     BIOS. !
 


!
    ,       BIOS,           ,            ,       .  BIOS      ,               .     ,          .





  

     BIOS. !








               . ,  ,       .          ,      .

      BIOS,         .  BIOS      ,               BIOS    .

     ,         BIOS       .        ,         Windows         .

         : ,  , ,   . .           .     ,  ,    ,  .               (,  Intel Core i3/5/7  AMD Phenom II/Athlon II).




 


 , ,       gromakovski@minsk.piter.com ( ,  ).

     !

   http://www.piter.com       .




 1

  



      BIOS,     ,     ,      .




    


    ,       (. 1.1).         ,         .

?  .       ,    .

? ,  , .      ,     .     -,    .     ,      ,  .

? .  ,       .

?  .       ,       .     ,    ,        .

? .    ,     .      ,       .






. 1.1.     



?  .       .

?   .       ,         .        flash- ().

?  CD  DVD. -  DVD       ,       .

?  .         ,       .      ,  , -  .




   


        ,        ;          (   ).         .

? Intel.     Pentium, Celeron, Core 2 Duo/Quad, Core i3/5/7  .

? AMD.      Phenon, Athlon  Sempron.

           .        .

? Socket 478   Pentium 4, Celeron.

? LGA 775   Intel Core 2 Duo/Quad, Pentium 4/D/E/Dual-Core, Celeron D    .

? LGA 1366   Intel Core i7.

? LGA 1156   Intel Core i3/5/7.

? Socket A (462)   Athlon XP, Duron    Sempron.

? Socket 754   Sempron, Athlon 64.

? Socket 939   Athlon 64/FX/X2.

? Socket AM2   Athlon 64/FX/X2, Sempron   Phenom.

? Socket AM3   Phenom II/Athlon .          2,   .

         .     ,      .       .  .

?  . ,      ,    1,5-4 .     ,  ,    .

 Intel Pentium  Core 2         FSB (Front Side Bus),      . ,  Intel Core 2 Duo E6600   FSB 266,6  (1066 ,       )   9,       2400 .

   AMD         (HyperTransport),   Intel Core i3/5/7   QPI (QuickPath Interconnect).           QPI ()   .

?  .         ,           .         ()      ,         2-4 .          .

?  .          ,     .                . ,   Celeron 420    1600          Celeron   1700-2000 .

?  -.    ,   ,             .   ,          ,  .

        -. -   (L1)       ( 16-128 ). -   (L2)    ,       128    ,     .      -   (L3), , AMD Phenom II   L3  6 , a Intel Core i7  8 .

       ,         ,     . ,  AMD Phenom II 4 945    AMD  Phenom II,    (4)     945.        ,     ,  FSB/QPI/HT,    .





        ,      .  AMD       ,    .      Intel  AMD      ,        .


        ,   :

?           3DNow!, , SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4;

?        AMD   NX-bit (No Execute),   Intel  XD (Execute Disable Bit),     Intel    Intel Trusted Execution (TXT);

?      Cool'n'Quiet ( AMD), 1/2, 1, EIST ( Intel);

?   64-   AMD64  64 (Intel);

?            AMD-V  VT(Intel);

?    Hyper-Threading ()   Intel Pentium 4  Core i5/7      ;

?  Intel Turbo Boost       Core i5/7    .




   


        (. 1.2).      ,    ,     , ,    .       ,     (Northbridge)   (Southbridge) .     Intel     (Memory Controller Hub),    ICH (Input/Output Controller Hub).






. 1.2.  



          ,    .           ,     :

? FSB       Intel,  Intel Core i3/5/7,      AMD;

? QPI      Intel Core i3/5/7;

?          AMD.

    Intel Core i3/5/7     AMD       ,       PCI Express.      Core i3/5/7      ,       (Input/Output Hub),        .

        ,         .         .      :

?  Serial ATA/RAID;

?  IDE;

?  ;

?   PCI  ISA;

? USB-;

?   -.

          ,            .  ,      BIOS  CMOS.      CMOS     .




 


       ,        ,      .        (  )  RAM (Random Access Memory     ).

        ,  DRAM (Dynamic RAM);         BIOS.     ,      .

? SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM).          Pentium I/II/III       AMD.

? DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM),   DDR.     SDRAM,  DDR       ,        .          Pentium 4/ Celeron  AMD Athlon/Sempron.

? DDR2.        DDR:                     SDRAM.  DDR2       LGA 775 (Intel Pentium 4, Pentium Dual-Core, Core 2 Duo/Quad  . .)  2 (AMD Phenom/Athlon/Sempron).

? DDR3.                   Intel Core i3/5/7 (LGA 1366/1156)  AMD Phenom II/Athlon II ().

      DIMM       ,         (. 1.3).      ,        .

             .       , ,   DDR2   800   DDR2-800.         /,     DDR2-800     2-6400 (      80    ).






. 1.3.   DIMM









     ,       ,      .           ,       .     .

? ISA (Industry Standard Architecture).       1980- ,  1990-     PCI.      ISA  .

? PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect).   1992   Intel     ISA. ,        Plug and Play,      .    ,        .

? AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port).    PCI,     .      PCI Express.

? PCI Express (PCIE).  ,     PCI  AGP.     PCI Express      .







     -.               .    .

?   ().        .     .

?   (LPT).       ,    .     .

?  .     ,     .    .

?  PS/2.        :     ,    .         ,        USB.

? USB.        .          .       USB  ,     .

? IEEE 1394 (FireWire).      .

? HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface).         .

? eSATA.      Serial ATA.

?   .    ,    .

? VGA / DVI.    .

? Ethernet.         .

 . 1.4         .     . . 9.






. 1.4.       






 


 ,  ,      .            .

? IDE,  .           40  80- .        ,          (. . 7).

? Serial ,  SATA.      ,  .    IDE,      ,    .       4-6 SATA-  1-2 IDE-.

        SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)      SAS (Serial Attached SCSI).      SCSI/SAS   ,         SCSI/SAS-.




   


? .    ,      , ,   BIOS   .

?  CD  DVD. -  DVD       , ,     ,          . CD/DVD-        IDE  SATA.

?    flash-. Flash-    ,      ,    .    USB   flash-    CD  DVD.




 


       ,        ,            .  ,      ,       .  .

? .      ,       .       .

?      (DMA).            ,         DMA.

?  -.        .

?   .      .

      ,              .







     ,               ,      ,     .       .  (INT)          ,    .      16 ,    :

? 0   ;

? 1  ;

? 2   ;

? 3  4    COM2  1;

? 6   ;

? 7   ;

? 8     (RTC);

? 12  PS/2-;

? 13   ;

? 14  15      IDE-.

   5, 9, 10, 11       .  3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14  15        ,   0, 1, 2, 8  13  ,    .

         (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller, APIC),     . APIC         24.




 Plug and Play


         ,     ,      .       Plug and Play,     .

    Plug and Play,       BIOS,     .        ,     ,        .




 2

   BIOS





   BIOS


BIOS (Basic Input/Output System    -)       ,      -.

BIOS    flash-,     .    BIOS    - (,    ),       -.    BIOS   :




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/uriy-zozulya/tonkaya-nastroyka-komputera-s-pomoschu-bios-nachali/)  .

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