   
   


 .    19  #15
         .      ,  ,       ,       . 15-   ,      ,   ,       . ,        .

     20   , , ,    1974 .  ,     ,     ,  ,     .              ,          ,       ,        ,  .      .





 

   .    19. . 15








THE COLLECTED WORKS

OF FA HAYEK



Volume XV

THE MARKET

AND OTHER ORDERS



Edited by Bruce Caldwell



The University of Chicago Press



         . .   ., . 5, 6, 9, 10, 1315, . , ; . .   . 14 ( . . . ); . .   , . 7, 8, 11; . .   . 12; . .   . 16

.

     :    19. . 15.     / . ; . . ; : , 2020. 604 . ISBN 978-5-906401-83-0; 978-5-906401-98-4. : .



 , , 2020

   , 2020

 2014 by The Estate of F. A. Hayek All rights reserved




 



              .         : Individualism and Economic Order (1948), Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (1967)  New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (1978).  ,        .

      ,     , ,  ,       .    ,    ,   Studies 1967. ,            .     .      ,         ,    ,       .

     ,  ,  ,     ,    .  ,  ,  ,         , ,   .  ,           .   HOPE <Helping Overcome Painful Experiences>[1 -         ,         (    . .  .,    . .  .).   (  ) ,     ,      .>]     2012.     .            2009.,                2009.,           .    .

     ,        University of Chicago Press   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -           .        .

        ,        ,    .           .

      ,       2011.

 







 XV   The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek  ,   ,        ;      1937.,   1975.        .       , ,       ,       ,   ,           ,     .     .

    .           ,        ,       ,   ,   ,     ,   ,   ,       . ,              :       .    ,   ,    ,      ,        .

         ,    .                 27  1964.        .        ,     ,      :    ,     (    ),           ,    ,     ,     ,    .        ,     :                   .  ,            ,    1         1936.   :         ,        ,   ,      - -,      . ,       ,        ,     ,        .     ,     ,      ,     ,             -  .             ,     ,    ,     ,         .           ,    ,                 ,        [2 -  .  ,  , . 7071.].

      .          (   ,  ,      ,       ),  ,    , :              ,     ,    , ,         .      ,        .          .   ,   ,     ,       .

           ,   19301940- .                  .   , ,      ,    .  ,    :           (, ,   )[3 -          ,       1961.        .]. ,  ,       ,   ,          ,      .




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   ,        :         .   ,     , , , ,      ,  ,  .                      -  ,   ,     ,   .  , ,  -,        , , ,       ,     [6 - F. A. Hayek, Nobel Prize-Winning Economist, ed. Armen Alchian ( ,   1978.    Oral History Program, University Library, University of California  Los Angeles, 1983 [transcript no. 300/224, Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA]), pp. 425426.].

    ,     ,        .    ,      ,   ,              .   1930-             ,          :          ?    ,    [7 - Oskar Morgenstern, Vollkommene Voraussicht und wirtschaftliches Gleichwicht, Zeitschrift f?r National?konomie, vol. 4, 1934, pp. 337 ff.  : Perfect Foresight and Economic Equilibrium, in Selected Economic Writings of Oskar Morgenstern, ed. Andrew Schotter (New York: New York University Press, 1976), pp. 169183.]. ,    ,   ,             ,           .  :        ?

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         ,         .  ,         ,   .    ,  ,     (       ),    (..   ).            .

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        ,           .          ,          .   .             ,    ,      ,   ,     ,    .      :     ,    ,   ,             ,       ?[9 -  . . 104.]

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* * *

               .   ,       (         ,     , ..  )             ,   .  1940.      ,       .            ,      1942.  1944.  Economica[11 - F. A. Hayek, Scientism and the Study of Society, Economica, n.s., vol. 9, August 1942, pp. 267291; ibid., vol. 10, February 1943, pp. 3463; ibid., vol. 11, February 1944, pp. 2739;  : The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1952; reprinted, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1979 < .  :    . .: , 2003. . 1  10>).  : F. A. Hayek, Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 13 (2010) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, chapters 1  10.       ;             .].               ( 2  ).            .

 ,     10  1942.     ;       ,       . . [12 -  1940.,      ,       , ,     .       ,      ,    ,        .].     ,     :      ,       ,        [13 - .  , . 108.]. , ,   ,       ,       . ,   ,   ,       .

     ,         ,        .          ,  ,  , , , , ,     [14 -  . . 110.],     ,   .   ,      ,         ,      ,     ,         .   ,     ,     .  ,          ,   :

  ,            ,  ,   ,    ,      -     

     ,                --.    ,         ,    ,     , ,   ,           ,   [15 -  . . 113, 117.].

 , ,     ,  ,       ,        .         ,   (1952),      ,    [16 - F. A. Hayek, The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952); < : F. A. Hayek, The Sensory Order and Other Essays, ed. Viktor J. Vanberg, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Routledge), vol. 14 (2017)>.                    ;       ,    ,     . ., : G. B. Madison, Hayek and the Interpretive Turn, Critical Review, vol. 3, Spring 1989, pp. 169185; Theodore Burczak, The Postmodern Moments of F. A. Hayeks Economics, Economics and Philosophy, vol. 10, April 1994, pp. 3158.   : Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, appendix D.].

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           .          ,   ,       , , ,    ,      ; ,    ,           , ..   ,  [17 -         . : Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, pp. 220223; Caldwell, A Skirmish in the Popper Wars: Hutchison versus Caldwell on Hayek, Popper, Mises, and Methodology, Journal of Economic Methodology, vol. 16, September 2009, pp. 315324.].

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* * *

     ,    ,       ;        ,        [18 - .  , . 129.].        ,                  .

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       .        ;     .             ,      .         ,        ,      ,         [20 -           ;     1941.   . .: F. A. Hayek, The Economics of Planning, in Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. Bruce Caldwell, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 10 (1997), pp. 141147.].          , ,      .

   廠    ; ,    ,        [21 - ., : Sanford Grossman, The Informational Role of Prices (Boston: MIT Press, 1989), pp. 1, 32, 108, 134; Leonid Hurwicz, Economic Planning and the Knowledge Problem: A Comment, Cato Journal, vol. 4, Fall 1984, p. 419; Joseph Stiglitz, The Contribution of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Century Economics, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 115, November 2000, pp. 14461448, 14681469.    ,        ;  ,       ,        .           ;     ,   .    : Esteban Thomsen, Prices and Knowledge: A Market-Process Perspective (London: Routledge, 1992); Israel Kirzner, Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 35, March 1997, pp. 6085.].        .        , ,     ,          ,      ,      .

    .   ,      ,      ,  ,        ,  ,      , ,             ,   ,     [22 - .  , . 129.].   ,     ,    ,                       [23 -  . . 138.].        .


* * *

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         .   ,     ,          . ,   ,    ,    ,   ,    .  ,          ,   .   (, ,           )         :

-,   ,                     ,        ,      .

     [26 -  .].

        ,     ,     [27 -  . . 146.].           , ,   ,    ,    ,              .

  ,  ,              .    ,  ,       ;  ,           [28 -  . . 149.].    :   ,         ,   ,          .    ,   .          ,          ,    .


* * *

             (1948).   ,          ,       .        ,       ,               ,       ,      ,    ,        .    廠    :     ,  ,    .  軠    :  , ..   ,    ,           .

         ,  ,       [29 - Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order.      : F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War, in The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek, vol. 10 (1997).].      ,      , ,             .        .




 II.    :  


           (1944)[30 - F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom: Texts and Documents, ed. Bruce Caldwell, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 2 (2007) < .   . .:  , 2006>. ,  ,          Readers Digest (1945);          .  ,          -           .],     1945.          ,     1952.    .  1950.               ,   12 .         .

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       ,           (    )  ,    .              , ,    :                   ,         .         , , ,            .  ,   ,      ,    ;            ,      ,             [35 - .  , . 212.].      ,          .             [36 -  . . 214.].

,    ໠     ,            :           .    ,     (   !)  [37 -  .].      10-   ,    ,   .


* * *

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           ,       :        (   ). ,   ,    ,  ,  ,      .  ,     ,    ,          . ,       ,    , , .   ,     ,    .

          .        ,    ,  ,    .       (   )?

    (  )   ,  ,    ,         :    ,    .                        [38 - Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, III, Economica, n.s., vol. 12, May 1945, pp. 7882; The Poverty of Historicism, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1960), pp. 130131 < .  . .: , 1993>.].   1952.   ,            [39 - Ernest Nagel, Review of F. A. Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science, Journal of Philosophy, vol. 49, August 1952, pp. 560565.].   , ,       1952.,   [40 -     .: Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, pp. 298299.].      ,   ,   ,           ;                  .

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 :     ,   ,   .            ,    .








. I.1. ,  . Friedrich A. von Hayek Papers, box 129, folder 5, Hoover Institution Archives



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    ,  : , ,       ,         ,   ,   .    ,               :        ,     . ,   , ,             .        ,    20  ;    ,        .     [54 - James Buchanan, I Did Not Call Him Fritz: Personal Recollections of Professor F. A. v. Hayek, Constitutional Political Economy, vol. 3, 1992, p. 131.].

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* * *

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   ,         ,      ,   ,    ,  ,  ,    ,     . <>

               .             ,    [58 -  . . 298.].


* * *

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,   , ,    ,           [61 - F.A. Hayek, Two Types of Mind [1975], reprinted in The Trend of Economic Thinking: Essays on Political Economists and Economic History, ed. W. W. Bartley III and Stephen Kresge, vol. 3 (1991) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, pp. 4955.].   ,   ,   ,             .    ,       .     ,       ,     .            ,    ,    .      ,     [62 - F. A. Hayek, Economists and Philosophers, Hayek Collection, box 138, folder 12, Hoover Institution Archives; Hayek, Types of Theoretical Thinking, Hayek Collection, box 138, folder 15, Hoover Institution Archives.].


* * *

        ,   ,   1962.  Proceedings of the British Academy.            ,   , , , , , ,      .

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       ,    -   ,      .   ,    :      ,    .  ,  ,  ,        (     ),          ,    . ,   , ,        ,   ,    [65 -  . . 329.                    .               ,            .].       ;    ,     ,          , .          : ,  ,  ,     ..    .        ,              .




 III.       


        1961. (..   ,     ),     1964.,  ,     .   ,    , ,       1960.:    ,     .

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* * *

,                 ,        , , 1724  1966.           :    ,   .       ,  ,   ,    , ,   ,  .      :

     (..      );

        ;

      (     ,      ) 70.

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    ,        ,         ,   ,    , ..     [71 - Hayek Collection, box 65, folder 7, Hoover Institution Archives.]


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1.     .  ,           .

2.      .       ,    ,         .

3.     ,    :

a.         .

b.,        ,   ,     ,       ,    .

c.     ,    ,  ,        .

d.      ,  ,       ,      .   ,      <> [74 - .:    ,    ,    , ,   ,                 ,           (     , . 370).    ,        .].

4.    ,  ,          ,    .   ,   ,    [75 -   ,             ,   (     )        ,   ,      ,           ( . . 365366;   ).        ,                  . . - (. 369, . 8).].

5.  ,          , ,           .

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7.    ,      ,  ,   ,   .      ,           .

,       ,         , ,  ,  ,   .       ,     :  ,       : ,   ,         , ,  ,      , ,   ,    .  ,          [77 -   ,  , . 345.].


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      ,   ʸ     1968.[88 -   ʸ (19051983),        ,    . ʸ          ,    .      1945.     ,      .]       ʸ,      [89 - Arthur Koestler, Opening Remarks, in The Alpbach Symposium 1968, Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences, ed. Arthur Koestler and J. R. Smythies (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 1. ʸ      The Ghost in the Machine (New York: Macmillan, 1967),     ,   , ,       ,      ,  .],    :                      ,     ,   , -,     XIX.,    ,   ,    [90 - Koestler, Preface, The Alpbach Symposium, p. vii.].    ,        , ,  ,          XIX.       [91 - Koestler, Opening Remarks, The Alpbach Symposium, p. 2.     .]. , ,   .      ,      ,   ,    ,   .

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       ,   ,   .           IV.             -  ,    : ,  ,     ,   ,   ,            [94 -  . . 420.].

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    ,         :           (    ),    ,      [96 -  . . 426.].   ,         ,         .

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* * *

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      ,       .         ,      ,  ,     .         , , ,   ( )     .      ,            1978.    , ,     [98 - F.A. Hayek, New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and the History of Ideas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).].

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* * *

  1978.          ;   ,      ,               . . [101 -     .     . . . ,      ,        ,         .      ,           . , ,     New Stateman,        .]. ,   ,                       .

         ,        .           ,  ,       .       ,   ,     ,    .      , ,    ,   ,        [102 -      ,  , . 472.].

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    ,    ,    ,                    .      1971.,    ,        ,         :      , , ,  ,         ,        ,      ,    [104 -  . . 476.].


* * *

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      1974.,    ,   ,    [106 -  ,  , . 477.      ,     .   1974.,     ,   1970-    .].    ,   ,      :  ,    [107 -  .].

    ,    ,        .                     .  ,   ,    .    , ,      ,     ,         : ,           ,         ,        .   ,   ,       ,   ,     ,   ,  ,        [108 -  . . 479.].   ,    , ,         (..    )[109 -  .].

   ,     ,       ,     -         ,  [110 -      ,   .].   ,       .        ,   ,        .        :      ,   ,          .  ,   ,        ;      .      ,       ,             ,     [111 -  . . 481.  , ,       ,     .].

 ,                                .  , ,   ,          [112 -  ,                     -,    1970- .].  ,       :            , -,      : ,        ,    , ,  ,          . <>    ,          , ,      ,      [113 -  . . 485.].

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* * *

          ,          .      ,    ,         ,     .    ,     :     ,              ,    .          .    ?     ?     ,        ?       ,    ,   ?    ,              ,           .

,      ,   . .: J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (London: Macmillan, 1936), p. 374 <.:  . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 334>.

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,  ,

 2012.




   





:  [115 - ,  27  1964.  , ,    The Economic Studies Quarterly, Tokyo, vol. XV, 3, 1965, pp. 1  12. [ : F. A. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago]



I

      ,      .  ,        ,             .     ,       ,         ,        .        ,           [116 - Press, 1967), pp. 8295. .][. ,      ,   唻      (1939); .: F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 10 (1997) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Routledge), pp. 193200. .          ; .  ,  3. .]].  , ,  - ,  ,  ,            ,   ,   ,      .  ,               .            .

  19201930-            .      ,           ,              ,   .  ,      ,   ,    ,      .  ,             ,      .          ,                  ,    ?             ?

  ,   ,     ,             .        ,        ,      ,          ,         .     ,                .

         .   ,                      .     ,    ( ,      )         ,           .               ,     ,        (   soziale Marktwirtschaft  sozialer Rechtsstaat[117 - [          . < Rechtsstaat    Rule of Law. .>    .     : F. A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, ed. W. W. Bartley III, vol. 1 (1988) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, especially pp. 114119 < .  . .: , 1992. . 197205>. .]]).            ,  ,             ,        .                  ,      .

    , ,      ,         ,    <>  . -              ,         ,    .


II

    ,         .   ,   ,    ,  ,  ,               ,     [118 - [       (16701733),     (17111776)        (18401921).          1945. :   ,  : Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason: Texts and Documents, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 13 (2010) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, pp. 4674. <.:  .    . .; : , 2016. . 140.> .      (Dr. Bernard Mandeville (16701733))   (The Legal and Political Philosophy of David Hume (17111776)): The Trend of Economic Thinking: Essays on Political Economists and Economic History, ed. W. W. Bartley III and Stephen Kresge, vol. 3 (1991) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, chapters 6 and 7 (),       :   (18401921)        : The Fortunes of Liberalism: Essays on Austrian Economics and the Ideal of Freedom, ed. Peter Klein, vol. 4 (1992) of The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek, chapter 2 < .    XX . .; : ; , 2009>. .]].      ,          .

    ,                  .  ,  ,       ,    .  ,       ,  -     ,  ,  ,               .

,   ,  , ,      ,    .        ,       .   , ,    XVIXVII. ,  ,      [119 - [  :                . .]].       .         ,   [120 - .:  ,   ,      ,      ,     ,        ,       (John Locke, Essays on the Laws of Nature (1676), ed. W. von Leyden, Oxford (Clarendon Press), 1954, p. 111 <.     //  . .: 3. . 3. .: , 1988. . 4>).],         .     ,        ,         ,   , ..  .

      ,          ,    ,        ,              [121 - [ -    (15611625)       .          Francis Bacon: Progenitor of Scientism,    5 The Trend of Economic Thinking.     (15881679)    ,        ,      ,     . .]].      esprit geometrique,            .

 ,          .          ,         . (  , ,     ,        , ,             XIX. . [122 - [          -.        ( , . 445, . 3),            . ,          11 ].     ,        ,    .         ,    ,       [123 - 1885.,       :      ,    <construction>, ..       . .: Selections from the Correspondence of the First Lord Acton, ed. John Neville Figgis and Reginald Vere Laurence (London: Longmans, Green, 1917), vol. 1, p. 239.     ,        ,       ,       ,   ,   . .: John Morley, The Life ofWilliam Ewart Gladstone (New York: Macmillan, 1904), vol. 3, p. 173. .].: Hayek F. A., The Counter-Revolution of Science (Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1952). [     Scientism and the Study of Society; .: Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, pp. 75166. .] < .     //  .  . .: , 2003. . 27  134.>].)

    XVII.    ,   ,  ,     , ,        .   ,          .           : ,      ,   ,      ,    .       , ,         ,  ,   ;          ,     ,     ,        ;        ,    ,    ,   ,          ,        ,   .   ,           .


III

     :   ,      ,    ,       ,    - ,     . , ,       ,       .         ,    ,        .       ,      ,        ,      ,       .      ,        :        ,       , ,    ,     ,    .

 ,                      ,  ,  ,     ,       ,   ,      .      ,      ,  ,        ,      - ,              [124 - [   -  .: F. A. Hayek, Rules and Order, vol. 1 (1973) of Law, Legislation and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, and Routledge: London, 19731979), pp. 2224, 7476,   . < . ,   : 3. . 1:   . .: , 2006. . 4043, 9395.> .]].

     ,    , ,        ,        ,     ,    . ,     , -,   ,         ,   .         ;         ,  ,  ,         ,         ,     .        ,        ,             ,           .          ,         .


IV

  ,  ,     <guided>  (   <operated> ),    ,  ,         ,   . ,        ,  ,   .      ratio non est judex, sed instrumentum    ,  .     ,     (      ),        [125 - [David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, in The Philosophical Works, ed. T. H. Green and T. H. Grose, new rev. ed. (London: Longmans, Green, 1890), vol. 2, p. 235 < .     //  . .: 2. . 1. . 497>. .]]. , ,     ,    ,  ,    .   ,         ,        .    ,     ,      .       , ..     ,        ,     ,     ,    .         .       ,     .

 ,     ,  ,        .    ,       ,     .      .     ,                ,    .

             ,    ,           ,   ,             ,    -   [126 - [Ibid. < .>      ,  ,      III  .     ,     ,            ( ,  ,       ),            . .]].  ,        ,  ,    ,      .        , ,           ,     ,  ,        , ..        .        ,        ,      ,       .   [  ] ,                    ;  ,           ,   ,     ,        ,     .

   ,         ,   . ,    <generic> ,   ,      ,   <particularist> ,       ,           .                ,                [127 - [     (17151771)  1758.      ,             .    (17381794)   .       (1764),            ,      ,       (17481832),     .     (17901859)            .         (18731958)    ,        ,        .       ,          ,   : Hayek, The Mirage of Social Justice, vol. 2 (1976) of Law, Legislation and Liberty, pp. 1723 < .    //  . ,   . .: , 2008. . 185191>.       .: Ibid., p. 4950.< . . 213227>. .]].  ,          ,        ,                .


V

               . ,    ,  ,  ,    ,       ,           ,      ,           .  ,    ,        ,     ,    ,      [128 - [Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, translated by Henry Reeve, revised by Francis Bowen, ed. Philipps Bradley (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1945), vol. 2, book 1, chapter 3, p. 13 < . .   . .:  , 2000. . 325>.            ,    .         (18051859)       (1835, 1840)      (1856),              ,           . .]].        ,       ,           , ..         ,   ,       ,     ,    .                    ,                     .

 ,            ,    ,                       .             .          ,      30  ,  :       .         ,    ,    ,   ,    .       ,       ,            .     ,    .       . , ,    .         ,     .   ,     [129 - J.M. Keynes, Two Memoirs: Dr. Melchior: A Defeated Enemy, and My Early Beliefs, Introduction by D. Garnett (London: Rupert HartDavis, 1949), pp. 9798. [     :      ,   ,       , -,   . .]].

 ,           ,        ,   .  ,         ,        ;  , ,                   .          ,      ,    .       ,               . ,            .    ,    ,          ,     ,             ,           .

           ,     ,       .                         .         ,         ,  ,               .

  ,        ,  ,              < >. , , ,    ,     - ,              ,    ,       .                  .       .        ,       ,     ,       .  ,          ,   .           ,     ,                       ,      .

  , , ,     , , ,     -  ,    ,    ,           .  , ,    ,   .         ,      -        .


VI

                           ,     ,         .         ,        ,   ,       -,      . ,       ,         (Economics and Knowledge)[130 - F. A. Hayek, Economics and Knowledge, Economica, n.s., vol. 4, February 1937, pp. 3354,  : Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 3356. [ .  ,  1. .]],     ,        .     ,     ,      ,     ,             -  .             ,     ,    ,     ,         .           ,    ,                 ,        .

           ,    ,     ,       .    ,          ,          ,      ,    .  ,  ,     ,       .         ,   .  ,  ,    ,     ,   ,     , ,    ,      .    ,      ,           ,      .  , ,      ,  ,           .            ,    ,         ,    ,      .

-,  ,   ,     ,       ,     , ,     ,       .         , , ,    ,      .  ,        ,       ,         ,               ,      .         ,            .        : la raison meme a besoin de limites <    >[131 - [   : le vertu meme a besoin de limites (.. virtue itself has need of limits).             (16891755) LEsprit des lois (1748),  .: The Spirit of the Laws, translated by Thomas Nugent (New York: Hafner, 1949), vol. 1, book 11, chapter 4, p. 150. < .   . .: , 1999. . 137>.              :      ,    ,          . .]].


VII

     ,  ,          ,           ,     .  ,  , ,     ,           ,        . ,    ,  ,     XVII, XVIII  XIX.  ,  ,     .   , ,           ,     ,        . ,    ,    ,                 ,         .

  ,          ,       ,    XVII.           ,   [132 - [              ,         ,     ,         (  ),     黠        (The Constitution of Liberty, ed. Ronald Hamowy, vol. 16 (2011) of The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek, chapter 4 < .  . .:  , 2018.  4>.              ;    :        . .   : Hayek, Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, p. 13, note 33; pp. 3940, note 115. .]].     ,   ,       ,        ,       ,   ,      .     ,          ,  ,  ,  .

 ,          ,   ,       ,      .         (   - )    ,     ,        ,          ,       (         ).       ,    ,        .  ,           .  XVIII.        ,       ,    ,           .           , , ,     ,         .                    ;                   .        ,        .      , ,   ,         .  ,        ,     .

         .  ,        ,            .                 ,    .   ,       .     ,        , 

   ,     ,           .              .      ,     ,       .   ,    ,              ,    .

 [133 - -  ,   ,    .]      ,      ,        .    ,  ,     ,    ,     ,    ,  ,    ,  ,               .  ,     .             ,   , ,    ,     ,     ,      .




 I

 





 1

   [134 -        10  1936.  : Economica, n.s., vol. 4, February 1937, pp. 3354. [    : F. A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 3356 < .   ]



I

,     ,  .     , ,  ,          ,     .        ,       ,        -      . ,       ,  ,        ,    ,  -          ,           ,     .  ,   ,          ,         ,             ,  (    ) [135 -  . : , 2011. . 4168>. .] , , . .: Karl Popper, Logik der Forschung (Vienna: Springer, 1935), passim. [     (19021994)            6   Logik der Forschung, . 1214; .: Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1959), pp. 4042 < .   . .: , 2004. . 3740>.          ,                           1936.   ,    ,      . .: F. A. Hayek to T. W. Hutchison, May 15, 1983, in the Friedrich A. von Hayek papers, box 26, folder 8, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Calif. .]],   ,   .

,         ,                    .    ,      ,           ,       ,      .  ,  ,    ,     ,  ,   [136 -    ,            ,  , ,    . : Irving Fisher, Appreciation and Interest (New York: Macmillan, 1896).].    ,              [137 - [     : Frank Knight, Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921) < . ,   . .: , 2003>.     (18851972)   黠 ..          .          . .]].

,    ,  ,      ,         ,    .       ,                      ,  , ,        , , ,   ,       ,  . -,      , ,     ,   ,    ,      .

 , , ,   ,   ,             ,    ,        ,     .       .      ,     ,            ,     ,         ,  .      ?

   ,  ,   ,   ,            ,       . ,      ,    ,       ,      ,       ,   ,         ,       [138 - [  ,   1948.,    ,    ,     Economica:     ,         ,  ,  .     (   -)       .         1015 .  ,  .      , - ,   ,        .    ,       ,       ,    . .: Hans Mayer, Der Erkenntniswert der funktionellen Preistheorien: Kritische und positive Untersuchungen zum Preisproblem, in Hans Mayer, ed., Die Wirtschaftstheorie der Gegenwart (Vienna: Springer, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 147239; P. N. Ro-senstein-Rodan, Das Zeitmoment in der mathematischen Theorie des wirtschaftlichen Gleichgewichtes, Zeitschrift f?r National?konomie, vol. 1, May 1929, pp. 12942; Idem., The Role of Time in Economic Theory, Economica, n.s., vol. 1, February 1934, pp. 7797. . .   : Hans Mayer, The Cognitive Value of Functional Price Theories: Critical and Positive Investigations Concerning the Price Problem, translated by Patrick Camiller, in Classics in Austrian Economics, vol. 2, The Interwar Period, ed. Israel Kirzner (London: William Pickering, 1994), pp. 55  168. .]].   ,      ,     ,     ,                                 .

 ,                          ,  ,    ,  ,     . , , ,       ,      .         ,  ,                 ,     ,    ,    .                ,     ,   ,                              ,    .


II

       ,                ,    ,                 .     ,         ,    -      ,      ,  ,        . ,        ,   ,       .     ,         ,  ,           .    ,  ,                    ,    .  ,      ,   ,      .    ,                    ,     ,          ,   -  .  ,     ,         ,  (   )  ,   ,   ,       ( )  ,       .         ,       [139 -    .,  : Ludwig von Mises, Grundprobleme der National?konomie (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1933), pp. 22ff, 158ff. [.: Ludwig von Mises, Epistemological Problems of Economics, translated by George Reisman (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1960), pp. 23ff, 170ff. .] <           202022i .>].

        . -,        ,           ,     (relevant)  ,    ,     ,     ,        .  ,          ,     . -,                  , ,          - .    ,    , ,            ,       .      .


III

  ,              ,   , , ,                . ,    ,   ,  ,            ,            . ,  ,   ,     ,         .

 , , -,   ,   ,    ,        -       ,        . ,     ,     , ,      ,  .     (  ,    ),    -     ,    .        -  ,     .  , ,         -    .         ,         .

    ,  ,        . -,      ,             ,             ,             .  -,  ,   ,           ,         .  ,          , ,   ,      [140 -   ,   ,   ,                ,    . [   ,    Economica,     :   ,    analysis situs < > () ,  ,  ,    ,  ,       ,    ,     ,        ,   ,     .     ,    (Karl Menger, Moral, Wille und Weltgestaltung: Grundlegung zur Logik der Sitten [Vienna: Springer, 1934]),     .           ,  .      . (.: Einige neuere Fortschritte in der exakten Behandlung sozialwissenschaftlicher Probleme, in Neuere Fortschritte in der exakten Wissenschaften [Leipzig: F. Deuticke, 1936], p. 132.) .   1934 : Karl Menger, Morality, Decision, and Social Organization: Toward a Logic of Ethics, based on a translation by Eric van der Schalie (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974). .]]. ,  ,   ,         ,         ,      ,        ,      .

       , -,     ,      ,      ,                           .  ,  ,  ,         ,                  .    , ,   ,            ,                datum . ,          ,    ,          .    ,   ,      ,            . Datum  ,   .                  .


IV

,   ,         ,      . Datum, , , , ,  .  ,              ,   , ,  ,   


. ,         ,   ,  ,     ,     ,  , ,          ,   .   ,  ,     -     ,     ,    ,   ,                      .

  ,        ,        ,   ,  ,  -, ,   ,   ,  ,  ,     ,        . ,   , ,              ,     ,    .

    ,       ,     ,        . ,       ,   ,    ,   ,    ,     .      ,       , ,     ,      ,      .       -

[   ,             ,        ,    ,  ,   ,  .  ,       ,     . .: F. A. Hayek, Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue, ed. Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 147.   (19001962)       . .] 




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=54979385)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


        ,         (    . .  .,    . .  .).   (  ) ,     ,      .>




2


 .  ,  , . 7071.




3


         ,       1961.        .




4


       .      612 : F. A. Hayek, The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Routledge),      .




5


F.A. Hayek, Economics and Knowledge, Economica, n.s., vol. 4, February 1937, pp. 3354,   : F. A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 3356 < .    . : , 2011. . 4168>.     ,    1948.;  ,   1948.    .  1948.      ,         .




6


F. A. Hayek, Nobel Prize-Winning Economist, ed. Armen Alchian ( ,   1978.    Oral History Program, University Library, University of California  Los Angeles, 1983 [transcript no. 300/224, Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA]), pp. 425426.




7


Oskar Morgenstern, Vollkommene Voraussicht und wirtschaftliches Gleichwicht, Zeitschrift f?r National?konomie, vol. 4, 1934, pp. 337 ff.  : Perfect Foresight and Economic Equilibrium, in Selected Economic Writings of Oskar Morgenstern, ed. Andrew Schotter (New York: New York University Press, 1976), pp. 169183.




8


.  , . 87.




9


 . . 104.




10


 ,          ,  .    ,     : Bruce Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge: An Intellectual History of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); .  10     .




11


F. A. Hayek, Scientism and the Study of Society, Economica, n.s., vol. 9, August 1942, pp. 267291; ibid., vol. 10, February 1943, pp. 3463; ibid., vol. 11, February 1944, pp. 2739;  : The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1952; reprinted, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1979 < .  :    . .: , 2003. . 1  10>).  : F. A. Hayek, Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 13 (2010) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, chapters 1  10.       ;             .




12


 1940.,      ,       , ,     .       ,      ,    ,        .




13


.  , . 108.




14


 . . 110.




15


 . . 113, 117.




16


F. A. Hayek, The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952); < : F. A. Hayek, The Sensory Order and Other Essays, ed. Viktor J. Vanberg, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Routledge), vol. 14 (2017)>.                    ;       ,    ,     . ., : G. B. Madison, Hayek and the Interpretive Turn, Critical Review, vol. 3, Spring 1989, pp. 169185; Theodore Burczak, The Postmodern Moments of F. A. Hayeks Economics, Economics and Philosophy, vol. 10, April 1994, pp. 3158.   : Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, appendix D.




17


        . : Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, pp. 220223; Caldwell, A Skirmish in the Popper Wars: Hutchison versus Caldwell on Hayek, Popper, Mises, and Methodology, Journal of Economic Methodology, vol. 16, September 2009, pp. 315324.




18


.  , . 129.




19


 . . 131.




20


          ;     1941.   . .: F. A. Hayek, The Economics of Planning, in Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. Bruce Caldwell, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 10 (1997), pp. 141147.




21


., : Sanford Grossman, The Informational Role of Prices (Boston: MIT Press, 1989), pp. 1, 32, 108, 134; Leonid Hurwicz, Economic Planning and the Knowledge Problem: A Comment, Cato Journal, vol. 4, Fall 1984, p. 419; Joseph Stiglitz, The Contribution of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Century Economics, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 115, November 2000, pp. 14461448, 14681469.    ,        ;  ,       ,        .           ;     ,   .    : Esteban Thomsen, Prices and Knowledge: A Market-Process Perspective (London: Routledge, 1992); Israel Kirzner, Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 35, March 1997, pp. 6085.




22


.  , . 129.




23


 . . 138.




24


F. A. Hayek to Fritz Machlup, July 31, 1941, Machlup Collection, box 43, folder 15, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Calif. ( Hoover Institution Archives).    ; .: Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942; 3rd ed., New York: Harper and Row, 1950), chapter 7 < . ,   . .: , 1995.  7>.




25


.  , . 144.




26


 .




27


 . . 146.




28


 . . 149.




29


Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order.      : F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War, in The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek, vol. 10 (1997).




30


F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom: Texts and Documents, ed. Bruce Caldwell, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 2 (2007) < .   . .:  , 2006>. ,  ,          Readers Digest (1945);          .  ,          -           .




31


F. A. Hayek to Fritz Machlup, November 19, 1953, Machlup Collection, box 44, folder 1, Hoover Institution Archives.        ,        2- .




32


    : Hayek Collection, box 125, folder 2, Hoover Institution Archives.




33


F. A. Hayek, Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue, ed. Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, and London: Routledge, 1994), p. 130. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960);  : The Constitution of Liberty, ed. Ronald Hamowy, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 16 (2011) < .  . .:  , 2018>.        ,   1955.,           ,  .    .          .     : Hayek Collection, box 93, folder 11, Hoover Institution Archives.




34


   ,         ,   . ., : Ronald Hamowy, The Hayekian Model of Government in an Open Society, in The Political Sociology of Freedom: Adam Ferguson and F. A. Hayek (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2005), p. 235:    ,       ,   , ..     ,   ,           ,   ,      ,     ,    ,      .            ,   .             ,     .      -   .       : Ronald Hamowy, Hayeks Concept of Freedom, New Individualist Review, vol. 1, April 1961, pp. 2831.




35


.  , . 212.




36


 . . 214.




37


 .




38


Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, III, Economica, n.s., vol. 12, May 1945, pp. 7882; The Poverty of Historicism, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1960), pp. 130131 < .  . .: , 1993>.




39


Ernest Nagel, Review of F. A. Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science, Journal of Philosophy, vol. 49, August 1952, pp. 560565.




40


    .: Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, pp. 298299.




41


Warren Weaver, Science and Complexity, American Scientist, vol. 36, October 1948, pp. 536544.  ,           .     : Hayek Collection, box 137, folder 10, Hoover Institution Archives.




42


.  , . 259.




43


   (1960)        ,         (p. 105,    <. ., . 121>).       , ,       蔻 (ms., Hayek Collection, box 129, folder 12, Hoover Institution Archives),  :          ,         , ,        ,   .       : Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. viii.




44


.  , . 277.




45


 . . 278.




46


Hayek Collection, box 129, folders 5 and 6, Hoover Institution Archives.




47


Memorandum on Plans for Work, November 1955, Hayek Collection, box 93, folder 11, Hoover Institution Archives.




48


Memorandum on Plans for Work, November 1959, Hayek Collection, box 93, folder 11, Hoover Institution Archives.




49


Hayek to Popper, February 27, 1960, Hayek Collection, box 44, folder 2, Hoover Institution Archives.         (19011972)             .




50


            .  .              -.        ,                .        ,       .      -   ;    : Hayek Collection, box 108, folder 1, Hoover Institution Archives.




51


.  , . 509.




52


 . . 545.




53


 .




54


James Buchanan, I Did Not Call Him Fritz: Personal Recollections of Professor F. A. v. Hayek, Constitutional Political Economy, vol. 3, 1992, p. 131.




55


        ,          ,        .  .: Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, ch. 4.




56


,        ,         :   ,            . .: Henry Calvert Simons, The Simons Syllabus, ed. Gordon Tullock (Fairfax, VA: Center for the Study of Public Choice, George Mason University, 1983), p. 3.




57


.  , . 294.




58


 . . 298.




59


   ,       ,  .        .: Edward Nik-Khah, George Stigler, the Graduate School of Business, and the Pillars of the Chicago School, in Building Chicago Economics: New Perspectives on the History of Americas Most Powerful Economics Program, ed. Robert Van Horn, Philip Mirowski, and Thomas A. Stapleford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 116147.




60


F. A. Hayek, The Economics of the 1920s as Seen from Vienna, The Fortunes of Liberalism: Essays on Austrian Economics and the Ideal of Freedom, ed. Peter Klein, vol. 4 (1992) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, pp. 1938 < .     1920- :    //  .     . : , 2009>; Hayek, The Economics

of the 1930s as Seen from London, Contra Keynes and Cambridge: Essays, Correspondence, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 9 (1995) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, pp. 4963.




61


F.A. Hayek, Two Types of Mind [1975], reprinted in The Trend of Economic Thinking: Essays on Political Economists and Economic History, ed. W. W. Bartley III and Stephen Kresge, vol. 3 (1991) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, pp. 4955.




62


F. A. Hayek, Economists and Philosophers, Hayek Collection, box 138, folder 12, Hoover Institution Archives; Hayek, Types of Theoretical Thinking, Hayek Collection, box 138, folder 15, Hoover Institution Archives.




63


       , . 110 <. ., . 68>,     ,  , . 116.




64


.  , . 325.




65


 . . 329.                    .               ,            .




66


  ,  , . 341342.          .




67


 . . 346.




68


 . . 357.




69


., : F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, vol. 3, The Political Order of a Free People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), epilogue; Hayek, The Fatal Conceit, ed. W. W. Bartley III, vol. 1 (1988) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek.




70


  ,  , . 360.




71


Hayek Collection, box 65, folder 7, Hoover Institution Archives.




72


     .         ,  , . 364, . 2.




73


     ,     : Caldwell, Hayeks Challenge, pp. 309310.




74


.:    ,    ,    , ,   ,                 ,           (     , . 370).    ,        .




75


  ,             ,   (     )        ,   ,      ,           ( . . 365366;   ).        ,                  . . - (. 369, . 8).




76


 . . 377.




77


  ,  , . 345.




78


               1945. :   ,        .           .    ,     -    .




79


  ,    ,  , . 388.




80


 . . 392.




81


.: Hayek, Constitution of Liberty, vol. 16 (2011) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, pp. 347350 < .  . .:  , 2018. . 312314>; Hayek, The Mirage of Social Justice, vol. 2of Law, Legislation and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), chapter 8 < .    //  . , 




82


  . .: , 2006.  8>.

         




83


   .

   ,  , . 399.




84


      ;        ,    ,        .   




85


     .

   , . 402.




86


 . . 405.        1981.    ,        .            : Business Cycles, Part II, ed. Hansjoerg Klausinger, vol. 8 (2012) of The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek.




87


   ,  , . 407.




88


  ʸ (19051983),        ,    . ʸ          ,    .      1945.     ,      .




89


Arthur Koestler, Opening Remarks, in The Alpbach Symposium 1968, Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences, ed. Arthur Koestler and J. R. Smythies (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 1. ʸ      The Ghost in the Machine (New York: Macmillan, 1967),     ,   , ,       ,      ,  .




90


Koestler, Preface, The Alpbach Symposium, p. vii.




91


Koestler, Opening Remarks, The Alpbach Symposium, p. 2.     .




92


 ,  , . 415.




93


 . . 415.




94


 . . 420.




95


 . . 425.         .




96


 . . 426.




97


Koestler, The Act of Creation (London: Hutchison, 1964). ʸ ,  ,            ,              .




98


F.A. Hayek, New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and the History of Ideas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).




99


 ,  , . 452, . 13.




100


 . . 456. .:  .  . .: , 1992.




101


    .     . . . ,      ,        ,         .      ,           . , ,     New Stateman,        .




102


     ,  , . 472.




103


 . . 473.




104


 . . 476.




105


  1976.     ,   ,     .      ,   ,         ,   ?    . : Gunnar Myrdal, The Nobel Prize in Economic Science, Challenge, March  April 1977, pp. 5052.   ,     1974.,  ,            ,     .




106


 ,  , . 477.      ,     .   1974.,     ,   1970-    .




107


 .




108


 . . 479.




109


 .




110


     ,   .




111


 . . 481.  , ,       ,     .




112


 ,                     -,    1970- .




113


 . . 485.




114


 . . 372.     , , ,  , ,        , :




115


,  27  1964.  , ,    The Economic Studies Quarterly, Tokyo, vol. XV, 3, 1965, pp. 1  12. [ : F. A. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago




116


Press, 1967), pp. 8295. .]

[. ,      ,   唻      (1939); .: F. A. Hayek, Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 10 (1997) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Routledge), pp. 193200. .          ; .  ,  3. .]




117


[          . < Rechtsstaat    Rule of Law. .>    .     : F. A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, ed. W. W. Bartley III, vol. 1 (1988) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, especially pp. 114119 < .  . .: , 1992. . 197205>. .]




118


[       (16701733),     (17111776)        (18401921).          1945. :   ,  : Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason: Texts and Documents, ed. Bruce Caldwell, vol. 13 (2010) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, pp. 4674. <.:  .    . .; : , 2016. . 140.> .      (Dr. Bernard Mandeville (16701733))   (The Legal and Political Philosophy of David Hume (17111776)): The Trend of Economic Thinking: Essays on Political Economists and Economic History, ed. W. W. Bartley III and Stephen Kresge, vol. 3 (1991) of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, chapters 6 and 7 (),       :   (18401921)        : The Fortunes of Liberalism: Essays on Austrian Economics and the Ideal of Freedom, ed. Peter Klein, vol. 4 (1992) of The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek, chapter 2 < .    XX . .; : ; , 2009>. .]




119


[  :                . .]




120


.:  ,   ,      ,      ,     ,        ,       (John Locke, Essays on the Laws of Nature (1676), ed. W. von Leyden, Oxford (Clarendon Press), 1954, p. 111 <.     //  . .: 3. . 3. .: , 1988. . 4>).




121


[ -    (15611625)       .          Francis Bacon: Progenitor of Scientism,    5 The Trend of Economic Thinking.     (15881679)    ,        ,      ,     . .]




122


[          -.        ( , . 445, . 3),            . ,          11 




123


1885.,       :      ,    <construction>, ..       . .: Selections from the Correspondence of the First Lord Acton, ed. John Neville Figgis and Reginald Vere Laurence (London: Longmans, Green, 1917), vol. 1, p. 239.     ,        ,       ,       ,   ,   . .: John Morley, The Life ofWilliam Ewart Gladstone (New York: Macmillan, 1904), vol. 3, p. 173. .]

.: Hayek F. A., The Counter-Revolution of Science (Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1952). [     Scientism and the Study of Society; .: Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, pp. 75166. .] < .     //  .  . .: , 2003. . 27  134.>




124


[   -  .: F. A. Hayek, Rules and Order, vol. 1 (1973) of Law, Legislation and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, and Routledge: London, 19731979), pp. 2224, 7476,   . < . ,   : 3. . 1:   . .: , 2006. . 4043, 9395.> .]




125


[David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, in The Philosophical Works, ed. T. H. Green and T. H. Grose, new rev. ed. (London: Longmans, Green, 1890), vol. 2, p. 235 < .     //  . .: 2. . 1. . 497>. .]




126


[Ibid. < .>      ,  ,      III  .     ,     ,            ( ,  ,       ),            . .]




127


[     (17151771)  1758.      ,             .    (17381794)   .       (1764),            ,      ,       (17481832),     .     (17901859)            .       

  (18731958)    ,        ,        .       ,          ,   : Hayek, The Mirage of Social Justice, vol. 2 (1976) of Law, Legislation and Liberty, pp. 1723 < .    //  . ,   . .: , 2008. . 185191>.       .: Ibid., p. 4950.

< . . 213227>. .]




128


[Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, translated by Henry Reeve, revised by Francis Bowen, ed. Philipps Bradley (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1945), vol. 2, book 1, chapter 3, p. 13 < . .   . .:  , 2000. . 325>.            ,    .         (18051859)       (1835, 1840)      (1856),              ,           . .]




129


J.M. Keynes, Two Memoirs: Dr. Melchior: A Defeated Enemy, and My Early Beliefs, Introduction by D. Garnett (London: Rupert HartDavis, 1949), pp. 9798. [     :      ,   ,       , -,   . .]




130


F. A. Hayek, Economics and Knowledge, Economica, n.s., vol. 4, February 1937, pp. 3354,  : Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 3356. [ .  ,  1. .]




131


[   : le vertu meme a besoin de limites (.. virtue itself has need of limits).             (16891755) LEsprit des lois (1748),  .: The Spirit of the Laws, translated by Thomas Nugent (New York: Hafner, 1949), vol. 1, book 11, chapter 4, p. 150. < .   . .: , 1999. . 137>.              :      ,    ,          . .]




132


[              ,         ,     ,         (  ),     黠        (The Constitution of Liberty, ed. Ronald Hamowy, vol. 16 (2011) of The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek, chapter 4 < .  . .:  , 2018.  4>.              ;    :        . .   : Hayek, Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason, p. 13, note 33; pp. 3940, note 115. .]




133


-  ,   ,    .




134


       10  1936.  : Economica, n.s., vol. 4, February 1937, pp. 3354. [    : F. A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 3356 < .   




135


 . : , 2011. . 4168>. .] , , . .: Karl Popper, Logik der Forschung (Vienna: Springer, 1935), passim. [     (19021994)            6   Logik der Forschung, . 1214; .: Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1959), pp. 4042 < .   . .: , 2004. . 3740>.          ,                           1936.   ,    ,      . .: F. A. Hayek to T. W. Hutchison, May 15, 1983, in the Friedrich A. von Hayek papers, box 26, folder 8, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Calif. .]




136


   ,            ,  , ,    . : Irving Fisher, Appreciation and Interest (New York: Macmillan, 1896).




137


[     : Frank Knight, Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921) < . ,   . .: , 2003>.     (18851972)   黠 ..          .          . .]




138


[  ,   1948.,    ,    ,     Economica:     ,         ,  ,  .     (   -)       .         1015 .  ,  .      , - ,   ,        .    ,       ,       ,    . .: Hans Mayer, Der Erkenntniswert der funktionellen Preistheorien: Kritische und positive Untersuchungen zum Preisproblem, in Hans Mayer, ed., Die Wirtschaftstheorie der Gegenwart (Vienna: Springer, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 147239; P. N. Ro-senstein-Rodan, Das Zeitmoment in der mathematischen Theorie des wirtschaftlichen Gleichgewichtes, Zeitschrift f?r National?konomie, vol. 1, May 1929, pp. 12942; Idem., The Role of Time in Economic Theory, Economica, n.s., vol. 1, February 1934, pp. 7797. . .   : Hans Mayer, The Cognitive Value of Functional Price Theories: Critical and Positive Investigations Concerning the Price Problem, translated by Patrick Camiller, in Classics in Austrian Economics, vol. 2, The Interwar Period, ed. Israel Kirzner (London: William Pickering, 1994), pp. 55  168. .]




139


   .,  : Ludwig von Mises, Grundprobleme der National?konomie (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1933), pp. 22ff, 158ff. [.: Ludwig von Mises, Epistemological Problems of Economics, translated by George Reisman (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1960), pp. 23ff, 170ff. .] <           202022i .>




140


  ,   ,   ,                ,    . [   ,    Economica,     :   ,    analysis situs < > () ,  ,  ,    ,  ,       ,    ,     ,        ,   ,     .     ,    (Karl Menger, Moral, Wille und Weltgestaltung: Grundlegung zur Logik der Sitten [Vienna: Springer, 1934]),     .           ,  .      . (.: Einige neuere Fortschritte in der exakten Behandlung sozialwissenschaftlicher Probleme, in Neuere Fortschritte in der exakten Wissenschaften [Leipzig: F. Deuticke, 1936], p. 132.) .   1934 : Karl Menger, Morality, Decision, and Social Organization: Toward a Logic of Ethics, based on a translation by Eric van der Schalie (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974). .]


