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Studia religiosa
  ,      XX ,            .            ,     .      ?              ,          .        ,                 .      ,           .              ,       ,     . Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity, by Talal Asad Published in English by Stanford University Press. Copyright  2003 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University.   .        Stanford University Press, www.sup.org.





 

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       .   4    What Do Human Rights Do? (   ?)  Theory and Event (vol.4, no. 4, December 2000). 2      :  (Agency and Pain: An Exploration),   Culture and Religion (vol. 1, no. 1, May 2000).  3      On Torture, or Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment (Π,  ,   ),   Social Research (vol.63, no. 4, Winter 1996). 5     Muslims and European Identity: Can Europe Represent Islam? (  :     ?)  Cultural Encounters      . 6    Nation and Religion        .      ,  1           ,          2000, 7               2000.

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      - .              ,    .  ,          , , ,   .     ,       ,  蠫    .         . ,             ,    ,              .      , ,              ,     ,     - ,   [1 -  modernity       .   ,       ,   .   .        .              . . .].           ,    [2 - TaylorC. Modes of Secularism// Secularism and Its Critics/ Ed. by R.Bhargava. Delhi, 1998.].

    ,          ,    ,     . -,           , -          .        ,       ,        ,   ,       ,  ,  ,   ,     .   ,           ,    ,             ,      .     , ,   ,      .

     ,       ,           . , -,  ,     , -,   ,  .     :     (      ),    (       ),    (   ).     ,     ,     ,  () ,        ,, .                 ,     .         ,      ,  . ,   ,   .  ,       :  ( ),   (? )      .         .    ,    [3 - TaylorC. Modes of Secularism// Secularism and Its Critics/ Ed. by R.Bhargava. Delhi, 1998. P.43.].

   ?    .              ,  ?     (          ), ,    ,    ,   ,     .  , ,            ,      . ߠ ,          ()   (),   ,    蠫,  蠫    .    ꠫,   ,     ,           . ,         ,        .   -   .   ,   ?   .   ,   ,         ,   ,     ,   ,      .   ,          ,  ,     .

            ,           ,       - ,       .            ,   . ,        ,     ,    ,      (,    AIPAC    ).         ,                   .      ,         ,        .  ,        [4 - .  : ManinB. The Metamorphoses of Representative Government// Economy and Society. May 1994. Vol.23. 2.]. ,         , .        :  , -,   -.          ,    .          ,       ,    .

        .   ,         [5 -  ,        ,    ,           (TaylorC. Modes of Secularism// Secularism and Its Critics/ Ed. by R.Bhargava. Delhi, 1998. P.44).],         ,    .       ,        ,   ,  ,   [6 - .: de VriesH. In Media Res: Global Religion, Public Spheres, and the Task of Contemporary Comparative Religious Studies// Religion and Media/ Ed. by H. de Vries, S.Weber. Stanford, 2001.].   ,         ,       ,   ,  ,     .       .            .  ,      ( )       ,   ,  . ,  ,   ,  ,       ,   .

 ,        :        .    ?      ,     .       , ,       .      .          ,  ,             .

 , ,       ,   .  ,   ,    ,     .          .        . ,    ,   ,     ,     ,      ,      .       ,  . ,         , ,        ,  .            -.                 .

       ?  ,           ( )  ,    ,  . ,         ,        .  ,     ,      ,           . , ,      ,     ,       ?  ,    . ,      ,       ,     . ,  ,               (   ,    ,  ,    ).      ,         ,        (,, ).           ,        [7 -  , ,    .      ( ),  ,      ,      ,   , . . : al-SayyidA.L. Egypt and Cromer. London, 1968. P.66.].  ,  ,      ,     ?    ,      ,    ,     ,    .

 ,         ,         蠫  (     ),    .       ,  ,  ,     - ,        ?           ,     (    -), ,          ,         ,     ,     ,, - ,    .

       ,       11 2001,            .        ,   ,    .         ,         ,  . Ѡ   ,       ,  ,   ,   [8 - WorthR.F. A Nation Defines Itself by Its Evil Enemies: Truth, Right and the American Way// New York Times. 2002. February 14.].  ,              .        (  ,      ,   )  XVIII,       .        ?  XX           .       ,      ,           . ߠ, ,              ,      (  )  . ,  ,          11 2001  ,   .     :  ,           ,            . (Π    ,          .)            ,     ,   .

    ,         , ,      .     (   : ,  )       1947.     ,            , ,     ,     .        [9 - .: ChatterjeeP. History and the Nationalization of Hinduism// Social Research. Vol.59. 1992. 1.].     ,          .     ,      .


II

         ,        .       ,   ,    ,    .          .         ?

 ,    ,      [10 - The Bible Designed to Be Read as Literature/ Ed. by E.S.Bates. London,  .],                 ,      .   :      ,    . ,   ,    ,        .        :  ,    , , ,  ,  , ,  ,    ,    .         ,        ( vii).  , ,      . ,    ,     :  ,         .

       ( ,     ),   ,          .      ,           (  ,           ),         .      ,  .      ,     ,   ,  ,   ,      ?      ,          ?       ,     ,  , , ,    ,   ?   -            .   ,  -    ,      ,         ( ,      ,     - ,   ),    .

          ,        ᠫ  ,   11 2001.      [11 -   ,        ,          ,         ,    ;  (  )  .         (The Bible Designed to Be Read as Literature/ Ed. by E.S.Bates. London,  . P.viii).], (  )         (, ,  ).   ,   蠫     ,        ,          . ,   ,  ,          .     ,      -,   30  40      1982,    ,       ,           .  ,      ,  ,     ,   ,         [12 - , ,           ,       ,          .].   (  )             ,    .       ,        ,       ,  ,     .      ,     ,            .    ,  ,        ,    ,         ,  , ,     .

             : )         )         .              :  ,    ,    , ,        (     )    ,     . Ѡ , ,                .      ,        .      ,       (      ,   )  (, , , , ,      ).   ,  ,     ,        .

,  ,     ⠫ , ,                    ,    .      ,          ,     ,          .    ,         .    ,   ,   ,       ,    ?           .  ,          , , , ,  ,     .?       ,     ,     .  ,   ()  ,    ,     , ,  ,  , ,    [13 -      1958: AnscombeG.E.M. Intention. Oxford, 1958; PetersR.S. The Concept of Motivation. London, 1958.   (MorrisH. On Guilt and Innocence. Berkeley, 1976)        .].       , , , ,         ,      ,    .

       ,    ,       ,  ,    ,        .        ,      ,                     .        -     .             ,      -,  ,      ,   .    ,   ,       :     ?.     , ,   ,    ,,    .   ,   ,       (    ),      ,     .  ,         ,         ,    ,        .


III

    ,   (    )    [14 - ., : YacksB. The Fetishism of Modernities: Epochal Self Consciousness in Contemporary Social and Political Thought. Notre Dame, 1997.].  ,      ,   , ,  ..    . Ѡ  ,      (         ),  ,     ,     .             .   ,   ,   ,   .    ꠫    (  -)  .       ,   ,      ,           ,            . ,    ,    . (      :      ,      .)[15 -      ,    , -             ,      .      ,   ,        ,        (Europe and Europeans, 1936).]  , ,   ,  ,    ( )   , ,  ,       ,            .

 ,      ,             .     , ,   ,       .     (   ) : ,  , ,  ,  , , ,    .      (,  , , , ),       ,  ,   .  ,           ,   ,          .  ,  ,    XIX       [16 -                  (1983),          ,    ,       ,  ,      蠫. .: GedinP. Literature in the Marketplace. London, 1982. (   1975.)]          ,    (pre-modern)        .

       ,     , , .  ,    ,  ,    ,       ,    .      ,            ,    ?  ,        .      ,   , ,  --.      , , ,      ,    - .          ,    ,   -   ,     .  ,    蠫      ,        .

    ,     ?            ,        ,        ,     .    ,     [17 - HolmesS. The End of Idiocy on a Planetary Scale// London Review of Books. 1998. Vol.20. 21. October 29. P.13.].             .        , , ,  ,            .          ,    (   ,   ,  ),      ,   .  ,   ,               .   ,         ,     ,      [18 - .: HalimiS. Liberal Dogma Shipwrecked// Le Monde diplomatique. Supplement to The Guardian Weekly. October 1998.].                  ,  ,     ,                ?   . (,             ,   .   ,       11 2001,    ,     ,     ,    ,                       ,    .        .           .)

,      ,   ,      ,  ⠫ (    ,     .         ?    ,   ,       ,   -?       - ,        ,   , ,   ,  ,  ,     ?      ,  ,       ,         .   ,       ,  ,    :          ,       .


IV

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Ѡ  ,  ,  ,    ,    , ,        .    , ,                  ( ,  ),     .       ,      ( : MaussM. The Gift. London, 1990. P.x).        .         ,   .       () ,     .        (  -),   ,   , ,     . ,  ,   .

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 1

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,       .          ,    .        ,      ,     ?       ,  ,              ,        ,     ,  ?[19 -         - -  -: -a 


 - (  ). , 2000. [       . . .]. ߠ         7.] , ,     ,          .

    ,        ,        XIX.         ,      [20 - BuckserA. comp. Course Syllabi in the Anthropology of Religion. Anthropology of Religion Section. American Anthropological Association. December, 1998.],      , , ,  ,   ,  .    ,  ,    ,   . ,     ,    . ʠ       [21 - ., : MorrisB. Anthropological Studies of Religion. Cambridge, 1987, RappaportR. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge, 1999.    ,      , , ,      .    (SalerB. Conceptualizing Religion. Leiden, 1993)            ,  ,    .          Social Anthropology (Vol. 9. 2001. 3).].    ,     ,       ,      .  ,    ,     .   ,      ,     ,     ,   , .

     ,      . ,        ,     . ,   ,    -        ꠫  , , ,  ,      ,      ,   ,      ,  . Ѡ  ,        ,   ,   ,     --      ,   Ó           ,              [22 - TaussigM. The Nervous System. New York, 1992. P.116.     .].    -  ,  ,      .      ,          .       .

,      ,     ,     .  ,      ,   XIX,       ,  ,  , , , ,   .          ,      ,     .            ,      .

     ,       .     [23 - ., : StrenskiI. Four Theories of Myth in Twentieth-Century History. Iowa City, 1987; SegalR. Theorizing About Myth. Amherst, 1999; LincolnB. Theorizing Myth. Chicago, 2000.].         XVIII, XIX XX,      .  ,     ,    :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,   ,    .      ,  ,     .

  蠫 [24 -      secularist,       . ..]        XIX,    ⠫ 蠫,            [25 -        1851. ,              ..  ,  ., . ..       ,     ,  ,         ,         ,     ,      ,       . (WaterhouseE.S. Secularism// Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics/ Ed. James Hastings. Vol.II. P.348).].      ,       , ,             [26 - ChadwickO. The Secularization of the European Mind in the 19th Century. Cambridge, 1975.].    ,                .            [27 -         .           XIX    ,        ,        (StephenJ.F. A History of the Criminal Law of England. London, 1883. Vol.2. Ch.25. Offences Against Religion).].          ,         ,        .       (   )    XIX.     ,  , ,   .,   ,          .       ,      ,        ,    ,   ,    ,    .  XIX                  ,    .  ,          XIX,    ,   .      .

          .      ,      ,      . ߠ,       ,     (      ),      (   , ,   ).  ,    ,     ,  ,   .  ,       ,       .   ,  ,      , ,      [28 -   , ,    .  .       ,  90 :.  . .,2018.].    , ,     ,     ,    (). Ѡ  ,            ,      .

       ,                 . ߠ  , ,    ,  ,       .

        . ߠ ,     ,   蠫      .   ,  ,     ,   ,          . , ,      ,     ,      . ߠ ,        ,     ,     .  ,         .     ,   ,      軠       ,  ,       . ߠ    ,             (  ,         ), ,   ,     ,     .

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    ?????   :  蠫. ?????    ,  ?????  . ?????     -,  ,   ,    [29 - MartinR. The Language of Heroes. Ithaca, 1989. P.12; . : LincolnB. Theorizing Myth. Chicago, 2000.].      ,   , ,     ,  .     , ,   ,    ,   ,     , ,      ?????[30 -      ,      ?????  ?????,   ?????.   ,        ,    ,        ,    ????? (DetienneM. Rethinking Mythology// Between Belief and Transgression/ Ed. by M.Izard and P.Smith. Chicago, 1982. P.49).].

      ,   ????? (        ),   ,      (   ).           ,   ,                            [31 - BremmerJ. Greek Religion. Oxford University Press, 1994. P.5.].       ,          .     [32 - Π     .: CollingwoodR.G. The Idea of Nature. Oxford, 1945.       ,       .].   ,    ,     ,      .         , ,    .     , ,  컠 ,       ,     [33 - .: FunkensteinA. Theology and the Scientific Imagination: From the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century. Princeton, 1986.              ,   ,  XVII. . ,   2  ,     ,          .].         .

????? ,   ,      ,   ,   ,           .     ,     :   ,   ,      .  ,     :      [34 - LincolnB. Theorizing Myth. Chicago, 2000. .42.].

     ,  ,      .       ,         .  :      ,   ,        ,      ,     .   ,   ,      ,    .    ,       ,      ,       [35 - . : StarobinskiJ. Blessings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil. Cambridge, 1993. P.186.].    ,    ,      ,        [36 -    ⠫  (Histoire des oracles (1686))        ,     (The History of Oracles, and the Cheats of Pagan Priests. London, 1688).].

           (belief) 蠫 .                  :    ,  ,       . , , ,                 , ,  .          .        ,     ,  .           ,      ,      .         ,      .         ,        ,          . ,     ,        ,        .     XVII XVIII   ,        [37 - StarobinskiJ. Blessings in Disguise. P.182.].

  ,      , ,   ,    - ,    ,      .     / .   ,    .    ,    ,     : ,         ,  .

   ,                 ,  ,     [38 -   .].  ,         . Ѡ  ,    -  .

 ,        ,    ,    .      :      ,  ,     .     ,  ,  ,  , , ,        [39 - DetienneM. Rethinking Mythology// Between Belief and Transgression/ Ed. by M.Izard and P.Smith. Chicago, 1982. P.4647.  .].        ,       ,     .     , , ,           .    ,     /,    .



  蠫

       sacer     ,           [40 - FowlerW.W. The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer?// Roman Essays and Interpretations. Oxford, 1920. P.15.].      :  homo sacer   ,    (sacer esto)        .   ,        ,  homo sacer     .    (   -)   ,     ,     , ,          [41 -   sacer esto   sacer  , ,  ,       ,        ;   , , -,          (FowlerW.W. The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer?// Roman Essays and Interpretations. Oxford, 1920. P.21).         .      ,       sacer esto       ,          Homo sacer.     (. Homo sacer.    . .,2011).]. ,      ,    ,          ,       .         ,   ,          [42 - , , ,      ,         (.: SteinerF. Taboo. London, 1956).].

    ,         ,  ,       .  ,      ,    ,    ?[43 -  That sacred Fruit, sacred to abstinence     ..      .. . .],      (sacred to the memory of Samuel Butler),     (your sacred majesty),     (sacred concert)   ,             . ,     ,      ,      .   XIX         ,     ,    ,       ,  [44 -    .:    ,   ,     :      ,     ,   ,   ,     ,       蠄.     ,       ,  ,    ,   ,     . , ,        ,    ,  ,   ,  ,     .          ,     ; , , , ,  ,   ,     .      .    ,       - .  ,  ,        ;   ,      (.    :   . .:  ,2018. .8081).     . ,      ,        (. ,     : PadenW. Before The Secular Became Theological: Rereading The Durkheimian Legacy// Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. 1991. Vol.3. 1).    ,      .           ,       . ,    ,          (.: McDannellC. Material Christianity. New Haven, 1995. Ch.1).].      蠫   ,     .       ⠫ (divine)  (satanic) (   )   (spiritual)  (temporal) (   ),     .

, ,  sacr          [45 - DesplandM. The Sacred: The French Evidence// Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. 1991. Vol.3. 1. P.43.].           (),  ( )   ( ),      ,    ,  ,      . Saintet    ,             ,         ,     ,       .  sacr          . ,     (1789)  ,   (sacrs)  .     sacr 17.     (Lamour sacr de la patrie)    XIX[46 - .: Ibid.]. ,  ,     , ,    , ,     ,     ,      .     ,       ,         [47 - .         : RosanvallonP. Le sacr du citoyen. Paris, 1992.].

     ,   ,     ,       ,      [48 - IsambertF. Le sens du sacr. F?te et religion populaire. Paris, 1982.].     ,       , , ,     ,   ,        [49 -  ,   ?     ,    ,  : ,  ,                .             (Op. cit. P.221).]. ,      ,         .     ,   , ,             ,   .  ,     ,  [50 -         (Op. cit. P.256).],    .

             .        .[51 -   ,      ,  (savage religion is something not so much thought out as danced out). .: MarettR.R. The Threshold of Religion. Oxford, 1914. P.xxxi.       .     (. .2  .49).],   ,      ,     .          :        ,         .   :   ,            [52 - MarettR.R. Sacraments of Simple Folk. Oxford, 1933. P.4.].

     ,     (,  ..)  , ,   ,    ,     .           .  XII  -,   ,   ,     :      ,   ,     ,    ,      -  ,   .      :        [, , , ],    ,   ,          . ,             ,     ,   ,   ,            .      ,        . (           .)  ,  ,           , ,  ,    .     ,  ,        ,   , , ,  [53 -     -    : AsadT. Genealogies of Religion. Baltimore, 1993. .153158.].       ,        (  );    ,      ,     ( ).  ,    ,     :           ,      ,         [54 - Hugh of St. Victor. On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith/ Ed. by R.J.Defarrari. Cambridge, 1951. P.156.].          ,       [55 -   ,        ,   ,      .           ( ). . : deCerteauM. The Mystic Fable. Chicago, 1992.  . 3.].       ,      .

       ?   ,           ,         蠫   .    ,  ,       ,   XIX    ,       ,  ,      ,     蠫[56 - PietzW. The Problem of the Fetish, I// Res. No. 9, 1985; SteinerF. Taboo. London, 1956.].   XVI XVII    蠫 [57 - HodgenM.T. Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Philadelphia, 1964.] (  ),     XVIIXVIII     ( )[58 - .: BelmontN. Superstition and Popular Religion in Western Societies// Between Belief and Transgression/ Ed. by M.Izard and P.Smith. Chicago, 1982.],      ,       .        ,       ,    ,    蠫        .

,  , ,         .  ,           ,   ,       .      ( ),      .         .  ,       ,        .             .    ,     ,              (  ,   )   [59 -   : ,      ,  , ,       .    (Ainsi le domaine de la morale est comme entour dune barri?re mystrieuse qui en tient ? lcart les profanateurs, tout comme le domaine religieux est soustrait aux atteintes du profane. Cest un domaine sacr). . : IsambertF. Lesens du sacr. F?te et religion populaire. P.234.].   ,       ,         .

  ,    ,            ,   : ,   ,      ,      [60 - ComstockR. A Behavioral Approach to the Sacred: Category Formation in Religious Studies// The Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 1981. Vol.XLIX. 4. P.632.].   , ,  ,        : 1)       ,  2)      ,        ,   3)      .              ,       (, , ),   ( )   .   ,       ,       ,       ,  ,   ,    [61 - ,            . ,    


      (sacredness),   ,       ,    .    (the sacred)    (


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            . ,          XIX XX,   .      .

  ,                 [62 - ShafferE.S. Kubla Khan and The Fall of Jerusalem: The Mythological School in Biblical Criticism and Secular Literature, 17701880. Cambridge, 1975. P.10.].     ,       :     ,  ,   , , ,    (/)[63 -   XX ..   ,      :      - ,      ,        ,          ,    .      []   ,       ,        (..   // ... . III. , , . .,2004. .283284).].    ,      ,  ,  ,     .          ,       . ,     , , ,  ,  ,    ,  ,   .      ,      .   ,   ,      ,    .   ,   ,   ,      ( ,  ).

,  ,     ,       (spiritual) ,         .      .     ,  ,  ,             ,     .  ,                   .       ,  ,        [64 - MontagJ. Revelation: The False Legacy of Suarez// Radical Orthodoxy/ Ed. by J.Milbank, C.Pickstock, and G.Ward. New York, 1999. P.43.].   ,      ,   ,  ,   ,  ,       ,   inspiratio[65 - Ibid. P.46.].        ,       .

   ,    ,     ,       ,   .  ,         ,,  蠫 .    ,          ,       . Ӡ     -  ,  ,    .      (  / )    (  / )   ,   [66 - De CerteauM. The Mystic Fable; Volume One: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Chicago, 1992. P.123.]. ,   (faith) -  ,     .      ,     ( ),    .        ,   ,         ,   .

,      , ,  ,          (  ),        ,  ,        XVIII[67 -      ( ,  , )       .  -,   ,         -   ;    蠄 쓻. [ 軠    , ,   1706   XIV     ,    ,     . . .].         ,   .         ,    .   ,      ,  -      ,  1708,   ,              . ߠ,       ,     (belief)          ,  ?     .   ,        ,    ,   ,  ,           (SchmidtL.E. Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment. Cambridge, 2000. P.71).  ,                        ,    (     )     .].     . ߠ ,        ,           .      :              ? (, ,       , ,     ).     ,       ,       ,   ?  :               (spiritual)      ?

   ,                ,         .        ( ,  )   (spiritual).      [68 -   ,          ,   ,   :      ,       .                             ,    .     ,           ,     .        : ߠ      , ,       , ,        . ,  ,    ,      .           ,    ,    .         ,    (SmithW.R. Poetry of the Old Testament// Lectures and Essays. London, 1912. P.405.   ).   ,   ,     ,   -   -   .        ,         ,   , ,  ,          (SmithW.R. Poetry of the Old Testament. P.425).      ,     () (spiritual)    ()        (  ),            .],     ,          (epiphany)[69 -  epiphany       .      . . .].

            ,     ,        ,   .       ,    (belief) ,     ,   ,  ,                    [70 -    ,    ,   XVIII   ,          ,        ,          ,   , , ,     ,   , ,     ,  ,  -   (. : BietenholzP. Historia and Fabula: Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age. Leiden, 1994. P.315316).].

   ,  -        .    ,         ,           ʠ        ,     [71 - StroupJ. Protestant Church Historians in the German Enlightenment// Aufkl?rung und Geschichte/ Ed. by H.E.Bodeker et al. G?ttingen, 1986. S.172.].   ,        :  ,     ,       , ,      ,      .    : ,    ,         [72 - StarobinskiJ. Blessings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil. P.192.].

ߠ        ,     .     ,       ,     . ,   [73 -    .  :        ,       .          ,        :       .           : ,    .     ,       ,      .     ,    ,       (StroupJ. Protestant Church Historians in the German Enlightenment// Aufkl?rung und Geschichte/ Ed. by H.E.Bodeker et al. G?ttingen, 1986. S.170).        , ,   ,    ,      .]            ,      [74 -    , ,    ,    . ,             ,         (.: FranklinJ. Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History. New York, 1963. Ch.VII. Melchior Cano: The Foundations of Historical Belief). , ,   XVII XVIII,        .].          :      ,      ,          ,  -       [75 - ButterfieldH. Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship. Cambridge, 1955. P.1516.     .].  ,  ,      .             ,          .        (  )[76 -              (.: StroupJ. Protestant Church Historians in the German Enlightenment// Aufkl?rung und Geschichte/ Ed. by H.E.Bodeker et al. G?ttingen, 1986. P.191).],         , 蠫  (   ),        .           ,      ,        ,   蠫.      , ,       .   ,   ,   ,  ,    ,         .           ,        ,       .

     ,       ,           . ,  ,        ,     ,     ,    ,      .    ,        ,         .  ,  ,  -     , ,  ,   ,        .    ,     .          ,    ,  .     ,      ,      .

  ,         , -    ,     , .   ,    ,   (     ),       ,      [77 -       ⠫   . (.   . .,2017. .305306),  XVI XVII.        ,    ,     .       :        ,   ,    , ,       ,     . ,        ,  ,     .      ,  ,  ,      ,     .     ,  ,     ,  ,        (.   . .,2017. .324).        ,         ,   .          (  ,      , ,     ),    ,      . ,       ,  id () 蠫ego ()     ,      ego     .    ,      ,      .].          :          , ,         [78 - -        .].

   ,         ,   [79 - ShafferE.S. Kubla Khan and The Fall of Jerusalem: The Mythological School in Biblical Criticism and Secular Literature, 17701880. Cambridge, 1975. P.90.].    ,    ,         [80 - ColeridgeS.T. Biographia Literaria. 1817.].  ,     ,    ,    ,   ,     ,    ,   . ,       ,  ,   [81 - .: IsambertF. At the Frontier of Folklore and Sociology: Hubert, Hertz and Czarnowski, Founders of a Sociology of Religion// The Sociological Domain: The Durkheimians and the Founding of French Sociology/ Ed. by P.Besnard. Cambridge, 1983.].

    ,      ,         .    ,           ,      .         .     ,   ,       [82 -           (1835): Ƞ,     ,         ,     . ,      ,      ,      .   ,     (   ,   )    , ,       ,  ,  , ,           .     ,   .  ,             .    , ,   ,       ,      (. : NeilW. The Criticism and Theological Use of the Bible, 17001950// The Cambridge History of the Bible. Cambridge. Vol.3. P.276).].

        ,     ,       .



:  

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Ѡ            [83 -      ,    (.: TaussigM. Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man. Chicago, 1987).           (.: HumphreyC. Shamans and Elders: Experience, Knowledge, and Power Among the Daur Mongols Oxford, 1996).]   , ,   ,   ,        .                 ,    .      ,     ,    .         ,      ,        .     ,          [84 - FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 1992.].        ,     ,        ,,      .      ,    .        .

  XVIII  ,   ,   ,      [85 -               ,     ,    ,   XIX     (.: CatonD. The Secularization of Pain// Anesthesiology. 1985. Vol.62. 4).].           ,    .                (,       )[86 -     ,   ,          ,            ,    ;       ,    ( )   .   ,        :   ,    ,        (ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.107).].      ,       ,    [87 - .: WilleyB. The XVII Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period. London, 1940.].     ,  , ,      , ,      ,   .

 ,      ( ,      ),  ,        [88 - . ,   ,          ,              ,   (ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.90).  ,      컠  ,     .].      ,          ,   . .       :      ,  ,    ,    ;     ,      ,   [ ,      ].               [89 - ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.91.].       ,        .

            ( ),    :      (    )       .    ,     [90 - . :         ,   ,        ,         (ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.110).].  ,           ,  ,    ,     , ,    ,   .             (      蠫  )            [91 - ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.109.        (Roy Porter)       ,     ,       (LaqueurT. Even Immortality// London Review of Books. 1999. July 29).].        ,            .  ,     ,  ,          ,   :                   ,   : ,    ,  (,  ..)  .   ,     ,             .        : ,  , , , , , , ,  ...  ,      -,          ()[92 - Π      XVII .: DearP. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution. Chicago, 1995.].

     (   )   .  ,     ,    ,    ,     :       , ,   ,            ,    ,         ,  ,  ,      ,     .   -,     ,  ,   .     ,      ,    ,          ,      ,  .    ,       ,     , ,   ![93 - . : FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 1992. P.99.]       ,         ,   .

   ,    ,   [94 -            XIX  :  , ,  ,  , ,  ,   .      ,       ,         (ChadwickN. Poetry and Prophecy. Cambridge, 1952. P.53).].  XVIII       :   ,  .      ,          .   ,           ,        ,   .    ,     ,      ,  ,     ,     .         ,         ,       ,       :         , ,  . , , [95 - FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 1992. P.7475.]. ,    , ,    , ,   -,      ,       , ,   [96 - Ibid. Ch.6.].

      ,       .      ,      .     XVIII  ,          , ,        [97 - Ibid. P.150.].  ,      ,  ,     ,   蠫 ,   .  ,   ,    ,   ,      :     ,     ,     ,       .   ,       ,   ,      ,    ,     ,   ;     ,      ,   [98 - FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. P.159.].  ,       ,   ,      ,      .

       :      ,         ,     ,    - ,     ,        .  ,  ,  .     ,        ;  ,     ,   ,        - ;          ;     ,   ,          [99 - Ibid. P.151152.].  ,       ,       , .               .   ,          .

          ,    .  : ,    ,  ,     ,   .      ,       [100 - Ibid. P.153.].

        ,            . , , , ,   ,   . Ӡ      ,            - : ,      ,   ;         (        ); ,        (       ,        ),  [101 - .    // . :  6. .,1966. .6. .369370.].    , ,    ,   ,  .          ,   .



,   

    ,    ,     [102 -                    .   (,  ,   )    ,      .].            .                   ( )  ,            .      , ,       ,      .          [103 - Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 18501930. Oxford, 1991. P.276.],     .           ,      ,      .    ,       (  ),   .

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Ѡ  ,  ,                





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 // 


 . (.) -a - ? -p - 


. , 1995. .57).].      ,    ,         


.      ,  ,       ,   (sacredness).

    ,     


 ,    .   ,        


.      () ,  :    


      ,   ,      


      ,  ,    ,  .     ,   [112 -  (  ). -a 


. , 1983. 4? . .1. .89.]. , ,  ,     . ,   ,   ,      :     .

 ,    





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        ?  ,          .   ,       , , ,       ,  ,     . Ѡ            .        XIX               .                   ,  ,    -     XX.  ,       ,         ;    ,        .

 ,   -,              ,      .       .   ,  ,    ,    ,             .        .  ,    ,    ,      ,        ,         ,     . ,   ,   .

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         ,  ,   :       ,           ,     ,   ,            -.         :  ,       ,       ,       .

,    ,     .  XVIII             ,    .           ,    .        ,   ,   ,        ,     ,   .         ,    ,       .     (, ),     (      ),      (  ,                      ).

         ,     .      ,     . (       .)       ,     .    ,    , ,       ,            ,       .      ,   ,          .  ,      ,  ,       .         ,      ,           .   ,   ,    ,         .

Ƞ        ,    ( ,    )    (     ),      .



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  ,        ?    .      ,       ,  蠫:       [120 -  .: de ManP. Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. Minneapolis, 1983.]        [121 - .    . .,2002.].   ,       .

            .   ,           (  ),    .        ,     ,     ,    .  ,   ,   .          ,              .       ,    ,   ,        .   ,     , ,  ,    ,   蠫-    .    , ,  ,     , ,    ,         ,   .  ,     , .    ,      ,    ,    (     ),   .       XIX XX   ( )  ,      .   ,    ,   (  )     .

 ,    ,  Trauerspiel,     :      ,     (   ),        .          ,      ꠫,   .

 ,     ,        (    ),    .   ,    ,      ,      .      ,     ,  .  XVI XVII,   ,  ,        ,        .       . ,        .  ,   ,     ,    , , ,          .         ,        .    .        ,  , , ,      .      (    ),  ,       .

                  .       .        .     ,         ,  ,      [122 - .    . .,2002. .52.].  ,         ,        ,          ,    .            .

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 ,        ,       ,   .   ,          ,       .            ,   .   ,  ,       -,   . (   ,   ,     , ,   .) ,   ,  ,    .    ,       ,      .

        .  ,   ()  ,   :           ,             ,    .       ,  .     ().  ( ) ,    (), .     ,    .

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 2

 


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39


DetienneM. Rethinking Mythology// Between Belief and Transgression/ Ed. by M.Izard and P.Smith. Chicago, 1982. P.4647.  .




40


FowlerW.W. The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer?// Roman Essays and Interpretations. Oxford, 1920. P.15.




41


  sacer esto   sacer  , ,  ,       ,        ;   , , -,          (FowlerW.W. The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer?// Roman Essays and Interpretations. Oxford, 1920. P.21).         .      ,       sacer esto       ,          Homo sacer.     (. Homo sacer.    . .,2011).




42


, , ,      ,         (.: SteinerF. Taboo. London, 1956).




43


 That sacred Fruit, sacred to abstinence     ..      .. . .




44


   .:    ,   ,     :      ,     ,   ,   ,     ,       蠄.     ,       ,  ,    ,   ,     . , ,        ,    ,  ,   ,  ,     .          ,     ; , , , ,  ,   ,     .      .    ,       - .  ,  ,        ;   ,      (.    :   . .:  ,2018. .8081).     . ,      ,        (. ,     : PadenW. Before The Secular Became Theological: Rereading The Durkheimian Legacy// Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. 1991. Vol.3. 1).    ,      .           ,       . ,    ,          (.: McDannellC. Material Christianity. New Haven, 1995. Ch.1).




45


DesplandM. The Sacred: The French Evidence// Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. 1991. Vol.3. 1. P.43.




46


.: Ibid.




47


.         : RosanvallonP. Le sacr du citoyen. Paris, 1992.




48


IsambertF. Le sens du sacr. F?te et religion populaire. Paris, 1982.




49


 ,   ?     ,    ,  : ,  ,                .             (Op. cit. P.221).




50


        (Op. cit. P.256).




51


  ,      ,  (savage religion is something not so much thought out as danced out). .: MarettR.R. The Threshold of Religion. Oxford, 1914. P.xxxi.       .     (. .2  .49).




52


MarettR.R. Sacraments of Simple Folk. Oxford, 1933. P.4.




53


    -    : AsadT. Genealogies of Religion. Baltimore, 1993. .153158.




54


Hugh of St. Victor. On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith/ Ed. by R.J.Defarrari. Cambridge, 1951. P.156.




55


  ,        ,   ,      .           ( ). . : deCerteauM. The Mystic Fable. Chicago, 1992.  . 3.




56


PietzW. The Problem of the Fetish, I// Res. No. 9, 1985; SteinerF. Taboo. London, 1956.




57


HodgenM.T. Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Philadelphia, 1964.




58


.: BelmontN. Superstition and Popular Religion in Western Societies// Between Belief and Transgression/ Ed. by M.Izard and P.Smith. Chicago, 1982.




59


  : ,      ,  , ,       .    (Ainsi le domaine de la morale est comme entour dune barri?re mystrieuse qui en tient ? lcart les profanateurs, tout comme le domaine religieux est soustrait aux atteintes du profane. Cest un domaine sacr). . : IsambertF. Lesens du sacr. F?te et religion populaire. P.234.




60


ComstockR. A Behavioral Approach to the Sacred: Category Formation in Religious Studies// The Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 1981. Vol.XLIX. 4. P.632.




61


,            . ,    


      (sacredness),   ,       ,    .    (the sacred)    (


, 


, 


  -a ..),        . (.           .)




62


ShafferE.S. Kubla Khan and The Fall of Jerusalem: The Mythological School in Biblical Criticism and Secular Literature, 17701880. Cambridge, 1975. P.10.




63


  XX ..   ,      :      - ,      ,        ,          ,    .      []   ,       ,        (..   // ... . III. , , . .,2004. .283284).




64


MontagJ. Revelation: The False Legacy of Suarez// Radical Orthodoxy/ Ed. by J.Milbank, C.Pickstock, and G.Ward. New York, 1999. P.43.




65


Ibid. P.46.




66


De CerteauM. The Mystic Fable; Volume One: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Chicago, 1992. P.123.




67


     ( ,  , )       .  -,   ,         -   ;    蠄 쓻. [ 軠    , ,   1706   XIV     ,    ,     . . .].         ,   .         ,    .   ,      ,  -      ,  1708,   ,              . ߠ,       ,     (belief)          ,  ?     .   ,        ,    ,   ,  ,           (SchmidtL.E. Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment. Cambridge, 2000. P.71).  ,                        ,    (     )     .




68


  ,          ,   ,   :      ,       .                             ,    .     ,           ,     .        : ߠ      , ,       , ,        . ,  ,    ,      .           ,    ,    .         ,    (SmithW.R. Poetry of the Old Testament// Lectures and Essays. London, 1912. P.405.   ).   ,   ,     ,   -   -   .        ,         ,   , ,  ,          (SmithW.R. Poetry of the Old Testament. P.425).      ,     () (spiritual)    ()        (  ),            .




69


 epiphany       .      . . .




70


   ,    ,   XVIII   ,          ,        ,          ,   , , ,     ,   , ,     ,  ,  -   (. : BietenholzP. Historia and Fabula: Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age. Leiden, 1994. P.315316).




71


StroupJ. Protestant Church Historians in the German Enlightenment// Aufkl?rung und Geschichte/ Ed. by H.E.Bodeker et al. G?ttingen, 1986. S.172.




72


StarobinskiJ. Blessings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil. P.192.




73


   .  :        ,       .          ,        :       .           : ,    .     ,       ,      .     ,    ,       (StroupJ. Protestant Church Historians in the German Enlightenment// Aufkl?rung und Geschichte/ Ed. by H.E.Bodeker et al. G?ttingen, 1986. S.170).        , ,   ,    ,      .




74


   , ,    ,    . ,             ,         (.: FranklinJ. Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History. New York, 1963. Ch.VII. Melchior Cano: The Foundations of Historical Belief). , ,   XVII XVIII,        .




75


ButterfieldH. Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship. Cambridge, 1955. P.1516.     .




76


             (.: StroupJ. Protestant Church Historians in the German Enlightenment// Aufkl?rung und Geschichte/ Ed. by H.E.Bodeker et al. G?ttingen, 1986. P.191).




77


      ⠫   . (.   . .,2017. .305306),  XVI XVII.        ,    ,     .       :        ,   ,    , ,       ,     . ,        ,  ,     .      ,  ,  ,      ,     .     ,  ,     ,  ,        (.   . .,2017. .324).        ,         ,   .          (  ,      , ,     ),    ,      . ,       ,  id () 蠫ego ()     ,      ego     .    ,      ,      .




78


-        .




79


ShafferE.S. Kubla Khan and The Fall of Jerusalem: The Mythological School in Biblical Criticism and Secular Literature, 17701880. Cambridge, 1975. P.90.




80


ColeridgeS.T. Biographia Literaria. 1817.




81


.: IsambertF. At the Frontier of Folklore and Sociology: Hubert, Hertz and Czarnowski, Founders of a Sociology of Religion// The Sociological Domain: The Durkheimians and the Founding of French Sociology/ Ed. by P.Besnard. Cambridge, 1983.




82


          (1835): Ƞ,     ,         ,     . ,      ,      ,      .   ,     (   ,   )    , ,       ,  ,  , ,           .     ,   .  ,             .    , ,   ,       ,      (. : NeilW. The Criticism and Theological Use of the Bible, 17001950// The Cambridge History of the Bible. Cambridge. Vol.3. P.276).




83


     ,    (.: TaussigM. Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man. Chicago, 1987).           (.: HumphreyC. Shamans and Elders: Experience, Knowledge, and Power Among the Daur Mongols Oxford, 1996).




84


FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 1992.




85


              ,     ,    ,   XIX     (.: CatonD. The Secularization of Pain// Anesthesiology. 1985. Vol.62. 4).




86


    ,   ,          ,            ,    ;       ,    ( )   .   ,        :   ,    ,        (ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.107).




87


.: WilleyB. The XVII Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period. London, 1940.




88


. ,   ,          ,              ,   (ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.90).  ,      컠  ,     .




89


ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.91.




90


. :         ,   ,        ,         (ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.110).




91


ReyR. The History of Pain. Cambridge, 1993. P.109.        (Roy Porter)       ,     ,       (LaqueurT. Even Immortality// London Review of Books. 1999. July 29).




92


Π      XVII .: DearP. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution. Chicago, 1995.




93


. : FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 1992. P.99.




94


           XIX  :  , ,  ,  , ,  ,   .      ,       ,         (ChadwickN. Poetry and Prophecy. Cambridge, 1952. P.53).




95


FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. Princeton, 1992. P.7475.




96


Ibid. Ch.6.




97


Ibid. P.150.




98


FlahertyG. Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. P.159.




99


Ibid. P.151152.




100


Ibid. P.153.




101


.    // . :  6. .,1966. .6. .369370.




102


                   .   (,  ,   )    ,      .




103


Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 18501930. Oxford, 1991. P.276.




104


LangbaumR. The Modern Spirit: Essays on the Continuity of Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Literature. Oxford, 1970. P.87.    epiphany      ,   . . .




105


Ibid. P.82.




106


 .: FrankJ. Spatial Form in Modern Literature// The Idea of Spatial Form. Brunswick, 1991.




107


     ,   ꠫   ( ),   ꠫  (Tradition Mythologique)     (  ,  ).




108


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109


      ,  1956 .      . . .




110


.  ,     (Saqr Abu Fakhr)  : , , ,  9,  al-Quds al-Arabi Daily (, 14 2000, .13),    , ,     


  .   ,  ,   ,   ,   ,       ,  .  ,    ,    ,      ,      ,  , ,   ,    .., ,  ,       .




111


 ( ,  )       19301940?,    , ,   .            ,      (.: BadawiM.M. Convention and Revolt in Modern Arabic Poetry// Modern Arabic Literature and the West. London, 1985).         . ,     1992    ߻  (Arab Self)    ,    - ,  .   ,       (modernity),       (. : -??M.. 








 // 


 . (.) -a - ? -p - 


. , 1995. .57).




112


 (  ). -a 


. , 1983. 4? . .1. .89.




113


            . ,   ,         ,        -. ߠ            ,   (.: StetkevychJ. Muhammad and the Golden Bough. Bloomington, 1996).      ,   ,  ,    .            ,    .   ,        ,    .  ,       ,     ,     ,  ,       (.: NeuwirthA. Quranic Literary Structure Revisited: Surat al-Rahman between Mythic Account and Decodation of Myth// Story-telling in the Framework of Non-fictional Arabic Literature/ Ed. by S.Leder. Wiesbaden, 1998).




114


CanovanM. On Being Economical with the Truth: Some Liberal Reflections// Political Studies. 1990. Vol.38. P.9.




115


HampshireS. Liberalism: The New Twist// The New York Review of Books. 1993. August 12. Vol.40. .4546.




116


CanovanM. On Being Economical with the Truth: Some Liberal Reflections// Political Studies. 1990. Vol.38. P.16.  .




117


Politics of certainty      . . .




118


      XIX. ,  ,     1883  1907,   ,    ,   : ,         ,   ,    ,     ,        .   [    ]  ,   .       .     .  , ,    ,       ,   ,   .    .       ,         ,        ,    ,       (Modern Egypt. London, 1908. Vol.II. .558559).        , ,       .




119


BinderL. Islamic Liberalism. Chicago, 1988. P.I.




120


 .: de ManP. Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. Minneapolis, 1983.




121


.    . .,2002.




122


.    . .,2002. .52.




123


           ,       (    ),      ,   . . .




124


.    . .,2002. .182, 185.




125


ߠ ,   ,         .  .    (Criticism and Crisis)  :  ,       ,        ,    ,     ,     .     ,     ,    .   ,     .    ,    ,    ;        ,    ,     (deManP. Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. Minneapolis, 1983. P.18).   ,     ,  ,   ,   ,   ,     , ࠫ.     ,           ⠫ .




126


  agency          .       ,       . . .




127


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128


  ,      : Other Intentions: Cultural Contexts and the Attribution of Inner States/ Ed. by Lawrence Rosen. Santa Fe, 1995.




129


Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Oxford, 1997. P.292.




130


          : Le DouxJ. The Emotional Brain. New York, 1996. ߠ       .




131


. ,       ,     ,,     . .:CollingwoodR.G. The Principles of Art. Oxford, 1938.   .  ,   3 ( ).




132


               (.: OrtnerS. Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture. Boston, 1996. P.8).  ,       , ࠫ     .     ,  ,   ,     .




133


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134


., : Abu-LughodL. The Romance of Resistance// American Ethnologist. 1990. Vol.17. 1.




135


  (  ),     ,       ,          ,   (.: HirschmanA. The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph. Princeton, 1977).  ,     ,       ,    ,   ,                  .




136


 ,   ,   ,       . :    , , ,     ,       , -           ,    ,  , .   ,   ,  ,   -  .      ,   , , -    ,        , , .           ,   ,  ,  ;  ,       ,   ,     (.  :   ,  . .,2002. C. 307308).           (.: . Π. .,1994. .105108).




137


Culture/Power/History/ Ed. by NicholasB.Dirks, Geoff Eley, SherryB. Ortner. Princeton, 1994. P.18.




138


.: HackingI. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge, 1990.  19.




139


WolfS. Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility// Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions/ Ed. by in F.Schoeman. Cambridge, 1987. .55.




140


 :     ,         , ,   ,  .        ,    ;      ,    ,              ,    (. :  3. .1.   . .,1985. .400).




141


   .                     ,    (.  .         . .,2018. .147).




142


PitkinH. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, 1967.




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144


BurnsE. Character: Acting and Being on the Pre-Modern Stage. New York, 1990.




145


HornbyR. The End of Acting. New York, 1992. .67. ,  ,          .




146


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147


     ( ,    )     ,       .     : , , ,        ,       ,    ( . ??-??????,     ),       , ,    (HornbyR. The End of Acting. New York, 1992. .1718.    ).




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149


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