 . , , , 
 


 
                    , ,    ,    .      ,             ,     .

 ,         ,    , ,  ,    ,        ,     .   ,            ,  ,      ,           ,      .

   ,     ,   ,      ,      ,                  .

    .



  PDF A4   .





 

 . , , , 


        .

 
  (1938)

       ,  ,  ,   .

 
 ,     (1888)


    -   



   



   : G?ran Therborn. Cities of Power.The Urban, the National, the Popular, the Global



      <http://id.hse.ru>



doi: 10.17323/978-5-7598-1787-1



 G?ran Therborn 2017.

First published by Verso 2017

   . .     , 2020




: , , , 


        : , ,   .    ,              ,    .   :   ,       ,     ,      .          , ..  ,      .  ,       ,          .           ,    ,    .          .

         ,       ,      (  )     ,  ,  .              .         ,         ,     ,    ,  ,          .

   ,              ,   /   .          ,      ,     .         ,   ,      ,    ,     ,    ,    .

        ,       .      ,     ,    .     ,    ,  ,      ,   ,      , ,   .           .

     , ,              ,  ,    .        , ,     .     ,            ,  ,    .           .        :            ?

       .      ,     ,            (  -. . .).  , ,         .                      ,        ,            .

   ,     1996.   ,   ,               .  .       ,    .          [1 - Ger? A. Modern Hungarian Society in the Making. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1995. Ch. 11.     ,     ,        .].        ,     ,   ,   .           2002.[2 - Therborn G. Monumental Europe: The National Years: On the Iconography of European Capital Cities // Housing, Theory and Society. 2002. Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 2647.]       (       , FRN  HSFR,    INTAS ,     )    ,      ,         [3 -    ,    , :   ,            (Markku Kivinen)    (Anne Haila)     Eastern Drama: Capitals of Eastern Europe 1830s2006,      International Review of Sociology (2006. Vol. 6. No. 2);             ,    ,          ,   ,              ( : . .  /  . .. . : .  , 2009);       (Fernando Prez Oyarz?n)      (),   -   2007.,     ,       ;     -     2008.,    ..  (K.C. Ho)     ,  ,       City (2009. Vol. 13. No. 1).    (Laurent Fourchard)       (Simon Bekker)            ,            2010.   .             CODESRIA: Power and Powerlessness: Capital Cities in Africa /ed. by S. Bekker, G. Therborn. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2012. ,      .     (In Kwon Park)   International Journal of Urban Sciences            ,     2015. (Vol. 19. No. 1).  Routledge     2016.  : Cities and Power / ed. by G. Therborn.     ,     ,     : Therborn G. Transcaucasian Triptych // New Left Review. 2007. 73 ( ,   ); Identity and Capital Cities: European Nations and the European Union // The Search for a European Identity / ed. by F. Cerutti, S. Lucarelli. L.: Routledge, 2008 (       ); Modern Monumentality: European Experiences // Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology / ed. by J. Osborne. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2014.].  ,      ,       .

     ,         .      2004.    :    19002000  (Between Sex and Power: Family in the World, 19002000).    2011.   .    (The World: A Beginners Guide)[4 -  . .   . .: .  , 2015.],   2013.    (The Killing Fields of Inequality).

         ,  , ,   ,     .      ,   .   ,     -  ,   ,      .

           .            ,   ,   ,     (     )         ,  ,     .

               ,       .        -,         .  ,     ,         ,            .                    (Bj?rn Wittrock)            ,         .     ,     ,   (Swati Chattopadhyay),   (Kumiko Fujita), .. ,   (Laura Kolbe),   (Abidin Kusno),      .       ,    .

       ,    :  , .. ,   ,       .

     ,       ,   .          ,     .      ,          .             :    (Judith Bodnar)  ,             (Judit Veres);  - (Chang Kyung-Sup),           ;   (Anand Kumar)  ;   (Alan Mabin)  ;   (Enzo Mingione),        (Alberto Violante);   (Jo Santoso)  ;   (Alicia Zicardi)  .       , ,   ,         .             (Tapani Kaakkuriniemi)  (   )  .        (Edmond Prtceille),    (banlieue).    (Patrick Le Gal?s),    -     ,      [5 - Le Gal?s P., Therborn G. Cities // Handbook of European Societies: Social Transformations in the 21st Century / ed. by S. Immerfall, G. Therborn. N.Y.: Springer, 2010. P. 5989.].



 

, ,

  2016.




 1

,   





  


           .                [6 - Mumford L. The Culture of Cities. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace, 1938. P. 3.],               [7 - Mumford L. The City in History. N.Y.: Harvest, 1961/1989. P. 571.].         ;        . ,       ,  ,           ,    ,      .

  ,                    .             .  (  )               [8 - Cohen G., Szabo F. Embodiments of Power. N.Y.: Berghahn Books, 2008.].         1848.         ,        1848.[9 - Benevolo L. Die Geschichte der Stadt. Frankfurt: Verlag Zweitausendeins, 1983 ( : Storia della citt. Rome: Laterza, 1975). Ch. 13.]           ,   ,    ,   ,      [10 - Hall P. Cities in Civilization. L.: Pantheon, l998.].

            ,     ,   ,                      .      , ,  ,   ,          ,      [11 - Tilly Ch. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 9901992. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 (1975);  . ,    . 9901992. .:  , 2009.].    ,     V  1557.      ,   1700.[12 - Ibid. P. 190, 185.]

    /      ,     ,             ,   ,    :    1993.,    2006.     ,   2010.[13 - Hall P. Six Types of Capital City // Taylor J., Lengell J., Andrew C. Capital Cities/Les Capitales. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1993; Hall P. Seven Types of Capital City // Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities / ed. by D. Gordon. L.: Routledge, 2006.               .]    :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5.  .

6. .

7..

  ,      ,       ,     ,    ,      -   .         :

a. .

b..

c.

e..

f.

j.

n.  [14 -  .   . .: -Cad, 1994. . 28.].

           ,     , ,    ,                 () ,     [15 - Sassen S. The Global City. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991; Taylor P.J. World City Networks. L.: Routledge, 2004.].   ,      ,      ,         . -,           .   ,      ,             -  . -,  / ,   ,       [16 -  ,       ,             :      : Therborn G. End of a paradigm: The current crisis and the idea of stateless cities // Environment and Planning. 2011. Vol. 43. P. 272285.      ,         -,     .].   ,  ,      ( )       , .. ,        ,         [17 -        , , , , ,   . .: New York Times. 2016. 16 May. P. 1, 4. ,      ,      ,  ,       .].

    (          ,        ,            ),   ,   .              .    ,      ,      .     ,     ,        .

,      ,  ,      ,            ,       ,         [18 - Vale L. Architecture, Power and National Identity. 2nd ed. N.Y.: Routledge, 2008.].          ( )     [19 - Sonne W. Representing the State. N.Y.: Prestel, 2003.],        .,      -,            .           :  ,    ,     [20 -  . :  ,    . .:   , 2013.].

          ,   ,        ,     ,     .       [21 - Sudjic D. The Edifice Complex. N.Y.: Penguin, 2006.]   [22 - Moore R. Why We Build. N.Y.: Harper Design, 2014.],          .           [23 - Hatherley O. Landscapes of Communism. N.Y.: New Press, 2016.].

             .   ,        ,       .        ,         .              ()      .                 .

 ,    ,       .          () ,           ,              ;     ,  ,   ,           ;       ,   ; ,         ,            .

      ,      .                     .

        ,       .      ,     - ,      .        .  , ,    ; , ,    .

,       ,         .                 ,         .  ,       -     ,        .

             ,    [24 - Flagge I., Stock W.J. Architektur und Demokratie. Stuttgart: Hatje, 1992; Sudjic D. Architecture and Democracy. N.Y.: Te Neues, 2001.].    ,        ,         225 ,    ,  .

     -:    , ..   ,     ,        ,   ,       ,     ,               1950-  1970- , ,   ,    ,     ,      (       ),   .             ,          .

      .  ,  , ,       ,     ,    ,   .

         ,  ,      , , ,  .          ,    .       ,       .         .            ,    .         ,       ,   .

         ,    .        , , -,      ,        .       ,   . -,         ,    , , , ,     .  ,  ,   , ,  ,        .

       ;       .         ,     [25 -      , , , ,   ,    ,        -, 200  - --, ,     .        ,    ,  :  .    ? ,   .  , -    ,   ,  ? . (  13  2016.)   ,       ,      Google.].                ,   .

    ,    ,     .       .      ,        ,         ,          ,    .




  


      . -,        ,    /, /, /  //. -,      :   ,     ,   ,     ,   ,    .     ,     .  ,    ,         .



 

     ,        [26 - Lefebvre H. The Production of Space. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991 [1974];  .  . .: Strelka-Press, 2015.].    ,     ,           . ,          ,         .            ;       ;     ,     -    (   );  ;  ;  ,   ;  ,        , ..       ,     ,   [27 -     ,   ,   3     (Lynch K. The Image of the City. Boston: MIT Press, 1960;  .  . .: , 1982)        (Kostof S. City Shaped. N.Y.: Bulfinch Press, 1991),    3  4  ,         .].

               ,         . ,       ,    .

    ,     ,  (  )?    ,   ,   ,    (    ), ,    ,  (    /,     )   (  ).    ()?   () ()    ?        -   .      ,       ,   ,   ,        ,    ,   ,   -.            .

         .   , ,    ,           ,   ,   ,  .          ,  banlieues,   ,      .

  ,  ,         ,   ,   ,  ,   ,       . ,            .  ,   ,   ,  ,       [28 - . : Kostof S. Op. cit. P. 209.].   XIX.          ,      .

         ,      .          : 1999.   360    ,     80. ,      ,  [29 - Davis M. Planet of Slums. N.Y.: Verso, 2006. P. 95.].         ,     ,  , ,     ,   ,    .

         . , ()        ,     .              ,            .          .     -    ,     .  -     ,       ,    ,    .

         .         ,    :     ,    ,        .                 ,    .          ,        ,    ,     (  )      ,      .

    ,    ,         [30 -          ,   ,         .                 :  1789.,           ,     1917.,   ,  ,  ,     .]  ()  .          ,          ,      .





     ,  :                  .            ,            - .  ,     ,    .

              .   , , ,     .    ,     ?    , ,    ,  ? ,      ,            ?       ?     ?      ,  ,       ?

         ,  ,  ,       .             ,        [31 - Capital Cities in Africa: Power and Powerlessness / ed. by S. Bekker, G. Therborn. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council, 2012.].     -    ( 2005.)   ,       4%.            ,   -      .

               .     ,   ,        grandezza (). ,     III        ,       ,         .

            :     ,    ,     .          .



  

        .        ,     .        ?       ?

,    ,   ,    ,     ,   ,       :            ,          .      , ,           .          -.        ,   ,        ,  ,     ,       .    XIX.     ,       ,       .   , ,  ,          ,    (, ,  )  .       -       .   ,   ,      ,     ?

        ,              ,                .  ,     .      ,   ,                      ,     .      ?

   , ,        ,    ,       ,       ,      .





   ,         .    .   ,        .     ,       .      ,      .         ,       echt deutsch,  ,          ,   .     ,      -.

   ,          ,        -[32 - Thiis-Evensen T. Arkitekturens maktgrammatik // Maktens korridorer / ed. C. Kullberg Christophersen. Oslo: Norsk Form, 1998.].       .           :

:  ,  .

: .

: .

:     .

:  .

:     ,       ,  ,  ,   [33 -      ,      , .: Goodsell Ch. The Social Meaning of Civic Space. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988.].

          ,  ,   ,    .     , ,  .

 ,   ,     ,       .    16 ,    68 ,     110 ,     175    , 255       1200       ,   200.  ..               .    , 146-   2500.  ..     ,    .   [34 - Therborn G. Modern Monumentality: European Experiences // Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology / ed. by J. Osborne. Albany: SUNY Press, 2014. P. 337 f.].

              .   ,    ,         .





     .   monere  .   , ,              ,    ,   () .          ,   -  ,       .        ,     .     ,       ,       ( )   ().

       ,                 .   1943.   CIAM (Congr?s internationaux darchitecture moderne         )      ,              ,   .



   ,       ,                              ,       .


  ,       ,      ,         ,    [35 - Sert J.L., Lger F., Giedion S. Nine Points on Monumentality // Architecture Culture 19431968 / ed. by J. Ockman. N.Y.: Rizzoli, 1993. . 2930.  Architectural Review (1948. Vol. 104. P. 117128)           ,  , -   ,   -        :      ,   .].      ,   ,     ,         .        ,          .

      2014.       15       XVIII.   .      ,         .      ,            ,         1714. (    ).       ,     ,        [36 - El Pa?s. 2014. 23 November. 18.].

     2014.           ,     ,         (  1944.     ).          ,      1920.         [37 - ., : Marton K. Hungarys Authoritarian Descent // New York Times. 2014. 4November. 6.].

            .        2013.           ,       ,                    .           [38 -  2016.           .].

     ,  ,     ,      - ,  ,    , -.            XIX.,        -    .           ,                .        ,    ,      .





      , ,   , ..  .        .        ,    - ,        -   .            .

      , ,    ,        XVI.   II.       VIII    -,   .  1765.   ,            [39 - Weinreb B., Hibbert Ch. (eds). The London Encyclopedia. L.: Papermac, 1993. P. 444 ff, 864, 986 f.].        XVII.:        ,             , , .  XVIII.,   ,   ,        ,   1728.    ,          [40 - Hillairet J. Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1963. P. 38.].  1630-            (  )  ,      ,     Regeringsgatan ( ).

             [41 - Yue Dong M. Republican Beijing. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. P. 71 ff.],       ,       .    ,  ( )        ,      .  1990-        ,      .

       ,      -,    --,      .      , ,    .. , ,  .                ,   .



  

    ,      ,       .    ,   ,        ,    ,       .         .         ,     ,    ,      .           .       ,     .

               . ,          ,   XIX.    ,             .       -          ,             .

       .           ,     . ,       ,     ,       .       : --  ,   ,       ,   ,   .         ,         [42 -     .: Kallis A. The Third Rome, 19221943. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. P. 5758, 64 ff.].




       


 -                ,  ,    .  1700.      ,          . ,  XVI.     [43 - Greenfield L. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992;  . .    . .:  , 2008,      .],          ,    1688.      .   ,         ,    ,   ,   ,    II                [44 - . : Dillon P. The Last Revolution: 1688 and the Creation of the Modern World. L.: Pimlico, 2006. P. 212, 217.].           ,     .

   ,        ,      .         ,             ,      .

 ,          ,            .       , ..    ,         .        -,      [45 -             ,      :  ,  ,     .].

      ,       ,  , ,         regimentsf?higen Familien (,   ,       ),   --,     .                       .            ,    .  ,      ;           .            ,     ,          ,     .        .     ,          Rezidenz-,   ,   (, )   /    .               .



,        

  (modernity)           .          , .. .          (    ), .. .  modernus,    ,  , .    ,      ,    .    ,    .     .

        (   )   :    ?            ?      -   ()  ?

 ,         ,    ( )     ,   ,           .            ,     .

      ,      ,       .       ,       , , ,    ,     :   ? -       ,  ,   ,   ,  , ,  ?           -     ?   ,    ,   ,      ?

,                        XVII.[46 - Giddens A. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990. P. 1;  .  . .: , 2011. C. 111.],    ,       .       . -,  ,          -     ,     -    ,       ,       ?   ,                     - .       /      ,   .     :      ,        ,   .

-,       ?    ,   ,    ,        ,            . ,        . ,      , ,   ,       .        ,   ,     ,    ,     ,     ,      ,                  .

-,         ,             ? :        [47 - Therborn G. The Right to Vote and the Four Routes to/through Modernity // State Theory and State History / ed. by R. Torstendahl. L.: SAGE, 1992. P. 6292.],     ,         ,       ,   ,     , ..     ,   .         ,            ,      ,             .

    ? ,   ,       ?    ?     ,        ?     ,        ?

  ,         .     ,        ,  ,        [48 -       .].              .           .

   ,   ,           ,      ,   -;           .  ,       ,     ,    , , /,         ,        ,   ,        .      ,   ,       .



 1.    (  )       :   






        .         ,      .         ,     .           ,      ,        [49 - Weber E. Peasants into Frenchmen. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976.].      ,             XIX.    . ,    ,      .

         ,       , ,   ,   ,    ,    ,        (..   )     ,       ,      .

           ,        .         .    ,      XIX.   [50 - Chanda N. Bound Together. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. P. 165.].   ,  ,  , ,          [51 - Zea L. El pensamiento latinoameriocano. Mexico City: Pormaca, 1965. Vol. 1. P. 65 ff, 103 ff; .: Annino A., Guerra F.-X. Inventando la nacin. Iberoamrica. Siglo XIX. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econmica, 2003.].             , ..  .

     ,   ,     .      ,     ,    .      ,         ,      .     ,   ,       ,   ,     ,   ,        .

    , ,                   ,    ,   , ,   ,  400  500 [52 - Simpson A., Oy?td B.A. Nigeria: Ethno-Linguistic Competition in the Giant of Africa // Language and National Identity in Africa / ed. by A. Simpson. Oxford: OUP, 2008. P. 172.],   , ,      [53 - Mitchell L. The Color Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Ch. 7.         ,   ,      lingua franca,     .       (Bahasa Indonesia) (.: Anderson B. Language and Power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. Part II),    ,    ,    ,   ,                   (.: Githiora Ch. Kenya: Language and the Search for a Coherent National Identity // Language and National Identity in Africa / ed. by A. Simpson. Oxford: OUP, 2008; Topan F. Tanzania: The Development of Swahili as a National and Official Language // Ibid.).],     122 ,     .

   ,     ,      .      ,   ,     ,        1952.   ,    ,            [54 - Rahman T. Language and Politics in Pakistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ch. 6.].

            .           .          , .. ,     .  ,  ,   ,     ,       .      ,        -   .

        ,      ,     .  ,       ,      . ,                     [ ][55 - Poe D.Z. Kwame Nkrumahs Contribution to Pan-Africanism: An Afro-Centric Analysis. L.: Routledge, 2003. P. 94.].   ,          -,                       ,   .        .

      ,   , ,   .       ,        ,        ,      .      (    )     ,   .          ,      .                     .          ,        .           ,  ,    ,        ,    1930-          .

 XXI.        ,      ,        ,    ,     ,   .      ( V)     ,     2007.,       .

          .       ,           .     ,         .

 ,            ,     ,           .  , ,    .      ,      ,       .                 ,          .    ,    ,      ,    .



  

   ,          .       ,       I ,     .        ,       .  XV.            ,     ,      .  I      ,    XVIII.   II    ,      philosophe.  XIX.           , .. gendarme,      ,       -.         ,  -.

        ,    ,   I  ,   .      ,   ,        ,         -,                    .

       ,    ,         1900.       ,  , ;      -.       :          ,    , ,   .

     ,   ,         .      ,                 ,      ( )  1920- .

         , ,        ,     ,  ,         .





     ,      ,   ,          .    ,       ,        ,     .     ,        ,   ,    .

      :

1. :  ,     .

2.   ,   :   .

3.   :     .

4.  :       .

     - ,         .     XX.,   ,    ,      .     ,    /           ,     .

 ,           ,      ,     .         , ,  ,   ,            ,    ,  ?

         ,        .    ,    ,     ,         .         ,     .




 2

 . :   



    ,     ,    .                  ,   , , ,    .    ,        ,     .     ,       ,        . ,            ? ,   ,     .   ,      :      ,   ,            .

         ;     , -,      , , ,   . -     ,            .    ,        ,   ,      ,    .             - .

      - ,      ( ,   B?rger)    [56 -    ,              .].           ,          ,       .      ,     ,    : ,     ,   ,  ,         .         :  ,  ,  piazza,  place/plaza,  Platz,  .

           .    ,  ,       ,      (     ,    )     .,     .       ,         ,  EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma)  ,      ,     .     ,       ,    ,          ,    ancien rgime,      ,  ,  ,    ,     .             XIX.,      .       ,   XIX.        .    ,        ,     .     ,    .




 


         ,          .          ,     ,      ,       .

, ,              .          .  ,             130. ..,    609.      .           (  XIV.),         ()        .           (   ),          ,    ,         V.

      ,   ,         XVII.   .   ,  ,   c  ,              , ,   .         .              .        ,     ,        [57 -     .].       ,           XVIII.  ,        ,     ,  -[58 -      ,    80    .     ,         .].

   ,         ,                    ,    , ,    [59 -            XVIII., ,  ,         1556. (Pevsner N. London I: The City of London. Pevsner Architectural Guides. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. P. 383 ff).].   ,               ,      ,          [60 -   ,            (Ibid. P. 122 ff, 360 ff).].          ,       -  ,       (Kapuzinergruft) .

                 ,         (  )     ,        [61 -         1666.     ,    .  1681.             ,    .    1831. (The London Encyclopaedia / ed. by B. Weinreb, C. Hibbert. L.: Macmillan, 2008. P. 541).].  XVII.          ,   50    [62 - Whitney M. Wren. L.: Thames & Hudson, 1971. P. 45.].

                  ,      .            ,         ,   15611562.,    ,     [63 - Girouard M. Cities and People. New Haven; L.: Yale University Press, 1985. P. 120 ff.].        ,        ,   .           1660- , ,  ,         .




  


           ,     .        - .    [64 - Sgvari A. Studien der europ?ischen Hauptstadtentwicklung und die Rolle der Hauptst?dte als Nationalrepr?sentanten // Hauptst?dte in europ?ischen Nationalstaaten / Hrsg. T. Schieder, G. Brunn. Nationalst?dten, Munich: Oldembourg, 1983.].      ,  ,    ,   (--)         .   caput regni     XIV.[65 - Le Goff J. Le phnom?ne urbaine dans le corps politique francais // Histoire de la France urbaine / ed. G. Duby. Vol. 2. Paris: Seuil, 1980. P. 322.]       .         XIV      .   22         [66 -        .: Solnon J.-F. Historie de Versailles. Paris: Perrin, 2003; Versailles / ed. J. Cornette. Paris: Pluriel, 2012.].    ,        .

        XII.        ,              C [67 - Riddle M. Winchester: The Rise of an Early Capital // The Cambridge Cultural History of Britain / ed. by B. Ford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P. 265, 434.].       , ..    ,     .  -    - ,            .

      XVII. (   ),     ,     ,       1683.[68 - Barea L. Vienna: Legend and Reality. L.: Pimlico, 1993. P. 39.]    ,   I      -   XVIII.,          1709.        :  ,    ,            ,   (-     ).

       1440- ,      ,   .  XVIII.,  -    ,        ,       II ().        ;         [69 - Brunn G. Die deutsche Einigungsbewegung und der Aufstieg Berlins zur deutschen Hauptstadt // Hauptst?dte in europ?ischen Nationalstaaten.].

       1560.,           ,          ,            .    1630-      , -,         (   ).     ,               ,  [70 - Juli S. Madrid  Capital del Estado (18331993) // Juli S. et al. Madrid: historia de una capital. Madrid: Fundacin Caja de Madrid, 1995. Ch. 2.].

,  ,           1848.,         ( ).      1873.,         (),     ,     ,     ,   ,      . ,         ,       1830.




 


   ,     ,          .        .  ,               ,   pi?ce de rsistance,    [71 - Rokkan S. Cities, States, and Nations: A Dimensional Model for the Study of Contrasts in Development // Building States and Nations / ed. by S.N. Eisenstadt, S. Rokkan. Vol. I. L.: Sage publications, 1973.].       ,    ,  ,     .          ,            :     , , , , , ,   .

       ,   ,   ,             . ,      ,         .

    ,    ,      .       ,         ,              ()        , , , , .               ,       ,  ,   (grosse/grote markt);   ,    ,     .

   ,       ,             (),    XVII.           ,  .       ,       .               .

,     ,           .        1830.,     ,     grande place /grote markt,       XV.     ,       ,      ,        .  ,  ,       .

  1713.,        ,    -.  ,       .           ,        .    ,    ,        3060 ,          .




 


  ,   ,      ,    .     , ,   ,        -,     .       ,      ,            .        ,     XIV  ,             .

           ,         ,    ,  ,  ,         .  (    )      ,     .        XVII.     , sine qua non     .  ,     ,       ,   ,     ,       ,          .           -   ,   .        [72 - Anderson P. Lineages of the Absolutist State. N.Y.: Routledge, 1974;  .   . .:  , 2010.]. ,          ,   ,  ,  -.

    ,        ,    , , ,   ,      ,                .       ,   ,   ,   -,      ,     .

           ,     .     , , , .  ,      ,   ,     ,          .                XVII.       IV  -  1614.;     XIV       [73 - Gardes G. Le monument public fran?ais. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994. P. 14, 24 ff, 90 ff.].     II   - ( -)      .   II ,   ,  [74 - Pevsner N. Op. cit. P. 73.].                     XVIII.      (17081765),    1781.,     1797.;       (  )[75 - Settele M. Denkmal. Wiener Stadtgeschichten. Vienna, 1995. S. 6869.].

    ,            ;     .     IV         ,     (  ),  ,         ,    XIII.  XIV,         ,       .           XIV     ,         (  ,      )  -        -.           XIV      . ,      ,      XVIII.    XV   [76 - Cleary R. The Place Royale and Urban Design in the Ancien Rgime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.].

-      ,         , ,    .     ,    . , ,           .            .  ,  ,     ,      .             - .

      ,    XIX   XX.     .     ,    .      ,      1812.    ,    ,     ,         .




   ( )


          - ,  ,     ,    , ..    ,        .       ,     ,       .    ,          .        ,               .             ,          1970- .



 3.    : 25   






           .     ,     ( ),                       .   ,      ,       ,     .      XIX ,     1848. (      )    ,      .    , , , , , , ,    (     ) .                    ,  ,     ,     ,     .

      19191920.,                         ,    - .         . ,  1990-    ,         , ,     ,        ,         ,      .      2010-    ,        ,         .         ,    .

       ,      ,    ,     ,  Regenten ()  regimentsf?higen Familien (,   ).        .

          .            .    -  .           ,     .

   ,  ,         ( ).        ,   ,      ,           .       .   ,       ,   ,   ,      [77 -        (Therborn G. The World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 54 ff;  . .   . .: .  , 2015).].    ,          ,       .          ,          ,       .  , ,      ,     ,          .      ;        ,    ( ).  , ,   ,   ,   ,   [78 - Wang Hui. China from Empire to Nation-State / transl. M. Gibbs Hill. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. Ch. 2.].

   ?          ,       .         ,            .       . ,  1789.        ,         . ,  1880.,        ,        [79 - Amalvi C. Le 14-e Juillet // Les lieux de mmoire. Vol. I. La Rpublique / ed. P. Nora. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. P. 424.].       ,    ,   20  1789.,           .      14  1789. ( ) , ,  ,       .

            ancien rgime.      XVII.   ,       ,     ,   ,   ;          ,   1780-     ,    [80 - Hillairet J. Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris. Paris: Edit par les editions de Minuit, 1963. P. 38.].

                 .     ,          .                ,     (Salle des Menus Plaisirs),          (Jeu de Paume)  ,       .        1789.,                      ,  .     ,     (Salle de Man?ge)     .

     ,  , ,   [81 -     damnatio memoriae      (  )          (.: Varner E. From Caligula to Constantine: Tyranny and Transformation in Roman Portraiture. Atlanta: Michael C. Carlos Museum, 2000).],            .     ancien rgime      18151830.,        ,       ,       -  .   XV   ,      XVI.  1795.        ,        .      ,       .      XIII,         (  )    ,     ,       1799. , ,     ,   .         ,   XIV    ,      .          (),   .  .         ,   ,    1830-       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/yoran-terborn/goroda-vlasti-gorod-naciya-narod-globalnost/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Ger? A. Modern Hungarian Society in the Making. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1995. Ch. 11.     ,     ,        .




2


Therborn G. Monumental Europe: The National Years: On the Iconography of European Capital Cities // Housing, Theory and Society. 2002. Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 2647.




3


   ,    , :   ,            (Markku Kivinen)    (Anne Haila)     Eastern Drama: Capitals of Eastern Europe 1830s2006,      International Review of Sociology (2006. Vol. 6. No. 2);             ,    ,          ,   ,              ( : . .  /  . .. . : .  , 2009);       (Fernando Prez Oyarz?n)      (),   -   2007.,     ,       ;     -     2008.,    ..  (K.C. Ho)     ,  ,       City (2009. Vol. 13. No. 1).    (Laurent Fourchard)       (Simon Bekker)            ,            2010.   .             CODESRIA: Power and Powerlessness: Capital Cities in Africa /ed. by S. Bekker, G. Therborn. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2012. ,      .     (In Kwon Park)   International Journal of Urban Sciences            ,     2015. (Vol. 19. No. 1).  Routledge     2016.  : Cities and Power / ed. by G. Therborn.

     ,     ,     : Therborn G. Transcaucasian Triptych // New Left Review. 2007. 73 ( ,   ); Identity and Capital Cities: European Nations and the European Union // The Search for a European Identity / ed. by F. Cerutti, S. Lucarelli. L.: Routledge, 2008 (       ); Modern Monumentality: European Experiences // Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology / ed. by J. Osborne. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2014.




4


 . .   . .: .  , 2015.




5


Le Gal?s P., Therborn G. Cities // Handbook of European Societies: Social Transformations in the 21st Century / ed. by S. Immerfall, G. Therborn. N.Y.: Springer, 2010. P. 5989.




6


Mumford L. The Culture of Cities. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace, 1938. P. 3.




7


Mumford L. The City in History. N.Y.: Harvest, 1961/1989. P. 571.




8


Cohen G., Szabo F. Embodiments of Power. N.Y.: Berghahn Books, 2008.




9


Benevolo L. Die Geschichte der Stadt. Frankfurt: Verlag Zweitausendeins, 1983 ( : Storia della citt. Rome: Laterza, 1975). Ch. 13.




10


Hall P. Cities in Civilization. L.: Pantheon, l998.




11


Tilly Ch. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 9901992. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 (1975);  . ,    . 9901992. .:  , 2009.




12


Ibid. P. 190, 185.




13


Hall P. Six Types of Capital City // Taylor J., Lengell J., Andrew C. Capital Cities/Les Capitales. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1993; Hall P. Seven Types of Capital City // Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities / ed. by D. Gordon. L.: Routledge, 2006.               .




14


 .   . .: -Cad, 1994. . 28.




15


Sassen S. The Global City. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991; Taylor P.J. World City Networks. L.: Routledge, 2004.




16


 ,       ,             :      : Therborn G. End of a paradigm: The current crisis and the idea of stateless cities // Environment and Planning. 2011. Vol. 43. P. 272285.      ,         -,     .




17


       , , , , ,   . .: New York Times. 2016. 16 May. P. 1, 4. ,      ,      ,  ,       .




18


Vale L. Architecture, Power and National Identity. 2nd ed. N.Y.: Routledge, 2008.




19


Sonne W. Representing the State. N.Y.: Prestel, 2003.




20


 . :  ,    . .:   , 2013.




21


Sudjic D. The Edifice Complex. N.Y.: Penguin, 2006.




22


Moore R. Why We Build. N.Y.: Harper Design, 2014.




23


Hatherley O. Landscapes of Communism. N.Y.: New Press, 2016.




24


Flagge I., Stock W.J. Architektur und Demokratie. Stuttgart: Hatje, 1992; Sudjic D. Architecture and Democracy. N.Y.: Te Neues, 2001.




25


     , , , ,   ,    ,        -, 200  - --, ,     .        ,    ,  :  .    ? ,   .  , -    ,   ,  ? . (  13  2016.)   ,       ,      Google.




26


Lefebvre H. The Production of Space. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991 [1974];  .  . .: Strelka-Press, 2015.




27


    ,   ,   3     (Lynch K. The Image of the City. Boston: MIT Press, 1960;  .  . .: , 1982)        (Kostof S. City Shaped. N.Y.: Bulfinch Press, 1991),    3  4  ,         .




28


. : Kostof S. Op. cit. P. 209.




29


Davis M. Planet of Slums. N.Y.: Verso, 2006. P. 95.




30


         ,   ,         .                 :  1789.,           ,     1917.,   ,  ,  ,     .




31


Capital Cities in Africa: Power and Powerlessness / ed. by S. Bekker, G. Therborn. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council, 2012.




32


Thiis-Evensen T. Arkitekturens maktgrammatik // Maktens korridorer / ed. C. Kullberg Christophersen. Oslo: Norsk Form, 1998.




33


     ,      , .: Goodsell Ch. The Social Meaning of Civic Space. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988.




34


Therborn G. Modern Monumentality: European Experiences // Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology / ed. by J. Osborne. Albany: SUNY Press, 2014. P. 337 f.




35


Sert J.L., Lger F., Giedion S. Nine Points on Monumentality // Architecture Culture 19431968 / ed. by J. Ockman. N.Y.: Rizzoli, 1993. . 2930.  Architectural Review (1948. Vol. 104. P. 117128)           ,  , -   ,   -        :      ,   .




36


El Pa?s. 2014. 23 November. 18.




37


., : Marton K. Hungarys Authoritarian Descent // New York Times. 2014. 4November. 6.




38


 2016.           .




39


Weinreb B., Hibbert Ch. (eds). The London Encyclopedia. L.: Papermac, 1993. P. 444 ff, 864, 986 f.




40


Hillairet J. Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1963. P. 38.




41


Yue Dong M. Republican Beijing. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. P. 71 ff.




42


    .: Kallis A. The Third Rome, 19221943. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. P. 5758, 64 ff.




43


Greenfield L. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992;  . .    . .:  , 2008,      .




44


. : Dillon P. The Last Revolution: 1688 and the Creation of the Modern World. L.: Pimlico, 2006. P. 212, 217.




45


            ,      :  ,  ,     .




46


Giddens A. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990. P. 1;  .  . .: , 2011. C. 111.




47


Therborn G. The Right to Vote and the Four Routes to/through Modernity // State Theory and State History / ed. by R. Torstendahl. L.: SAGE, 1992. P. 6292.




48


      .




49


Weber E. Peasants into Frenchmen. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976.




50


Chanda N. Bound Together. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. P. 165.




51


Zea L. El pensamiento latinoameriocano. Mexico City: Pormaca, 1965. Vol. 1. P. 65 ff, 103 ff; .: Annino A., Guerra F.-X. Inventando la nacin. Iberoamrica. Siglo XIX. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econmica, 2003.




52


Simpson A., Oy?td B.A. Nigeria: Ethno-Linguistic Competition in the Giant of Africa // Language and National Identity in Africa / ed. by A. Simpson. Oxford: OUP, 2008. P. 172.




53


Mitchell L. The Color Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Ch. 7.         ,   ,      lingua franca,     .       (Bahasa Indonesia) (.: Anderson B. Language and Power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. Part II),    ,    ,    ,   ,                   (.: Githiora Ch. Kenya: Language and the Search for a Coherent National Identity // Language and National Identity in Africa / ed. by A. Simpson. Oxford: OUP, 2008; Topan F. Tanzania: The Development of Swahili as a National and Official Language // Ibid.).




54


Rahman T. Language and Politics in Pakistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Ch. 6.




55


Poe D.Z. Kwame Nkrumahs Contribution to Pan-Africanism: An Afro-Centric Analysis. L.: Routledge, 2003. P. 94.




56


   ,              .




57


    .




58


     ,    80    .     ,         .




59


           XVIII., ,  ,         1556. (Pevsner N. London I: The City of London. Pevsner Architectural Guides. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. P. 383 ff).




60


  ,            (Ibid. P. 122 ff, 360 ff).




61


        1666.     ,    .  1681.             ,    .    1831. (The London Encyclopaedia / ed. by B. Weinreb, C. Hibbert. L.: Macmillan, 2008. P. 541).




62


Whitney M. Wren. L.: Thames & Hudson, 1971. P. 45.




63


Girouard M. Cities and People. New Haven; L.: Yale University Press, 1985. P. 120 ff.




64


Sgvari A. Studien der europ?ischen Hauptstadtentwicklung und die Rolle der Hauptst?dte als Nationalrepr?sentanten // Hauptst?dte in europ?ischen Nationalstaaten / Hrsg. T. Schieder, G. Brunn. Nationalst?dten, Munich: Oldembourg, 1983.




65


Le Goff J. Le phnom?ne urbaine dans le corps politique francais // Histoire de la France urbaine / ed. G. Duby. Vol. 2. Paris: Seuil, 1980. P. 322.




66


       .: Solnon J.-F. Historie de Versailles. Paris: Perrin, 2003; Versailles / ed. J. Cornette. Paris: Pluriel, 2012.




67


Riddle M. Winchester: The Rise of an Early Capital // The Cambridge Cultural History of Britain / ed. by B. Ford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P. 265, 434.




68


Barea L. Vienna: Legend and Reality. L.: Pimlico, 1993. P. 39.




69


Brunn G. Die deutsche Einigungsbewegung und der Aufstieg Berlins zur deutschen Hauptstadt // Hauptst?dte in europ?ischen Nationalstaaten.




70


Juli S. Madrid  Capital del Estado (18331993) // Juli S. et al. Madrid: historia de una capital. Madrid: Fundacin Caja de Madrid, 1995. Ch. 2.




71


Rokkan S. Cities, States, and Nations: A Dimensional Model for the Study of Contrasts in Development // Building States and Nations / ed. by S.N. Eisenstadt, S. Rokkan. Vol. I. L.: Sage publications, 1973.




72


Anderson P. Lineages of the Absolutist State. N.Y.: Routledge, 1974;  .   . .:  , 2010.




73


Gardes G. Le monument public fran?ais. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994. P. 14, 24 ff, 90 ff.




74


Pevsner N. Op. cit. P. 73.




75


Settele M. Denkmal. Wiener Stadtgeschichten. Vienna, 1995. S. 6869.




76


Cleary R. The Place Royale and Urban Design in the Ancien Rgime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.




77


       (Therborn G. The World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 54 ff;  . .   . .: .  , 2015).




78


Wang Hui. China from Empire to Nation-State / transl. M. Gibbs Hill. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. Ch. 2.




79


Amalvi C. Le 14-e Juillet // Les lieux de mmoire. Vol. I. La Rpublique / ed. P. Nora. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. P. 424.




80


Hillairet J. Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris. Paris: Edit par les editions de Minuit, 1963. P. 38.




81


    damnatio memoriae      (  )          (.: Varner E. From Caligula to Constantine: Tyranny and Transformation in Roman Portraiture. Atlanta: Michael C. Carlos Museum, 2000).


