200    Linux
  


          Windows,      , , , .       , ,     Linux.   ,    ,   , ,       GNU/Linux,     .       .            Windows .      -  .

         .





  

200    Linux








       GNU/Linux,   ,        .   .      .   ,     .      .       ,   .      .           Windows  Linux.        Linux  ,             ,     .         ,        UNIX- .

 Linux , , ,   .     ,    ,     .     Linux    ,  ,       ,     . ,   Linux,     ,   , ,   .   ,    ,     .


 

 ,         dgurski@minsk.piter.com (mailto:dgurski@minsk.piter.com)( ,  ).

     !

   http://www.piter.com (http://www.piter.com/)      .




 1

    Linux



   Linux

    Linux



Linux    ,         .    ,   Windows: ,  Linux     :, D:,  ,      ,      ,    ,    .    ,     ,  ,    ,    ,              .   ,    ,    , , ?    .




  Linux


  UNIX-   KISS  Keep It Simple Stupid,    .     .     Linux   ,        ,    .    Linux  .    ,        .       ,       .   ,   Windows 98  Windows XP  Vista,     .

   Windows       ,     ,   ,    .

   ,          ,     ,     .      ,        .  Linux    .





GNU      GNU's Not UNIX (GNU   UNIX).


,          GNU GPL (General Public License    ),     :        ,          GNU GPL.





 free ()      ,     .


   GNU (http://www.gnu.org/home.ru.html (http://www.gnu.org/home.ru.html))     free.   ,      ,   , ,   ,         ,        .       , , , ,     .            :

       ( 0);

  ,   ,          ( 1);       ;

   ,   ,      ( 2);

         ;       ( 3);       .

       .     ,      ,    .

     . ,  Linux    .        ,  ,          .      ,             - (front-end),        ,    . ,    MPlayer      Kplayer, KMplayer, smplayer, Freevo  .

    ,       ,   . ,      K3B   48    (. 1.1).




. 1.1.    K3B



   .   , ,    ,       ,              .

   :

  (hard): ,   ,  ,   ;

  (soft): ,     , ,   ,     (,     ).

 ,    ,     .

   ,    .    Windows,     ,  Linux  .     ,   Linux    ,     ,      -    .   ,       ,               .     ,       ,        ,   ,      .




   Linux



      ,     .    ,            .




 


   ,      ,           .





      SLS Linux,    90-     .       ,         Linux   ,          .       ,          . ,     Slackware  Debian   SLS.


    ,     ,      ,         ,   ,    .





,     ,  maintainer,            ,  .    ,   ,       .        (. patch  ),      .    ,     ,     .


 ,        ,   .     :        ,           ,  i386,     Intel 80386,    1985 .   i486, i586 (Pentium MMX)  i686 (Pentium Pro),       64- .   ,        ,     .  ,      (    )  10  200 %     ,   ,    ,     ,     .

 ,     ,       Linux,  ,      ,   .    ,   .



!

      GCC, GNU Make   .        .    ,  Kubuntu    sudo apt-get install build-essential.


 ,        (tarball).

,    ,     ,   .tar.gz  .tar.bz2    program-.,  program   ,  .  .

      .         :



tar xzvf program-..tar.gz

tar xjvf program-..tar.bz2


     .        INSTALL  README,      ,    ,       .

      ./configure   .       ,    ,  makefile,    .   ,   -  ,           ,   .



!

          ($),  ,         ,    (#),    root.


 ,    ,   -       .        .    ,    .       ,         ,  -          .  ,               .           help.



$ ./configure help


     prefix,              ( /usr/local/).      ,     makefile.            make,   ;   make   ,   (      ,   ):



# make install


       (root),   ,   su  sudo:



$ sudo make install


  Kubuntu,      sudo,      admin.         .          make uninstall,         .




 Gentoo


 Linux   BSD-  FreeBSD, OpenBSD  NetBSD,     ,      .   ,  , ,     .        ,    ,   .      Gentoo (http://www.gentoo.org/ (http://www.gentoo.org/)),       (portage).





 Gentoo (  )      Pygoscelis papua,      (27   ),     .


 Gentoo        ,     .              /usr   .



$ wget c http://adelie.polymtl.ca/snapshots/portagelatest.tar.bz2 (http://adelie.polymtl.ca/snapshots/portagelatest.tar.bz2)

$ tar -xvjf portage-latest.tar.bz2 -C /usr


    (    )    :



# emerge sync


  . ,   ,     pdf,   :



$ emerge search pdf


   ,  ,  ,   :



# emerge gnumeric


        :



# emerge fetchonly gnumeric


   :



# emerge unmerge gnumeric


  Gentoo    (CHOST, CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS  USE)   /etc/make.conf.           /etc/make.globals, /etc/make.profile/make.defaults     /etc/make.conf.

     USE.         ,       ./configure       ,   enable/disable  with/without. ,   USE  



USE="X gtk gnome -alsa"






./configure with-x with-gtk with-gnome without-alsa.


 CHOST='i686-pc-linux-gnu'    .      ;        Pentium Pro,     (i586, i486  i386).   CFLAGS  ,        ,              :



CFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe "






      cat /proc/cpuinfo.


   -mcpu=,            .  -march=    ,                  ,       .

    make.conf     Gentoo (http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml (http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml),    http://www.gentoo.org/doc/ru/handbook/ (http://www.gentoo.org/doc/ru/handbook/)).

 Gentoo       (. package  ),     ,   buildpkg  buildpkgonly    emerge.      :



# emerge usepkg getbinpkg gnumeric


   ,      ,    ,      .

Gentoo      .      CRUX, Archlinux, Sorcerer  SourceMage,         .




 


              20    .      ,   ,  .         Linux,             .        :

  ,      ;

    ,     ,   , ,     .

 ,   ,   .   Linux     :

 rpm  ,     RedHat,          (Fedora, Mandriva, ALTLinux  );

 deb   ,    Debian  ,      Ubuntu;

 tar.gz   ,    Slackware.

    .     ,      .  tar.gz ( ,   )    ,   Slackware     .           .      ,         ,  ,     .

       .         ,        .        ,    ,        ,     ,     .


 

  rpm-    .     :  smplayer-0.5.29-alt1.i586.rpm, :

 smplayer   ;

 0.5.29   ;

 alt1   ,  ,      (   ,   ,            ,     ;    AltLinux,  Fedora 7    fc7,  Mandriva 2008.0  mdv2008.0;    , ,       ,  RPM);

 i586  ,       :  64-    x86_64,       ,     ,  src.

        ,     .

  rpm      :



rpm [] _()


        , ,     .     .       :



# rpm -i package_name






       ,     ,          .


      ,   . ,  rpm -i perl*,    ,     perl.  -i       .  -v  -h     .      :



rpm -ivh package_name


      ,              -U (upgrade).



# rpm -Uvh package_name






         Linux   help.


 ,    .    ;              ,   force. ,      ,           ,    ,      .      rpm -e package_name (      (, xmms),    ).    ,  -v (  -vv)    ,       ,        ,   ,    -nodeps.           rpm -qa,      rpm -q package_name.      ,  rpm -qpi,   ,   ,      rpm qpl.





        Midnight Commander:       F3 (),     ;   ,   Enter    INSTALL,    .


     rpm    .     rpm -V package_name,          -a.

        :         , ,    ,          Software Installer (    Mandriva Linux).

    Slackware    pkgtools.      :



# installpkg package_name.tgz


 ,    Slackware   ,   tar   bzip, ,  ,   .      ,         .

       upgradepkg  removepkg.   pkgtool        (. 1.2).




. 1.2.       Slackware pkgtool



     Vector Linux (- http://www.vectorlinux.com/ (http://www.vectorlinux.com/)),     Slackware,   tar.gz   tlz.       ,     - GZIP   LZMA.    Slackware Vector Linux  .       Vector Linux    Actions ? VectorLinux Package ? Install ( ?  VectorLinux ? ).

   deb-   dpkg,       rpm. ,   deb-    dpkg i package_name.deb,    dpkg    r ( remove),       l (list),  force  ignore-depends   ,      .   Kubuntu          Konqueror,   Kubuntu Package Menu ? Install Package (  Kubuntu ?  ) (. 1.3).




. 1.3.    Linux Kubuntu



  Kubuntu    gdebi,    .  ,    ,         ,          ,      ,    ,   .      .  ,        ,        ,     ,     Linux  ,   Windows.        ,      ,      (    ,    ).


  

        ,       , ,   .    APT.     Debian          deb,       ,          rpm (  ALTLinux  Connectiva).  APT    tgz- Slackware  slapt-get        Gslapt (. 1.4),       swaret  slackpkg.




. 1.4. Gslapt     slapt-get



       urpmi (Mandriva)  yum (Red Hat/Fedora  ASPlinux).      rpm-     .      ,       ,  ,   ,      . ,      Mandriva   (. 1.5).




. 1.5.    Mandriva



        RedHat/Fedora/ASPLinux (. 1.6).




. 1.6.     Fedora



             Kubuntu,       APT,        .


  apt-get  Ubuntu

,      ,       ,  APT, Debian, MEPIS, Linspire/Freespire, ALTLinux   APT  slapt-get.

 .      ,    .        /etc/apt/sources.list.   (. 1.7).




. 1.7.  ,   Synaptic



$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list

#deb cdrom:[Kubuntu 7.04 _Feisty Fawn_  Beta i386 (20070322.1)]/ feisty main restricted

deb http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted

deb-src http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted

deb http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted

deb http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty universe multiverse

deb http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted


,  .     CD-ROM, ,      .        (    ,     )           sudo apt-cdrom add     ,     Enter.     ,      .       (deb ,        ; deb-src ,       ).     ,   .    sudo apt-get update.

          10 , ,     / , ,  deb-src,  ,     #.           .

   ,     .   Ubuntu    http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ (http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/).              . ,     http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ (http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/),   ua  ru, ,   ,      . ,    ,         http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ (http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/),   ,     .      .      ,  .

-,    ,     .   .     . ,  traceroute  14       ua,       , IP-    archive.ubuntu.com,        ,         .          128 /,       .         gb   12      .  (pl)      6126 ,  14  ,   .        https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Mirrors?action=show&redirect=Archive (https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Mirrors?action=show&redirect=Archive).

     :  7.04  feisty, 6.10  edgy, 6.06  dapper.   ,        ,   .          :

 backports   ,     ;

 proposed  ,     ;

 security   ;

 updates  ,   proposed.

 ,       .           ,    main    backports.

 ,    ,      :

 main     ,   Ubuntu;

 universe     ,   ;

 multiverse     ,   ;

 restricted     ,     ,   .

   -  ,  ,           dists (. 1.8).




. 1.8.  Ubuntu



 ,    ,    ,                     .  ,  ,       i386,      AMD64.       .       /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01ubuntu    APT   :



Architecture amd64


    



APT::Architecture amd64


   ,        ;      amd64,   .     ,       :



$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade


         /usr/share/doc/apt/examples.         (pool)      , ,       ,     .

 APT   . ,   ,  MP3-,    sudo apt-cache search mp3.       .       sudo apt-get install _;    ,  install  update.          .     ,    ,     ,    :



$ sudo apt-get build-dep _


     (./configure; make),      make install   apt-get install checkinstall,        .

 .      .         ( sudo)  /etc/apt/sources.list    .   ,       ,       .

   Kubuntu      apt-get  Adept (. 1.9).       ,     .




. 1.9. Adept       Kubuntu



       ,   ?  ,    Third-party Software (  ),   Add ()    .          ,        .  Authentication ()    GPG-,     .   ,      ,     ,      ,     ,         .         .       . :



$ wget http://seveas.imbrandon.com/1135D466.gpg -O | sudo aptkey add -


    -  apt-get Synaptic (. 1.10)     Settings ? Repositories ( ? ) (. . 1.7).




. 1.10.     Synaptic



    ,    .     :



$ sudo apt-get update


 Synaptic    Reload (),  Adept   .

        /var/lib/apt/lists   ,     .



$ ls /var/lib/apt/lists ua.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_feisty-backports_main_binaryi386_Packages


   ,      . ,      . ,  sudo apt-cache showpkg gcc-4.1,      gcc.

  .        (  debmirror):



$ /usr/bin/debmirror nosource -m passive

host=archive.ubuntulinux.org root=ubuntu method=ftp

progress dist=feisty,feisty-security,

feisty-updates,feisty-backports ignore-release-gpg

section=main,restricted,multiverse,universe

arch=i386,amd64


      ,            .              ,   apt-get.       dpkg-scanpackages,    dpkg-dev. :



$ sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev


  ,     .



$ mkdir archives


   .



$ cd archives


  :



$ dpkg-scanpackages . /dev/null | gzip -9c > Packages.gz


          ;       sources.list,      , :



deb file:/home/grinder/archives ./


    sudo apt-get update;   /var/lib/apt/lists   ,    .        .        .       ,      CD/DVD.       APTonCD (aptoncd.sourceforge.net) (. 1.11).     :



$ sudo apt-get install aptoncd





. 1.11.   APTonCD



      .   .   Create ()    Create APTonCD ( APTonCD)     /var/cache/apt/archives,       .    Add Package ( )   ,  .   Options ()    Medium Type ( )     CD  DVD,    Destination Folder ( )  ,     ISO-.

 OK        ,      .   Restore ()   (  )     CD-ROM.




 


     ,        .    ,            .  , ,    ,       -   ,        .           .     (      ,  ,   )   .   rpm2cpio, rpm2tgz (http://www.rpm2tgz.com (http://www.rpm2tgz.com/))    alien (http://kitenet.net/programs/alien/ (http://kitenet.net/programs/alien/)).

 rpm2tgz       Slackware      rpm-  tgz,       installpkg.



$ rpm2tgz package.rpm


          ,   tgz;  .



# installpkg package.tgz


 alien    Redhat (rpm), Debian (deb), Slackware (tgz)   .  Ubuntu   :



$ sudo apt-get install alien


,   rpm-  deb,   :



$ alien to-deb package.rpm


  deb  rpm  :



$ alien to-rpm package.deb





 2

 



  OpenOffice.org

   Kffice

  GNOME Office

  



   ,       ,       ?        Microsoft Office,   ,       .    ,  .         ,     ,       . ,      .    Linux      .     ,  Linux     ,     .        ,    .




 OpenOffice.org


  OpenOffice.org      Linux,     ,  , ,     .       StarOffice,    StarDivision   90- .  1999   Sun  StarDivision          StarOffice    Sun.





 OpenOffice    ,      OpenOffice.org.


13 2000     OpenOffice.org,           StarOffice (   ).    OpenOffice.org      ,     Sun Microsystems Inc.,        OpenOffice.org. StarOffice           Linux,  OpenOffice.org    ,      ,    .     ,        ,       Microsoft Office.    OpenOffice.org      ,  ,   ,     Microsoft Office.         .     ,   ,  ,     Microsoft Office,     .

   OpenOffice.org  Microsoft Office  .   Linux,   Windows  Solaris.     OpenOffice.org  ,       .       http://www.openoffice.org/ (http://www.openoffice.org/),      http://ru.openoffice.org/ (http://ru.openoffice.org/).    ,  http://www.i-rs.ru/ (http://www.i-rs.ru/).   ,           ,      .      ,     Linux OpenOffice.org  .





       OpenOffice.org   ,    .    ,     ,      .


  OpenOffice.org   :

 OpenOffice.org Writer           -,    ,  Microsoft Word (. 2.1);

 OpenOffice.org Calc      ,  Microsoft Excel;

 OpenOffice.org Draw      ;

 OpenOffice.org Impress    ,  Microsoft PowerPoint;

 OpenOffice.org Base     ,    Microsoft Access,       ; ,  Base    Microsoft Access,      ;       ;

 OpenOffice.org Math        ,  Microsoft Equation,        ,      .




. 2.1. OpenOffice.org Writer



 ,        quickstarter.        OpenOffice   .    Kubuntu  sudo apt-get install oooqs2-kde      oooqs2-kde.





   Kubuntu   OpenOffice.org (  Math  Draw)        ,   , ,           ,    openoffice.org-l10n-ru, openoffice.org-help-ru.


 ,   ,      .     Microsoft Word,      ,  ,      KDE ,     Calc (. 2.2)  Excel, .   ,      SUSE     .          ,   ,         ,  OpenOffice.org ,  Word.




. 2.2.  OpenOffice.org Calc



,          ,        PDF.      ,         -.            Microsoft. ,              Writer.

    ,      ,      ,           ,    OpenOffice.org.         ,    OpenOffice.org,        (, ,  Writer     (  ,     myspell-ru),     ).

       .      ,      .          Calc     ?  .         ,   Word. ,   ,              .        ,     ,     (  ? ) ,   Word.

   Calc   Excel,      ,    ,      ,   , ,    .





    OpenOffice.org     ,        ,     .    ?  ? / ?           ,  ,         .


  ,       .

   Impress  (. 2.3),      ,     .




. 2.3.  OpenOffice.org Impress



 ,   ,     .      (. 2.4),       ,  OpenOffice.org,    ,    .




. 2.4.   OpenOffice.org





   OpenOffice.org    ,    . ,   Writer     StarWriterTeam    F3,    .  Calc      =Game(StarWars)   Enter  ,        .  Calc    -,       A1:C3 =Game(A1:C3;TicTacToe")" (. . 2.2) (    ).


    ,   ,    ,        256 ,     .




  Kffice


KDE ffice,   KOffice,          .     GNU GPL      ,              . ,           KFormula. ,  KOffice      KDE,              KDE.    .  GNOME Office  KDE ffice    ,     ,         . ,   (  )       .          ;  ,     .  GNOME  KDE ,     ,     ( Qt   KDE,  Gtk   GNOME),            (),     .  ,      ,   .   -   KDE  GNOME    nedit (        ,     ), kate ( KEdit, KWrite), gedit (     KDE  GNOME ).    ,   top     ,           .

  .         ,      KOffice (  koshell, . 2.5),          .       ,   ,     ,     .




. 2.5.   KOffice



             OpenOffice.org.       http://www.koffice.org/ (http://www.koffice.org/).     .





 Kubuntu  KOffice    .      ,   apt-get install koffice kofficei18n-ru; koffice   ,      ,    KOffice;       ,      .


   KWord (. 2.6)       ODT (     OpenDocument ISO 26300),     HTML, RTF,      Microsoft Word.




. 2.6.    KWord



     ,    - ,  KWord    Word.         HTML 4.01 (      ), XHTML 1.0, TeX, SGML  RTF.   HTML    KWord    ,          .           -      .      DOC,   Microsoft Word,   ,       RTF.   (    )     ,   ,          . KWord,      ,            , , ,     (, ,   ),      .





  KWord  ,         Open Clip Art Library http://www.openclipart.org/ (http://www.openclipart.org/),   6900 .       ,   Kubuntu;    ,  sudo apt-cache search openclipart.


      .      .     ,     ,        .   http://www.koffice.org/addons/templates.tar.gz (http://www.koffice.org/addons/templates.tar.gz)  ,         ~/.kde/share/apps/kword/templates.       http://kde-files.org/ (http://kde-files.org/).  KWord        aspell.  ,         , KWord   ,  .

       KOffice  KSpread (. 2.7).      Microsoft Excel,  Quattro Pro, GNUmeric,  , Applix Spreadsheets  .      ,    , HTML  GNUmeric.




. 2.7.  KSpread



   KSpread      ,     Excel,   ,        .    ,    .     , KSpread       ( 100),     ,       .    (       , :    1,    2,     Ctrl       ;     ,       ).    ,    (,    ),      ,    .      .

   Karbon14 (. 2.8)     Kontour.    ,     , ,     .     ,  , ,  ,   ,   ,   KOffice,            .




. 2.8.     Karbon14



           .karbon,        SVG, PNG, TIFF, JPEG,  Krita, Adobe Illustrator  .     .      ,   ,    KOffice,   .

  Krita (. 2.9)    KOffice  .     1999 ,          1.4.      RGB, CMYK     8, 16     32   .     RAW,     TIFF, PNG, JPEG   KRA.          GraphicsMagick.    ,    ,    ,      Karbon,   KOffice      Krita,       .         ,    Python  Ruby.




. 2.9.   Krita



 Krita    . ,     http://www.koffice.org/krita/ (http://www.koffice.org/krita/)     Krita,          ,    .

     KOffice  Kpresenter (. 2.10),             .




. 2.10. KPresenter     



       (     )    .     ,   ,       .              (,        ).      Microsoft PowerPoint, ,     ,      .        ,      KWord,       .

       KOffice  Khart (. 2.11).             (, , ,    ), ,   ,    ,     .




. 2.11.   KChart



             .    ,         ,    KOffice          ( .chrt)  .

  KFormula                KOffice.     LaTeX    MathML,      .

  Kivio (. 2.12)     ,          (    Visio).      ,    , ,     .




. 2.12.   Kivio



,    Kivio,      KOffice.  ,    .       .

KPlato      ,    KOffice,       .           ,   ,  ,     ,       .

Kexi (http://www.kexi-project.org/ (http://www.kexi-project.org/), . 2.13)       ,  Microsoft Access.       Kubuntu  OpenOffice.org Base.   ,     Microsoft Access    ,         ,         .       ,              .




. 2.13.   Kexi



 ,    Koffice,  Kugar.     ,       KPart  .   KPart     KDE,       ,    ,     Konqueror.     ,     XML,  ;      , ,    .       ,  ,   .




 GNOME Office


   Microsoft Office,         ,        (     OpenSource),  ,  ,         ,    GNOME Desktop. ,    GNOME Office,      ,   KOffice,        .  ,    ,   .   GNOME Office  ,     ,  .

 ,    GNOME Office,     ,          http://www.gnome.org/gnome-office/index.shtml (http://www.gnome.org/gnome-office/index.shtml).    ,        :

 AbiWord     ;

 Gnumeric   ;

 GNOME-DB       .

       14 .     gnome-office ( language-pack-gnome-ru   )       :

 GIMP      ;

 Inkscape      ;

 Eye of GNOME    ;

 Dia    ;

 Planer    .

     KOffice,       ,   .  GIMP, Inkscape  Eye of GNOME     5  ,     .

AbiWord        ,           (. 2.14).       http://www.abisource.com/ (http://www.abisource.com/).             Microsoft Word,         .




. 2.14.  AbiWord



    : DocBook (.dbk),    zip  AbiWord (.zabw), RTF (    ), XHTML  HTML,   (      ).        ,    PDF.    :    TrueType; ,      GNOME Office, .     c  pspell,  ,    .    (    ),     (  PNG, BMP, SVG  ),         .  OpenOffice.org Writer   ,   . ,    -   ,      .

  Gnumeric (http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/ (http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/))       (. 2.15).  ,            Microsoft Excel,   .




. 2.15.   Gnumeric



 100 %   Excel  100 %  ,      Excel  , , , , , , , ,   .      Excel  OpenOffice.org Calc    .    KSpread  Gnumeric       ,     .    Gnumeric      ,    KSpread, ,   .    ,    ,   .        , , ,   .  Gnumeric     ,  .

         ,        ,      Gnumeric,  ,      Excel,       .

 GNOME-DB (http://www.gnome-db.org/ (http://www.gnome-db.org/))             GNOME.     GNOME,              .  GNOME-DB     .      libgda      ,        .       GNOME            GNOME.   ,    Postgresql, Mysql, Oracle, ODBC, Sybase,   /   .    libgnomedb       libgda   GNOME,        .

,    libgnomedb  libgda,     ,  Mergeant (. 2.16).




. 2.16.   Mergeant





 Mergeant  Kubuntu     GNOME Office  ,    ,   sudo apt-get install mergeant.


 Dia (http://www.gnome.org/projects/dia/ (http://www.gnome.org/projects/dia/)),   Kivio,      Visio  Windows (. 2.17).         .       UML,  ,  , -,     ,    Dia   ,   Kivio.       ,     XML-,     ,    .




. 2.17.   Dia



       Postscript,       XML, EPS, SVG, XFIG, WMF  PNG.   Dia      Dia2code,        http://dia2code.sourceforge.net/ (http://dia2code.sourceforge.net/).       Dia   Ada, C, C++, Java, PHP, PHP5, Python, Ruby, SQL  C#.          /   VSD (Visio),       Dia,   ,      .

Planer (http://live.gnome.org/Planner (http://live.gnome.org/Planner))   ,   GNOME Office   .       ,       .            .  ,      ,    .




 



     Linux  ,          .          , Emacs  vi.          ,     Microsoft Windows.      ,     .     ,  ,  ,         ,     .      jed.

  sudo apt-cache search text editor        ,    .   Emacs, vi  jed    ,         nvi, vim, xemacs, elvis, xjed;     nano,       ,   .      ,     .




 Kate


Kate (Advanced Text Editor, http://www.kate-editor.org/ (http://www.kate-editor.org/))    ,       KDE.        .         (. 2.18)  Konqueror. ,    ,   GNU GPL.




. 2.18.   ate



  KDE  2.2 ( 15  2002 )  Kate    kdebase.    KParts, Kate       KDE    . , , Kate      KDevelop   - Quanta Plus.  Kate     ,     C++, C, Perl, PHP     ;      ,         .            . Kate   ,     .  Kubuntu      kate-plugins.     sudo apt-get install kate-plugins,     Kate     ,     ,       ,   ,    CSV-  .       Unicode,        ,      (UNIX, Windows, Macintosh),     / .     ,        .    HTML.   Kate    ,     .        ,  ,      ,    .

  Kate             KDE  Kwrite (. 2.19).




. 2.19.   KWrite



 ,       Kate,      ,     .                 .     HTML,  ,        . KWrite    kdebase,       Kate.




 Gedit


   GNOME        Gedit,       http://www.gnome.org/projects/gedit/ (http://www.gnome.org/projects/gedit/).                 (. 2.20).      ,     ,    C++, C#, Java, Pascal, HTML, LaTeX, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby   .




. 2.20.    Gedit



        .      ,     .    ,      .     ,        .   ,   ,     ,     ,    ,  .    Kate,  Gedit       ,   http://www.gnome.org/projects/gedit/plugins.html (http://www.gnome.org/projects/gedit/plugins.html)    ,    Gedit.      Kate,         gedit-plugins.      ,    .




 TEA


        TEA.     ,      .  ,   (. 2.21),       ,     : Windows CP1251, DOS 866, KOI8-R, Unicode, Mac, ISO 8859-5,   .  TEA          (HTML, C, C++, Object Pascal, JavaScript, Perl, SQL  ),           SRT.          .




. 2.21.   TEA



     ,   , ,      , ,     HTML-      .     ,  ,     ,   UNITAZ,   kwas,      (  -,    -)    TEA.      OpenOffice.org SWX, OpenDocument, KWord KWD, AbiWord  RTF,  ,    Python, Perl, Ruby  shell (     ).        drag&drop (  ),        PNG, JPEG, GIF, WBMP, BMP  SVG.       .

      http://tea-editor.sourceforge.net/ (http://tea-editor.sourceforge.net/),   Kubuntu TEA    sudo apt-get install tea tea-data.




 3

 



    

  

  

    

    

  DVD-

     DVD

  DVD

    Audio CD

 

  

    

  ID3-



   Linux   ,     ,     ,       .         ,    CD/DVD,    ,  ,   Windows.  ,    GPL,  ,          .      ,    Linux  .




   



  ,    .   ,  ,  ,         ,    .    ,     -  .




 MP3    Kubuntu


        ,     .  Kubuntu (  Fedora)                     .        ,            ,    .           MP3, WMA, WMV, MOV (Quicktime), Flash    DVD      ,      .   ,     .     ,  APT      .  ,    ,           . ,  Kubuntu     Kaffeine,      Amarok,   Ubuntu  Totem  Rhythmbox,       . ,       Kaffeine (     ),    :



$ sudo apt-get f install libXine-extracodecs libakode2-mpeg libarts1-Xine libarts1-mpeglib w32codecs


              Konqueror,   ,    ?   ?     (. 3.1).




. 3.1.     Konqueror



 MP3      K3b      libk3b2-mp3,    JuK  libakode2-mpeg  libarts1-mpeglib.    MPlayer  VLC      .

   DVD     CSS (Content Scrambling System    );      Kubuntu  ,   libdvdcss2  libdvdread3.  Flash    flashplugin-nonfree.       Konqueror,    ?  Konqueror,    ,      .

Ubuntu -       .             .  EasyUbuntu (. 3.2),       http://easyubuntu.freecontrib.org/ (http://easyubuntu.freecontrib.org/).           ,   DVD, Windows Media, Quicktime, Midi, Java, Flash, Skype,  RAR, 7-zip, Ace,     ATI  NVIDIA,       .




. 3.2.  EasyUbuntu



EasyUbuntu   ,    ,          easyubuntu.      .     ,      .   EasyUbuntu  .

   Automatix,   http://www.getautomatix.com/ (http://www.getautomatix.com/),  ,       (      Ubuntu  3054). Automatix    ,     .

    Medibuntu (  Multimedia, Entertainment & Distractions In Ubuntu  ,     Ubuntu),    http://www.medibuntu.org/ (http://www.medibuntu.org/).    ,        ,     Ubuntu   .      Ubuntu   ,    :



$ sudo wget http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/feisty.list (http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/feisty.list)

O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list

$ wget -q http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg (http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg)-O |

sudo apt-key add  && sudo apt-get update


          .

  ,              ,   https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats (https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats).




 MPlayer


          .     2000     (Arpad Gere?ffy),       ,           .      http://www.mplayerhq.hu/ (http://www.mplayerhq.hu/).  MPlayer         ,     .  CD, DVD, Video CD,  AVI, ASF/WMV/WMA, QT/MOV/MP4, RealMedia, Ogg Vorbis, Matroska  ,    DivX, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV, RealVideo, x264   MP3, Vorbis, RealAudio, AC3/A52 (Dolby Digital), AAC, QuickTime, WMA,    .     HTTP/FTP, RTP/RTSP, MMS/MMST, MPST  SDP.   MEncoder            .        libavcodec,   MPlayer.  ,     FFmpeg,        DVD     .         DLL.           DLL   /usr/lib/codecs   .      12  (MicroDVD, SubRip, OGM, SubViewer, Sami, VPlayer, RT, SSA (  ASS), AQTitle, JACOsub, PJS    MPsub)   DVD ( SPU, VOBsub  Closed Captions),    ,     .

  MPlayer       ,       .         .      Linux,       ,   MPlayer    Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Darwin, Mac OS X, BeOS, QNX, Solaris, Irix, HP-UX, AIX    UNIX,      Microsoft Windows    AmigaOS, AROS  MorphOS.    MPlayer       X11, Quartz Compositor, DirectX, VESA, SDL, VIDIX, DGA, Framebuffer, GGI,     ,  ASCII-Art  Color ASCII-Art,              .                   (   LIRC (Linux Infrared Remote Control    ), http://www.lirc.org/ (http://www.lirc.org/)).           .           mplayer _.         ,  ,     .

       MPlayer   .     GeeXboX (http://www.geexbox.org/en/index.html (http://www.geexbox.org/en/index.html)), MoviX (http://movix.sourceforge.net/ (http://movix.sourceforge.net/))  .      ,        ,    ,         .    ,         .   .    ,   ,       .       ,        .


   MPlayer

 MPlayer    .    Kubuntu  mplayer  mplayer-skins  ,     K ? ,   MPlayer Media Player,      MPlayer    (. 3.3).




. 3.3.   GMPlayer



      gmplayer.  ,   ,      ,   .             ,    ,   Preferences ().

    ,      MPlayer. ,   KMPlayer (Konqueror Media Player),   KDE (http://kmplayer.kde.org/ (http://kmplayer.kde.org/)),       Konqueror,       (. 3.4).




. 3.4.  KMPlayer



,       .    GMPlayer,  KMPlayer     ,       ,     KDE,    (, -)    Konqueror.    ?  KMPlayer,  ,       . ,  MPlayer,    ,     (Xine  Gstreamer),    -,  MEncoder, FFMpeg, Xine  MPLayer,   Video CD  DVD,    ,   ,   .          .      ,  ,   ,     ,       RSS,  .   KMPlayer  Kubuntu   sudo apt-get install kmplayer.

Kaffeine (http://kaffeine.sourceforge.net/ (http://kaffeine.sourceforge.net/))   ,    Kubuntu   (. 3.5). ,   KMPlayer,    KDE,            .         xine-lib,        MPlayer,    0.7     GStreamer.




. 3.5.  Kaffeine



, Kaffeine               KMPlayer.        ?  ;      ,   .       ,           Kaffeine  .      ,  , DVD, Video CD,  CD, DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting   )  .    DVB-    .

  Kaffeine    , DVB   ,       .   ,    Kaffeine,     .       ?   ?      ,     .    ,    .    Autodownload covers ( ) Kaffeine      .                 .       ,      ,      (. . 3.5).

 Totem (. 3.6) (http://www.gnome.org/projects/totem/ (http://www.gnome.org/projects/totem/)),    ,     GNOME (    , ,  KDE) ,    2.10,     .    GNOME    Nautilus.      GStreamer,      Xine.         , DVD, VCD, CD   .  ,     , - , ,  ,     LIRC,     ,     .    - Mozilla.




. 3.6.   Totem



  Totem       Ubuntu.     Kubuntu,    sudo apt-get install totem.




 Xine


ine   ,        ine-lib,    -.        ine-ui (. 3.7).    ine-lib  ine-ui   ,     .  ,    ,       ,    .       ,       .




. 3.7. C    xine-ui



 Kubuntu     ine-lib     -,   ,  sudo apt-cache search ine.     ine-ui, gine, oine (    )   ,    .    ,  ine-lib     .  Xine        , , , liba52, libmpeg2, FFmpeg, libmad, FAAD2,      Video DVD  libdvdcss.    MPLayer,          .   ,  Xine     MPEG2-TS,       ,   DVB- (  MPlayer       ).

      http://xinehq.de/ (http://xinehq.de/).    2000 ,       LinuxTag ( ,   ,   ),      DVD  Linux.           .   0.5   ,      .           ( N)   (M)     .

 ,       ,      ,    ine_check,      ,      ( ,    ).     .   ,   ,     .      ,     $prefix/share/xine/skins (  755)     $HOME/.xine/skins.       ,       .        (OSS, ALSA, aRts  )   (Xvideo, XShm, OpenGL, SDL, ASCII Art library, Syncfb, framebuffer),   Linux.               ,       . ,  -A    ,    ,        , Xine  .       ,    ,   -A null       .       -V.         ~/.Xine/config.  -f       , -g      , -B     , -p     ,   -G WxH[+X+Y]       . , ine -G 800x600    800 x 600 ,       -n,     Xine  .       ~/.Xine/passwd     ,   ,      ERROR: there is no password file for network access.!.          ALL:ALLOW,    .    /etc/services   :



Xinectl 6789/tcp # Xine control


   Xine      telnet.



$ telnet localhost 6789


       help,       ,  help    syntax  .

      MRL (media resource locator   ).    Xine,     ,       web-: file://<>, fifo://<>, stdin://mpeg2, tcp://<>:<>, http://<>, vcd://< >.       .

Xine      .      ~/.xine/keymap,     .  ,     Alt  .    ,         ,     ~/.xine/xinerc, :



geometry 800x600+0+0

network

hide-gui

p


   Xine      800 600,            .




 



  ,    ,       ,          . ,      ,   .      sudo apt-cache search sound    . ,    (   i486)   MP3     mpg123 (http://www.mpg123.org/ (http://www.mpg123.org/))    mpg 321 (http://mpg321.depooter.org/project/ (http://mpg321.depooter.org/project/)).    ,     ,    mpg123 ./*.mp3.  ,   ,  .    ,   . ,  ,     Winamp,  mpg123   MP3-.   Ogg Vorbis     ogg123.   ,   . , mp3blaster (http://mp3blaster.sourceforge.net/ (http://mp3blaster.sourceforge.net/)),      (. 3.8),       MP3,   Ogg Vorbis, WAV  SID.




. 3.8.  mp3blaster



     ,                .     MP3     .

   mp3blaster   playmp3list ( http://rucus.ru.ac.za/~urban/projects/playmp3list/ (http://rucus.ru.ac.za/~urban/projects/playmp3list/))  MOC (Music On Console, http://moc.daper.net/ (http://moc.daper.net/)),      mpg123.  PyTone (http://www.luga.de/pytone/ (http://www.luga.de/pytone/)




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/sergey-yaremchuk/200-luchshih-programm-dlya-linux/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


