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 ,         gurski@minsk.piter.com (mailto:%20gurski@minsk.piter.com) ( ,  ).

     !

   http://www.piter.com (http://www.piter.com/)       .




 1

     



 ISO/OSI.

 .

NetBIOS  NetBEUI.

TCP, IP  UDP.

IPX  SPX.

SMTP, POP3  IMAP.

SLIP, , HTTP  FTP.



    ,      . ,          , ,   ,       , ,  ,   ,  ,    ,   .    ,      .

    . ,      ,  .       ,          ,        .

        ,    ,  ,   .       ISO/OSI    .




1.1.  ISO/OSI



,       ,    ,      (Open System Interconnection, OSI),      (International Standards Organization, ISO).      ISO/OSI.

     .       ,        .      ,      .  ,    ,       .        ,    .

       : , , , , ,      (.1.1).

    (Ethernet 802.3)   (IEEE 802.11)           .     ,  - .




 


   ,  , .            ,            .           .         :  ,   ,  , ,        ..




.1.1.   ISO/OSI.



      :  , ,   ..

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     ,                  .          ,      ,       ..

     ,        ,     (        ). ,   ,     ,     ,      .        .   ,     ,   ,        .         ,     . ,   ,   .

  ,    ,        .      . ,           :          .          , ,    .

  ISO/OSI     ,             .  ,       CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance,           )  DCF (Distributed Coordination Function,   ).

 CSMA/CA       .      ,   ,       .

    .       ,         RTS (Ready To Send,   ),      ,    .   ,          . ,    ,    CTS (Clear To Send,   )     .   , -         .      .       ,  -    .

      ,         .           ,   .   -       ,        (     ),      .




 


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       ,         .       ,       .  ,       ,      .

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       ISO/OSI.        .      ,             .




1.2.  


       ISO/OSI,          .     ,   .     ,   .      ,     .

 ,    ,       .       ISO/OSI         ,           .

   ISO/OSI   ,         .  ,   ,          ,       .    ,     ,           .

    :   .

             .                .



.

     ,      .


   ,      .     ,  :     ,  ,   .



.

 ,               .


   ,      .   ,     .       () .      ,   ,     .              .

    ,         .                       .

           .




1.3. NetBIOS  NetBEUI





NetBIOS


NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System,    / )  (, )  ,    1983    IBM.

   NetBIOS    ,           API-.  ,           .           ,  TCP.

          ,         .  ,   NetBIOS  .

,  ,     NetBIOS ,         ,     .   NetBIOS  ,     ,      -  .




NetBEUI


NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface,        /) ,  NetBIOS.  NetBEUI         ,       ,      .  ,       .

  NetBEUI,   NetBIOS,   ,        .            ,       .

,  NetBEUI     ,          .   ,        NT-,     .




1.4. TCP, IP  UDP





TCP


TCP (Transmission Control Protocol,    )  ,    .       ,     ,    TCP   .

     ,     ,         .          -  -,     .

       ,    , TTL (Time To Live,  ).      -        ,  -    .  ,    ,      -  ,    .




IP


IP (Internet Protocol,   ) ,       TCP.       ,      .       ,          [1 -         ,       .]    .     ,       ,   TCP.

  -  ,  IP     ,   -   ,      ,   ,  .

     (  -     )      -.




UDP


UDP (User Datagram Protocol,   )    ,     ,       .     ,    IP,      -   .        ,       (  )  ,          .     , ,    -     .

  ,  UDP     .     ,    .           ,        . ,  UDP  , ,          - (       ).




1.5. IPX  SPX



 IPX  SPX    ,   Novell.         Microsoft     :    Novell Netware  Windows NT. ,       .

 ,  Novell   ,        Windows NT.    ,  Novell,          .




IPX


IPX (Internetwork Packet eXchange,    )     ,    .                  .

       ,      .    ,      (   )       .

      ,       . ,  IPX       .




SPX


SPX (Sequenced Packet eXchange,   )    IPX,       .          IPX/SPX.

   SPX            .




1.6. SMTP, POP3  IMAP



  SMTP, POP3  IMAP    . ,         ,   .

      .  ,        , ,   ,   .  SMTP, POP3  IMAP     ,      .

      . , ,  ,    ,  .      .




SMTP


SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,    ) ,         .  ,   ,     ,    .

 SMTP    ,          . ,                .    SMTP      .

       ,          .  , ,  MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions,      ),          .  ,   UUENCODE,       .




POP3


POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3,    3)  ,         .

 POP3      SMTP,          .

    ,   SMTP,      . ,             .




IMAP


IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol,      )    ,        .           IMAP,  POP3.




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/aleksandr-vatamanuk/besprovodnaya-set-svoimi-rukami/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



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1


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