   
  


         . .  黠    ,     ,             .  ,    ,  ,   ().           ,    ,            .









       .           ,           ,     ,     ,     - .

            ,     ,             . ,       ,        .

            ()  .      ,               ,      :      , ,            .            XVIII.   .

       ,  ,  ,      ( )   .. ,      ( ,  ,  )           ,   .       . . ,    [1 -  . . :  . .: , 2003.]:      ,       .   ,     ,   ,  ,    ..       .        ,     ,    ,  , ,  ,   , , ,  , , ,    -,  , . ,         ,          . []          []      ,     .      .       .       [2 -  .].

   ,     ,          ,    ,   .    ,            .  ,      .          ,         . []         ,     .         .         .    .              ,    .         , .      ,         ,    .          ,     [3 -  .].

           ,     ,         . ,             .

             .        , ,    ,    .   ,      , ,        ,   ,   , ,  ,           .           70- . XIX .:     ,     "   ",   ,       [4 -  . .       . : , 1994. . 4.].      :        ,   , ,  ,   .               .          ,       .

      , ,       ,  , ,        .

      .       ,     (),      ().       , ,  ,        ,       .       ,              .    ,            (  ).   ,      ,             , ,             (Now It Can Be Told).

  ,         ,      .       ,    ,      ()      -,       [5 - https://www.cfr.org/; http://trilateral.org/].          ,   .          ,   1996.,        ,         .  1996.      75-     [6 - Grose, Peter. Continuing the Inquiry. The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996. 83 .],     [7 -          Foreign Affairs 1984  1993.           .].      -[8 - https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/]             ,   ,  .

  ,    ,   -[9 - http://trilateral.org/]  , ,      ,   .            1973  2016.,      Trialogue  19732009. (1-59)  (        PDF),    (   ),   ,           (20012019.),     ( 20152018.),            .

           ,     .              ,   ,      .

 ,        ,               .

 ,           ,     ,                  .        :       ,     (, )    ,   ,   ,    .     ,       ,     -        ,           ,         (  )     .

    ,               ,        .  ,       ,           ?       ,        ?       ,    ,     ?      ,         ,           .             ,       ,   ,    .

               .               . :             :       - ,    ,            [10 - , .   . .: , 1975. .465466.].

                ,  ,             :        ;            (  ) ,    -                ,  ,     .        ,           .         .

            ,     .   -,     ,            ,    , ,   [11 - , . . .: , 1994. . 521.].

   ,                 -        .                 .         XIX .

           ,            ,   , ,  .

 ,      ,   .       ,              .    ,       ,  . ,     ,           ,  .

,    ,       . -       (),  -    (      ).   ,           ,   ,        ,  .        .      ,      ,         ?    .

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,        ,  ,  ,   .




 I.   





1.1.  ,    


        XVIII. ,         .    ,       :       ,        ,     ..

               .  , ,  ,   . ,                [12 - James, Bob. Craft, Trade or Mystery: Part One  Britain from Gothic Cathedrals to the Tolpuddle Conspirators (http://www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm) (January 2001); Secret Societies and the Labour Movement. http://www.takver.com/history/secsoc01.htm.],  ,  2008.    [13 - http://www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm.].

      [14 - - ..  /      : - / . . , . . , . .  (. . .)  . :   , 2016.]:      .       XVIII. []      ,   ,      ,   ,        ,     ,          .          .    ,       , ,     ,     .

    ,              (  ,     ,     )        .       .

       ,             () .        ,         ,     ..        ,        ,   ,      (-   ),   .        ,     .

              (, , , ,   ..).        [15 -  . .       . : , 1994. .235250.].

 ()                     ,               .           ,     ,  ,   ,         ,    ,  ,   ,        ,  ..           .         .             ,      .

   ,          ,   ,  - .  ,  ,             ,              (     ,               ).                 .             [16 - , .      .  XVIII  XIX  /   . : , 1994. . 8.].      ,              ,    ..            (  , . . ma?on),    ,  ,   ..       .

      ,         ,       (fraternal organisations)    (friendly societies),         , ,  ,       .   XVIII            [17 - Landis, Abb. Friendly societies and fraternal orders; ahistory of the legislation, supervision, mortality experience, management, reforms, rates of assessment and present and past financial condition of the English friendly societies. Winchester, Tenn., The author, 1900. .56.]. ,   [18 - Landis, Abb. Op. cit.; http://www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm.],    XIX .           . ,     (  )    29985    11 424. 810.,    (?37 917. 702);      630  1 219. 474  (   ?2 856. 354).    ,       ( ,  .. ,  ,     .)   48. 342 ( 24 189. 867   ?322 146. 422 )[19 - Landis, Abb. Op. cit. p. 20.].

           ,     , ,   ..      [20 -     ,           .        .     -  ,          .]          .

       ,    ,    , .   -      ,         .  ,        .

  . ,           [21 - , . . . . 6.].  XVII         .      ,       ,      (francma?ones   ),      ,    ,    .     .

     .              ,   ,       .  ,      .             .

 1717.       ,  24             ,       .       .          .

   ,      ,     . ,     1717 ,       -   ,         [22 - https://www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/story/tuc-150th-anniversary-south-west/early-unions].

          .        ;      ,  ,     ,   ,         [23 - , . . . . 19.].   1721.           ( ).          :  -             ,     -        [24 -  . . 20.].

      . ,           ,              1720- .                .

       ,       ,       .  1728.     ,  1729.    ,  1732   ,    , ,    : 1749            .                (1730),   (1762),   (1742),   (1760)  ..[25 -  . .2526.]

 ,               .    ,          ,    ,      ,      .      .

       -      ,          ,     . ,        ,       .       ,     .          , ,          ; ,  ,              .        ,              :       ,  ,       ,    ,        ,      . ,     , ,     ,    ,         ,     .           ,     ,        .

         ,        .           ,       ,     ,       .      ,    (      ,       ).    ,  ,   .      , , ,  ,       .

          60- . XVIII   1830 .    ,  :        ;    ,         ,       .  1812.     ,      .       .    ,         [26 - , .  . .: , 1987. . 198.].

         [27 -  . . 201.],     .            ,      .        ,      .              .    ,    -      ,         .

        ;      . ,  ,           ,    ,     .   ,  ,                   ,           ; ,           ,    ,            (,  - )    .            ,                      (     )[28 - , . . . .212213.].

  XVIII.     ,     -    ,      ,      [29 -  .].

 1799  1800.          .                 ( )  -      ,          ;           .                 ,       .

        .    ,                .

          ,       .                ;           ,     [30 -  . . 214.].

            ..    (tolpaddle martyrs)         -  ,  1834.    -      .

          ,         .      ,              ,      ,         .        - ()             .          .         ,   ,               .            -          ,        ,   .               ,    .

      -  .      (-)       .  -    ,        ,      [31 -    , ,    ,   (, . . . . 222).],                [32 - , . . . .225227.].

   -      .  1934.   -         :       ,         ,        ;           [33 -  . . 230.].

                    .          ,         .          , ..  [34 -  . . 217.].   ,   ,    ,      ,        ;     ,   ,   ,    ,    .             .        ,   [35 - . -.     ,      XIX    .   . .:    , 1930. .31.],       ,     [36 - Odd Fellows   (.  )  ,   ,   1730   .    ,     .  ,  ,   ,   XVIII ,    ,     ,     ,  ,   ,        .].

   (, ,  )         , ,     ,     .           ,      XIX.             , , ,    ;     (    ) .  (18691877), .  (18771881), .  (1881)  .  (18891893)[37 - Stevens, Albert Clark. The Cyclop?dia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to More than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States. New York City: Paterson, N. J.: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company, 1899. . 247, 260.].         (    ); ,   ,            ,      [38 - Noble, Franklin (comp). Thoughts for the occasion, fraternal and benevolent; reference manual of historical data and facts; helpful in suggesting themes, and in outlining addresses for the observance of timely or special occasions of the various orders. New York, E. B. Treat & company, 1905. p. 89.]. , , ,  []  , []        [39 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. . 248.].

 . ,      XIX :                        [40 - Landis, Abb. Op. cit. . 6.].

 1830.            ,        150 .       ,        .       .      ,  ,        ,   ,  : ,  , .                     ;                      -[41 - . -. . . . 36.].

  ,       -,     -     .           .       XIX ,   ,        ,       .

       ,   .        XIX . ,    ,          .         .        .

  . . :   XIX.       []        [42 -  . .      18201850- .     . ,    . . . . , 2015. . 137, 161.].  1800.  1826.     400  8 000,       20.    200. .     (  . .)     ,     [43 -  . .137138.].

         ,    .        ,     ,  .     ,         , ,  ,      .    XIX.           -,    ,  ,    .  -    , , ,   [44 -  . . 145, 161, 169.].

         ,   1826.     ..  ,         ,       .      ,   ,        45   (  ),    ,     [45 -  . . 161, 218.].    ,        .   -        ,       [46 -  . . 190.].

   1830- .           (   ),        ,    (   22-  23-   18311835.       2527.   10,9%  )[47 -  . .193195.].

   150    15 ,     ,     ,      ,    ,    ,       ,     ;     ,    [48 -  . . 197.].

          ,       (18261836.)        ,              .

    1840- .       .  1836.       ,                ; 1840.      ,       [49 -  . . 213, 215.].            XIX.       ,    .      1861.   (11%    )[50 -  . . 218.].

 1840- .      ,      , ,  ,    .  ,          ,   .

      () (Order of United American Mechanics),     1845. . .      ,       [51 - Harwood, W. S. Secret Societies in America // The North American Review. 1897. Vol. 164. p. 620.].             (   )   [52 -  ( . native  , ) ,      -        ,        .].                 ,       -.    ,     ,      .                      [53 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1042.].

       (18611865)    ,        .

  1850- .   (The Brotherhood)    ,     [54 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. . 400.]       (1852). .       ,             [55 - Pinkerton, A. Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives. New York: G.W. Carleton, 1878. .9095.];     ,      .

 1858.     (The Sons of Vulcan),   -[56 -           .]     (-       ).             .  1873   ,    ,  83   12 ,            [57 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1287.].

   ,       ,    ,   , ,  ,   .

         .        1863     () (Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers).           [58 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p.380383.]. . ,          1877  (      )       ,         ,    ,            [59 - Pinkerton, A. Op. cit. p.122124.]. ,       ,     . .    ,     ,       ,         [60 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 382.].

                .

  ,   ,                    .   ,      ,            .

 ,     ,      .

    .




1.2.       


,      ,   ,   .  XIX      (     XX .),        .  ,        ,  ,    ,   ,                   ,        - .

          . ,   ,[61 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. 444 p.]      600     ,   1797 .    350    XIX .     XVIII.  [62 -  ,        ,    .]        ,     XIX     40%         21 [63 - Stevens A. C. Op. cit. p. XVI.]. . ,    . . [64 - Harwood, W. S. Op. cit. . 617624.], ,  5,5  19    (.. 29%, ,   ,   )               1897.,   ,    ,        .[65 - Hackett, David G. That Religion in Which All Men Agree: Freemasonry in American Culture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2014. p. 127.]

    (1865)     (   )  ..   , ,  ,    ,             .  ,         .   ,       1870  1910.[66 - McBride, Harriett W. The Golden Age of Fraternalism: 18701910 // Heredom. 2005. Vol. 13.]         1930- , ,          ,      ,  -  ,  [67 - Beito, David T. From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 18901967. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. p. 204.].      [68 - Presidents Research Committee on Social Trends     .  (19291933)      .]   1930. 20    (     35);   1930.  12%  [69 - Beito, David T.Op. cit. p. 204.].          ,   ,           .

        ,         XX  [70 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_fraternalis] , ,      .              1924.   ,   ,    1920- .       ( 3,077,161  3,295,872, ..  218,711).    1928  1941.    ( 844,571); 1942  1959.       ( 1,651,860),      1959.         ( 4,103,161  1,076,626, ..  3,026,535).       ,  .    40%  ,        , ,      .

 , ,    XX           1950- .

   .

   (),              [71 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 380.],         ,    .     ,   1868.    (Order of Railway Conductors), ,   1873.    (Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen)   ,   1883.     (Brotherhood of Railroad Brakemen).             ,            ,        XX [72 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1165.].  ,           1870-  1880- .;               ,           ,          [73 - Ibidem.].      XIX    ,   1880- .[74 - Ibidem.].

 ,      ,  1886.         (Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association),  ,  1894.    (     Switchmen's Union of North America).         ,        [75 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p.399400.].      ,    1890- .   (Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America),  (Order of Railroad Telegraphers),  (Brotherhood of Railway Clerks)       (Brotherhood of Railway Trackmen)  .,       [76 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1167.].

 ,     ,   []    ,       XIX .    ,      , []            XIX [77 - Ibidem. . 1165.],         , []        XIX    [] ,        ,         .         ,         [78 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1176.].

 ,    ,        ,      ,        . ,  1868.         .         ().

 . [79 -      .] (Knights of St. Crispin)    ,      [80 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 385.].   ,  ,   ,     . ,      []       [81 - Kealey, Gregory. Artisans Respond to Industrialism: Shoemakers, Shoe Factories, and the Knights of St. Crispin // Historical Papers (June 1973). p. 143.].  1870.     50 ,   , ,    [82 - Ware, Norman J. The Labor Movement in the United States, 18601895: A Study in Democracy. New York: Random House; Vintage Books, 1929. p. 19.].  ,          ,             .          1873.   ,   1878.   .

     .         1865.    -.                 .      [83 - Carlton, Frank T. Ephemeral Labor Movements, 18661889. // The Popular Science Monthly. 1914. Vol. LXXXV (85). p.487488.].

    (League of Friendship, Supreme Mechanical Order of the Sun),  ,  ,    ,      .   ,                .    1868.,          [84 - Sackett, Myron Ward. Early history of fraternal beneficiary societies in America. Meadville, Pa.: The Tribune publishing company, 1914. .910.].    [85 - Ibidem. . 27.]   (John Jordon Upchurch, 18201887),       ,     :  ,      .     ,     .         ,      ,        ,       .    ,        ,     , ,     .   ,     ,       [86 - Upchurch, J. J. The life, labors and travels of Father J.J. Upchurch: founder of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. San Francisco, Cal.: A.T. Dewey, 1887. . 28.].    , ,   ,    .

  1868. .           ,       () (Ancient Order of United Workmen)[87 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 128.].       []   ,      . ,       .   ,    ,      [][88 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 129; Hackett, David G. That Religion in Which All Men Agree: Freemasonry in American Culture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2014. p. 127.]. . .        [89 - Harwood, W. S. Op. cit. p. 620.].

  ,  . , ,              ,      ,      .         []     []     []      ,           .        ,     [90 - Sackett, Myron Ward. Op. cit. p.1516.].    ,     ,       ,    ,            [91 - Ibidem. p. 202.].

 ,    - ,    .          []  , []  ,    ,   [92 - Pinkerton, A. Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives. New York: G.W. Carleton, 1878. . 89.].     .

   , ,           ,  . ,    ,          [93 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 129.].  1895     6000      318. ,      32.;       1869  1895.    70 [94 - Noble, Franklin (comp). Thoughts for the occasion, fraternal and benevolent; reference manual of historical data and facts; helpful in suggesting themes, and in outlining addresses for the observance of timely or special occasions of the various orders. New York, E. B. Treat & company, 1905. p. 317.].

, ,      ,      ,    .  1869. ,   , [95 -  ,  ,         . ,         , ,    ,       ,     ┻;   .   . ,            ,          [ ] ,  ,         (Weir, Robert E. Beyond the Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor. A Dissertation Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Massachusetts, 1990. . 5).]   [96 -   (Knights of Pythias)     ,     1864.         1920- .    1 .   1979.       200. . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Pythias).]   (Uriah S. Stephens, 18211882)         (Noble and Holy Order of Knights of Labor of America).  ,   18531858.     , ,  , -, ,   .       . . [97 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 389. ( (Eccarius),   (18181899),      .   .    ,      1- ; 1864-72   ,  1867-71  ,  1870-72 -  ).],  . ,      I .         ,       [98 - Messer-Kruse, Timothy. The Yankee International: Marxism and the American Reform Tradition, 18481876. Univ of North Carolina Press, 1998. 235.].    . ,   1894 , :          ().         ,      [99 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 390.].

                ,            .        :    [100 - Weir, Robert E. Op. cit. . 2.],        .         ,   ,      ,       [101 - Ibidem. p.78.].

      ,   .        ,   ,         .          .      ,  ,     ,     ,   ,       .       ,    .

 ,        .   ,      ,        .    ,           ,  ,   ,         [102 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1327.]. ,    ,      [103 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 390.].        ,       ,    .  ,        ,         ,         [104 - Ely, Richard Theodore. The labor movement in America. New York: T.Y. Crowell & co., 1886. . 79.],            ,     .

   1870-          .     ,                        [105 -   (Molly Maguires)      ,        1860- .       ,   ,     1876  1878.       , ,               ,    .   20       . (, .  .     . .:   , 1950).].

        1878.             . ,     ,  ,          ,   .   1879.    (Grand Master Workman)              .  (. ),    (Terence V. Powderly, 18491924),    [106 - ,      , .     .  1901.   -      ,     , 33-  . (Weir, Robert E. Op. cit. p. 471).].             1883.  1880- .     ,      : 1883.  5383 , 71 000   1884., 111 000   1885. 711 000   1886.[107 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 392.]  1881      .    :         (  1896.  ?100 000 ),    , ,  ,     [108 - Ibidem.].

 1893.         .  (James R. Sovereign, 18541928),             .       :   1886.               .  1894.    235.,   1897.  175.[109 - Ibidem. . 394.]   XX .           .

    .       :       ,           ?[110 - Kaufman, Jason. For the Common Good?: American Civic Life and the Golden Age of Fraternity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 286 p.]

           ;       8-  . 1 1886.         .      ,        3 ,       ,       . 4            ,        :     ,   .    , 4   ,         (Albert Richard Parsons, 18481887).      I  II   1889.    1       .

     1886.    .        ,        ,       (  ).   1870-  1890-       ,        [111 - Ibidem. p. 102.].    ,      ,       ,          ( ,   ).            ,  ,   ,   .

       .    ,   1886.,         ,     ,       ,               .      (),      ,      (Samuel Gompers, 18501924).

               .       ,        ,       :          .

  .   ,            40  (18861924),    ,     ,   ,         . . ,      ,           , , ,  .

 ,         ,      ,         -.   18631880.         ,   [112 -    (Ancient Order of Foresters)   ,    ,    ,    .       -   ,         .],   ,     ,   ,     ,   Cooper Union[113 - Cooper Union    1859.       (Peter Cooper, 17911883),                  .]  [114 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 538.].

 , ,   ,       , ,  ,   .      ,       . ,   1904. (..  18    ),       16 (),   1906.    32 [115 - Denslow, William R. 10,000 Famous Freemasons. vol. 2. Independence: Missouri Lodge of Research, 1957. p. 124125. (  .   -    30    1925. -,     .       .    ,        .  1983.                     45. (A History of Samuel Gompers  Benjamin Franklin Lodge No. 45, F.A.A.M. https://sgbf45.org/our-history; https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/285a484f-a241-4e02-8918-8259995f2036/downloads/1cv6sgv12_86969.pdf?ver=1581948247150).].  1920   :          ,   ,     ,    ,   ,      ,   [116 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers].   ,      ,       .

   ,            XIX .        ,       .

,   ,           .           ,     ,   1880-      ,    [117 - Kaufman, Jason. Op. cit. p. 103.],  . .    ,      :                    ;  ,              [118 - Ibidem.].       ,        ,         .

                 .        ,    ,          . ,  ,     ,        [119 - Ibidem. p.106108.].

         ,        .  ,    ,   (neither fish nor fowl)          [120 - Kaufman, Jason. Op. cit. p. 109.].

 ,      .           .         ,        ;   -          [121 - Ibidem. p. 110.].   ,            ,    ,    .

,  ,          ,     - .    ,        ,     ,       .      ,      ,      ,   [122 - Ibidem. p.111112.].

        ,      (  ,   ),     ,         .  ,         ,             .  ,  ,  -,  1886  1889    60  ,        11    ,   3    ( ); 5 ,  ; 18    [123 - Ibidem. p. 103, 105.].

, ,  ,           , ,           .   ,        . ,        ,     ;     ,    [124 - Ibidem. p.105107.].

     ,   , ,   ,          XIX ,                  ,   XX [125 - Ibidem. p.106107.].

          ,   . [126 - Wheeler, Hoyt N. The Future of the American Labor Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. . 93; Falzone, Vincent J. Terence V. Powderly: Middle Class Reformer. Washington: University Press of America, 1978.],    [127 - Ware, Norman J. The Labor Movement in the United States 18601895 A Study in Democracy. Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1959. p. XVI.].

         ,      (craft unionism[128 - Wheeler, Hoyt N. Op. cit. .5051.]),  , ,  ,   .         ,           .

 ,                   (  , , , , , ),        ,    ,    .

  :    ()  (Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers of the United States),   1876.,    () (American Flint Glass Workers' Union, 1878),     () (Switchmen's Union of North America. 1886),    () (International Association of Machinists, 1888)  .

    ,          .           [129 - Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. . 378.].   ,    ,        . ,   ,  . ,        ,                [130 - Ibidem. p. 378.].    ,      ;      ,         (Order of United Friends)[131 - Ibidem. p. 399.].      ,     ,     ,    ,   .    []    -     ,             ,  ,   .[132 - Ibidem. p. 384.],      . .

 ,      XIX.    ,        ,        ,     ,      (      ,  ,  );   ( )   ,    ( )    .     ,           ,    .

    .

 1.   ,   ,   ,  ,            1900  1928. ()








  ,      ,                 ,    (    )    .         ,         , ,  .       . ,   ,           . ,  ,   ,      ,  .. ,  1884.     ,      ,       ,         ,     1891.    ,   1899.,       ,     [133 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 662.] (International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers).  1887.           (Brotherhood of Painters and Decorators of America),   1903.         (  International Brotherhood of Teamsters),  1915.      (Fraternal Order of Police)[134 - Ibidem. . 481.].

 ,  1920-30- .         ,        .

         ,    ,   ,        .          XX    ,    ,  ,       .      ,      . ,    , ,    ,      ,   :             .        ,         .   ,         ,     ,     .       ,  ,          [135 - , . .    . . .    . . . .: !  -, 2008. . 149.].

          [136 - , . . . -. .: , 2001. .244246.]        -.           -     II  (18891914),        (19191924)     (19241943),     ,          .

          ,    ,   .   XIX   ,           (,          ),          .           ,              [137 - Kaufman, Jason. Op. cit. p. 103.].            ,  .     ,    ,   ,    [138 - Ibidem. p. 104.].

    XX                    ,    .      .

 2.   ,        (       )    1900  2017. ()













   ,          ,   ,              .  ,             .    ,    1950-,   ,     (    2).

                     ,  . ,  ,     (   )   ,    Whos who in labor (     ),     1976.       3797 ,            .        (   2893),   ,  ,   ,             (Department of Labor),       ,       (Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service),     (American Arbitration Association)  . ..     ,  ,            .                 .

     :

 3.         (  Whos who in labor)








 4. ,        : (   Whos who in labor. New York: Arno press, 1976. XXI, 807 p.)








 ,   Whos who in labor            1970- .     ,         .                 ,  . ,       ,               .      ,          .      ,         .  ,  ,                 . .   ,       ,     ()  1886.   Dispatch ,         ,   ,       .  :      ?

      (, ,   )  ,         .             . ,       ,   ,           ,     .         ,  ,     ,            [139 - Dumenil, Lynn. Freemasonry and American Culture 18801930. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. p. 94.].

  ,  ,  ,         ,          ,       ,     .   XIX   XX .      ,   ,              ,          ,      -,         1918 [140 - Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society 18401918. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2007. . 126.].   XX .    ,   (     ) []       ,    []    ,    .        :      ,  ,  ,        (         . .)       [141 - Ibid. p. 229.].

    ,        (  )     ,   ,    ,   .

 ,      [142 - . : Masonic Service Association of North America;.US Masonic Membership Totals since 1924.],  ()  ,                 1924  2017.

 5.        1924.  2017. (;  ,       ,    -     )








   ,    1920- .      ( 218,711.),    1928  1941.   844,571,   ( 1942  1959.)       1,651,860,     1959  2017       3,026,535.       ,            ,   (     )    ,           ,           .     , ,      ,     XX   XXI .                  .    ,           .

  ,    ( )   . ,   ,             ,       :           ,    ,    ,     ;  ,             [143 - Cobain, Ian. Integrity or influence? Inside the world of modern Freemasons. The Guardian. 4February, 2018  https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/04/integrity-or-influence-peering-into-the-world-of-modern-freemasons].

         :

       1924  2005.[144 -  : So What? The Dynamic of Masonic Membership. July 27, 2010. By Masonic Traveler  http://freemasoninformation.com/2010/07/so-what-the-dynamic-of-masonic-membership/]








      .

   ,       6  ,   200.       .    20             150.   ,       ,  ,          ,   2%       30- ,   10%   80-[145 - Cobain, Ian. Op. cit. The Guardian. 4February, 2018  https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/04/integrity-or-influence-peering-into-the-world-of-modern-freemasons].



, ,  ,   XIX   XX .    , , , , ,     ,         ,  ,    ,       , ,   ,       .  ,          ,       ,     .

     (     )   ,  , .   ,       .            ,     .             ,    ,        .

 ,      ,     .               :     ,   , ,       ,  ,      [146 - Hobsbawm, Eric. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th Century. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1959. p. 153.].

        ,                   ( ,   ),                .

           , , ,      .

,         ,       - ,  ,               .

 ,     ,               .        ,       .




 II.       





2.1.    : ,   


  1917.               (The Inquiry)        (1919.). ,     (      . )  ,    150 .   ,              .    , ,     1921.      (; Council on Foreign Relations), ,     , , ,   ,    ,       .      108 [147 - Grose, Peter. Op. cit. p.7.].

         .

  1922.     Foreign Affairs,            ,    ,     ,   , , .

 1990- .      ,            .         [148 - Ibid. p. 11.],  . .       ,    ,             [149 - Ibid. p. 10.]. ,     1990-,      ,  ,       (  -      . .)            [150 - Ibid. p. 56, 67.].          ,       .

      1930  .   ,           .       ,       - ,       - ,       ,       .   (),    (),    (),    (),      ()         ,     .           .

     .

-,      ..       . ,    22  1946.     Foreign Affairs  1947.    .         ,  ,    ,               .        ,                    ,      ,   . ,    ,  ,       .               ,        ,   ,   ,    .      ,    []       ,     [151 -   .  //  . 1990. 11. .140148.].  ,    ,   .               .

-,               .     ,           .        ,         ,   [152 - Western, Bruce and Rosenfeld, Jake. Workers of the World Divide. The Decline of Labor and the Future of the Middle Class // Foreign Affairs. May/June, 2012. .8889.].

             ()     (). , ,    1886.,    - .           . ,   1935., -         1940- .       .  1946.         11 ,  ,       .   1955.    ,             (-).

  ,  .      ,  .        ,              ,        :    , -  , -                   .    -[153 - Morgan T. A covert life: Jay Lovestone, communist, anti-communist, and spymaster. New York; Toronto: Random House, 1999. p. 144.],             ,     .             ,    1944.   .     ,                 ,      [154 - Ibid.].

                .                        ( )    ( )[155 - An uncommon view of the birth of an uncommon market. Alfred Mendes looks at the historical origins of the European Union  http://www.spectrezine.org/europe/Mendes-C.htm].

 ,            ,    ,  .      IX       1947.      ,    :               ,    .           ,             [156 - Congress of Industrial Organizations. Constitutional Convention (9


; 1947; Boston, Mass.). Final proceedings of the Ninth Constitutional Convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, October 1317, 1947. Boston, Mass. Boston, 1947. . 260, 262263.].

         X    1948.  :     ,     ,      ,  ,      .          ,                        ,     ,    :     , ,                  [157 - Congress of Industrial Organizations. Constitutional Convention (10


; 1948; Portland, Oregon). Proceedings of the Tenth Constitutional Convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, November 2226, 1948. Portland, Oregon. Portland, 1948. p. 267, 269.].

                   ,    ,  1948.   [158 -    ()    1945.   , ,     .            . ,    ,  1949.   ;        (    ,    )   ,            ().],      .

 ,       :             ,   -  ;           (   ,   ,   ,       ).

,             ,   1946.         .      ,               .       .

  (William Green, 18731952)              1924.        ( 1928.),      1942.[159 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf ( ,        19222013.,   ,  2017.   Swiss Propaganda Research (SPR)    ,   2016.,          ).]  ,  ,     ,    : 1910.          ; 1914.    ,   1916. - .   ,              1919.[160 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Green_(U.S._labor_leader],  [161 - https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv01/persons].

        ,             (    ), .     .         .     , ,    ,           1935. (    )[162 - Phelan, Craig. William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. X, 223 p.].

,        ,    ,          ex officio.         (       )         .       .

 [163 -     : http://eleven.co.il/article/11480 (  ); Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History / Editor Eric Arnesen. New York: Routledge, 2007. .387388; Wolensky, Kenneth C., Wolensky Nicole H., and Wolensky Robert P. Fighting for the Union Label. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.] (Dubinsky, David; 18921982)   - (   ),   ,      ,  [164 -        ,   ,   ,      90-  XIX    40-  XX .].        :          [165 - http://jewishencyclopedia.ru/?mode=article&id=11480&query=].  1909.      .        1910.   .  -  ,     ,  1932.        () (International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, ILGWU),     ,     1966.       ,    ,    .        ,      1935.       ,   1946.    .        .              . ,  . ,  ,  . ,  . ,  . ,  ,  ,  .

.       ,            .        (  1933.)     .           .           .  1947.,    ,             .     . [166 -  .    . .],       [167 -    (Free Trade Union Committee)        1944.   .      .            .        () ,      ,        ,        .        (    1947.   ),             ,       .]  1944.   - .              ,     .       ,     ,                        .

,      . ,        .

  (Serafino Romualdi, 19001967)   ,          ,    .  1923.,         . ,   .  1933.   ,       . .   1944   1945.       (      ). ,        ,     .                  [168 - Agee, Philip. Inside The Company: CIA Diary. New York: Stonehill Publishing Company, 1975. . 544. (  (19352008)  ,    1957  1968. ,   ,             .      ,           ).].  1948.        .   (   )      ()  19621965.     .     ,  ,   ,          ,            .

            ,       .[169 - Romualdi, Serafino. Presidents and Peons. Recollections of a Labor Ambassador in Latin America. N.Y.: Funk & Wagnalls, 1967. XVI, 524 p.]        ,      ,  , ,    ,        .       ,  ,    ,      19611967.[170 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf]

  ,   ,  ,      (        ):

  (Luigi Antonini, 18831968) - .   -   (Italian-American Labor Council).   .      (1936.),     .  1944.     ( )    ,                      ,            [171 - Filippelli, Ronald L. Luigi Antonini, the Italian-American labor council, and cold-war politics in Italy, 19431949. // Labor history. 1992. vol.33. N1. p.102125; Romero, Federico. The United States and the European Trade Union Movement, 19441951. University of North Carolina Press, 2000.p. 3851.];

  (Maida Springer Kemp, 19102005),    [172 - Yevette, Richards. Maida Springer: Pan-Africanist and International Labor Leader. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. XV, 366 p.]    ,      ;

  (Morris Paladino, 19201991)  ,  1960.       ,    -     ,    ,   (    ,  ,   ),       .         ,  ,  1964.,   AIFLD[173 - AIFLD       (American Institute for Free Labor Development)    1961. -   ;       ,         -.] (    . ).    - .   1967.      .   -   (1969)   AAFLI.

  (Edward Molisani, 19111987)          IV  .

   .       ,          .

    1949.     ()[174 -     ()   ,   19492006.  2006.       ,             .],      . ,              Foreign Affairs                 [175 - Dubinsky, David. World Labor's New Weapon // Foreign Affairs. April 1950. vol. 28. 3. p.451462.].        ,             .          ,      , ,   .  ,        .       :

1)           ,              ,          ;

2)          ;

3)              ,            ,     ,       ,                                   (    );

4)                  ,         ;     ,            ( 19501958.)    (   , )  .                           .          (   , )    .   .           .       .        ,   1955.  (),  1956.  ()   1957.  ().     ,  ,     .        2006.

5)             ,            .

   .     ,      :         ,             ,        (  ).

        (    -).

, .       ,             .      1939  1976.[176 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf]

          (       )   .   ,               .  ,   ,        .     ,                   [177 - Wala, Michael. The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1994. p. 231; Grose, Peter. Op. cit. . 47.].     ,  . ,           ,   ,          . ,    ,       ,  ,   ,           ,            [178 - Grose, Peter. Op. cit. p. 16.].

  ,     ,      ,           , ,     .

                ,       .     - ,                   ( ,       ),             [179 - Schulzinger, Robert. The Wise Men on Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations. New York: Columbia univ. press, 1984. p. 121.]. ,       1946.          .      ,        . ,     ,       1947.    .

 .  (Robert J. Watt, 18931947),      (6 ),           [180 - http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rjwatt.htm.].   11 ,  1936  1947.,       .    ,  ,        .  -    (25   26  1945.),    ,  ,             [181 - Ibid.] (   ).       ,   ,    ,            ,      .                .                . ,  .    .           1947.       Saturnia      53 ,     .

   .  (Solomon Barkin)    .    -  1902.; 1928.      -,           .      -  1928  1931.  1930-      ,     .  1937  1963.          (TWUA)[182 -  1963. .    ,          ()  .      1968.,             1978.      1989.          (https://wikispooks.com/wiki/League_for_Industrial_Democracy)].          ,  , , .   M. [183 - Wala, Michael. Op. cit. p. 231.],    ( 1950.)     . [184 -        . .].   ,  ,   1961. .        ( 1985.)        [185 - John Kennedy and Europe / Edited by D. Brinkley and R.T. Griffins. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press; Eisenhower Center for American Studies, 1999. p. 238.].

    (Stanley Ruttenberg, 19172001),            .   . ,  1950- .          ,     -. ,  1963.   .   .     .                    .

            ,          .

,  . ,     Foreign Affairs   ,            ,        .      ,              .  ,  -     ,         ,     (      ).

  (Michael Ross, 18981963)   ,      ( 19451955.),        1955.      -  1958     1963.          ,       ,       1946.        1963?

        [186 -   .  (Boughton, John. From Comintern to the Council on Foreign Relations: The Ideological Journey of Michael Ross // Labor History. 2007. Vol. 48  No. 1  pp. 4972),          ,     ;       . .],   ,           ?

         1898.     ,  -         .   16   1915.              .      1920- . -              ,      .  1926.     ,    1920-     .    1928  1931. .      Daily Herald  New Statesman .

 1931. .  ,             ,                  Young Guard ( ).         ,   .  ,                 ,  ,    ,  ,     ,     (, ,    )    [187 -    .   ,     ,     (.  .  :  :    .    . . .: , 2015.).             ,     .         .],     . .   ,  .          .

  ,      [188 -   (19021977)           1951  1968.         .],  ,   ,     ( 1933.)    ( 1941.)  . .        ,            (     ),      .             ...

        -      ,        .  1945., ,       ,   1955.,          -,       .     , .         .

 ,      ,     . ,     .  ,      ,      ,   [189 - Boughton, John. From Comintern to the Council on Foreign Relations: The Ideological Journey of Michael Ross // Labor History. 2007. Vol. 48  No. 1  p. 50.].

.           ,     :             ,      ,    ..

. ,     ,   19451949.      (     )          [190 -      ,  II   . 29   10  1949 .  () , 1949. . 274.]  ..      ,           .          .

 .                   .  1950.                . :       :  [191 -      ( -)   1949  1958.,             1960 .]       ,    [192 -          :   .  .   ,              17  1950.      . , . 5451, . 72, . 1302, . 135.].           ,      ,      ,     .

     .   ,     ()   ,        ?       ,    ,    ,     ,        ,   ,      [193 -         1950.         ,        ,             .      1966.,     1979.],    ,            [194 -  . .    :     / . .  . .   . ;   . . .:     ,  , 2013. . 57.].       ,       ,            ,   - [195 -  . . 59.].

     .   ,            ,    .

       (17751857),  ,        XIX ,          .      :     .        [196 - ,  .  ,    . .: , 2013.].

  ,            (18191884)    ,      1850.    ,       .              :      ,   ,         ..[197 - , .     .           .       ? : . . . , 1910.]

 ,           . ,      . ,      (!)   (     ),   .  ,  ,      ,    ,       ,   - (      ).

 ,   Foreign Affairs[198 - Michael Ross. American Labor's World Responsibilities. Foreign Affairs. vol. 30. 1. October 1951. p.112122.], .  (  )     ,        (     ),  ,        .   1951. ,     ,           .  .       ,      . . .     (    )        ,         .    .

 ,           ,                       .

   ,     ,           ,    ,    .   ,  ,   [199 - Chenoweth, E. Democracys Champion: Albert Shanker and the International Impact of the American Federation of Teachers. Washington, DC, The Albert Shanker Institute, 2013. . 6.].

  (Albert Shanker, 19281997)     (; American Federation of Teachers)  1974.   ,      -  (/), ,   ,       ,    .      ,   ,      ,    ,       ,   .         . ,  ,      ,          .       ,      .

 1980.    (    )   $57.4     ,    30% ,   -    .  95%        .  2008.          1,784,808.59$  1,997,375.00$   [200 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers].

 1951.          (Boris Shishkin, 19081984).                  ( ,   1948.    . ,      ). ,      ,         .        :       - ( 1955.),       -.   ,       .

. ,         ,  ,    .    ,                  ,  ,         .        (  .   . ) ,             ,     .




2.2.     1970-


.  . ,  1977.      ,          [201 - Shoup, Laurence H. and Minter, William. Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy. New York; London: Monthly Review Press, 1977. p.8889.].     40%     . 45%           .   ,  ,   ..       ,          ,     .       ( 1%)   , ,   .   . ,  1969.    ,     [202 - Ibidem. . 88.].       ,  ,                       .  ,    ,           . , .   . ,   . [203 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf],      .

       ,      .

,       .

  (Jay Lovestone,   , 18971990)        (    )   .  1907.        -.        .  1918.  -,  1919.     - ,       ,          ( ),          1919.   1919.      .

 1921.       ,     [204 -    (Charles Emil Ruthenberg, 18821927)     ;       ( ).        1919.      ,           1927.          .]  1927.  .  1923.       [205 -   (John Pepper   ;   ,      (Jszef Pogny), 18861938)  , ,  ,    ,     .      (   )  .  1905.   - .  1918.       .  1919.        .      ,   .    .  1922.      ,       .        .       .  1925.   .       ,  .   1938.     ,  .] -   [206 -  .  (William Z. Foster; 18811961)      .  19291934  19451957     .        (1924, 1928, 1932).   ;        .] -[207 -    (James Patrick Cannon; 18901974)   ,   ,  ,         .     .  1908.      (),   1911.      .     ,  1917.     .  1919.       ,   1920- .      .     .  1928.     ,        .     19281938.     .     1938.     ,         ,        ( 1953.).     .],        .      .

     ( ) .        10    1929.    ,       .            ,              .     . .  ,  ,      6  17 [208 - Morgan, Ted. A covert life: Jay Lovestone, communist, anti-communist, and spymaster. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc., 1999. p 91-100.].         . . [209 - Speech Delivered by Joseph Stalin in the American Commission of the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, 6 May 1929 / In: The 'American Exceptionalism' of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 19291940. Dissident Marxism in the United States: Volume 1 / Paul Le Blanc and Tim Davenport (Eds.). Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015. p.105112.],     .               ,  ,  ,  ,  ..    ,      [210 - Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p. 98.],             [211 - Ibidem. p. 99.],     ,  .

    (  )          .   ,     . , ,       ,      .  ,               ,    .       ,    ,     ,     .      ,   ,            11      .

           . ,  .       .       ,         .    .      , ,   ,       .  -             ,    1929  1941.,    ,   [212 - Ibidem. p. 105.].

  .          ,  .

           ,       1918.,                -[213 - Ibidem. p. 16.].  ,            (),  1943.    .            (, Free Trade Union Committee),        1944.         - .     ,        . ,     .        -   -    ,        ,           .  ,     ,      [214 - Ibidem. . 144.].

             1946.     .  ,    ,   -  .  ,      -       ,  .            ;  -             ,    ,    .

 1964.   .  .     -,              .

    (   . )         (  ),   ,         .

  .   (19641989.) , ,    ,  ,    .

  . ,  alter ego,     ,       ,   [215 - Rathbun, Ben. The point man: Irving Brown and the deadly post-1945 struggle for Europe and Africa. Montreux, London, Washington: Minerva Press, 1996. 394 p.;   (19111989)   -   .      1944.        .  ,   ,    .       (      ),        ( -)           ,     .        .    .].         ,      [216 - Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p. 113.],   .

 ,  ,     . ,  10     ( 1954.)        ,      (1988.). ,  ,   . ,             .

 1952.  Time .        (    Time   ).     ,       ,          .         ,      ,     ,      ┻,   [217 - The Most Dangerous Man. Time. 17 March 1952.].

 .        ,   1945.      .                [218 - Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p.4245.].

  .                ,   .           ..   .   .    1949.                 :  ,     (    ).          ,      -.               ;      ,         [219 - Godson R. American Labor and European Politics: The AFL as Transnational Force. New York, 1976. p. 120.].    ,   -         ,     .          ,      ,   .      ,         .         [220 - Godson R. Op. cit., p.120123; Taft P. Defending Freedom: American Labor and Foreign Affairs. Los Angeles, 1973. p.165167.].

.             1949.     ,           . .

 ,    -            ,       .         ,      .             XX .

     .        .

  (Walter Philip Reuther, 19071970)         .         ,           ,          .

 1934-35.            ,       16    ,     .          .     1935.           .

.        . ,    ,      [221 - Boyle, Kevin. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 19451968. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.].  ,         ,  ,            ,    .     ,           -,     .        ,         ,   .

           (),        .  1936.         .          ,     .  1946.      (  ),  1952.   ,       .         .  ,    .         [222 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  New York: Routledge, 2007. .11871190.],      ,     [223 - Ibidem. p. 1187.].            .

.             ,     . ,         ,           ,        ,         .           ,   [224 - Federal Bureau of Investigation. Walter Reuther. FBI file  https://ia801607.us.archive.org/31/items/WalterReuther/Reuther%2C%20Walter.pdf],  , ,       ,        ,        ;   ,         1934.,         (       ;     Saturday Evening Post 14  1948.),    :     ![225 - Cormier, Frank & Eaton, William J. Reuther. Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1970. p.132136.].     .       [226 - Ibidem. p. 136.].

       .       ?  ,          .  1946. .             11 ,     .       .   ,     ,      ,    .       .       .          .     ,         ,               .        .     ( -) . [227 -   (18941980)     1910.      1915.   .  1934.       -; 1940. -   ,   1952.  .    -  1955.     1979.                .      ,        .        , ,            .        ,         .  -           .   -             ,       ,    .     Big Labor (     -)             1970- .],      .   ,   ,         .         1966. (       ,     ),          (19671969.).

 1949.       ,        .       1939.,   1950-60- .          .

          .   .    .         .  1959.,    . .            (9.),      . ,          ,             .            . .  .      [228 -     !      . .   . 1527  1959. .: , 1959. 446 .;     .    . .   . 1527  1959 . .: , 1960. 679 .],        [229 -     !  .238257.;     .  .280303.].   .       ,  ,    ,   ,          .

         .      .  1958. ,             ,         ,  [230 -  1957 .         ,  ,   : 1)         ; 2)        .]  - ,        .           [231 - Lichtenstein, Nelson. Walter Reuther: The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit. University of Illinois Press, 1997. . 347.; Farber, David. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History. Princeton University Press, 2012. . 86.; Schlesinger, Arthur M. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. . 175.; Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy. Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape. University of Arizona Press, 2013. . 61; etc.].

.         ,    ,       .       ,           1963. .

   ,  .       ,         .        19641965.      [232 - https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-people/walter-reuther].  ,             1962.[233 - , . 5451, . 72, . 1317, . 1014.        . .    ,      18  1962 .],    .  (   - -)     .      .     .     ,     .       .            ,  .         -.  ,    ,      [234 - Barnard, John. Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston; Toronto: Little, Brown & co., 1983. p. 132.].

 1968., ,   -      , .      ,    , ,             27  1968.,                [235 - , . 5451, . 72, . 1312, . 3744.             27  1968.].

               .          ,  ,  ,     ,       .      ,               .

     .              19671969.

9  1970. .    5  (     . )        ,  ,     ,    .          -  ,      .     ,   1968.,                      [236 - Reuther, Victor. The Brothers Reuther and the Story of the UAW. A Memoir. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1976. p.457458.].          [237 -   (1933 )   ,    .]:       ,    ,     1968.   [238 - Parenti, Michael & Noton, Peggy. The Wonderful Life and Strange Death of Walther Reuther. CovertAction Quarterly. Fall 1995. 54. p. 37.]. . ,      ,   ,              [239 - Ibid. p.3743.]. ,  . ,        ,         [240 - Ibid. p. 43.].            ,        :   ,  ,       ,          .                .        ,      [241 - Ibid.]   . .

  .       (Leonard Woodcock),       (19731976.)[242 - Shoup Laurence H. and Minter, William. Op. cit. p. 88.]. .              ,     .        .

  .   1973.    - -  ʸ          [243 - Ibid. p. 88.].

  [244 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  New York: Routledge, 2007. .15521554.] (Jerome Jerry Wurf, 19191981)        ,     (American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFSCME)  1964  1981 .       .    - .      ,      (Young Peoples Socialist League)    1948.     [245 -    (Socialist Party of America)   19011973.    .       (Socialist Party USA)   1973.].     AFSCME  1947.   1952.     AFSCME  -,    400 ,  1960.     20.,       .

 1964.      AFSCME       .       AFSME         .     AFSCME  1964,     200. ,     17        1 .[246 - Weir, Robert E. Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa Barbara (Ca), Denver (Co), Oxford (UK): ABCCLIO, 2013. p. 867.]         XX ,     AFSCME             -[247 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  .15521553.].

   ,     AFSCME,       .    ,          ,    .                ,   ,       [248 - Hower, Joseph E. Jerry Wurf, The Rise of AFSCME, and the Fate of Labor Liberalism, 19471981. /A Dissertation  for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Georgetown University. Washington, DC, 2013. . 29.].

  1960-      ,    ,                 .     ()   ,       ,    ,        - ,            ,       [249 - Hower, Joseph E. Op. cit. p. 214.].

      ,          .  (19691974)[250 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1554.].      .   ,         -       AFSCME.           -  1971.

,                  .  1971.             (Public Employees Organized to Promote Legislative Equality  PEOPLE),          ( [251 - Shoup Laurence H. and Minter, William. Op. cit. p. 65.])  1972.     1976.        . PEOPLE AFSCME            XX [252 - Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1554.] (     -  ).

 ,      ,      1980.     . .     ,             1981.,  260.     60-  AFSCME      . .

 ,      ,    . ,          -        ,      . , ,           :       ,    ,         ,         ,       .     ,       .       ,  ,   .

                 -[253 -  . .  . (  . 19721991 ). .: , 2008. 1047 .].

. ʸ[254 -   ʸ (Kirkland, Joseph Lane) (19221999)  -  19791995.,        .      (1942),      ʸ      ,            ,      1948.        -  .                 ʸ     .     -      1948.,           .   1952  1956.  1960. ʸ   . ,   1969.      - -.] (   -)      . .   1973.          .  - .   ,            . ,           1967.   .    [255 -   1966.        ,      -   ,          ,       .].      -     ,    .    . ,     ,  77-       [256 - Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p. 350.] (         79 ).

 , ʸ     -            . . ,  1979.    -,    ,   - ,       (1977)[257 -   . ʸ    . . IV.].   , .ʸ          -    (        )      .          ,       ,     1995 .   ʸ   1990-    :        ,    ,     . , ,      ʸ         [258 -   1992.    ,  -                (North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA).] (NAFTA)          ,         .

  ,     ,               . .

 ,  ,    ,      1970- .,  . . ʸ,               ,             . . . ,    . ,         .  ,      .                     ,   -      . ,       ,      ,       ,       ,       .   . ,  .            .

 ,     1960-   1970- .           .              (     ).             ,     .




2.3.         


  1980-   2010-    ,   ,          .

 1970.         ,         ,        ;  ,        .   ,       .  1971.       [259 - Laurence H. Shoup and William Minter. Op. cit. .4748.].  ,    ,          .

 ,           5        21  27 [260 - Grose, Peter. Op. cit. . 57.].             (     ).         ,        ,     .          ( 1   ):     ;    ;  ;    ,   ,      ;           .  2016.      18%   [261 - Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2015  June 30, 2016. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2016. p. 40.].  .      ,        .      ,      ,   .

        ,      :  ,   ,  . ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,  []  [262 - Scipes, Kim. AFLCIO's Secret War Against Developing Country Workers: Solidarity or Sabotage? Lexington Books, 2011. p. 128.]. ,   .         (Glenn Watts),         ,    . ʸ  .        [263 - Grose, Peter. Op. cit. p. 48.].   ,          . (19791982), .  (19881992), .  (19801981).   ,             ( 19982012.)[264 -    : . https://www.cfr.org/annual-report-archive]       -   ( 19982017.)[265 -  .].        . , . , . , . , . . ʸ, .  (.      ( )).

,   ,             ,         .          ,       ,            .

   ,  . , .   . ,         ,   [266 -  : https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf].     ,        ,      ,     (,  ,  . ).   ,   ,       ,       ,     .

       .                       ,    -    - ( 19861997) (            [267 - AFLCIOs Dark Past. Part 6. Kelber, Harry. Do Solidarity Centers Covert Operations Help American Labor on Global Problems? /The Labor Educator. December 13, 2004. http://www.laboreducator.org/darkpast6.htm])   1997.,         -[268 -    -    1997.],         ex officio.    . ,     ,   ,      ,     ,    - . [269 - AFLCIO Eliminates International Affairs Department. Wednesday, May 04, 2005. http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005/05/afl-cio-eliminates-international.html.] (  , ,        ).   ,            ,             ,            [270 - Agee, Philip. Op. cit. .200.].      ,       ,     [271 - AFLCIO Eliminates International Affairs Department. Wednesday, May 04, 2005. http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005/05/afl-cio-eliminates-international.html.].

   -   (  -   [272 - https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/11/28/Labor-mourns-death-of-Sam-Fishman/9666533538000/]),   (Philip Fishman, 1953)   1970- .   AAFLI    -   (1979-82),    (19821986)   (1986-91).  1991.        19881992.  ,     -,     ,         2005.  -,          ,       [273 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf] (   ),       ,   .

, ,    . , ,  ,      [274 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf],        (Rachelle Horowitz,?)             [275 - Elizabeth Kastor. A Death in the Office // Washington Post, August 12, 1992.].     1972.       - ,      .  1974. .           (  , ),          .  ,          (Committee on Political Education, COPE)          -.       (1994.)    ,         ()[276 -    (National Democratic Institute, NDI) ,      1983.          .].                   ,        :        ,   19921996.       ,     (     ),    [277 -      -  .   .       20122014.],         ,    ,           [278 -  .     .       ,   . //   // 10 (30) 21  2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20070523185726/http:/world.ng.ru/dipcorpus/2001-03-22/4_help.html].     .     ,    .

 ,   ,  ,  .       . ,    1980.[279 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com//council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf; 19902001.      (https://www.cfr.org/historical-roster-directors-and-officers)]   2018.     ( 2018.    90 , ,        ).          : 1980  1983.    ;  1980-    .       .

 1979.      ,     .

  (Martin J. Ward, 19181982)    -     1971.       -.:      ,   -  1982.      [280 -   1969. .     -   - ,                       .           , , ,   .];     -       ,     1974.           . .       ,   1977.  .     .  19791982.     [281 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com//council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf]         .

  (Glenn E. Watts, 19202002)  1974-85.       (Communications Workers of America).   ,      (2003.) ,         24        4 .    ,       .   ,         [282 - Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2002  June 30, 2003. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2003.p. 5.].  ,   1970-1980- .            ,          ,   ,    ,      (   ,        )[283 - Western, Bruce and Rosenfeld, Jake. Op. cit. . 90.].  ,    ,         .

    [284 -   (Sol Chaikin, 19181991)      1975.     1986.      1966. .                  (.  .     1968.  ).   1970- .       .]      ,         .    -,         -.     -                    .   .           , ,              ,       19791990.,        .

  . [285 -   (Jay Mazur, 1932 )     1951.        ,        .  1955-56.               . ,          ,  1977.   -,   1986.   ,      .],   . ,      ,  1995.          (Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers of America),            (Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, UNITE).     UNITE (    2001.)   1987  2018.     ,        .

 ,   ,      . ,        ,   ,           .

        (William Doherty Jr., 19262011),       19662003.[286 - https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf]    .                (1952-55),     PTTI[287 -   ,    (Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International, PTTI)      .    1920.,  1999.    PTTI      Union Network International.] (1955-62).     AIFLD (1962-64).  .    -     ,    AIFLD   1  1964.        ,  [288 - Carew, Anthony. American Labours Cold War Abroad: From Deep Freeze to Dtente, 19451970. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2018. p. 264.]. ,  1965-96.   AIFLD.    .     1964  1967.   .     . , , ,          ,            [289 - Ibid., p. 261.].   ,     ,        .

 1970- .    ,          .

 1972.   -   (,  ,      ),         ,      -  (/). ,       , ,    - ,         ,  - .                   .

  1970-    1980-         -   .          /  -               (American Federation of Teachers, AFT)      .   /   ,         ,   ,     ,        .

      ,      .

  (Carl Samuel Gershman, 1943 )              .  1968     -,   1972.      .  19701974.         (Young People's Socialist League, YPSL)     ,      .  19751980.     /.

    /       realignment (),        , ,   ,    ,       -.        ,    -,     ,         .         : 1975.      .

  /         ,          ,       .

 ,  /  ,            (Penn Kemble, 19412005).

    1980.  Commentary    ,      Foreign Affairs  Foreign Policy   1970- .   ,                 ,          - ,      .              . .    ,    ,        ,      [290 - Perloff, James. The Shadows of Power. The Council on Foreign Relations and the American Decline. Appleton (Wisconsin): Western Islands Publishers, 1989. p 159160.].          ,         (   ).

        ,       ,         .                    .  (19811985)              (National Endowment for Democracy, NED)      1984.,     . NED  ,         .     2012  NED ,    $3381824    ,   :    (),   ,   ,   ,  ,    ,  ,        [291 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy#Ukraine].   NED     2015.      ,       ,    ,      ,        ,  ,       [292 - Ibid.].

      19932011.   2001.                ( )    [293 - Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2000  June 30, 2001. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2001.p. 28.].

 1990-   2000- .    ,          /,    :  ,         .

       .     ,  19841989.            1989   2018.,       (  74 ).    ,    /,    .

  (Sandra Feldman, 19392005)[294 - Richard D. Kahlenberg, Richard D. Keene. Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles Over Schools, Unions, Race, and Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. . 167.]      1997  2004.     20012005.[295 -    : . https://www.cfr.org/annual-report-archive],      - .

   -     (Tom Kahn, 19381992).  19721986.     - . ʸ,           ,  ,  19861992.      -.  1988.       .           53 .

       1980.    /        ,   .    .  (19891993) /,        ,       -.          -, ,  ,            [296 - Sims, Beth. Workers of the World Undermined. American Labor's role in U.S. foreign policy. Boston: South End Press, 1992. p. 47.].

            (Thomas Reilly Donahue, 1928 ),   1979  1995.   -,   - 1995.  (     ) -.   - .           .      -     (),         .    :   ( 1983),        ( 1985),     :   ( 1994).

          ,      1983.         .        .    ,  ,       .           . []      ,               ,    .   ,  ,          [297 - Ibid. p. 40.].      ,          .     , ,       :    1990- .       NAFTA,       -,         .       .     ,  NAFTA                 .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=57297400)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 . . :  . .: , 2003.




2


 .




3


 .




4


 . .       . : , 1994. . 4.




5


https://www.cfr.org/; http://trilateral.org/




6


Grose, Peter. Continuing the Inquiry. The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996. 83 .




7


         Foreign Affairs 1984  1993.           .




8


https://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/




9


http://trilateral.org/




10


, .   . .: , 1975. .465466.




11


, . . .: , 1994. . 521.




12


James, Bob. Craft, Trade or Mystery: Part One  Britain from Gothic Cathedrals to the Tolpuddle Conspirators (http://www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm) (January 2001); Secret Societies and the Labour Movement. http://www.takver.com/history/secsoc01.htm.




13


http://www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm.




14


- ..  /      : - / . . , . . , . .  (. . .)  . :   , 2016.




15


 . .       . : , 1994. .235250.




16


, .      .  XVIII  XIX  /   . : , 1994. . 8.




17


Landis, Abb. Friendly societies and fraternal orders; ahistory of the legislation, supervision, mortality experience, management, reforms, rates of assessment and present and past financial condition of the English friendly societies. Winchester, Tenn., The author, 1900. .56.




18


Landis, Abb. Op. cit.; http://www.takver.com/history/benefit/ctormys.htm.




19


Landis, Abb. Op. cit. p. 20.




20


    ,           .        .     -  ,          .




21


, . . . . 6.




22


https://www.tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/story/tuc-150th-anniversary-south-west/early-unions




23


, . . . . 19.




24


 . . 20.




25


 . .2526.




26


, .  . .: , 1987. . 198.




27


 . . 201.




28


, . . . .212213.




29


 .




30


 . . 214.




31


   , ,    ,   (, . . . . 222).




32


, . . . .225227.




33


 . . 230.




34


 . . 217.




35


. -.     ,      XIX    .   . .:    , 1930. .31.




36


Odd Fellows   (.  )  ,   ,   1730   .    ,     .  ,  ,   ,   XVIII ,    ,     ,     ,  ,   ,        .




37


Stevens, Albert Clark. The Cyclop?dia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to More than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States. New York City: Paterson, N. J.: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company, 1899. . 247, 260.




38


Noble, Franklin (comp). Thoughts for the occasion, fraternal and benevolent; reference manual of historical data and facts; helpful in suggesting themes, and in outlining addresses for the observance of timely or special occasions of the various orders. New York, E. B. Treat & company, 1905. p. 89.




39


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. . 248.




40


Landis, Abb. Op. cit. . 6.




41


. -. . . . 36.




42


 . .      18201850- .     . ,    . . . . , 2015. . 137, 161.




43


 . .137138.




44


 . . 145, 161, 169.




45


 . . 161, 218.




46


 . . 190.




47


 . .193195.




48


 . . 197.




49


 . . 213, 215.




50


 . . 218.




51


Harwood, W. S. Secret Societies in America // The North American Review. 1897. Vol. 164. p. 620.




52


 ( . native  , ) ,      -        ,        .




53


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1042.




54


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. . 400.




55


Pinkerton, A. Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives. New York: G.W. Carleton, 1878. .9095.




56


          .




57


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1287.




58


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p.380383.




59


Pinkerton, A. Op. cit. p.122124.




60


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 382.




61


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. 444 p.




62


 ,        ,    .




63


Stevens A. C. Op. cit. p. XVI.




64


Harwood, W. S. Op. cit. . 617624.




65


Hackett, David G. That Religion in Which All Men Agree: Freemasonry in American Culture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2014. p. 127.




66


McBride, Harriett W. The Golden Age of Fraternalism: 18701910 // Heredom. 2005. Vol. 13.




67


Beito, David T. From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 18901967. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. p. 204.




68


Presidents Research Committee on Social Trends     .  (19291933)      .




69


Beito, David T.Op. cit. p. 204.




70


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_fraternalis




71


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 380.




72


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1165.




73


Ibidem.




74


Ibidem.




75


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p.399400.




76


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1167.




77


Ibidem. . 1165.




78


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1176.




79


     .




80


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 385.




81


Kealey, Gregory. Artisans Respond to Industrialism: Shoemakers, Shoe Factories, and the Knights of St. Crispin // Historical Papers (June 1973). p. 143.




82


Ware, Norman J. The Labor Movement in the United States, 18601895: A Study in Democracy. New York: Random House; Vintage Books, 1929. p. 19.




83


Carlton, Frank T. Ephemeral Labor Movements, 18661889. // The Popular Science Monthly. 1914. Vol. LXXXV (85). p.487488.




84


Sackett, Myron Ward. Early history of fraternal beneficiary societies in America. Meadville, Pa.: The Tribune publishing company, 1914. .910.




85


Ibidem. . 27.




86


Upchurch, J. J. The life, labors and travels of Father J.J. Upchurch: founder of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. San Francisco, Cal.: A.T. Dewey, 1887. . 28.




87


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 128.




88


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 129; Hackett, David G. That Religion in Which All Men Agree: Freemasonry in American Culture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2014. p. 127.




89


Harwood, W. S. Op. cit. p. 620.




90


Sackett, Myron Ward. Op. cit. p.1516.




91


Ibidem. p. 202.




92


Pinkerton, A. Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives. New York: G.W. Carleton, 1878. . 89.




93


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 129.




94


Noble, Franklin (comp). Thoughts for the occasion, fraternal and benevolent; reference manual of historical data and facts; helpful in suggesting themes, and in outlining addresses for the observance of timely or special occasions of the various orders. New York, E. B. Treat & company, 1905. p. 317.




95


 ,  ,         . ,         , ,    ,       ,     ┻;   .   . ,            ,          [ ] ,  ,         (Weir, Robert E. Beyond the Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor. A Dissertation Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Massachusetts, 1990. . 5).




96


  (Knights of Pythias)     ,     1864.         1920- .    1 .   1979.       200. . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Pythias).




97


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 389. ( (Eccarius),   (18181899),      .   .    ,      1- ; 1864-72   ,  1867-71  ,  1870-72 -  ).




98


Messer-Kruse, Timothy. The Yankee International: Marxism and the American Reform Tradition, 18481876. Univ of North Carolina Press, 1998. 235.




99


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 390.




100


Weir, Robert E. Op. cit. . 2.




101


Ibidem. p.78.




102


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1327.




103


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 390.




104


Ely, Richard Theodore. The labor movement in America. New York: T.Y. Crowell & co., 1886. . 79.




105


  (Molly Maguires)      ,        1860- .       ,   ,     1876  1878.       , ,               ,    .   20       . (, .  .     . .:   , 1950).




106


,      , .     .  1901.   -      ,     , 33-  . (Weir, Robert E. Op. cit. p. 471).




107


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. p. 392.




108


Ibidem.




109


Ibidem. . 394.




110


Kaufman, Jason. For the Common Good?: American Civic Life and the Golden Age of Fraternity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 286 p.




111


Ibidem. p. 102.




112


   (Ancient Order of Foresters)   ,    ,    ,    .       -   ,         .




113


Cooper Union    1859.       (Peter Cooper, 17911883),                  .




114


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 538.




115


Denslow, William R. 10,000 Famous Freemasons. vol. 2. Independence: Missouri Lodge of Research, 1957. p. 124125. (  .   -    30    1925. -,     .       .    ,        .  1983.                     45. (A History of Samuel Gompers  Benjamin Franklin Lodge No. 45, F.A.A.M. https://sgbf45.org/our-history; https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/285a484f-a241-4e02-8918-8259995f2036/downloads/1cv6sgv12_86969.pdf?ver=1581948247150).




116


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers




117


Kaufman, Jason. Op. cit. p. 103.




118


Ibidem.




119


Ibidem. p.106108.




120


Kaufman, Jason. Op. cit. p. 109.




121


Ibidem. p. 110.




122


Ibidem. p.111112.




123


Ibidem. p. 103, 105.




124


Ibidem. p.105107.




125


Ibidem. p.106107.




126


Wheeler, Hoyt N. The Future of the American Labor Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. . 93; Falzone, Vincent J. Terence V. Powderly: Middle Class Reformer. Washington: University Press of America, 1978.




127


Ware, Norman J. The Labor Movement in the United States 18601895 A Study in Democracy. Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1959. p. XVI.




128


Wheeler, Hoyt N. Op. cit. .5051.




129


Stevens, Albert Clark. Op. cit. . 378.




130


Ibidem. p. 378.




131


Ibidem. p. 399.




132


Ibidem. p. 384.




133


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 662.




134


Ibidem. . 481.




135


, . .    . . .    . . . .: !  -, 2008. . 149.




136


, . . . -. .: , 2001. .244246.




137


Kaufman, Jason. Op. cit. p. 103.




138


Ibidem. p. 104.




139


Dumenil, Lynn. Freemasonry and American Culture 18801930. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. p. 94.




140


Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society 18401918. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2007. . 126.




141


Ibid. p. 229.




142


. : Masonic Service Association of North America;.US Masonic Membership Totals since 1924.




143


Cobain, Ian. Integrity or influence? Inside the world of modern Freemasons. The Guardian. 4February, 2018  https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/04/integrity-or-influence-peering-into-the-world-of-modern-freemasons




144


 : So What? The Dynamic of Masonic Membership. July 27, 2010. By Masonic Traveler  http://freemasoninformation.com/2010/07/so-what-the-dynamic-of-masonic-membership/




145


Cobain, Ian. Op. cit. The Guardian. 4February, 2018  https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/04/integrity-or-influence-peering-into-the-world-of-modern-freemasons




146


Hobsbawm, Eric. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th Century. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1959. p. 153.




147


Grose, Peter. Op. cit. p.7.




148


Ibid. p. 11.




149


Ibid. p. 10.




150


Ibid. p. 56, 67.




151


  .  //  . 1990. 11. .140148.




152


Western, Bruce and Rosenfeld, Jake. Workers of the World Divide. The Decline of Labor and the Future of the Middle Class // Foreign Affairs. May/June, 2012. .8889.




153


Morgan T. A covert life: Jay Lovestone, communist, anti-communist, and spymaster. New York; Toronto: Random House, 1999. p. 144.




154


Ibid.




155


An uncommon view of the birth of an uncommon market. Alfred Mendes looks at the historical origins of the European Union  http://www.spectrezine.org/europe/Mendes-C.htm




156


Congress of Industrial Organizations. Constitutional Convention (9


; 1947; Boston, Mass.). Final proceedings of the Ninth Constitutional Convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, October 1317, 1947. Boston, Mass. Boston, 1947. . 260, 262263.




157


Congress of Industrial Organizations. Constitutional Convention (10


; 1948; Portland, Oregon). Proceedings of the Tenth Constitutional Convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, November 2226, 1948. Portland, Oregon. Portland, 1948. p. 267, 269.




158


   ()    1945.   , ,     .            . ,    ,  1949.   ;        (    ,    )   ,            ().




159


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf ( ,        19222013.,   ,  2017.   Swiss Propaganda Research (SPR)    ,   2016.,          ).




160


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Green_(U.S._labor_leader




161


https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv01/persons




162


Phelan, Craig. William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. X, 223 p.




163


    : http://eleven.co.il/article/11480 (  ); Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History / Editor Eric Arnesen. New York: Routledge, 2007. .387388; Wolensky, Kenneth C., Wolensky Nicole H., and Wolensky Robert P. Fighting for the Union Label. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.




164


       ,   ,   ,      90-  XIX    40-  XX .




165


http://jewishencyclopedia.ru/?mode=article&id=11480&query=




166


 .    . .




167


   (Free Trade Union Committee)        1944.   .      .            .        () ,      ,        ,        .        (    1947.   ),             ,       .




168


Agee, Philip. Inside The Company: CIA Diary. New York: Stonehill Publishing Company, 1975. . 544. (  (19352008)  ,    1957  1968. ,   ,             .      ,           ).




169


Romualdi, Serafino. Presidents and Peons. Recollections of a Labor Ambassador in Latin America. N.Y.: Funk & Wagnalls, 1967. XVI, 524 p.




170


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




171


Filippelli, Ronald L. Luigi Antonini, the Italian-American labor council, and cold-war politics in Italy, 19431949. // Labor history. 1992. vol.33. N1. p.102125; Romero, Federico. The United States and the European Trade Union Movement, 19441951. University of North Carolina Press, 2000.p. 3851.




172


Yevette, Richards. Maida Springer: Pan-Africanist and International Labor Leader. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. XV, 366 p.




173


AIFLD       (American Institute for Free Labor Development)    1961. -   ;       ,         -.




174


    ()   ,   19492006.  2006.       ,             .




175


Dubinsky, David. World Labor's New Weapon // Foreign Affairs. April 1950. vol. 28. 3. p.451462.




176


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




177


Wala, Michael. The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1994. p. 231; Grose, Peter. Op. cit. . 47.




178


Grose, Peter. Op. cit. p. 16.




179


Schulzinger, Robert. The Wise Men on Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations. New York: Columbia univ. press, 1984. p. 121.




180


http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rjwatt.htm.




181


Ibid.




182


 1963. .    ,          ()  .      1968.,             1978.      1989.          (https://wikispooks.com/wiki/League_for_Industrial_Democracy)




183


Wala, Michael. Op. cit. p. 231.




184


       . .




185


John Kennedy and Europe / Edited by D. Brinkley and R.T. Griffins. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press; Eisenhower Center for American Studies, 1999. p. 238.




186


  .  (Boughton, John. From Comintern to the Council on Foreign Relations: The Ideological Journey of Michael Ross // Labor History. 2007. Vol. 48  No. 1  pp. 4972),          ,     ;       . .




187


   .   ,     ,     (.  .  :  :    .    . . .: , 2015.).             ,     .         .




188


  (19021977)           1951  1968.         .




189


Boughton, John. From Comintern to the Council on Foreign Relations: The Ideological Journey of Michael Ross // Labor History. 2007. Vol. 48  No. 1  p. 50.




190


     ,  II   . 29   10  1949 .  () , 1949. . 274.




191


     ( -)   1949  1958.,             1960 .




192


         :   .  .   ,              17  1950.      . , . 5451, . 72, . 1302, . 135.




193


        1950.         ,        ,             .      1966.,     1979.




194


 . .    :     / . .  . .   . ;   . . .:     ,  , 2013. . 57.




195


 . . 59.




196


,  .  ,    . .: , 2013.




197


, .     .           .       ? : . . . , 1910.




198


Michael Ross. American Labor's World Responsibilities. Foreign Affairs. vol. 30. 1. October 1951. p.112122.




199


Chenoweth, E. Democracys Champion: Albert Shanker and the International Impact of the American Federation of Teachers. Washington, DC, The Albert Shanker Institute, 2013. . 6.




200


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers




201


Shoup, Laurence H. and Minter, William. Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy. New York; London: Monthly Review Press, 1977. p.8889.




202


Ibidem. . 88.




203


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




204


   (Charles Emil Ruthenberg, 18821927)     ;       ( ).        1919.      ,           1927.          .




205


  (John Pepper   ;   ,      (Jszef Pogny), 18861938)  , ,  ,    ,     .      (   )  .  1905.   - .  1918.       .  1919.        .      ,   .    .  1922.      ,       .        .       .  1925.   .       ,  .   1938.     ,  .




206


 .  (William Z. Foster; 18811961)      .  19291934  19451957     .        (1924, 1928, 1932).   ;        .




207


   (James Patrick Cannon; 18901974)   ,   ,  ,         .     .  1908.      (),   1911.      .     ,  1917.     .  1919.       ,   1920- .      .     .  1928.     ,        .     19281938.     .     1938.     ,         ,        ( 1953.).     .




208


Morgan, Ted. A covert life: Jay Lovestone, communist, anti-communist, and spymaster. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc., 1999. p 91-100.




209


Speech Delivered by Joseph Stalin in the American Commission of the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, 6 May 1929 / In: The 'American Exceptionalism' of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 19291940. Dissident Marxism in the United States: Volume 1 / Paul Le Blanc and Tim Davenport (Eds.). Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015. p.105112.




210


Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p. 98.




211


Ibidem. p. 99.




212


Ibidem. p. 105.




213


Ibidem. p. 16.




214


Ibidem. . 144.




215


Rathbun, Ben. The point man: Irving Brown and the deadly post-1945 struggle for Europe and Africa. Montreux, London, Washington: Minerva Press, 1996. 394 p.;   (19111989)   -   .      1944.        .  ,   ,    .       (      ),        ( -)           ,     .        .    .




216


Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p. 113.




217


The Most Dangerous Man. Time. 17 March 1952.




218


Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p.4245.




219


Godson R. American Labor and European Politics: The AFL as Transnational Force. New York, 1976. p. 120.




220


Godson R. Op. cit., p.120123; Taft P. Defending Freedom: American Labor and Foreign Affairs. Los Angeles, 1973. p.165167.




221


Boyle, Kevin. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 19451968. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.




222


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  New York: Routledge, 2007. .11871190.




223


Ibidem. p. 1187.




224


Federal Bureau of Investigation. Walter Reuther. FBI file  https://ia801607.us.archive.org/31/items/WalterReuther/Reuther%2C%20Walter.pdf




225


Cormier, Frank & Eaton, William J. Reuther. Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice-Hall, 1970. p.132136.




226


Ibidem. p. 136.




227


  (18941980)     1910.      1915.   .  1934.       -; 1940. -   ,   1952.  .    -  1955.     1979.                .      ,        .        , ,            .        ,         .  -           .   -             ,       ,    .     Big Labor (     -)             1970- .




228


    !      . .   . 1527  1959. .: , 1959. 446 .;     .    . .   . 1527  1959 . .: , 1960. 679 .




229


    !  .238257.;     .  .280303.




230


 1957 .         ,  ,   : 1)         ; 2)        .




231


Lichtenstein, Nelson. Walter Reuther: The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit. University of Illinois Press, 1997. . 347.; Farber, David. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History. Princeton University Press, 2012. . 86.; Schlesinger, Arthur M. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. . 175.; Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy. Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape. University of Arizona Press, 2013. . 61; etc.




232


https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-people/walter-reuther




233


, . 5451, . 72, . 1317, . 1014.        . .    ,      18  1962 .




234


Barnard, John. Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston; Toronto: Little, Brown & co., 1983. p. 132.




235


, . 5451, . 72, . 1312, . 3744.             27  1968.




236


Reuther, Victor. The Brothers Reuther and the Story of the UAW. A Memoir. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1976. p.457458.




237


  (1933 )   ,    .




238


Parenti, Michael & Noton, Peggy. The Wonderful Life and Strange Death of Walther Reuther. CovertAction Quarterly. Fall 1995. 54. p. 37.




239


Ibid. p.3743.




240


Ibid. p. 43.




241


Ibid.




242


Shoup Laurence H. and Minter, William. Op. cit. p. 88.




243


Ibid. p. 88.




244


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  New York: Routledge, 2007. .15521554.




245


   (Socialist Party of America)   19011973.    .       (Socialist Party USA)   1973.




246


Weir, Robert E. Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa Barbara (Ca), Denver (Co), Oxford (UK): ABCCLIO, 2013. p. 867.




247


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  .15521553.




248


Hower, Joseph E. Jerry Wurf, The Rise of AFSCME, and the Fate of Labor Liberalism, 19471981. /A Dissertation  for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Georgetown University. Washington, DC, 2013. . 29.




249


Hower, Joseph E. Op. cit. p. 214.




250


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1554.




251


Shoup Laurence H. and Minter, William. Op. cit. p. 65.




252


Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History  . 1554.




253


 . .  . (  . 19721991 ). .: , 2008. 1047 .




254


  ʸ (Kirkland, Joseph Lane) (19221999)  -  19791995.,        .      (1942),      ʸ      ,            ,      1948.        -  .                 ʸ     .     -      1948.,           .   1952  1956.  1960. ʸ   . ,   1969.      - -.




255


  1966.        ,      -   ,          ,       .




256


Morgan, Ted. Op. cit. p. 350.




257


  . ʸ    . . IV.




258


  1992.    ,  -                (North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA).




259


Laurence H. Shoup and William Minter. Op. cit. .4748.




260


Grose, Peter. Op. cit. . 57.




261


Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2015  June 30, 2016. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2016. p. 40.




262


Scipes, Kim. AFLCIO's Secret War Against Developing Country Workers: Solidarity or Sabotage? Lexington Books, 2011. p. 128.




263


Grose, Peter. Op. cit. p. 48.




264


   : . https://www.cfr.org/annual-report-archive




265


 .




266


 : https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




267


AFLCIOs Dark Past. Part 6. Kelber, Harry. Do Solidarity Centers Covert Operations Help American Labor on Global Problems? /The Labor Educator. December 13, 2004. http://www.laboreducator.org/darkpast6.htm




268


   -    1997.




269


AFLCIO Eliminates International Affairs Department. Wednesday, May 04, 2005. http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005/05/afl-cio-eliminates-international.html.




270


Agee, Philip. Op. cit. .200.




271


AFLCIO Eliminates International Affairs Department. Wednesday, May 04, 2005. http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005/05/afl-cio-eliminates-international.html.




272


https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/11/28/Labor-mourns-death-of-Sam-Fishman/9666533538000/




273


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




274


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




275


Elizabeth Kastor. A Death in the Office // Washington Post, August 12, 1992.




276


   (National Democratic Institute, NDI) ,      1983.          .




277


     -  .   .       20122014.




278


 .     .       ,   . //   // 10 (30) 21  2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20070523185726/http:/world.ng.ru/dipcorpus/2001-03-22/4_help.html




279


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com//council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf; 19902001.      (https://www.cfr.org/historical-roster-directors-and-officers)




280


  1969. .     -   - ,                       .           , , ,   .




281


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com//council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




282


Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2002  June 30, 2003. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2003.p. 5.




283


Western, Bruce and Rosenfeld, Jake. Op. cit. . 90.




284


  (Sol Chaikin, 19181991)      1975.     1986.      1966. .                  (.  .     1968.  ).   1970- .       .




285


  (Jay Mazur, 1932 )     1951.        ,        .  1955-56.               . ,          ,  1977.   -,   1986.   ,      .




286


https://swprs.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/council-on-foreign-relations-membership-rosters-1922-2013.pdf




287


  ,    (Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International, PTTI)      .    1920.,  1999.    PTTI      Union Network International.




288


Carew, Anthony. American Labours Cold War Abroad: From Deep Freeze to Dtente, 19451970. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2018. p. 264.




289


Ibid., p. 261.




290


Perloff, James. The Shadows of Power. The Council on Foreign Relations and the American Decline. Appleton (Wisconsin): Western Islands Publishers, 1989. p 159160.




291


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy#Ukraine




292


Ibid.




293


Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2000  June 30, 2001. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2001.p. 28.




294


Richard D. Kahlenberg, Richard D. Keene. Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles Over Schools, Unions, Race, and Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. . 167.




295


   : . https://www.cfr.org/annual-report-archive




296


Sims, Beth. Workers of the World Undermined. American Labor's role in U.S. foreign policy. Boston: South End Press, 1992. p. 47.




297


Ibid. p. 40.


