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 1.      ,   堖 


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          . , ,        ,   .   ,      ,   ; , ,   ,       .

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         .            [3 - Sperry, R. W. The great cerebral commissure. Scientific American, January 1964, pp. 4252.],        1981 [4 - https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/facts/ (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/facts/).].       ,    ,           (). ,           .        ,   [5 - https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/article/ (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/article/).]. ,  ,  ,       ,    ,          .       ,       -  ,     .  -         ,  .








,           ,  .      ,   ,  ,    .    ,     ,   . ,    ,   .        [6 - https://www.livescience.com/39373-left-brain-right-brain-myth.html (https://www.livescience.com/39373-left-brain-right-brain-myth.html).]. ,            ,     .

 ,           :     .     ,    - , ,    , ,  ,    .




 2.     


 45,6% 

       .    ,  ,   ,    .

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     2003       [7 - https://www.nap.edu/read/10420/chapter/1 (https://www.nap.edu/read/10420/chapter/1).],       ,    ,    . ,                    ,    .  10 000 ,    10  .         8  ,   1600       .           [8 - https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/96-1133.ZS.html (https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/96-1133.ZS.html).].




 3.        


 77,6% 

        ,     .      [9 - https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/or-not-great-wall-of-china-from-space/ (https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/or-not-great-wall-of-china-from-space/).]   :           ,      ( 6 ),   .           .      180-            ,          .








      ,    .     ?




 4.  . ,        ,    


 32,9% 

  ,    .     :     .   ,     ,            .          ,         ?        .








, ,       .          ,     ,   .   ,          , , ,  [10 - https://www.socio.com/products/aids-1213 (https://www.socio.com/products/aids-1213).].  , ,          ,  , ,  ,     [11 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249707934_Mate_Selection_Among_Married_and_Cohabiting_Couple (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249707934_Mate_Selection_Among_Married_and_Cohabiting_Couple).].      ,      ,    ,         .




 5.     10%  


 68,9% 

  ,      10% ,      .      - , ,   -  [12 - https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-people-only-use-10-percent-of-their-brains/ (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-people-only-use-10-percent-of-their-brains/); https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/modern-minds/201803/why-do-we-only-use-10-percent-the-brain (https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/modern-minds/201803/why-do-we-only-use-10-percent-the-brain).],        ,   .      ,      ,      ,          .








      .  ,      2%   ,   20%    [13 - https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-the-brain-need-s/ (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-the-brain-need-s/).].             ,       ?

,   ,            ,  :            90%. ,      ,       .    ,   .       .




 6.         


 34,7% 

   ,           :    ,     . ,       ,  , .      ,     ,   [14 - https://digest.bps.org.uk/2018/01/09/new-insights-into-lifetime-personality-change-from-meta-study-featuring-50000-participants/ (https://digest.bps.org.uk/2018/01/09/new-insights-into-lifetime-personality-change-from-meta-study-featuring-50000-participants/).].   14    (  50 000 ) ,    蠖 , ,   ..        .    :     ,  ,   ..









 7. -3      - 


 92,8% 

,           ,  .     Cochrane Library  79  [15 - https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3/full (https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3/full); https://www.bbc.com/news/health-44845879 (https://www.bbc.com/news/health-44845879).]    . ,      -3      ,      . , ,   ,       .   ,          .  - ,      ,    -3,    ,      .









 8.     ,     


 61% 

     ,    .     ,  .     ,   .   Mortal Kombat  Counter-Strike,     .  ?     ,    ,      ,      [16 -  .   . .: , 2017.].








    .  [17 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13189135_Catharsis_Aggression_and_Persuasive_Influence_Self-Fulfilling_or_Self-Defeating_Prophecies (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13189135_Catharsis_Aggression_and_Persuasive_Influence_Self-Fulfilling_or_Self-Defeating_Prophecies).],   ,        ,      .     ,        ,     .     ,        ,   .  ,           .




 9. 25-        


 68,2% 

       ,     ,     ,      ,                 . ,     25- .








     ,            24   ,    25-   -,   ,  ,   .    25-    ,      ,        ,       ,     25-          .

 1957        ,               ,            25-     -, ?  .    .      1962  ,    ,       [18 - https://www.csicop.org/si/show/cargo-cult_science_of_subliminal_persuasion (https://www.csicop.org/si/show/cargo-cult_science_of_subliminal_persuasion).].

                   ,       [19 -  . . 50    . .: , 2013.].




 10.     


 67,4% 

,          ,     ,          ,     .  [20 - http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-19152-001 (http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-19152-001); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454925 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454925).] ,          ,        .














 11.         


 74,8% 

      ,       ,   ,      ?      . ,  ,   ,            .   [21 - https://www.cochrane.org/CD006206/ARI_garlic-common-cold (https://www.cochrane.org/CD006206/ARI_garlic-common-cold).]   [22 - https://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold (https://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold.).]   .




 12.           


 54,9% 

  , ?        ,      .        ,    ࠖ  ,  !








,  1993     Nature  [23 - Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., Ky, C. N. (1993) Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365 (6447), 611. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413624 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413624).],   ,   ,     10       ,             ,   .      ໠   ,         .    ,    ,  -.      -   ,   ,   ,  :          .

   .      ,              [24 - https://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/february2/mozart-020205.html (https://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/february2/mozart-020205.html).].  ,    ,   Nature  1993 ,  [25 - https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070409/full/news07040913.html (https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070409/full/news070409%E2%80%9313.html).].    ,         -.  ,  ,   ,       -  [26 - Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., Formann, A. K. (2010) Mozart effect Shmozart effect: ameta-analysis. Intelligence, 38 (3), 314323.].




 13.        


 76,9% 

 !      ,    .   .     ,     .              , ,       .    ,        .       ,    .       ,   堖       .     ,   .   ,      .         .









 14.           


 37,5% 

  !   [27 - http://stormhighway.com/chicago-triple-lightning-strike-on-three-tallest-buildings-skyscrapers.php (http://stormhighway.com/chicago-triple-lightning-strike-on-three-tallest-buildings-skyscrapers.php).]    ,               . ,       -    10 (!)   .   ,         . :    ,    ,   ,         .














 15.    / 


 66,8% 

ꠖ     軠   -    .   .      ,        . ,   ,       (     )     ,    .      !,    !,    !, ꠖ     !,    !, ,    !.  ,    -    ?

,  .             ,  ,        [28 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058374/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058374/); https://www.spring.org.uk/2008/03/mind-cannot-beat-cancer.php (https://www.spring.org.uk/2008/03/mind-cannot-beat-cancer.php); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955501 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955501).].            (  ,      ).

        ?     ,      post hoc, ergo propter hoc (  ,  ),   -     ,         ,      ,   ,    .     .




  ? 2


 ,  ,    ,                 .            .











https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9783&utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop (https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9783&utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop).




https://fom.ru/Rabota-i-dom/11166 (https://fom.ru/Rabota-i-dom/11166).




https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115446 (https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115446).




  .











https://ria.ru/20180727/1525427078.html (https://ria.ru/20180727/1525427078.html).




https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115679 (https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115679).




  .




https://www.rbc.ru/politics/01/08/2019/5d418f489a79470e1276cebe (https://www.rbc.ru/politics/01/08/2019/5d418f489a79470e1276cebe).




https://ria.ru/20180727/1525426987.html (https://ria.ru/20180727/1525426987.html).




https://tass.ru/obschestvo/6596725 (https://tass.ru/obschestvo/6596725).




https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9259 (https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9259).











https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=8800 (https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=8800).




https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9233 (https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9233).




https://www.rbc.ru/society/28/05/2020/5ece85a79a7947d7e297532e (https://www.rbc.ru/society/28/05/2020/5ece85a79a7947d7e297532e).




https://www.rbc.ru/society/28/05/2020/5ece85a79a7947d7e297532e (https://www.rbc.ru/society/28/05/2020/5ece85a79a7947d7e297532e).




https://www.levada.ru/2019/04/24/mrakobesie-i-otvaga/ (https://www.levada.ru/2019/04/24/mrakobesie-i-otvaga/).




https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9939 (https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9939).




https://fom.ru/Obraz-zhizni/11340 (https://fom.ru/Obraz-zhizni/11340).




https://fom.ru/blogs/11341 (https://fom.ru/blogs/11341).




 I.  





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   ,      ()    ,        .    ,      ,     .          ,  ,          .      ,      .











  .   . 4- . .: , 2000.




 Ennis, R. H. (1996) Critical thinking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.




 Raiskums, B. W. (2008) An Analysis of the Concept Criticality in Adult Education. A dissertation. [Minneapolis: ]Capella University.




 Critical Thinking as Defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking (A statement by Michael Scriven & Richard Paul, presented at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform, Summer 1987); http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766 (http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766).




 Facione P. Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts.











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 Beyer, B. K.(1995) Critical thinking. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.




  .,  .,  .   :  . .: - -  , 1997.




 Wade, C., Tavris, C. (1990) Psychology. N. Y.: Harper and Row.

       ,         ,   ,   .     ,     5    .




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notes








1


http://bssr.pro/ (http://bssr.pro/).    . .




2


         Business Speech Science Research,    1000 .




3


Sperry, R. W. The great cerebral commissure. Scientific American, January 1964, pp. 4252.




4


https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/facts/ (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/facts/).




5


https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/article/ (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/sperry/article/).




6


https://www.livescience.com/39373-left-brain-right-brain-myth.html (https://www.livescience.com/39373-left-brain-right-brain-myth.html).




7


https://www.nap.edu/read/10420/chapter/1 (https://www.nap.edu/read/10420/chapter/1).




8


https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/96-1133.ZS.html (https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/96-1133.ZS.html).




9


https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/or-not-great-wall-of-china-from-space/ (https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/or-not-great-wall-of-china-from-space/).




10


https://www.socio.com/products/aids-1213 (https://www.socio.com/products/aids-1213).




11


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249707934_Mate_Selection_Among_Married_and_Cohabiting_Couple (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249707934_Mate_Selection_Among_Married_and_Cohabiting_Couple).




12


https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-people-only-use-10-percent-of-their-brains/ (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-people-only-use-10-percent-of-their-brains/); https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/modern-minds/201803/why-do-we-only-use-10-percent-the-brain (https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/modern-minds/201803/why-do-we-only-use-10-percent-the-brain).




13


https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-the-brain-need-s/ (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-the-brain-need-s/).




14


https://digest.bps.org.uk/2018/01/09/new-insights-into-lifetime-personality-change-from-meta-study-featuring-50000-participants/ (https://digest.bps.org.uk/2018/01/09/new-insights-into-lifetime-personality-change-from-meta-study-featuring-50000-participants/).




15


https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3/full (https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3/full); https://www.bbc.com/news/health-44845879 (https://www.bbc.com/news/health-44845879).




16


 .   . .: , 2017.




17


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13189135_Catharsis_Aggression_and_Persuasive_Influence_Self-Fulfilling_or_Self-Defeating_Prophecies (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13189135_Catharsis_Aggression_and_Persuasive_Influence_Self-Fulfilling_or_Self-Defeating_Prophecies).




18


https://www.csicop.org/si/show/cargo-cult_science_of_subliminal_persuasion (https://www.csicop.org/si/show/cargo-cult_science_of_subliminal_persuasion).




19


 . . 50    . .: , 2013.




20


http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-19152-001 (http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-19152-001); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454925 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454925).




21


https://www.cochrane.org/CD006206/ARI_garlic-common-cold (https://www.cochrane.org/CD006206/ARI_garlic-common-cold).




22


https://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold (https://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold.).




23


Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., Ky, C. N. (1993) Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365 (6447), 611. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413624 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413624).




24


https://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/february2/mozart-020205.html (https://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/february2/mozart-020205.html).




25


https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070409/full/news07040913.html (https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070409/full/news070409%E2%80%9313.html).




26


Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., Formann, A. K. (2010) Mozart effect Shmozart effect: ameta-analysis. Intelligence, 38 (3), 314323.




27


http://stormhighway.com/chicago-triple-lightning-strike-on-three-tallest-buildings-skyscrapers.php (http://stormhighway.com/chicago-triple-lightning-strike-on-three-tallest-buildings-skyscrapers.php).




28


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058374/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058374/); https://www.spring.org.uk/2008/03/mind-cannot-beat-cancer.php (https://www.spring.org.uk/2008/03/mind-cannot-beat-cancer.php); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955501 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955501).




29


,  -     2020            .




30


 .    . .: , 1999.




31


頖   , ,    ,    ,     .




32


. . .: , 2017.




33


.  : . . .: 4. .: , 19901994.




34


 .  .    . : -  , 2000.




35


 .   . .: , 2018.




36


 .       . .: , 2018.




37


 .     .  . .: , 1983.




38


https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/ (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/).




39


https://www.bcg.com/ru-ru/perspectives/188095 (https://www.bcg.com/ru-ru/perspectives/188095).




40


 , ,  .




41


0Partnership for 21th Century Skills .: http://www.p21.org (http://www.p21.org/).




42


Salvatore, J. (2015) Are ALL Minnesotans Above Average? Science Friday, 11.06; Juslin, P. (1993) An explanation of the hard-easy effect in studies of realism of confidence in ones general knowledge. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, vol. 5; - .   :   ,    . 3- . .:  , 2018.




43


 .  . .: ; Corpus, 2019.




44


     ,       .            , , .      㠖  ??????,    .




45


     .  , ,    (, , ,   ),     .          .




46


   /  . . .. . . . . .: , 2007.




47


 .,  .   .   . .:  , 1999.




48


Ross, L. & Ward, A. (1996) Naive realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding. In T. Brown, E. Reed, & E. Turiel (Eds.), Values and knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.




49


https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/13/health/psychology/13face.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/13/health/psychology/13face.html).




50


https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/22/10/2354/289001 (https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/22/10/2354/289001).




51


http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8071865.stm (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8071865.stm).




52


http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6511148/ns/us_news-weird_news/t/virgin-mary-grilled-cheese-sells (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6511148/ns/us_news-weird_news/t/virgin-mary-grilled-cheese-sells); http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4034787.stm (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4034787.stm).




53


https://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Virgin-Mary-image-draws-throngs-in-Houston-1799228.php (https://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Virgin-Mary-image-draws-throngs-in-Houston-1799228.php).




54


Bennett-Hunter, G. (2010) Christmas Mythologies: Sacred and Secular [section The Philosophical Case Against Literal Truth: Russells Teapot] // Christmas Philosophy for Everyone: Better Than a Lump of Coal / ed. by Scott C. Lowe. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.




55


Russell, B. Is There a God? (1952), in The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell. Vol. 11: Last Philosophical Testament, 194368 / ed. by John G. Slater and Peter K?llner (L.: Routledge, 1997), pp. 543548.




56


http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Philosophy/RBwritings/isThereGod.htm (http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Philosophy/RBwritings/isThereGod.htm).


