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 Stuart Russell, 2019

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ISBN 978-5-0013-9370-2



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       ,    1833.    [39 -    : William Forster Lloyd, Two Lectures on the Checks to Population (Oxford University, 1833).],                1968.[40 -       : Garrett Hardin, The tragedy of the commons, Science 162 (1968): 124348.]  ,           ,     .             ()    ,      ,       .  ,      ,     ,   ,            蠖    .  , ,       ,   ,       .    ,        ,  ;  ,       .      ,   ,   .

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notes








1


     ,      ,     Google  : Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 1st ed. (Prentice Hall, 1995).




2


   ,  ,   ,          .     ,       . J. Alan Robinson, A machine-oriented logic based on the resolution principle, Journal of the ACM 12 (1965): 2341.




3


 ,    ,    IBM.  ,     ,      ,      1947.   ,    . Arthur Samuel, Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers, IBM Journal of Research and Development 3 (1959): 210?29.




4


          ,     : Michael James Lighthill, Artificial intelligence: A general survey, in Artificial Intelligence: A Paper Symposium (Science Research Council of Great Britain, 1973).




5


CDC 6600   ,      $20.       ,       ,  iPhone.




6


  DeepBlue        ,           : George Johnson, To test a powerful computer, play an ancient game, The New York Times, July 29, 1997.




7


        . : Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (Simon & Schuster, 1987).




8


        ,        A/B  (   ).             ,                 .




9


 ,  ,    ,    -   . ., : Charles Stross, Dude, you broke the future! (keynote, 34th Chaos Communications Congress, 2017). . : Ted Chiang, Silicon Valley is turning into its own worst fear, Buzzfeed, December 18, 2017.      .: Daniel Hillis, The first machine intelligences, in Possible Minds: Twenty-Five Ways of Looking at AI, ed. John Brockman (Penguin Press, 2019).




10


           ,      : Norbert Wiener, Some moral and technical consequences of automation, Science 131 (1960): 135558.




11


 --  1894. ,      ,          1960- . .: Timothy Bliss and Terje Lomo,  Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path, Journal of Physiology 232 (1973): 33156.




12


  . : James Gorman, Learning how little we know about the brain, The New York Times, November 10, 2014. . : Tom Siegfried, Theres a long way to go in understanding the brain, ScienceNews, July 25, 2017.    Neuron  2014. (vol. 94, pp. 933?1040)          .




13


      ࠖ ,           .      ,        ,    ,        ,       .




14


               : Wolfram Schultz, Peter Dayan, and P. Read Montague, A neural substrate of prediction and reward, Science 275 (1997): 159399.




15


           . ., : Robert Heath, Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man, American Journal of Psychiatry 120 (1963): 57177.




16


  ,    - : Bryson Voirin, Biology and conservation of the pygmy sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus, Journal of Mammalogy 96 (2015): 7037.




17


          : James Baldwin, A new factor in evolution, American Naturalist 30 (1896): 44151.




18


       : Conwy Lloyd Morgan, Habit and Instinct (Edward Arnold, 1896).




19


    ,   : Geoffrey Hinton and Steven Nowlan, How learning can guide evolution, Complex Systems 1 (1987): 495502.




20


      ,       : David Ackley and Michael Littman, Interactions between learning and evolution, in Artificial Life II, ed. Christopher Langton et al. (Addison-Wesley, 1991).




21


        ,      ,  ,       .




22


. . . . . .




23


. : Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book III, 3, 1112b.




24


,     ,   ,       .    1576.,  87     : Gerolamo Cardano, Liber de ludo aleae (Lyons, 1663).




25


 ,   ,    - [   -,     . . .]: Antoine Arnauld, La logique, ou lart de penser (Chez Charles Savreux, 1662). . : Blaise Pascal, Penses (Chez Guillaume Desprez, 1670).




26


 : Daniel Bernoulli, Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis, Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences 5 (1738): 17592.           ,                ,     50%-    .      ,  , ,     .




27


  ,       ,          ,       EDVAC.




28


            : John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton University Press, 1944).




29


,      ,         : Paul Samuelson, A note on measurement of utility, Review of Economic Studies 4 (1937): 15561.  s


, s


,   ,       U (s


, s


, ) = ?


?


R (s


),  ?  ,  R  ,   .               .   . : Shane Frederick, George Loewenstein, and Ted ODonoghue, Time discounting and time preference: A critical review, Journal of Economic Literature 40 (2002): 351401.




30


 ,  ,    ,        ࠖ : Maurice Allais, Le comportement de lhomme rationnel devant le risque: Critique des postulats et axiomes de lcole amricaine, Econometrica 21 (1953): 50346.




31


      . : Michael Wellman, Fundamental concepts of qualitative probabilistic networks, Artificial Intelligence 44 (1990): 257303.




32


         9.     : Allais, Le comportement; Daniel Ellsberg, Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision (PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1962); Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, Science 185 (1974): 112431.




33


 ,    ,     .          ,              ,   .     , ,   .     ,             ,       ,  頖   ,              . ,    .




34


      : Pierre Rmond de Montmort, Essay danalyse sur les jeux de hazard, 2nd ed. (Chez Jacques Quillau, 1713).                  .       : David Bellhouse, The problem of Waldegrave, Electronic Journal for History of Probability and Statistics 3 (2007).




35


  ,    ,          :      ,      ,       ,      .       25, 70, 65%  10% . ,          p     1 p,        q     1 q.  : U


 = 0,25 pq + 0,70 p (1 ? q) + 0,65 (1 ? p)q + 0,10 (1 ? p) (1 ? q), : U


 = ?U


.   ?U


/?p = 0 and ?U


/?q = 0,   p = 0,55  q = 0,60.




36


           RAND Corporation.    ,     ,     .




37


    ,          (  )   .       ,        ,      ,   -      ,          ..




38


           .: Joshua Letchford, Vincent Conitzer, and Kamal Jain, An ethical game-theoretic solution concept for two-player perfect-information games, in Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Web and Internet Economics, ed. Christos Papadimitriou and Shuzhong Zhang (Springer, 2008).




39


   : William Forster Lloyd, Two Lectures on the Checks to Population (Oxford University, 1833).




40


      : Garrett Hardin, The tragedy of the commons, Science 162 (1968): 124348.




41


 , ,               ,          .   ,     ,       ,    .




42


     ,       ,    . Entscheidungsproblem,    ,           : Alan Turing, On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2nd ser., 42 (1936): 23065.




43


        : Sayeef Salahuddin, Review of negative capacitance transistors, in International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Application (IEEE Press, 2016).


