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   ,          .     9  1989.      [13 -       ?,    National Interest  1989.,     . . .],       . ,        ,  -, ,      [14 -     1992.        (The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Free Press).       :         ,      .    ,    . Ishaan Tharoor, The Man Who Declared the End of History Fears for Democracys Future, Washington Post, Feb. 9, 2017.].

  2018.    , ,     .   2008. ,      ,  ,     ,  .     ,   ,           ,     . , ,      蠖                .

     ,   .             .      , ,     .          .    ,     ,     ,    .       2008.,        ,   1929.            ,      ,       ,      ,   .      , ,    .  ,  ,   ,    .         ,        [15 -            :       (Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World, New York: Viking, 2018).].

,             ,     :    ࠖ    .   ,   [16 - Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis, New York: Harper, 2016.]        [17 - Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right, New York: The New Press, 2016.]  ,     ,   ,   ,     .   ,       [18 - . : Jennifer Sherman, Those Who Work, Those Who Dont: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009); Joan C. Williams, White Working Class: Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2007); Katherine J. Cramer, The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016); Amy Goldstein, Janesville: An American Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017); and Mich?le Lamont, The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).             ,     .].

        1992.  :  , . ,      ,      :   ,   ,   [19 -   ,   ,      .    : -  ?   ,       ,   . .: Deepa Narayan with Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-Schulte, Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).        ;     .].               ,   ,       .   ,          ,    ,       ,     .  .       .  ,      .     2008.,         ,     .    ,    ,   ,      [20 - ., ,         (Freefall)    (The Great Divide).].

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              [30 -          -    ,          ,   . .: Stephen Broadberry, Bruce Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton, and Bas van Leeuwen, British Economic Growth, 12701870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).].           ,           .     ,       ,          .        .    .


    

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            [33 -  ,       ,      .         ,     젖         .     ,            .       :   ,   . ,     ,    .  ,            ,    ,         ,      .       ,  ,   ,        (,  ).      ,  , ,   ,         ,  ,         . ., : Raaj Sah and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Human Fallibility and Economic Organization, American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 29296; Raaj Sah and Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Architecture of Economic Systems: Hierarchies and Polyarchies, American Economic Review 76, no. 4 (1986): 71627.].           .      , ,        .

     ,   ,     ,            [34 -        ,    ,         .].         .     ,   ,             .

   [35 -       ,            .           1987.      : A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, no. 1 (1956): 6594;  Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function, Review of Economics and Statistics 39, no. 3 (1957): 31220.        ,      .           .          ,        .       1943. ,    (Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy)     , ,    ,   ,      .         ,    . (         .     Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy,   2010.  Routledge.)]     ,    ,    ,      ,    ,       .     ,           ,     .    .     ,      250  (. .1:  ,       ,   ,      XVIII  XIX.,       ,     [36 -              (Creating a Learning Society),    ,          ,  1800.                 ,                          -     .        ,    .      ,            1800. , ,     XIX.  ,  ,    ,    .]).    ,       [37 -             (Creating a Learning Society).             -      :    (A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).     ,               ,      .     ,  . ,   ,        ,  ,    ,     (,   ,  ),      ,     ,             ,          :  :    , ,    (Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress, New York: Penguin, 2018).,     :             /   ,     ,     /.          ,        ,     .    ,       /        . .: Robert C. Allen, The British Revolution in Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). (        ,   1960- .), ,          . ,   ,              1100- .    XVIII.  ,       (  ),      ,    .].     .           ,     ,            [38 -           (.: Essays in Persuasion, London: MacMillan, 1931, 3212)      . . : Joseph E. Stiglitz, Toward a General Theory of Consumerism: Reflections on Keynes Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, in Revisiting Keynes: Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, eds. Lorenzo Pecchi and Gustavo Piga (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 4187.].








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notes








1


         2003.  :      (The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the Worlds Most Prosperous Decade, New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).




2


       ,  -     .    :        (The Price of Inequality: How Todays Divided Society Endangers Our Future, New York: W. W. Norton, 2012)   :   ,     (The Great Divide: Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them, New York: W. W. Norton, 2015)    ,         .   , ,    ,          :            .      ,   ,  1% .          :      (Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy: An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity, New York: W. W. Norton, 2015),      ,  ,     ,  ,      ,       ,              ,    .




3


   ,  11  2011.  Vanity Fair,        (      ).




4


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5


     ,        .            . . .




6


        .




7


        ;        .  , ,  ,  ,     .        ,      ,       .       頖         .   ,        ,           .       ,      .   ,            ,      ,  , ,        ,     ,            .       ,       . .: Louis Jacobson, Despite Repeated Pledges to Get Rid of Carried Interest Tax Break, It Remains on the Books, Politifact, Dec. 20, 2017.




8


 10-  20182028.     (  )   ,  , $1,9 .       ,       $3,2 .




9


Transcript of the Press Conference on the Release of the October 2017 World Economic Outlook (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, Oct. 13, 2017); Christine Lagarde, 2018 Article IV Consultation for the United States Opening Remarks (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, June 14, 2018).




10


       .  ,  , ,     ,     ,       .




11


 껠           1880- .,                . . .




12


         , ,   ,            , ,  ,       ,  .         .        ,      ,     ,              ,         (Globalization and Its Discontents, New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).       (Fair Trade for All, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005),      ,     ,      .       (Making Globalization Work, New York: W. W. Norton, 2006)    , ,   ,        ,  .         :     (Globalization and its Discontents Revisited: Anti-Globalization in the Era of Trump, New York: W. W. Norton, 2017)   ,        ,  ,  ,  ,  .     ,  ,   ,   ,      - ,     ,     .   ,                  ,          .  ,   :       .  2010.   :         (Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy, New York: W. W. Norton)        ,            ,          .




13


      ?,    National Interest  1989.,     . . .




14


    1992.        (The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Free Press).       :         ,      .    ,    . Ishaan Tharoor, The Man Who Declared the End of History Fears for Democracys Future, Washington Post, Feb. 9, 2017.




15


           :       (Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World, New York: Viking, 2018).




16


Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis, New York: Harper, 2016.




17


Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right, New York: The New Press, 2016.




18


. : Jennifer Sherman, Those Who Work, Those Who Dont: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009); Joan C. Williams, White Working Class: Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2007); Katherine J. Cramer, The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016); Amy Goldstein, Janesville: An American Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017); and Mich?le Lamont, The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).             ,     .




19


  ,   ,      .    : -  ?   ,       ,   . .: Deepa Narayan with Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-Schulte, Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).        ;     .




20


., ,         (Freefall)    (The Great Divide).




21


,         Vanity Fair   2011. (Of the 1%, by the 1%, and for the 1%, May 2011)  1% ,    ,      (  ,        )   .




22


 Bankrate        2017. ,  61%          $1000    . .: Taylor Tepper. Most Americans Dont Have Enough Savings to Cover a $1K Emergency, Bankrate.com (http://bankrate.com/), Jan. 18, 2018, https://www.bankrate.com/banking/savings/financial-security-0118/ (https://www.bankrate.com/banking/savings/financial-security-0118/).

             2017. (Report on the Economic Well-Being of U. S. Households in 2017),        , ,    10        $400      ,    -          2013.,         .   ,                          2017. -   .         ,  ,   15%   ,   50%    $1000. .: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Report on the Economic Well-Being of U. S. Households in 2017, Federal Reserve Board, May 2018, https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2017-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201805.pdf (https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2017-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201805.pdf); Cameron Huddleston, More than Half of Americans Have Less than $1,000 in Savings in 2017, GOBankingRates, Sept. 12, 2017.




23


Oxfam, Reward Work, Not Wealth, Oxfam Briefing Paper, Jan. 2018.




24


       . .: Ben Stein, In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class Is Winning, New York Times, November 26, 2006.




25


     ,    ,    ,    ,      ()                      .




26


   New York Times, 59,2%     -. .    U. S. Senate Election Results 2018, Jan. 28, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/06/us/elections/results-senate-elections.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/06/us/elections/results-senate-elections.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage).




27


  ,    -  頖 ,            ?   ,     ,  .   ,      ,   ,   ,         , ,  ,     .




28


    . ,  ,    ,       .




29


.: Kenneth. J. Arrow, Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources to Invention,   The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, ed. Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research and the Committee on Economic Growth of the Social Science Research Council (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962), 46792; Kenneth J. Arrow, The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing, The Review of Economic Studies 29, no. 3 (June 1962): 15573; Joseph E. Stiglitz and Bruce Greenwald, Creating a Learning Society, A New Approach to Growth, Development and Social Progress (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014; readers edition published 2015).




30


         -    ,          ,   . .: Stephen Broadberry, Bruce Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton, and Bas van Leeuwen, British Economic Growth, 12701870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).




31


          ,            ,   . ,  ,   :      ,  ,      ,       .




32


      ,     .     ,    ,   ;          ,         (.: Eric Foner, Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015]).   ࠖ                 ,     (.: Stiglitz, Freefall  The Great Divide, 1703),        ,       . ,       ,   ,     .

         ,        ,         .




33


 ,       ,      .         ,     젖         .     ,            .       :   ,   . ,     ,    .  ,            ,    ,         ,      .       ,  ,   ,        (,  ).

      ,  , ,   ,         ,  ,         . ., : Raaj Sah and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Human Fallibility and Economic Organization, American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 29296; Raaj Sah and Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Architecture of Economic Systems: Hierarchies and Polyarchies, American Economic Review 76, no. 4 (1986): 71627.




34


       ,    ,         .




35


      ,            .           1987.      : A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, no. 1 (1956): 6594;  Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function, Review of Economics and Statistics 39, no. 3 (1957): 31220.        ,      .           .          ,        .

       1943. ,    (Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy)     , ,    ,   ,      .         ,    . (         .     Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy,   2010.  Routledge.)




36


             (Creating a Learning Society),    ,          ,  1800.                 ,                          -     .        ,    .      ,            1800. , ,     XIX.  ,  ,    ,    .




37


            (Creating a Learning Society).             -      :    (A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).     ,               ,      .     ,  . ,   ,        ,  ,    ,     (,   ,  ),      ,     ,             ,          :  :    , ,    (Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress, New York: Penguin, 2018).

,     :             /   ,     ,     /.          ,        ,     .    ,       /        . .: Robert C. Allen, The British Revolution in Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). (        ,   1960- .)

, ,          . ,   ,              1100- .    XVIII.  ,       (  ),      ,    .




38


          (.: Essays in Persuasion, London: MacMillan, 1931, 3212)      . . : Joseph E. Stiglitz, Toward a General Theory of Consumerism: Reflections on Keynes Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, in Revisiting Keynes: Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, eds. Lorenzo Pecchi and Gustavo Piga (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 4187.




39


   , -          ,    ,         .




40


.: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651.




41


 廠   1920- .,    . . .




42


 ࠖ    19001917.,       . . .




43


     ,    ,   ,   . (        ,       1889.)




44


  ,         - .     ,        . . .




45


 Washington Post ,    ,  ,    8158             . .: Glenn Kessler, Salvador Rizzo, and Meg Kelly, President Trump Made 8,158 False or Misleading Claims in His First Two Years, Washington Post, Jan. 21, 2019.




46


.: Patt Morrison, Patt Morrison Asks: Robert O. Paxton Talks Fascism and Donald Trump, Los Angeles Times, Mar. 9, 2016.     (The Anatomy of Fascism, New York: Knopf, 2004)      .       15  , ,        .




47


.: Adam Bluestein, The Most Entrepreneurial Group in America Wasnt Born in America, Inc., Feb. 2015.




48


.: Rose Leadem, The Immigrant Entrepreneurs behind Major American Companies (Infographic), Entrepreneur, Feb. 4, 2017.   ( Tesla  SpaceX)        ,      ,        .  ,  Chobani,    ,           .




49


 ,      :   2018.       12%,     17%,   .




50


          .  99,9%     ,       0,1%,   ,    .




51


       ,      .      ,      ;      ,   ,      ,      .         ,        ,         .  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,    -  .      ,    .            ,       (Mein Kampf, trans. James Murphy, London: Hurst and Blackett, 1939).        .       ,    젖 :   ,   ,     ,      .      ,       .  , 12  1941. (Aus Churchills L?genfabrik, Die Zeit ohne Beispiel. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1941, 36469;        , .: German Propaganda Archive, Calvin College, accessed July 17, 2018, http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/goeb29.htm (http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/goeb29.htm)).




52


       . . .




53


           ,      .        ,          .




54


          Vanity Fair  1% ,  1%     1%  Of the 1 percent, for the 1 percent and by the 1 percent)     (The Price of Inequality). .  ,  ,   .




55


  2017.    ,       ,       -    .           ,     ,  ,     . .: Warren Cornwall, Trumps EPA Has Blocked Agency Grantees from Serving on Science Advisory Panels. Here Is What It Means, Science, Oct. 31, 2017.




56


 , ,            .   4       ,                        ,       ,       ,    .      ,                     . (      .)   ,       ,           .          .




57


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58


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          ,   .    ,   . ,  ,  ,    ,  ,        .        ,       .




59


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