1993), pp. 12630; Robert L. OConnell, Ride oftheSecond Horseman: TheBirth andDeath ofWar (NewYork andOxford, 1995), pp. 8889




61


R. M. Adams, Heartlands ofCities: Surveys ofAncient Settlements andLand Use ontheCentral Floodplains oftheEuphrates (Chicago, 1981), pp. 60, 244; William H. McNeill, Plagues andPeople (London, 1994), p. 47




62


McNeill, Plagues andPeople, pp. 5455




63


Gerhard E. Lenski, Power andPrivilege: ATheory ofSocial Stratification (Chapel Hill andLondon, 1966), p. 228




64


A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait ofaDead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), pp. 8283; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 9395




65


Samuel N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology: AStudy oftheSpiritual andLiterary Achievement oftheThird Millennium BC (Philadelphia, 1944), p. 118. [. .: .   . .: , 1965. . .]




66


Ibid., . 145. [. .: .   . .: , 1965. . .]




67


Gottwald, ThePolitics ofAncient Israel (Louisville, 2001), pp. 11819




68


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 9192




69


Georges Dumzil, TheDestiny oftheWarrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago andLondon, 1969), p. 3




70


Thorkild Jacobsen, TheCosmos asState, inH. andH. A. Frankfort, eds, TheIntellectual Adventure ofAncient Man: AnEssay onSpeculative Thought intheAncient Near East (Chicago, 1946), pp. 14851




71


 , 1.2.1




72


   .: : .   . .:  , 2005.




73


Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, pp. 14548; 18697; George, Epic ofGilgamesh, pp. xxxvii xxxviii




74


Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, pp. 18691; Tammi J. Schneider, AnIntroduction toAncient Mesopotamian Religion (Grand Rapids, Mich. & Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 6679; George, Epic ofGilgamesh, pp. xxxviii xxxix




75


Schneider, Introduction, p. 5; Jacobsen, Cosmos asState p. 203




76


John Kautsky, ThePolitics ofAristocratic Empire, 2nd. ed., pp. 1516; 107




77


Thomas Merton, Faith andViolence (Notre Dame, Ind., 1968), pp. 78




78


Walter Benjamin, Theses onthePhilosophy ofHistory, inIlluminations (London, 1999), p. 248




79


Max Weber, TheTheory ofSocial andEconomic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons (NewYork, 1947), pp. 34148




80


 , 1.2.2426




81


 , 1.1.   .:   : Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, theFlood, Gilgamesh, andOthers (Oxford andNewYork, 1989), p. 10. [   .. . .: ߠ   :    / . . .. .:  , 1981. . .]




82


Ibid., 1.3839




83


Ibid., 1.146149




84


Ibid., 1.177179




85


Ibid., 1.180




86


Ibid. 2.5.1618. (   ࠖ  :       .        . . .)




87


Ibid., 3.7




88


W. G. Lambert & A. R. Millard, Atra-Hasis: TheBabylonian Story oftheFlood (Oxford, 1969), pp. 3139.




89


Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, p. 45




90


Keegan, History ofWarfare, p. 128




91


 , 3.2627 ( )




92


Ibid., 1.4.47.1.5.3




93


Ibid., 3.1.1920 ( )




94


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 9697




95


A. L. Oppenheimer, Trade intheAncient Near East, International Congress ofEconomic History, 5, 1976




96


Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, p. 178




97


Thorstein Veblen, TheTheory oftheLeisure Class: AnEconomic Study ofInstitutions (Boston, 1973), pp. 41, 45;  . (.   . .: , 2015.)




98


Ibid., p. 30




99


 , 3.3.57 ( )




100


Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, pp. 17072, 346




101


 , 3.4.10, 1315 ( )




102


Ibid., 3.4.68, 2325




103


Ibid., 3.2.10




104


Chris Hedges, War isaForce That Gives Us Meaning (NewYork, 2003), p. 21




105


 , 5.3132 ( )




106


Ibid., 7.303305




107


R. Cribb, Nomads andArchaeology (Cambridge, UK, 1999), pp. 18, 136, 215




108


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 6768




109


K. C. Chang, TheArchaeology ofAncient China (New Haven, 1968), pp. 15254




110


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 7778




111


Ibid.




112


. Π   , 14 [ .. . .: .   . . 1. .  . .: , 1969. . .]. .: Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, p. 178




113


Veblen, Theory oftheLeisure Class, p. 45




114


Bruce Lincoln, Indo-European Religions: AnIntroduction, inDeath, War andSacrifice: Studies inIdeology andPractice (Chicago andLondon, 1991), pp. 110




115


Mary Boyce, Priests, Cattle andMen, Bulletin oftheSchool ofOriental andAfrican Studies, 1988, pp. 50826.




116


., .,     30:7c; 32; 49: 4b; 50: 7a; 30: 106; 44: 4d; 51:96; Bruce Lincoln, Warriors andNon-Herdsmen: AResponse toMary Boyce, inDeath, War andSacrifice, pp. 14760




117


Lincoln, Indo-European Religions, pp. 1013




118


Ibid., p. 12




119


Bruce Lincoln, War andWarriors: AnOverview, inDeath, War andSacrifice, pp. 13840




120


,  XII 310315. .:  : Richard Lattimore, TheIliad ofHomer (Chicago andLondon, 1951). [ ..   .: . . .: , 1984. . .]




121


Lincoln, War andWarriors, p. 143




122


Georges Dumzil, TheDestiny oftheWarrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago andLondon, 1969), pp. 6474




123


  490494




124


 : 495503; Seth L. Schein, TheMortal Hero: AnIntroduction toHomers Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles andLondon), pp. 14546




125


Lincoln, Indo-European Religions, p. 4




126


Dumzil, Destiny oftheWarrior, pp. 10607




127


 IV 482488




128


 XI 488491. .:   : Walter Shewring, Homer: TheOdyssey (Oxford andNewYork, 1980). [ .. .: . , . .:  , 1967. . .]




129


James Mellaart, TheNeolithic oftheNear East (London, 1975), pp. 119, 167, 20607; OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 7481




130


J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society andEconomy attheDawn ofHistory (London, 1992), p. 251.




131


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 13242




132


Keegan, History ofWarfare, pp. 13031




133


John Romer, People oftheNile: Everyday Life inAncient Egypt (NewYork, 1982), p. 115




134


Keegan, History ofWarfare, pp. 13335




135


Yigal Yadin, TheArt ofWarfare inBiblical Lands, 2 vols (NewYork, 1963), I, pp. 13435; Robert Adams, TheEvolution ofUrban Society: Early Mesopotamia andPrehispanic Mexico (Chicago, 1966), p. 149




136


Kramer, Sumerian Mythology, p. 123




137


Ibid., p. 120




138


Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, p. 108; . Carlo M. Cipolla, Before theIndustrial Revolution: European Society andEconomy, 10001700 (NewYork, 1976), pp. 12930, 151




139


Robert L. OConnell, OfArms andMen: AHistory ofWar: Weapons andAggression (NewYork, p. 38); Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 10001; William H. McNeill, ThePursuit ofPower: Technology, Armed Force andSociety since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 23; Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 2223; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 15354; Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: TheInvention oftheCity (London, 2001), pp. 85108




140


Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism andSocial Classes: Two Essays (NewYork, 1955), p. 25: Perry Anderson, Lineages oftheAbsolutist State (London, 1974), p. 32. (.   . .:  , 2010.)




141


Anderson, Lineages, p. 31




142


Kautsky, Politics ofAristocratic Empires, pp. 14852




143


Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), p. 298. (.  . .:   , 2003.)




144


Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 95.          




145


Ibid., p. 100




146


 , . . J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating totheOld Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 164. [. :    . . I / . .., .., ... .:  , 1980. . .]




147


. F. C. Frensham, Social Justice inAncient Israel andintheAncient Near East (Minneapolis, 1995), p. 193




148


 , ;  . .: Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 178




149


Marshall G. S. Hodgson, TheVenture ofIslam: Conscience andHistory inaWorld Civilization (Chicago andLondon, 1974), 3 vols, 1, pp. 10810




150


Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 10506.     ; Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, p. 169




151


N. K. Sanders, ed. andtrans., TheBabylonian Creation Hymn, inPoems ofHeaven andHell from Ancient Mesopotamia (London, 1971), pp. 4460




152


Jonathan Z. Smith, APearl ofGreat Price andaCargo ofYams: AStudy inSituational Incongruity, inJonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon toJonestown (Chicago andLondon, 1982), pp. 9096; Mircea Eliade, AHistory ofReligious Ideas, trans. Willard R. Trask, 3 vols, (Chicago, 1978), 1, pp. 7276; Sanders, Babylonian Creation Hymn, pp. 4751




153


Smith, Pearl ofGreat Price, p. 91




154


Sanders, Babylonian Creation, p. 73. [. .. .:      .:  , 1981. . .]




155


Ibid.




156


Ibid., p. 79




157


OConnell, Ride ofSecond Horseman, pp. 14142




158


Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 198216




159


A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1972, 1976), 1, pp. 8081




160


H. W. F. Saggs, TheMight That Was Assyria (London, 1984), pp. 4849; . // Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic history: Acollection ofstudies bySoviet scholars. Moscow, 1969, pp. 22122




161


Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, pp. 12324




162


Saggs, Might That Was Assyria, p. 62




163


Ibid., p. 61




164


  , 76. .: Jacobsen, Cosmos asState, pp. 21214. [ .. .: -  / . ... .: , 2007.  .]




165


 46. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos andtheWorld toCome: TheAncient Roots ofApocalyptic Faith (New Haven andLondon, 1993), p. 77; Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs andPractices, 2nd ed. (London andNewYork), p. xliii ( ..  . .: , 1987.); Peter Clark, Zoroastrians: AnIntroduction toanAncient Faith (Brighton andPortland, Oreg., 1998), p. 19




166


 30




167


Boyce, Zoroastrians, pp. 2324




168


Lincoln, Warriors andNon-Herdsmen, p. 153




169


 44




170


Lincoln, Warriors andNon-Herdsmen, p. 158




171


Jarrod L. Whitaker, Strong Arms andDrinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence andtheBody inAncient India (Oxford, 2011), pp. 15253




172


, III 32: 14, 911. .:  : Ralph T. Griffith, TheRig Veda (London, 1992). [ .. .: . IIV. .: , 1999. . .]




173


Edwin Bryant, TheQuest for theOrigins ofVedic Culture: TheIndo-Aryan Debate (Oxford andNewYork, 2001); Colin Renfrew, ThePuzzle ofIndo-European Origins (London, 1987); Romila Thapar, Early India: From theOrigins toAD 1300 (Berkeley andLos Angeles, 2002), pp. 10507




174


Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 35; Wendy Doniger, TheHindus: AnAlternative History (Oxford, 2009), pp. 11113.




175


Louis Renou, Religions ofAncient India (London, 1953), p. 20; Michael Witzel, Vedas andUpanishads, inGavin Flood, ed., Blackwell Companion toHinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 7071; J. C. Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation andtheAxial Age, inS. N. Eisenstadt, ed., TheOrigins andDiversity ofAxial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 398




176


J. C. Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation andtheAxial Age, pp. 39698; Heesterman, TheInner Conflict ofTradition: Essays onIndian Ritual, Kingship andSociety (Chicago andLondon, 1985), p. 206; John Keay, India: AHistory (London, 2000), pp. 3133; Thapar, Early India, pp. 12630




177


, 1.32.5




178


  (), 6.8.11. .:   : J. C. Heesterman, TheBroken World ofSacrifice: AnEssay inAncient Indian Religion (Chicago andLondon, 1993), p. 123




179


, 8.16.1; 8.95.6; 10.38.4




180


Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 35; 1623; Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (NewYork, 1992), pp. 18081, 221




181


Renou, Religions ofAncient India, p. 6; Witzel, Vedas andUpanishads, p. 73




182


Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 11517




183


. , 2.22.4




184


, 3.31; 10.62.2




185


Witzel, Vedas andUpanishads, p. 72




186


Doniger, Hindus, p. 114




187


Heesterman, Ritual andRevelation,  p. 403




188


 7.1.1.14, .: Mircea Eliade, TheMyth oftheEternal Return orCosmos andHistory, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, 1974), pp. 1011




189


-, 4.2.1.23.2; .: Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 2324; 13437




190


 2.2.2.810; Heesterman, Broken World, p. 24




191


Georges Dumzil, TheDestiny oftheWarrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago andLondon, 1970), pp. 7678




192


John H. Kautsky, ThePolitical Consequences ofModernization (New Brunswick andLondon, 1997), pp. 2526




193


Whitaker, Strong Arms, p. 158




194


Louis Renou, Sur la Notion de brahman , Journal Asiatique, 237 (1949); Jan Gonda, Change andContinuity inIndian Religion (The Hague, 1965), p. 200




195


, 1.164.46.  




196


, 10.129. 67




197


Jan Gonda, TheVision oftheVedic Poets (TheHague, 1963), p. 18




198


Renou, Religions ofAncient India, pp. 22025; R. C. Zaehner, Hinduism (London, NewYork andToronto, 1962), pp. 21925




199


, 10. 90




200


Ibid., 10.90. [ .. .: . Iՠ X. .: , 1999. . .]




201


Bruce Lincoln, Indo-European Religions: AnIntroduction, inDeath, War andSacrifice: Studies inIdeology andPractice (Chicago andLondon, 1991), p. 8




202


Bruce Lincoln, Sacrificial Ideology andIndo-European Society, inDeath, War andSacrifice, p. 173




203


Thapar, Early India, p. 123




204


Lincoln, Sacrificial Ideology, pp. 17475




205


Ibid., pp. 14347




206


Reinhard Bendix, Kings orPeople: Power andtheMandate toRule (Berkeley, 1977), p. 228




207


Max Weber, TheReligion ofIndia: TheSociology ofHinduism andBuddhism, trans. anded. Hans H. Gerth andDon Martindale (Glencoe, Ill., 1951), p. 65




208


Alfred Vogts, AHistory ofMilitarism: Civilian andMilitary, rev. ed. (NewYork, 1959), p. 42




209


- (), 7.7: 910, .: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 62




210


 6.8.14; Heesterman, Ritual, Revelation andtheAxial Age, p. 402




211


J. C. Heesterman, TheInner Conflict ofTradition: Essays onIndian Ritual, Kingship andSociety (Chicago andLondon, 1993) pp. 68, 8485




212


, 1.162.2021; .   




213


- (), 6.4.8.1; .: Heesterman, Inner Conflict, p. 209




214


- (), 3.7.7.14; .: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 34




215


Witzel, Vedas andUpanisads, p. 82




216


 , 10.6.5.8; .: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 57




217


Zaehner, Hinduism, pp. 5960; Renou, Religions ofAncient India, p. 18; Witzel, Vedas andUpanisads, p. 81 Brian K. Smith, Reflections onResemblance, Ritual andReligion (Oxford andNewYork, 1989), pp. 3034, 7281




218


Jonathan Z. Smith, TheBare Facts ofRitual, inImagining Religion: From Babylon toJonestown (Chicago andLondon, 1982), p. 63




219


Doniger, Hindus, pp. 13742; Gavin Flood, AnIntroduction toHinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 8081




220


Thapar, Early India, pp. 15052




221


 , 7.1622; .:  G. Buhler (Delhi, 1962). [ .,   .. .:  . .: , 1992. . .]




222


Thapar, Early India, pp. 14749; Doniger, Hindus, pp. 16566.




223


Thapar, Early India, p. 138.




224


Hermann Kulke, TheHistorical Background ofIndias Axial Age, inS. N. Eisenstadt, ed., TheOrigins andDiversity ofAxial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 385




225


Thapar, Early India, p. 154




226


Richard Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: ASocial History from Ancient Benares toModern Colombo (London andNewYork, 1988), pp. 5556


