 :       
   


 
                   .       ,          :          .       ,    , , , , , ,   .                   XVII  XVIII            XVIII .               .       ,   ,    ,           .





   

       





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I

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IV

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  []  ,  ,    ,     [Review of the Affairs of France, 17041713] ,     . ߠ    (  )   ,         ,   (  ),    .             .        ,  XVIII    ,  (1)              (2)  ,     ,          .      XVIII   ,      ,    .


         ,                        .  ,         .   ,            . ,        ,         .   ,     [34 -   , 12 1972.     .]. ,         ,   .

  1973 W.W.Norton    ,   ,          .     . ʠ    [35 -   , 26 1973 27 1973.     .].   ,      .        .  ,        .  ,   ,       .    ,    ,   .       ,    .      .    .          .   ,     ,  ,     ,    [36 -   , 26 1973.     .].    ,    ,            . ,           , ,           ,      .  ,   ,      .     ,       , , ,   ,    .

6 1973          .     ,  ,     ,   ,      :



ߠ  ,    ,    . ߠ ,    : , ,   ,          .  ,          .., homo faber, , ,      XVIII.         (Augustan [period]),     :   廠   , ,       ,     .      [37 -   , 6 1973.     .].


    ,     ,             ,     .    .          .   ,  ,     ,           1974     .


V

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          ,      . Ӡ  ,     ,        , ,  ,        .     ,            ,   ,     ,        ,      - .   , -,    , -,  ,         , ,,      ,      ,    . ߠ ,   XV         ,     ,   . ,    ,     ,   ;    ,         ,   ,             [38 - PocockJ.G.A. A Method, a Model, and Machiavelli (   , 19 1968.   ...,   .   ,       ).].


  ,               :



,  ,     ,   ,           ,   ,      ,        ,          .           ;    ,   ,     , ,   ,   .       ,    .


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      ,      .              ,       : , ,  .        :     ,    ,   .  ,           ,    ,  ,         ,   -  . ,   ,         ,     ,       ,  ,  ,  .             .    XVI           ,      .

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 , ,        ,          ,   ,         .   ,         ,       :   ,  virt?[41 - ,  (.). . .],      .               XVIIXVIII,  ,          ,    ,  . ߠ,       ,         ,               .        ,             ,           , -,        ,   .     ,  -     ,     XVIII  ,  ,       .

   ,    XVIII,    ,    .   蠫         . ,      , ,  ,          ,       ,    .   蠫     .          ,    ,   蠫軠   蠫軠  ,     ,  ,  , ,     .  XVIII                 ,      , -,   XIX. ߠ,  ,        ,          .

   ,  .        XVIXVII   ,    .             ,           ,       (John Wiley and Sons),    ,    .

ߠ   ,            .    ( )      (      ).   ,         ,      ,  , ., . ..   ,        ,       ,   , .. ( ),   . ( ), . ( )   ( ). ,       .      ,      ,     . ߠ    ,    ,          -,     ,   ,     ,      .             ,   .



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I

            ,     ,         ..   [42 - LewisC.S. De Descriptione Temporum// LewisC.S. Selected Literary Essays. Cambridge, 1969.].        ,        . ,   ,  ,     XV   ,   ,    ,        ,      , ,     . Ӡ  , ,   .  ,  , -, ,       , -    ,       ,      .         ,       (  ),   ,   ,  ,    ,  (   )  ,    ,     .          , ,   ,                    ,  蠫.     ,       ,   -    .         ,    XVI      .   ,    ,  ,    vivere civile           .       .

     ,      :           .   ,     .            ,  .    ,     ,      ,       .       ,     .           .     ,   ,      .  ,        ,         .

     .   ,           ,     .    , ,   ,         ,      ,   .   ,     .      ,    ,   ,    .           -          .        . Ƞ,     ,  .      ,        ,  ,         , ,       ,   .         ,       .         . ,         ,     .

      ,   ,           .      (  ),        .   ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   , ,        ,     .           .      ,   ,  ,    ,         .         ,          .     ,       ,   ,   .  (physis),  ,     ,  ,   ,   ,      ,     .      ,        ,          ,    .           .    ,      . Ƞ ,       (physis),     , , .     ,      .    ,  , 



      ,       [ ].  ,  ,    ,   .      ,      ,    .   :          ,    ,  . Ƞ ,        ,    ,     - . ,  ,   ,        .  ,   []     ,   -  ,  ,    :      ,  ,    []  [43 - Aristotle. Physics/ Transl. by R.P.Hardie and R.K.Gaye// The Works of Aristotle/ Ed. by W.D.Ross. Oxford, 1930; .  (IV, 223b224a). . : . / . ..//  .  : , , . , 1999. .686687;  ,  14.].


  ,   :       ,       ,,  ,    ,            .    ,         ꠫ .       -  .  ,    ,    ,         ,       (physis).        ,          [44 - NisbetR.F. Social Change and History: Aspects of the Western Theory of Development. New York, 1969; StarrCh.G. The Awakening of the Greek Historical Spirit. New York, 1968; History and Theory, Beiheft 6: History and the Concept of Time. Middletown, Conn., 1966.];  ,     (physis)      .          ,     :        ,      ,   .

,    ,         (physis)  ,            ;     - ,         .    ,      .    , , ,     .    [45 - . : ManuelF.E. Shapes of Philosophical History. Stanford, 1965. P.3;   11?  ; . : ..  . ., 1981. .1. .47.]        .    ,           ,      ,         ,           ,     -   ,    .   ,                    nunc-stans[46 -   (.). . .],    ,            .      nunc-stans     ,  :     , ,    ,    .  ,     -  .   ,        ,       ,          (    ).    ,         ,        ,              .       ,         .      ,      . ,      ,     ,  (physis).    ,   , reformatio     ,    .    ,    redemptio () - ,  reformatio:    ,      ,       ,  ,   ,  felix peccatum ( )[47 - .     : LadnerG.B. The Idea of Reform: Its Impact on Christian Thought and Action in the Age of the Fathers. Cambridge, Mass., 1959,  ,     : RosenmeierJ. New Englands Perfection: the Image of Adam and the Image of Christ in the Antinomian Crisis, 1634 to 1638// William and Mary Quarterly. 3rd ser. Vol.27. 3 (1970). P.435459.]. ,   ,         .          [48 - ,    secular time,     (saeculum, tempus),   ,      . .  . . .]      ,     .  ,      :  ,    .      ,      .

  ,       ,      ,     , ,   ,     ,    . ,                    -  .  ,    ,     ,    ,   ;              ,       [49 -       . BrandtW.J. The Shape of Medieval History: Studies in Modes of Perception. New Haven, London, 1966.].    -      ,   (temporal) 蠫 (secular):      (tempus, saeculum),     ,    .     ,      ,   ,       ,    ,  .           ,   .

          ,        .         :    , ,   ,   [50 - OliverF.S. The Endless Adventure: Personalities and Practical Politics in Eighteenth-Century. Boston, 1931.]  , ,    [51 - OakeshottM. Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. London, 1962. P.127 (. : .    / . . .., .., .., ... ., 2002).].      ,  ,  [52 - FisherH.A.L. A History of Europe. Boston, 1935 ().],  ,             (         ).     ,   ,    ,      .    ,   -   ,      ,     .       ,      ,    .           .      ,   ,     ,   , ,    .   , ,    ,                 . ,        ,      , ,    ,     ,   .      ,   ,      ,          . Ѡ        ,     ,  .        ,  , , ,  ,   ,  ,          .


II

   ( 13901479),   -,      ,  ,       .     ,  Π   (De Laudibus Legum Angliae),  14681471.              ,     -.   ,          ,         .     ,     -,       ,             .           ,,     [53 - .    ,     (16091676): PocockJ.G.A. The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law. Cambridge, 1957. P.170181 (   New York, 1967); Idem. Politics, Language and Time. New York, 1971. P.215222, 262264 (   London, 1972).].

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 ,    ,       .       ,        ,          ,   .         ,           .   ,  ()      - ,           ; ()   : , ,  ,            .       ,       ;    ,     . ,   ,         ,   ,      ,    ,     ,  , ,  .         ,        ,        ,    .       ,       .   ,       ,      ,    ,  ,      ,   . ,            ,    .    (   ),          ,    ?       ,    ,    .        ,          .    ,   ,      ,   .    ,     .     ,       ,  , .     ,   ,          ,     .  ,      ,    ,     ,   , .

    Π    ,    ,  :       ,  ,  [56 - FortescueJ. De Laudibus Legum Angliae. P.3637 (chap.XV).].             ,      .               ,    ,      ,     ,     ,   ,    ,      ,       . ,      ,      .       .    ,     ,   ,      [57 - the laws of England, in those points which they sanction by reason of the law of nature, are neither better nor worse in their judgements than are all laws of other nations in like cases. For, as Aristotle said, in the fifth book of the Ethics, Natural law is that which has the same force among all wen. Wherefore there is no need to discuss it further. But from now on we must examine what are the customs, and also the statutes, of England, and we will first look at the characteristics of those customs (Ibid. P.3839, chap.XVI; .   ).].

    , ,-,   ,     .     ,             -,       .        ,     ,          .  , ?      ,    ,    ,   ,       .        ,     .

     ,          ,  -   ,            . Ѡ ,    ,    ,       ,     , ,  ,    , ,       ,    ,           .  , ,    ,    .       , ,     ,  ,  , ,       ,   ,    .          ,  lex non scripta,    ,       ,   ,  , lex scripta,  ,         ,  .     ,     ,     (),  ,    ().        ,     .

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[XVII]     ,    ,   ,    ,       .        ,   ,, ,      . Ƞ            ,  , , ,      ,          ,   ,  ,        .      ,     , ,   ,   .      ,     [58 -     tantorum temporum curriculis in quantum inveterate sunt (Ibid. P.38),   usus         usage [   . . .].],   ,     ,     ,     ,      ,   -         .    ,   ,      ,     .

[XVIII] ,  ,  ,    [59 - and we will first look at the characteristics of those customs. [XVII] The kingdom of England was first inhabited by Britons, then ruled by Romans, again by Britons, then possessed by Saxons, who changed its name from Britain to England. Then for a short time the kingdom was conquered by Danes, and again by Saxons, but finally by Normans, whose posterity hold the realm at the present time. And throughout the period of these nations and their kings, the realm has been continuously ruled by the same customs as it is now, customs which, if they had not been the best, some of those kings would have changed for the sake of justice or by the impulse of caprice, and totally abolished them, especially the Romans, who judged almost the whole of the rest of the world by their laws. Similarly, others of these aforesaid kings, who possessed the kingdom of England only by the sword, could, by that power, have destroyed its laws. Indeed, neither the civil laws of the Romans, so deeply rooted by the usage of so many ages, nor the laws of the Venetians, which are renowned above others for their antiquity  though their island was uninhabited, and Rome unbuilt, at the time of the origins of the Britons  nor the laws of any Christian kingdom, are so rooted in antiquity. Hence there is no gainsaying nor legitimate doubt but that the customs of the English are not only good but the best. [XVIII] It only remains, then, to examine whether or not the statutes of the English are good (FortescueJ. De Laudibus. P.3841, chap.XVI).].


Ƞ    ,         Π.   ,     ,          ,  .    ,          ;     ,      . ,   ,       ,          .       ,     ,     , , ,    ,    - . ,  ,     ,            ,  ,      ,  .     ,    ,       ,   ,      .               ,     ,         .      ?    ,   -  ,            .

  ,     .         , ,      ,  ,    .        .         .   , ,     ,    ,   ;      ,  ,   , , ,   , .    ,     ,  ,          .      ;    ,     ,   ,       .  ,    ,       ;     ,        ,         ,   .     ,       ;    :   ,    (  )   (  ).                .             ,    ;  ,    ,   [60 - Π  ,    (), .: PocockJ.A.G. Politics, Language and Time (chap.6, 7).].

   ,       .   ,     ,   ,   .             ,  ,            .         ?  ,     ,       ;        .    ,   ,         ,               .       ,  ( )     ,    .        ,           .   , ,    ,   ,  .           , ,              .   ,                 ,   ,    .    ,       ( )  .      .

,   Π,    ,   .  ,        ,    ,        ,       .  ,      ,     ,   ,          .          .      ,   ,      ,    ,   ,    .  ,         ;  ,       ,     .         ,   .           ,       .



 , ,    ,    ,         ,     ,                ,   ,      .        ,    .   ,      ,    ,   ,   ,    ;      ,     . ,  -  ,       , ,   ,    [61 - Thus you, prince, would marvel at a lawyer of England if he told you that a brother shall not succeed in a paternal heritage to a brother not born of the same mother, but that rather the heritage shall descend to a sister of the whole blood or shall fall to the lord-in-chief of the fee as his escheat, because you are ignorant of the reason for this law. But the difficulty of such a case does not in the least perturb one learned in the law of England. Wherefore you will realise that if by instruction you will understand those laws of which you are now ignorant, you will love them, since they are the best; and the more you reflect upon them, the more agreeably you will enjoy them. For all that is loved transfers the lover into its own nature by usage, wherefore, said Aristotle, Use becomes another nature (FortescueJ. De Laudibus. P.1417, chap.V).].


    ,    :   蠫      ,     ,   ,    .     ,          .  ,    ,   ,    ,   ,     .        . ,        ,      ,      .     ,         .     (, , )      ,       ,   ,    .  ,    ,           ,      ;       ,    ,        I[62 - Then the king said, that he thought the law was founded upon reason, and that he and others had reason as well as the judges: to which it was answered by me, that true it was, that God had endowed his Majesty with excellent science, and great endowments of nature; but his Majesty was not learned in the laws of his realm of England, and causes which concern the life, or inheritance, or goods, or fortunes of his subjects are not to be decided by natural reason, but by the artificial reason and judgment of law, which law is an art which requires long study and experience before that a man can attain to the knowledge of it (CokeE. Prohibitions del Roy// CokeE. The Twelfth Part of the Reports. London, 1656; Rep. 65); Ƞ  , ,   ,            ,  .   ,   ,         ;         . ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,    ,    ,        (. :  .   .     . .154).]           .

 ,       ,                  ,    .       ,        ,         .    ,     ,    ,       ,   ;    ,       ,   ,      , ,  ,   .

   ,       ,   .     ;     ,   ;  ,   ,        ,     .  ,    .         ,       .          ,      .          :   ,     ,                ,       .    ,   ,         ,   ,       ,     ,  ,   - ,          .

      ,     ,  ,         .  ,   ,   ,    .      ,     ,            .   ,       ,  ,         ,           .      ,      .       ,   :



,  ,  ,    .   ,        ,    ,             ,    . <>      ,         ,    ,            .  ,  ,      ,           ,       ,  ,     ,       ,     ,   .  ,  ,    ,      ,     ,        , ,       .  , ,       .     ,        ; ,      ,     ,     ,  ,     [63 - It only remains, then, to examine whether or not the statutes of the English are good. These, indeed, do not emanate from the will of the prince alone, as do the laws in kingdoms which are governed entirely regally, where so often statutes secure the advantage of their maker only, thereby redounding to the loss and undoing of the subjects. <> But the statutes of England cannot so arise, since they are made not only by the princes will, but also by the assent of the whole realm, so they cannot be injurious to the people nor fail to secure their advantage. Furthermore, it must be supposed that they are necessarily replete with prudence and wisdom, since they are promulgated by the prudence not of one counsellor or a hundred only, but of more than three hundred chosen men  of such a number as once the Senate of the Romans was ruled by  as those who know the form of the summons, the order and the procedure of parliament can more clearly describe. And if statutes ordained with such solemnity and care happen not to give full effect to the intention of the makers, they can speedily be revised, and yet not without the assent of the commons and nobles of the realm, in the manner in which they first originated. Thus, prince, all the kinds of the law of England are now plain to you. You will be able to estimate their merits by your own wisdom, and by comparison with other laws; and when you find none in the world so excellent, you will be bound to confess that they are not only good, but as good as you could wish (FortescueJ. De Laudibus. P.4041, chap.XVIII).].


  ,  ,    ,  -  ,         ,    ,  .              ,        .       ,      ,           (  ,      );  ,     ,        ,       ,      animal rationale[64 -   (.). . .].     ,   ,       ,            ,         ,    .       ,      ,     ,  ,      .    .     ,     ,     .          .

..   :   (Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern)[65 - McIlwainC.H. Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern. Ithaca, 1958 (chap.II, IV).]    ,     regnum regale regnum politicum et regale[66 -      ,   . Regnum regale        ; regnum politicum et regale       ,         . . .],   ,         ,   .     ,             ,      -.    ,     ,   ,     ,     ,    ,       ,            .      ,    ,     ,   ;        .    ,         ,        .  ⠫       ,    ,    ,        , , ,    .      ,       .  ,         ,      ,    ,      ,    ,   ,     . Ѡ ,       ,           ,         ,    .       ,  -     ,       .

 ⠫ 蠫,  ,        -,      ,       .        ,          ,  ,       . ,      ,      ,          ,     , ,  ,   ,     .    ,  ,    ⠫,     ,    .  ,           : -,         , -,         ,        ,       .

 ⠫    .   ,      ,   :    ,        ,      ,   ,   ; ,     ,      ,   ,     [67 - Aristotle. The Politics/ Ed. and transl. by E.Barker. Oxford, 1946. P.134135 (1284a), 126127 (1282ab) (. / . .// . :  4. ., 1983. .4. .478482).].  ,     ,         .        ,     ,     , ,         .  ,       ,     ;     .      ,     ,       .     ,              ,  ;      , ,        ,       .      ,    ,           ,       . ,       ,  ,        , ,   [68 -      .  [1 . 13:12]. . .].            ,   ,     .  ,   ,         ,    ,     .        ,     ,    ,   ,   .  ,      .

 -          .      , , ; ,          ,   ,          ,    ,  -       ,         .      ,     ,       ,   .         ,       ,        .          ,    , ,         .         ,     ,       .      ,  :        ,    ,     ,        .      ? Ѡ        ?

    ,   :   .       ,     ,  [69 - Ibid. P.126 (1282a); (. .466).].         ,      ,   ,  ,     .      ,    ,    , ,      ,   ,  ,    ,             ,     (  , ,    ,        )    ,     .  ,              ,    ,        ;         .   ,   ,   ,   ,  .      ,   ,     , ,       ,    .   ,   .      ,    ,     .      :  ,        ,       ,  :         ,   ;     , .      ,   ,     ,    .   ,   .

   ,     ,     ,    ,    (,   ,    ;   ,    ,    ,    - ,     ).      ,        ,     ,      .        - ,           . ,         ,       ,    .       ,     ,        .     ,    ,                ,       .               (   ),  ,     ,           ,   ,     .     ,  ,    ,   ;     ,    ;          .   ,  ,      ,     ;             [70 - The individual is foolish, the multitude, for the moment, is foolish; but the species is wise and, given time, as a species it always acts right (BurkeE. Works. London, 1877. Vol.VI. P.147;    On a Motion Made in the House of Commons, May 1782, for a Committee to Enquire into the State of the Representation of the Commons in Parliament, .: PocockJ.G.A. Politics, Language and Time. P.226227; . :  .   . .164).].      ,   .

      ,        ,    ,   ,    ,             ,       .   ,      ,    .      ,       .   ,  :  ,    (  ,   ),   .     ,      ,    ,           . Ƞ , 蠫    ,   ,   ,   蠫   ,      ,       ,   ,     .      򻠖   , ,    ,  ,    .    , ,   ,   , ࠫ      ,       ,   .    ,       ,       ,       .

       ,    (factibilium),      ,    (agibilium)[71 - St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. New York, London, 1969. Vol.23. P.51 (1a2ae, question 57, 4) (. :  .  / . ... , 2008. .99 (III,  57,  4). . .).].     ratio  ,   ,    ratio,   ,  ratio,  .     ,      ,   ,    ,  ,        ,    [72 - Ibid. P.57, 61 ( 57,  6); (. .104105, 106).]. ,    ,    ,      .     ,     ;   ,     ,  , ,  , ,  ,               .       ,      ,    ,     .     ,    ,   ,    ,         .        ;   , ,          ,      . ,     ,   :    ,  , ,  .

       , ,  ?        ,     jurisdictio ( ) gubernaculum ()[73 - McIlwainC.H. Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern. P.77 et passim.].   ,         ,       ,     . ,    .     -  ,    ,    ,   ,            -  .         (  ), ,      sui generis,  .     ,           ;      ,     ,       .     ,     .

 ,          ,     ; ,         ,            ,        .  ,                .   , ,      :    ,  ,   . ,  ,    , ,    ,  .           ,   jurisdictio gubernaculum.         .     ,      :         ,     .    ,       ,       ;      ,     ,   ,  ,        . ,  ,    ,        .      ,        ,  ,              .        .

    jurisdictio-gubernaculum     ,   , ,  ;      ,        .       ,    ,     ,       :   ,  ,  ,   ,     .    XVII[74 -    (1656): no other than a wrestling match, wherein the king, as he has been stronger, has thrown the nobility, or the nobility, as they have been stronger, have thrown the king where the laws were so ambiguous that they might be eternally disputed and never reconciled (The Oceana and Other Works of James Harrington/ Ed. by J.Toland. London, 1771. P.63, 69);    ,  ,   ,    , ,   ,      ,          .]  XVIII[75 -   : the several constituent parts of the gothic governments, which seem to have lain asleep for so many ages, began, every where, to operate and encroach on each other (HumeD. History of England. Vol.5. London, 1762. P.14, chap.1);    ,   ,        .]    ,               ,  [76 - HansonD.W. From Kingdom to Commonwealth: the development of civic consciousness in English political thought. Cambridge, Mass., 1970.     .  47.].    ,    jurisdictio gubernaculum    ,   ,   ,   ,   ,       ,   ,  . ,  ,     ,      ,     ,  ,  ,    ,       ,   ,  ,    .  ,    ,                  ;               ;    gubernaculum       ,      , gubernaculum   ,     ,  ,     (),     .     :    ,        ,     .

      ,    ,    ,     .         ,    ,  [77 - .  ,   (Ibid. P.207): Do not gloss the statute; we know it better than you, for we made it, and one often sees one statute undo another;   ;     ,     ,   ,     . .: PlucknettT.F.T. The Legislation of Edward I. Oxford, 1949. P.7274.   (HansonD.W. From Kingdom to Commonwealth. P.220222)  ,      ,      . ,        .].             ,          ,   .           ,       ;    ,  .      gubernaculum,     ;          .            .    ;        ; ,     ,        ;     ,  ,       .       ,  arcana imperii,   ,      , ,   ,  ,   II       I ,        . ,   ,     ,    ;   ,     .           ,   ,          .   , -     , , ,       ,      . ,        ,      ,         ,              .   ,   ,  ,             ;    .     ,   ,    ,     ;    ,     ,   ,     .

 gubernaculum    ;            , jurisdictio            ,     .          ,  gubernaculum   jurisdictio,     ,             ,       . ,  ,    ,   -             Π廠       ,   ,   ,     .    gubernaculum  , -,         , ,     , gubernaculum    ,  ,    ,    ,   ,  .   ,         ,   ,        ;         ,    ,  ,  ,       ,     [78 -     .  [1 . 5:8]. . .],        gubernaculum.       ;          . ,      ,        ,        ,      ,       . I     .

     ,        -   .            蠫 [79 - UllmannW. Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages. London, 1961.].        (politice )      (regaliter),  ,    rex (),   lex (),    ,  .      ,    lex naturae,  ,    .    ,    ,        ;  ,    ,    ,    .    nunc-stans,  ,        ,    ,      .     ,   ,   ,    ,   ,  ,   nunc-stans,    .   ,     ,    ,     ,    . ,           ;     ,  .    ,      , ,           ,    ,             [80 - Six Books of the Commonwealth by Jean Bodin, abridged and translated/ Ed. by M.J.Tooley. Oxford, n.d. P.4344, 123128.].          ; ,-,  ,       ,       ,   ,   ,    .         ,   ,     ;       .            ,    ,         .  ,      ,        .




 II

  

) ,  


    ,    ,      ,     .        -   ,            (tyche  fortuna)          ,     ,          (angst)[81 - . .1  .38. Π     .: FergusonJ. The Religions of the Roman Empire. Ithaca, 1970.].              ,     , , , ,  ,  -,       ,   . Ѡ            ,    .    ,       ;   ,  ,     ,   -    .     ,   ;  ,      ,           ,        ,    .    ,     ;      ,        . ,        , ,      ,   .    ,     ,   ,   ,   ,           ,       .  ,   ,  .

 ,             . Ѡ ,    ,    ,         .       ,    ,       , , ,      ,       ,       .      ,  ,      .   ,            ,         ,   .   ,     saeculum[82 -       : MarkusR.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. Cambridge, 1970.],     :  ,     ,  -     ,   ,   ,      .    :          (  蠫 )    ?            ,   ,   ,   ,              .   ,           ,      ,    -     ,       . Saeculum   ;         ?

 ,       ,          ,  ,   ,  ,     .             ,    .        ,          ,   ,     ,      ,      .        .        ,      , ,   ,     ;      ,  , ,     saeculum,       .            ,       ,           ,       ,   .      .  ,        ,      ;         ,           ,         ,            , .  ,     ,          .               .  ,     ,    ,  ,  ,    [83 -    , , ,          ,   . ., : OMalleyJ.W. Giles of Viterbo on Church and Reform; A Study in Renaissance Thought. Leiden, 1968.].

               ,     ,      ;               .  ,             ,              .                  ,    -  ,                  ,       ,     ,      [84 - MarkusR.A. Saeculum. Chap. 2: Tempora Christiana: Augustines Historical Experience, : P.110 et passim. . : FrendW.H.C. The Donatist Church. Oxford, 1952.].    ,    ,      ;     ,      ,     ,     .            ,  ,  ,  ,      ,       ,       .

           ,         .        civitas Dei, ,   ,,     ,     .   civitas terrena ( )    civitas Dei,         ,      ,   ,        . ,        ,   ,       . ,             ,     .        ,                         [85 - MarkusR.A. Saeculum. Chap. 3: Civitas Terrena: the Secularisation of Roman History; Chap. 4: Ordinata est res publica: the Foundations of Political Authority.]. ,  ,          ,              ,            ,   , ,     .     ,        ,        .       -,     .  ,           ,      .   ,   ,    ,        ,     . Ӡ,      ,  ,   ,, ,      ,   ,       [86 -  .  . , VI, 100111; X, 94108; , XIV, 1018; 3766.].              .

  ,  ,    ,      .  ,         ,    ,  ,      ,    [87 -   ( psyche   pan-nychis   )     psychopannychia,        ,     ,        . . .], ,            ,       civitas Dei, ,  civitas[88 - WilliamsS.H. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia, 1962; PocockJ.G.A. Time, History, and Eschatology in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes// PocockJ.G.A. Politics, Language and Time (chap.5).].   saeculum        ,             .        ,       ; saeculum        ,    ;    ,  ,  ,        .        ,        ,      .  saeculum      .              ;    ,  ,     .   ,      ;    ,         .    ,        ;   ,      ,   . ,  ,     ,          .

       :  ,     ,   ,           .   (De Consolatione Philosophiae) , ,     .  ,      ,        ,       .  ,      ,   , ,     . ,      ,  ,     . ,     ,     , ,    ,  .     ,       .     , ,   ,    ,   ,     ,   .  ,     ,       ,      civitas terrena,    ;    ,   ,       ,        .    ,     ,     [89 - .  . I, IV; II, VII; IV, II.].              ,     (peripeteia),      ;      ,      . Fortuna           (tyche)     .   ,     , , ,   .      [90 - EarlD.C. The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome. Ithaca, 1967; CochraneCh.N. Christianity and Classical Culture. New York, 1957.]fortuna   ,  :     (felix  faustus)  ,       ;     ,      ,    ,  . ,    (  ,    )      ,   ,        ;       virtus[91 - ,  (.).  . .].  (virtue)     ,  ,   ,        ,   felicitas[92 -  (.).  . .],     .        :        ,            .   virtus    ,  ,    : vir  .

 virtus,             ,   arete     . Arete     ,  ,           .            ,           ,   ,  ,     ,     . Ƞarete, virtus  , -, ,             ; -,  ,    -    ,   ; -,  ,       ,    .               ;        ,    .

     ,  ,      ,  .     virtus fortuna,    ,    virtus,    fortuna  virtus  fortuna     .      [93 - .  . I, IV.],  ?    virtus,        ,    ,    ,    fortuna. ,      ,  ;         , ,  ,    ,  ,  virtus   fortuna.    ,     ,        ; ,        ,   ,   ,       . ,  fortuna    saeculum,        ,      virtus  ,     . Ƞ        .     ,        ,  virtus,      ,   ,   ;             .    ,       ,      .

        .    ,    ,       ,      ,  .    civitas terrena     ,   fortuna. ,   ,     ,   ,       ,   fortuna      ,  ,    ,             ,   .  ⠫     (tyche),     fortuna           ,               (civitas terrena).  ,     :        ,      ,   ,       ,    civitas terrena,  civitas Dei.      ,  saeculum fortuna           ,    ,     .

 ,  ,    nunc-stans,   [94 - .  . III, XII; IV, VI; V, IIIVI.]. ,  ,     ;          ,       .     ,  ,    (  )    ,     .       ,     ,    (all Fortune is good Fortune)[95 - . IV, VII. . : .  / . .., ..// .    . ., 1990. .271.] , ,       .      ,    (,    , )  ;    ,       [96 - .  . IV, VI.]. ,    fortuna,      .  ,            ,    ,    ,       ,      ,     ;      .     [97 -  .  . . VII, 2599.],   ,        ,  ,      ,   ,  ,         ,  ,    ;     , ,    ,   il ben dellintelletto[98 -   (.). . .],        [99 - .  . III, 18.]. ,    ,        ;      ,    ,   ,    , ,     ,     ,          .    ,    ; ,  nunc-stans,  ,     ,     ,         .     ; ,     ,      :    ,   ,  ,    . ,  ,   ,  , ,     ,    .

       ,      .       nunc-stans,       .      ,            .       ,    ,   ,        ,      ;      .  ,     ( ) virtus    fortuna.            ,   ,  ,    ,     , ,     ,       .    ,    ,       [100 -     : ߠ       ,     ,          ,      ,    , .: . .     ,    (1644)//  . .1. .; , 1997. .3179. . .],     ,    .          ,     virtutes ()     [101 - St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Vol.23 (1z2ae, question 55).].

 ,   vita contemplativa   viva activa,    , ,,    .   ,    [102 - Aristotle. Politics. P.289 (1325b).],      civitas Dei, ,        .     ,       .       virtus,  , ,         ,       ;       ,,  , ,  ,       ,  .     virtus fortuna    .  ,   virtus  ,   (vir),      ,  ,   ,    ,    ,     :   . Virtus    ,   ,       .        civitas Dei,    (  ,    -   civitas, ,         ,   ), virtus,   ,   ,  ,   ,    ,     : , ,      .    -  fortuna,     , fortuna -    ,        ,    ;       [103 - .  . II, VIII; IV, VII.].           ,   ;  nunc-stans                ,            ,   ,    .   ,    ,  ,     ,    .    , -,   ,  civitas Dei       .

          .      ,        ,    ,      .           ,        ;            .             ,  formatio     reformatio,    ,  ;  ,         .       ,               .        ,  ,    ,              .             ,       .       ,       ,   ,  ,      ,   ,  ,    ,  ,     ( )   .  ,      ,          ,   .   virtus   ,    ,     reformatio,     ,       ,     ,  gratia non tollit naturam, sed perficit[104 -    ,    (.). . .].        [105 - 1. 13:12].],   ,    ,         ,      .

  fortuna   , ,      ,     reformatio;          .         :     -       ,            .       ,       ; ,    ,       ,           .   saeculum      .     ,            . ,  ,    , aevum[106 -  ,  (.). . .],     saeculum;          ,     ,      .          , ,   , ,     ,  , -,    ,    , , -     .           ,           .     ,   ,     ,      ,  ,  ,     civitas terrena,      ,       civitas,   ,       fortuna.   fortuna     ,     .    ,      ,       .

        ,     ,  ,         .  (   )     .         ,              .    ,    ,    ,          ,  , ,   ,     ,     . ,   ,   ,     ,            ; ,    ,               .     ,      ,  ,      .         ,    ,   ,   ,         ,           ,       .         ,      . Ƞ    ,    ,  ,   ,   ,    ,  ,      ,      . (        .)       .     ,         ,      .     ,  ;       , ,     .            .     .    ,   , ,      .        nunc-stans,    . Hora novissima, tempora pessima sunt; vigilemus[107 -  ,      .      Π  (De contemptu mundi) (XII). . .].

 ,     ,        .      ,            ,       . ,   ,          ;     ,       , ,  ,   ,   .  -       ,                    ,          ,          .    ,       ,  ,       ,   :            .  , ,               ,        ,      ;      ,       .      ,        .

,        ,               .          .         ,  ,         civitas Dei saeculum,  -   nunc-stans.     ,      ,    ,    ,     ,           . ,  ,        ,         ,     .  ,      ,  ,    ,      ,    ,     ;  ,   ,    ,   ,      .        ;        ,  nunc-stans  , civitas Dei       .  ,         ,    ,  ,    :  ,  ,   ,               ; ,      ,     ,        ,  ,         ,    ,       ,       [108 - CohnN. The Pursuit of the Millennium. 2nd ed. New York, 1961; LeffG. Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: 2vols. Manchester, 1967; ReevesM. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: AStudy in Joachism. Oxford, 1969.].

,         ,      ,      ,   ;    ,  -  ,   -       .          ,    , ,  ,  ,   ,      .     ,            ,      , ,       .                 ,       [109 - TuvesonE. Millennium and Utopia: AStudy in the Background of the Idea of Progress. Berkeley; Los Angeles, 1949.].   ,     ,       ,      ,         .  ,  ,    ,   ,     ,      ,   -,     ,           [110 - LamontW.M. Godly Rule: Politics and Religion, 16031660. London, 1969.  ,   , , ,       Pursuit of the Millennium (   ),       ; . : HallerW. Foxes Book of Martyrs and the Elect Nation. London, 1963.   (The Revolution of the Saints. Cambridge, Mass., 1965)     ,   ,   ;        ,                  , , -,  . . , .478483.].

 ,         .     ,       ,     ,  ,   ,  ?  ,  ,         .  ,              ,         ;  ,  ,     .     ,    ,    ,   ,       ,    ,  .          ,    .  ,         ,   ,    ,       .       ,       ,         .  ,      ,    ,      ,     . , ,      ,              ,  ,     ,  ,   ,      .     ,            .      ,    :     ,   ,      ,      .     ,   :     ,           [111 -       (RecordeR. The Castle of Knowledge. London, 1556;     ,    )   ,       , ,   ,      ,   .    : Though spitefull Fortune turned her wheele/ To staye the Sphere of Vranye,/ Yet dooth this Sphere resist that wheele,/ And fleeyth all fortunes villanye./ Though earthe do honour Fortunes balle,/ And bytells blynde hyr wheele aduaunce,/ The heauens to fortune are not thralle,/ These Spheres surmount al fortunes chance (     ,/    ,/        ./ Ƞ    ,/ ,  ,     ,/    ,/      ).    ,   .     ,     , -,     .          (49148). Π   .: PatchH.R. The Goddess Fortuna in Medieval Literature. Cambridge, Mass., 1927.] ,     ,   [112 - Fortunae rota volvitur/ descendo minoratus/ alter in altum tollitur/ nimis exaltatus./ Rex sedet in vertice/ caveat ruinam/ nam sub axe legimus/ Hecubam reginam (Carmina Burana, LXXVII/ J.A.Schmeller (Hrsg.). Breslau, 1904 (      ,   , ⠫ , II, 2); . :   / ߠ  ,/   /  ./    ./    ,/    []  :/  . .   .: Ƞ / ߠ  ;/   /  ;/  ,    ,/   ,/ Ƞ  /   . .  ,   (I, LXXV, LXXVIa),  ,   . . .].

,  arcana imperii; + = ;    = ; + =  ;  .    ,      ,           ,             .   ,    ,    ,   ,      ,    ,         ,     .        .




 III

  

) Vita Activa Vivere Civile



I

 ,              ,       ,      .     ,          ,       ,      .    ,            . ,      ,           ,   ,  ,  ,      .  ,         ,    (        ,    ),        ,     .       :    ( ,  )       ,        .      : ,        ,    ,      ,   ,             .    ,      ,   ,   .   ,        ,   ,          .   ,              ,  ,      gubernaculum.           ,       ,   ,  .       ,         ,    .        ,       ,    .        ,       .

 ,  XIV         ,      ,  .  ,  (12651321)    ,                   .     ,   ,       ,   ,       ,  ,     , ,   ,           .        .    ,      ,         . ,     ,   ,     ,     .  ,     ,    ,   ,   ,      ,   .          ;  ,   ,      ,     ,   . ,                  .    ,     , ,     ,     .       ;      ,    .      ,     ,   ,     ,      .

       [113 -  . . XII, 139145; ReevesM. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages.],                ,      (13131354).       ,        ,         XIV                    ,             .     ,    , , ,       ,     ,  , ,      ,          [114 - OrigoI. Tribune of Rome. London, 1938.].  ,   , ,      ;      ,      ,   ,        ,       .   (13041374),    ,          ,         ,     ,  ,      ,    ,    . ,     ,        ;  , ,    ,      [115 - WilkinsE.H. Life of Petrarch. Chicago, 1961. P.6373, 117118, 120, 134135 (Ch.XII); WhitfieldJ.H. Petrarch and the Renascence. New York, 1965. P.3537.].  ,   ,       ,       ,      ,   .  , , ,     , -,  .     ,            ,   ,   ,             .                 ;           ,        .

  XV         ,    (13311406)   (13611444),  ,          .            [116 - BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance. 2nd ed. Princeton, 1966; Idem. Humanistic and Political Literature in Florence and Venice at the Beginning of the Quattrocento. Cambridge, Mass., 1955; Idem. From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni; Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature. Chicago, 1968; Idem. Petrarch: His Inner Struggles and the Humanistic Discovery of Mans Nature// Florilegium Historiale: Essays Presented to Wallace K.Ferguson/ Ed. by J.G.Rowe, W.H.Stockdale. Toronto, 1971; GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. New York, 1965; HolmesG. The Florentine Enlightenment, 14001450. London, 1969.],   ,     ,    ,      . ,   ,       .           ,           (          ).                 -,   ,    .    ,               (, ,      ). ,           ,            ,    [117 - Π   .: BaronH. Petrarch: His Inner Struggles and the Humanistic Discovery of Mans Nature. P.1920, 3739.].      ,      ,    ,      ,      ,   . ,    ,   (      )     ,     [118 - BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.3).].

      .      ,     ,   ,           . Ѡ    ,    ,        ,     ;       ,          .  ,  ,    ,    . ,  ,       , ,      civitas terrena,        .      ,    ,     ,       ,   .    ,        ;    , ,      ,       .     ,   ;    ,     , ,   .   ,                ,       ,     ,    ;    .      ,     ,  ,    ,      .      ,       . Π   ,       ,        ,      .     ,      -  .

 ,   ,            ,      , ,     , ,        .     , -,                       .       ,          .   ,           ,        ,       ,    ,       ,         .   ,    ,          ,   volgare     .    ,    ,        ,      ,   ;      ,       ,   [119 - BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.1315). . : The Three Crowns of Florence: Humanist Assessments of Dante, Petrarca and Boccaccio/ Ed. by D.Thompson, A.F.Nagel. New York, 1972.].           ,  ,      軠      ,      .     ,       :                            ,     .  :           -   ,   ,     -     ,      .                  ,           [120 -     .  : PocockJ.G.A. Politics, Language and Time (chap.8: Time, Institutions and Action: An Essay on Traditions and Their Understanding).].            .       ,     ,           ; ,       (),      ?       .       ,     ;                  .

 ,             , ,       ,     1400.  ,  ,      ,   ,          .      ;      ;  ,   ,      ,           .  [121 - BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.12, 1011, 16).],   ,      1402    ,          ,     ,     . ,   ?  ,     .        ,     ,     .      ,   ,  ,     ,        ,          ,                ,    .

                .          ,     vita activa, ,       vita contemplativa.  ,      ,     -  ,           , ,     ,  .  , ,  ,      .  ,   ,    ,   ,           , ,   ,    ,  ,       . ,    ,          ,    ,    ,         ,     ;     ,    , ,          ,       [122 - Π     ; .: Baron. Petrarch: His Inner Struggles and the Humanistic Discovery of Mans Nature; Idem. From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (chap.1, 2).].         vita activa  vivere civile   ,     (  ),  ;      ,     ,      .  vita contemplativa              ,           . ,  vivere civile       ,     ,      ,    vivere civile        .    ,               13991402;  ,   ,          .  , ,       ,         .      ,        .  ,            [123 - BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.5, 7); Idem. From Petrarch to Bruni (chap.3, 4); Idem. Leonardo Bruni: Professional Rhetorician or Civic Humanist?// Past and Present. 1967. Vol.36. P.2137.].    ,   ,        .

       ,  ,          ,      ,        -      ,   . ,          ;    -  ,       ,  ,      ,           ,   .    ,           ,  .         ,          . ,      ,  ,   ,  ,     ,      .      ,             13991402;     ,     ,           ,   . ,            , ,        ,  ,        ,   ,     .

      , ,   ,     ,   ,   .     ,  , -,    vita activa            crise de conscience[124 -   (.). . .]; -,             .                 ,    ,                .   ,          .

  [125 - SeigelJ.E. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism: the Union of Eloquence and Wisdom, Petrarch to Valla. Princeton, 1968; Idem. Civic Humanism or Ciceronian Rhetoric?// Past and Present. 1966. Vol.34. P.348 (        ).  , .: RobeyD. P.P.Vergerio the Elder: Republicanism and Civic Values in the Work of an Early Humanist// Past and Present. 1973. Vol.58. P.337.],     vita activa      ,   .  ,          ,  ,      ,  ,     .        ,   ,   ;     , ,   ,        . , ,    , , ;    ,    ,     ,   .    ,       ,     ,  ,     ,       .   ,  ,    ,  ,     ,          ;      ,        ,    . ,      ,     ; ,      ,    .

 ,          ,    ,     :   ,    ,                ,           ;           ,  -            . ,  ,  ,    ( ,  )     ,  ,          .            ,          .     ;     ,      .       ,   ,  ,      ,               .  ,         .

  ,    ; , ,   ,      .     ,          ,      ,     . Ƞ,            ,      ;                    ,   . Π,          ,   ,         ,    ,    [126 - . , .1  .97.]. -,  ,      , , , ,     ,    . ,     ,   ,    ,   ,     ,  [127 - GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. P.57, 1517, 5066, 6977. Π.   . : SeigelJ.E. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism (chap.V); KelleyD.R. The Foundations of Modem Historical Scholarship: Language, Law and History in the French Renaissance. New York, 1970 (chap.I, II); .     : History and Theory. Vol.11. 1 (1972). P.8997; StrueverN.S. The Language of History in the Renaissance. Princeton, 1970.    -      : MartinesL. The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 13901460. Princeton, 1963; Idem. Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence. Princeton, 1968; BeckerM.B. Florence in Transition. 2vols. Baltimore, 19671968 (.  : Social and Economic Foundations of the Italian Renaissance/ Ed. by A.Molho. New York, 1969).].     ,    ,  ,   ,      ,      ,        .            ,       ,   ,  ,  ,   ,   ,   ,  .      ;      ,    ,  ,   ,   ,   ,    ,   .       ,  ,    ,      ,  , ,        [128 -          . .: Newton ConklinG. Biblical Criticism and Heresy in Milton. New York, 1949. P.12,    (. : GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. P.16) ,        ,          .].    , ࠫ, ,   ,       ,  ,         .  , -   ,    ;            .

         .   ,      ,  ,      -   ,   ,              ;      ,   ,     ,        ,   ,      ,    ,   .        ,   ,               -    ,   ,    [129 -      (   , XXIV, 8) (      . . .),              ,       . .: Petrarchs Letters to Classical Authors/ Transl. by M.E.Cosenza. Chicago, 1910.].       : Π /  ,     [130 - . I, 130131.       ..],      ,       ,     .  (   )    ,   ,    ,  .       ,   , ,   , ;         .

       .            .       ;           .       ,    ,      ,  ,   [131 - entro nelle antique corti degli antique huomini, dove, da loro ricevuto amorevolmente, mi pasco di quel cibo, che solum ? mio, et che io nacqui per lui; dove io non mi vergogno parlare con loro, et domandarli della ragione delle loro actioni; et quelli per loro humanit? mi rispondono (MachiavelliN. Lettere/ A cura di F.Gaeta. Milano, 1961. P.304); ߠ     ,  ,   ,    ;         ,      (    10 1513:    / . ..//  . 1997. .60. .453).].         ,         .          .      ,   ,        :  ,   ,  ,       ,  ,  ,  .  ,    ,    ,      .                ,             ,      (   ,       volgare   ).        ,      .            ,    ;    ,      ,      .    ,      ,              ,   ,        .  ,    ,  ,    ,            .         ,       ,      ;   ,    ,     ,   .    ,      ,    .         ? ,     ,    .    ,  .

       ,      , , , ;   ,             ,       . ,         ,         ; ,       ,       ,   ,    ,                  ,       . [132 - GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. P.911 (chap.III, IV).]           ,     ;        ,       ,         .         ,    ,      .  ,           ,       ,     .  ,      ,       .

  ,            ;          ,       .         ,              .  ,           ,    ,    ( politeia,      ,  ) ,    ,       ,    .      ,  ,  ,   (polite),  (civil),  (urbane), -,              (political),  (civic),  (urban),   ,    ,     [133 - Ibid. P.38, 87, 158162.].

      -   ,      ,    ,   ,   .       ;        ,   ,       ,         .       ,       .  ,   vivere civile,          ,     .  , ,  ,  ,    ,          ,        .            ,      ,   ,     ,          .    ,         ,        .     ,       ,   ,  ,    ,    .  ,    ,         , , ,         ,       .

 ,     ,  ,     .   vivere civile




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notes



1


    ,               . .: RobbinsC. [Book review] J.G.A.Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: AStudy of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century// Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol.82. 2 (1958). P.223225.




2


PocockJ.G.A. The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: AStudy of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century. A Reissue with a Retrospect. Cambridge, 1957 (   1987).




3


PocockJ.G.A. Burke and the Ancient Constitution  A Problem in the History of Ideas// Historical Journal. Vol.3. 2 (1960). P.125143 (. : ...   .     / . . ..  . .. ..// .    . 2018. .2. 3. .141170); Idem. The History of Political Thought: AMethodological Enquiry// Philosophy, Politics and Society. 2nd ser./ Ed. by P.Laslett, W.G.Runciman. New York, 1962. P.183202; Idem. The Origins of the Study of the Past: AComparative Approach// Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol.4. 2 (1962). P.209246; Idem. Ritual, Language, Power: An Essay on the Apparent Meaning of Chinese Philosophy// Political Science. Vol.16 (1964). P.331; Idem. Machiavelli, Harrington, and English Political Ideologies// William and Mary Quarterly. 3rdser. Vol.11 (1965). P.549583; Idem. Time, History and Eschatology in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes// The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield/ Ed. by J.H.Elliott, H.K.Koenigsberger. London, 1965; Idem. Time, Institutions and Action: An Essay on Traditions and Their Understanding// Politics and Experience: Essays Presented to Michael Oakeshott/ Ed. by P.King, B.C.Parekh. Cambridge, 1968.




4


PocockJ.G.A. Languages and Their Implications: The Transformation of the Study of Political Thought// Politics, Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History. Chicago, 1989. P.341; Idem. On the Non-Revolutionary Character of Paradigms: ASelf-Criticism and Afterpiece// Ibid. P.273291.




5


DunnJ. The Identity of the History of Ideas// Philosophy. Vol.43. 164 (1968). P.85104; SkinnerQ. The Limits of Historical Explanations// Philosophy. Vol.41. 157 (1966). P.199215; Idem. Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas// History and Theory. Vol.8. 1 (1969). P.353 (. : .    / . . .//  :    . . ., .. ., 2018. .53122).




6


KoikkalainenP., Syrj?m?kiS. Quentin Skinner. On Encountering the Past// Finnish Yearbook of Political Thought. Vol.6 (2002). P.3463.




7


SkinnerQ. Hobbess Leviathan// Historical Journal. Vol.7. 2 (1964). P.321333; Idem. History and Ideology in the English Revolution// Historical Journal. Vol.8. 2 (1965). P.151178; Idem. The Ideological Context of Hobbess Political Thought// Historical Journal. Vol.9. 3 (1966). P.286317; Idem. Thomas Hobbes and His Disciples in France and England// Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol.8. 2 (1966). P.153167.




8


DunnJ. Consent in the Political Theory of John Locke// Historical Journal. Vol.10. 2 (1967). P.153182; Idem. Justice and the Interpretation of Lockes Political Theory// Political Studies. Vol.16. 1 (1968). P.6887.




9


PocockJ.G.A. Foundation and Moments// Rethinking the Foundations of Modern Thought/ Ed. by A.Brett, J.Tully, H.Hamilton-Bleakley. Cambridge, 2006. P.39; . : Idem. Quentin Skinner: The History of Politics and the Politics of History// Idem. Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method. Cambridge, 2009. P.123142 ( : Common Knowledge. Vol.10. 3 (2004). P.532550; . : ...  :    / . . .  . ..//  :    . .191217).




10


SkinnerQ. A Reply to my critics// Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics/ Ed. by J.Tully. Cambridge, 1988. P.233 (. : .   / . . .//  :    . .253); DunnJ. The Political Thought of John Locke: An Historical Account of the Argument of the Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge, 1969. P.101, 143.




11


PocockJ.G.A. Politics, Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History. New York, 1971.




12


Political Judgement: Essays for John Dunn/ Ed. by R.Bourke and R.Geuss. Cambridge, 2009.




13


    , 8 1968.     .




14


PocockJ.G.A. Verbalising a Political Act: Towards a Politics of Speech// Idem. Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method. P.3350.  : Political Theory. Vol.1. 1 (1973). P.2744.




15


  , 12 1971.     .




16


RobbinsC. The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in Transmission, Development and Circumstances of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with Thirteen Colonies. Cambridge, Mass., 1959; BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny. Princeton, 1955 (   1966).   : SkinnerQ. The Principles and Practice of Opposition: The Case of Bolingbroke versus Walpole// Historical Perspectives: Essays in Honour of J.H.Plumb/ Ed. by N.McKendrick. London, 1974. P.93128,   ,     1800. .: GoldieM. The Context of The Foundations// Rethinking the Foundations of Modern Political Thought. P.319.




17


 .,     ,   : WallaceJ.M. Destiny His Choice: The Loyalism of Andrew Marvell. Cambridge, 1968.




18


  , 8 1968.     .




19


Π    .: PocockJ.G.A. Working on Ideas in Time// Idem. Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method. P.2032.




20


PocockJ.G.A. Robert Brady, 16271700: ACambridge Historian of the Restoration// Cambridge Historical Journal. Vol.10 (1951). P.186204.




21


    , 11 2015.




22


PocockJ.G.A. Present at the Creation: With Laslett to the Lost Worlds// International Journal of Public Affairs. 2006. 2. P.717.




23


LaslettP. The Gentry of Kent in 1640// Cambridge Historical Journal. Vol.9 (1948). P.148164.




24


Idem. Sir Robert Filmer: The Man versus the Whig Myth// Cambridge Historical Journal. Vol.9 (1948). P.523546.




25


Idem. The Gentry of Kent in 1640. P.149. .     : Idem. The World We Have Lost. New York: Charles Scribner, 1973. P.192.




26


FilmerR. Patriarcha and Other Political Works/ Ed. by P.Laslett. Oxford, 1949.




27


LaslettP. The 1960 Edition of Lockes Two Treatises of Government: Two States// Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society. Vol.1. 4 (1952). P.341347.




28


 ,    , 18 2015.




29


ForbesD. Historismus in England// Cambridge Journal. Vol.4 (1951). P.387400; Idem. James Mill and India// Cambridge Journal. Vol.5 (1951). P.1933; Idem. The Rationalism of Sir Walter Scott// Cambridge Journal. Vol.7 (1953). P.2035; Idem. Scientific Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar// Cambridge Journal. Vol.7 (1954). P.649651.




30


PocockJ.G.A. The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: AStudy of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century. A Reissue with a Retrospect. P.371.




31


  , 5 1971.     .




32


  , 29 1972.     .




33


  , 10 1972.     .




34


  , 12 1972.     .




35


  , 26 1973 27 1973.     .




36


  , 26 1973.     .




37


  , 6 1973.     .




38


PocockJ.G.A. A Method, a Model, and Machiavelli (   , 19 1968.   ...,   .   ,       ).




39


Idem. The Political Limits to Pre-modern Economics// The Economic Limits to Modern Politics/ Ed. by J.Dunn. Cambridge, 1990. P.121141.




40


Idem. Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776. Princeton, 1980; Idem. Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, 1985.




41


,  (.). . .




42


LewisC.S. De Descriptione Temporum// LewisC.S. Selected Literary Essays. Cambridge, 1969.




43


Aristotle. Physics/ Transl. by R.P.Hardie and R.K.Gaye// The Works of Aristotle/ Ed. by W.D.Ross. Oxford, 1930; .  (IV, 223b224a). . : . / . ..//  .  : , , . , 1999. .686687;  ,  14.




44


NisbetR.F. Social Change and History: Aspects of the Western Theory of Development. New York, 1969; StarrCh.G. The Awakening of the Greek Historical Spirit. New York, 1968; History and Theory, Beiheft 6: History and the Concept of Time. Middletown, Conn., 1966.




45


. : ManuelF.E. Shapes of Philosophical History. Stanford, 1965. P.3;   11?  ; . : ..  . ., 1981. .1. .47.




46


  (.). . .




47


.     : LadnerG.B. The Idea of Reform: Its Impact on Christian Thought and Action in the Age of the Fathers. Cambridge, Mass., 1959,  ,     : RosenmeierJ. New Englands Perfection: the Image of Adam and the Image of Christ in the Antinomian Crisis, 1634 to 1638// William and Mary Quarterly. 3rd ser. Vol.27. 3 (1970). P.435459.




48


,    secular time,     (saeculum, tempus),   ,      . .  . . .




49


      . BrandtW.J. The Shape of Medieval History: Studies in Modes of Perception. New Haven, London, 1966.




50


OliverF.S. The Endless Adventure: Personalities and Practical Politics in Eighteenth-Century. Boston, 1931.




51


OakeshottM. Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. London, 1962. P.127 (. : .    / . . .., .., .., ... ., 2002).




52


FisherH.A.L. A History of Europe. Boston, 1935 ().




53


.    ,     (16091676): PocockJ.G.A. The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law. Cambridge, 1957. P.170181 (   New York, 1967); Idem. Politics, Language and Time. New York, 1971. P.215222, 262264 (   London, 1972).




54


FortescueJ. De Laudibus Legum Angliae. Cambridge, 1949. P.1921 (chap.VII).




55


Ibid. P.2023 (chap.VIII).




56


FortescueJ. De Laudibus Legum Angliae. P.3637 (chap.XV).




57


the laws of England, in those points which they sanction by reason of the law of nature, are neither better nor worse in their judgements than are all laws of other nations in like cases. For, as Aristotle said, in the fifth book of the Ethics, Natural law is that which has the same force among all wen. Wherefore there is no need to discuss it further. But from now on we must examine what are the customs, and also the statutes, of England, and we will first look at the characteristics of those customs (Ibid. P.3839, chap.XVI; .   ).




58


    tantorum temporum curriculis in quantum inveterate sunt (Ibid. P.38),   usus         usage [   . . .].




59


and we will first look at the characteristics of those customs. [XVII] The kingdom of England was first inhabited by Britons, then ruled by Romans, again by Britons, then possessed by Saxons, who changed its name from Britain to England. Then for a short time the kingdom was conquered by Danes, and again by Saxons, but finally by Normans, whose posterity hold the realm at the present time. And throughout the period of these nations and their kings, the realm has been continuously ruled by the same customs as it is now, customs which, if they had not been the best, some of those kings would have changed for the sake of justice or by the impulse of caprice, and totally abolished them, especially the Romans, who judged almost the whole of the rest of the world by their laws. Similarly, others of these aforesaid kings, who possessed the kingdom of England only by the sword, could, by that power, have destroyed its laws. Indeed, neither the civil laws of the Romans, so deeply rooted by the usage of so many ages, nor the laws of the Venetians, which are renowned above others for their antiquity  though their island was uninhabited, and Rome unbuilt, at the time of the origins of the Britons  nor the laws of any Christian kingdom, are so rooted in antiquity. Hence there is no gainsaying nor legitimate doubt but that the customs of the English are not only good but the best. [XVIII] It only remains, then, to examine whether or not the statutes of the English are good (FortescueJ. De Laudibus. P.3841, chap.XVI).




60


Π  ,    (), .: PocockJ.A.G. Politics, Language and Time (chap.6, 7).




61


Thus you, prince, would marvel at a lawyer of England if he told you that a brother shall not succeed in a paternal heritage to a brother not born of the same mother, but that rather the heritage shall descend to a sister of the whole blood or shall fall to the lord-in-chief of the fee as his escheat, because you are ignorant of the reason for this law. But the difficulty of such a case does not in the least perturb one learned in the law of England. Wherefore you will realise that if by instruction you will understand those laws of which you are now ignorant, you will love them, since they are the best; and the more you reflect upon them, the more agreeably you will enjoy them. For all that is loved transfers the lover into its own nature by usage, wherefore, said Aristotle, Use becomes another nature (FortescueJ. De Laudibus. P.1417, chap.V).




62


Then the king said, that he thought the law was founded upon reason, and that he and others had reason as well as the judges: to which it was answered by me, that true it was, that God had endowed his Majesty with excellent science, and great endowments of nature; but his Majesty was not learned in the laws of his realm of England, and causes which concern the life, or inheritance, or goods, or fortunes of his subjects are not to be decided by natural reason, but by the artificial reason and judgment of law, which law is an art which requires long study and experience before that a man can attain to the knowledge of it (CokeE. Prohibitions del Roy// CokeE. The Twelfth Part of the Reports. London, 1656; Rep. 65); Ƞ  , ,   ,            ,  .   ,   ,         ;         . ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,    ,    ,        (. :  .   .     . .154).




63


It only remains, then, to examine whether or not the statutes of the English are good. These, indeed, do not emanate from the will of the prince alone, as do the laws in kingdoms which are governed entirely regally, where so often statutes secure the advantage of their maker only, thereby redounding to the loss and undoing of the subjects. <> But the statutes of England cannot so arise, since they are made not only by the princes will, but also by the assent of the whole realm, so they cannot be injurious to the people nor fail to secure their advantage. Furthermore, it must be supposed that they are necessarily replete with prudence and wisdom, since they are promulgated by the prudence not of one counsellor or a hundred only, but of more than three hundred chosen men  of such a number as once the Senate of the Romans was ruled by  as those who know the form of the summons, the order and the procedure of parliament can more clearly describe. And if statutes ordained with such solemnity and care happen not to give full effect to the intention of the makers, they can speedily be revised, and yet not without the assent of the commons and nobles of the realm, in the manner in which they first originated. Thus, prince, all the kinds of the law of England are now plain to you. You will be able to estimate their merits by your own wisdom, and by comparison with other laws; and when you find none in the world so excellent, you will be bound to confess that they are not only good, but as good as you could wish (FortescueJ. De Laudibus. P.4041, chap.XVIII).




64


  (.). . .




65


McIlwainC.H. Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern. Ithaca, 1958 (chap.II, IV).




66


     ,   . Regnum regale        ; regnum politicum et regale       ,         . . .




67


Aristotle. The Politics/ Ed. and transl. by E.Barker. Oxford, 1946. P.134135 (1284a), 126127 (1282ab) (. / . .// . :  4. ., 1983. .4. .478482).




68


     .  [1 . 13:12]. . .




69


Ibid. P.126 (1282a); (. .466).




70


The individual is foolish, the multitude, for the moment, is foolish; but the species is wise and, given time, as a species it always acts right (BurkeE. Works. London, 1877. Vol.VI. P.147;    On a Motion Made in the House of Commons, May 1782, for a Committee to Enquire into the State of the Representation of the Commons in Parliament, .: PocockJ.G.A. Politics, Language and Time. P.226227; . :  .   . .164).




71


St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. New York, London, 1969. Vol.23. P.51 (1a2ae, question 57, 4) (. :  .  / . ... , 2008. .99 (III,  57,  4). . .).




72


Ibid. P.57, 61 ( 57,  6); (. .104105, 106).




73


McIlwainC.H. Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern. P.77 et passim.




74


   (1656): no other than a wrestling match, wherein the king, as he has been stronger, has thrown the nobility, or the nobility, as they have been stronger, have thrown the king where the laws were so ambiguous that they might be eternally disputed and never reconciled (The Oceana and Other Works of James Harrington/ Ed. by J.Toland. London, 1771. P.63, 69);    ,  ,   ,    , ,   ,      ,          .




75


  : the several constituent parts of the gothic governments, which seem to have lain asleep for so many ages, began, every where, to operate and encroach on each other (HumeD. History of England. Vol.5. London, 1762. P.14, chap.1);    ,   ,        .




76


HansonD.W. From Kingdom to Commonwealth: the development of civic consciousness in English political thought. Cambridge, Mass., 1970.     .  47.




77


.  ,   (Ibid. P.207): Do not gloss the statute; we know it better than you, for we made it, and one often sees one statute undo another;   ;     ,     ,   ,     . .: PlucknettT.F.T. The Legislation of Edward I. Oxford, 1949. P.7274.   (HansonD.W. From Kingdom to Commonwealth. P.220222)  ,      ,      . ,        .




78


    .  [1 . 5:8]. . .




79


UllmannW. Principles of Government and Politics in the Middle Ages. London, 1961.




80


Six Books of the Commonwealth by Jean Bodin, abridged and translated/ Ed. by M.J.Tooley. Oxford, n.d. P.4344, 123128.




81


. .1  .38. Π     .: FergusonJ. The Religions of the Roman Empire. Ithaca, 1970.




82


      : MarkusR.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. Cambridge, 1970.




83


   , , ,          ,   . ., : OMalleyJ.W. Giles of Viterbo on Church and Reform; A Study in Renaissance Thought. Leiden, 1968.




84


MarkusR.A. Saeculum. Chap. 2: Tempora Christiana: Augustines Historical Experience, : P.110 et passim. . : FrendW.H.C. The Donatist Church. Oxford, 1952.




85


MarkusR.A. Saeculum. Chap. 3: Civitas Terrena: the Secularisation of Roman History; Chap. 4: Ordinata est res publica: the Foundations of Political Authority.




86


 .  . , VI, 100111; X, 94108; , XIV, 1018; 3766.




87


  ( psyche   pan-nychis   )     psychopannychia,        ,     ,        . . .




88


WilliamsS.H. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia, 1962; PocockJ.G.A. Time, History, and Eschatology in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes// PocockJ.G.A. Politics, Language and Time (chap.5).




89


.  . I, IV; II, VII; IV, II.




90


EarlD.C. The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome. Ithaca, 1967; CochraneCh.N. Christianity and Classical Culture. New York, 1957.




91


,  (.).  . .




92


 (.).  . .




93


.  . I, IV.




94


.  . III, XII; IV, VI; V, IIIVI.




95


. IV, VII. . : .  / . .., ..// .    . ., 1990. .271.




96


.  . IV, VI.




97


 .  . . VII, 2599.




98


  (.). . .




99


.  . III, 18.




100


    : ߠ       ,     ,          ,      ,    , .: . .     ,    (1644)//  . .1. .; , 1997. .3179. . .




101


St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Vol.23 (1z2ae, question 55).




102


Aristotle. Politics. P.289 (1325b).




103


.  . II, VIII; IV, VII.




104


   ,    (.). . .




105


1. 13:12].




106


 ,  (.). . .




107


 ,      .      Π  (De contemptu mundi) (XII). . .




108


CohnN. The Pursuit of the Millennium. 2nd ed. New York, 1961; LeffG. Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: 2vols. Manchester, 1967; ReevesM. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: AStudy in Joachism. Oxford, 1969.




109


TuvesonE. Millennium and Utopia: AStudy in the Background of the Idea of Progress. Berkeley; Los Angeles, 1949.




110


LamontW.M. Godly Rule: Politics and Religion, 16031660. London, 1969.  ,   , , ,       Pursuit of the Millennium (   ),       ; . : HallerW. Foxes Book of Martyrs and the Elect Nation. London, 1963.   (The Revolution of the Saints. Cambridge, Mass., 1965)     ,   ,   ;        ,                  , , -,  . . , .478483.




111


      (RecordeR. The Castle of Knowledge. London, 1556;     ,    )   ,       , ,   ,      ,   .    : Though spitefull Fortune turned her wheele/ To staye the Sphere of Vranye,/ Yet dooth this Sphere resist that wheele,/ And fleeyth all fortunes villanye./ Though earthe do honour Fortunes balle,/ And bytells blynde hyr wheele aduaunce,/ The heauens to fortune are not thralle,/ These Spheres surmount al fortunes chance (     ,/    ,/        ./ Ƞ    ,/ ,  ,     ,/    ,/      ).    ,   .     ,     , -,     .          (49148). Π   .: PatchH.R. The Goddess Fortuna in Medieval Literature. Cambridge, Mass., 1927.




112


Fortunae rota volvitur/ descendo minoratus/ alter in altum tollitur/ nimis exaltatus./ Rex sedet in vertice/ caveat ruinam/ nam sub axe legimus/ Hecubam reginam (Carmina Burana, LXXVII/ J.A.Schmeller (Hrsg.). Breslau, 1904 (      ,   , ⠫ , II, 2); . :   / ߠ  ,/   /  ./    ./    ,/    []  :/  . .   .: Ƞ / ߠ  ;/   /  ;/  ,    ,/   ,/ Ƞ  /   . .  ,   (I, LXXV, LXXVIa),  ,   . . .




113


 . . XII, 139145; ReevesM. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages.




114


OrigoI. Tribune of Rome. London, 1938.




115


WilkinsE.H. Life of Petrarch. Chicago, 1961. P.6373, 117118, 120, 134135 (Ch.XII); WhitfieldJ.H. Petrarch and the Renascence. New York, 1965. P.3537.




116


BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance. 2nd ed. Princeton, 1966; Idem. Humanistic and Political Literature in Florence and Venice at the Beginning of the Quattrocento. Cambridge, Mass., 1955; Idem. From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni; Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature. Chicago, 1968; Idem. Petrarch: His Inner Struggles and the Humanistic Discovery of Mans Nature// Florilegium Historiale: Essays Presented to Wallace K.Ferguson/ Ed. by J.G.Rowe, W.H.Stockdale. Toronto, 1971; GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. New York, 1965; HolmesG. The Florentine Enlightenment, 14001450. London, 1969.




117


Π   .: BaronH. Petrarch: His Inner Struggles and the Humanistic Discovery of Mans Nature. P.1920, 3739.




118


BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.3).




119


BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.1315). . : The Three Crowns of Florence: Humanist Assessments of Dante, Petrarca and Boccaccio/ Ed. by D.Thompson, A.F.Nagel. New York, 1972.




120


    .  : PocockJ.G.A. Politics, Language and Time (chap.8: Time, Institutions and Action: An Essay on Traditions and Their Understanding).




121


BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.12, 1011, 16).




122


Π     ; .: Baron. Petrarch: His Inner Struggles and the Humanistic Discovery of Mans Nature; Idem. From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (chap.1, 2).




123


BaronH. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (chap.5, 7); Idem. From Petrarch to Bruni (chap.3, 4); Idem. Leonardo Bruni: Professional Rhetorician or Civic Humanist?// Past and Present. 1967. Vol.36. P.2137.




124


  (.). . .




125


SeigelJ.E. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism: the Union of Eloquence and Wisdom, Petrarch to Valla. Princeton, 1968; Idem. Civic Humanism or Ciceronian Rhetoric?// Past and Present. 1966. Vol.34. P.348 (        ).  , .: RobeyD. P.P.Vergerio the Elder: Republicanism and Civic Values in the Work of an Early Humanist// Past and Present. 1973. Vol.58. P.337.




126


. , .1  .97.




127


GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. P.57, 1517, 5066, 6977. Π.   . : SeigelJ.E. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism (chap.V); KelleyD.R. The Foundations of Modem Historical Scholarship: Language, Law and History in the French Renaissance. New York, 1970 (chap.I, II); .     : History and Theory. Vol.11. 1 (1972). P.8997; StrueverN.S. The Language of History in the Renaissance. Princeton, 1970.    -      : MartinesL. The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 13901460. Princeton, 1963; Idem. Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence. Princeton, 1968; BeckerM.B. Florence in Transition. 2vols. Baltimore, 19671968 (.  : Social and Economic Foundations of the Italian Renaissance/ Ed. by A.Molho. New York, 1969).




128


         . .: Newton ConklinG. Biblical Criticism and Heresy in Milton. New York, 1949. P.12,    (. : GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. P.16) ,        ,          .




129


     (   , XXIV, 8) (      . . .),              ,       . .: Petrarchs Letters to Classical Authors/ Transl. by M.E.Cosenza. Chicago, 1910.




130


. I, 130131.       ..




131


entro nelle antique corti degli antique huomini, dove, da loro ricevuto amorevolmente, mi pasco di quel cibo, che solum ? mio, et che io nacqui per lui; dove io non mi vergogno parlare con loro, et domandarli della ragione delle loro actioni; et quelli per loro humanit? mi rispondono (MachiavelliN. Lettere/ A cura di F.Gaeta. Milano, 1961. P.304); ߠ     ,  ,   ,    ;         ,      (    10 1513:    / . ..//  . 1997. .60. .453).




132


GarinE. Italian Humanism, Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance. P.911 (chap.III, IV).




133


Ibid. P.38, 87, 158162.


