.     !
  


       ?           ?      ,          ?                 .   ,       ,       , ,                 .   ,     , , ,    , ,       .         ,      , ,                 .                     .





 

:     !



  . ., 2014

     ʰ, 2014




 


  ,          ,       .     ,      ,    .           ,     , ,  ,   ,    .

     ,    ,   .      (, , ),     ,   .   ,        ,  2014             .    ,    ,    .

? , !       ,      , ,        ,                  ,       .

    ?      ?    ? ,        .

          .      ,     ,   , , ,       ?

         .      ,  , ,    ,      - , ,   . ,      - .          .   -  ,      ,     .   ,                      .  ,    ,  ,           ,  , .

        .  , ,   ,         ,       ,       ,     .

   ,        .       ,      ,  ,   ,  ,     , ,  .                 - .

              :  ,      ,    .

              ,         ,          ,    ,    ,       .

             -   .               ,           .

 ,   ,             . ,   ,           , ,  ,     ?    ,      ,     ,      ?                  ,        .

      ?    .



 




 

   





 1.   



          ,     ,         ( 2000     10,0%,  2003  7,3%,   2007   8,5%). ,               ,           ,       ,    (  ,   )    .

                ,  ,       .                 ,     ,     ,      ,      ,       .

     ,         ,     .           ,       ,  ,       .

      .




 


              ,  ,      .  ,      ,     ,      ,      .

     ,            (      ,          ).  ,     .          ,        :        ,              ,    [1 -   (1970)   ,        .    ( , , , );   (,  , ,   );  (  , );  (, , , ) (  .,   . : . . 18- . ., 2007. . 1010).].

,     ,   , ,    ,  ,    ( )  , , ,    (      ).         : ,      ,         , -,    , -,          ,   .

     (,  ),  (, ),   (, , , ),   (,  )    .     ,           .  ,                  ,       ()            .

      :    ,     .    ,     ,            -        (         ,  ,     ,      ),    [2 -         ()      .]    .

       (  ) , , ,        , ,      .                     .    ,  , ,   (, ) ,     .           ,           ,      ,      ,           ,      .

,   ,     ,       :         ?          . ,    ,           ,       ,     .




  ?


 ,  - ,          ,    .    ,    ,       ,    ,                   .   , ,  ,          .      , ,   , ,      ,   ,  ,         ,    ,    ,    ,   .

   (     ,   ).  ,   ,       .      ,        ,    ,          ?

  .  ,                   ,         ,    ,  -          (,     ). ,  ,   ,  [3 -   ,    ,       .              .],       .

        (1995)            ?,   1990 ,  ,  ,       1985 .    ,                15                        58 [4 - .: Lucas Robert E., Jr. Why Doesnt Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? American Economic Review 80. 1985.].                      .            . ? ,     .

  ,        ,    ,       (), , , ,  ,    .   1950-         (1987)                 .   ,       80%[5 - .: Solow Robert M. Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function. Review of Economic and Statistics 39. 1957.].         ,      ,      ?

  ,    .       ,             G7    1960- ,  ,       ,     40%       50%  [6 - .: Jorgenson Dale W., Yip Eric. Whatever Happened to Productivity Growth? New Developments in Productivity Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2001.]. ,  1990-   ,        , ,      ,          3%    16%     27%    31%  [7 - .: Young Alwyn. The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Growth Experience. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110. 1995.]. , ,       ,      (2008)  , ,       [8 - .: Krugman Paul. The Myth of Asias Miracle. Foreign Affair, 73 (6). 1994.].

: 80%              , 50%      1960-      3%      1990-  .  !

        .  :  ,          ,           ,          ,  .  :               ,          . ,                        .   ,          ,     , , :       ,           .

       .  2005      ,      (,     .         ,  20032006      )    ,           19702004       [9 - .:  .,  .,  .   //  & . 2007. . . 1619.]. ,                   ,       ,  ,    ,  .  :          .        ,         ,   ,           ,    [10 -  . . 19.].

,    ,      ,     1998 ,       (   )  ,      ,     ,         . (,        ,          ).            ,       ,  , ,      , ,  ,   ,   ,         ,    .

   ,  2012          49 . .           (   ,  , ,   )   30 .,  62%      (   21 .).   : 2012   51 .              39 .,  77%.      ,     ( ,   ),     ,   ,      31 .,   61%    .

        .   ,     , ,    ,       ,        ,      (, ) ,    ,   ( )     .  ,   ,    .

,    ,      ,     .                  ? ,  .

 .                .     :           -    ? ,  .

 :                     ?         ,     .

     軠  ,           :       .        .  ,       ,   ,     [11 -  .   . ., 2011. . 39.].

,       ,       .                       .

             (     ).             ,      ?  ,       ?   ,      ?

 ,      ()         !               ,        ,    .           ,   ,       ?







  ,     ,     ( ), ,  ,    , .   (1971)     1966  :  ,     XIX                     ,    ,   ,  , [12 - Kuznets Simon. Modern Economic Growth. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966. P. 10.].

        ,     .                    : -, ,    ,   ,   ,     ; -,           .

 ,       ,        ,         . ,        ,   1995      G7  1990 ,             ,      [13 - .: Coe David T., Helpman Elhanan. International R&D Spillovers. European Economic Review 39. 1995. P. 859887.].                 19  ,   1996  (        ),        .    :   ,   ,        ,  - .     , ,   ,      90%[14 - .: Eaton Jonathan, Kortum Samuel. Trade in Ideas: Patenting and Productivity in OECD. Journal of International Economics 40: 1996. P. 251278.]. ,                 ,         .







           ,   ,      .    .

  ,               :         ,     .  ,    ,         (    5%     - ),             ,      . ,  ,      .

   ,         ,       Morgan Stanley  :  1980-        5 ,     (  59 )  .  1990-            59 ,   2000- 43    .   : 52         [15 -  .  .    . ., 2013. . 265.].   ,        ,    , ,   ,     [16 - .: Persson Torsten, Tabellini Guido. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.].         .  ,  2000  2003     ,       --       ,  ,                   .           ( -  ,       ),          [17 - .: Przeworski Adam, Alvarez Michael E., Cheibub Jose Antonio, Limongi Fernando. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Mulligan Casey, Sala-i-Martin Xavier. Do Democracies Have Different Public Policies than Non-democracies? NBER Working Paper no. 10040. 2003.].

 ,     , ,     ,   .       ,      ,        : -     ,    , ,              [18 - .: Lipset Seymour M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53. 1959. . 69105.].     ,       :  2000-       (           )  .

   .   ,      ,         ,       [19 -  . . . . 212.].  .   ,         ,  .    ( ) , ,  ,         ,     ,      ,         .           ,     .    (    - ),             [20 -    ,    ,       -,          ; -,                 ,      , , -,         ,              ,               ,           ( .       . ., 2009. . 47).]. ,        .  ,         ,        ,      ,     ,        ,  ,         ,              -. ,    ,       ,        .

-         :             ,    .     ,   ,        ,    ,     ,      ,        ;        ,        .    ,        ,  ,     [21 -  . . . . 444.].  ,          ,         .      ,              .             ,           :             ?      ,   ,     ,        ,           .         ,        ,    ,    [22 -  .   . ., 2012. . 40.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/nikita-krichevskiy/rossiya-skvoz-sankcii-k-procvetaniu-21539178/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  (1970)   ,        .    ( , , , );   (,  , ,   );  (  , );  (, , , ) (  .,   . : . . 18- . ., 2007. . 1010).




2


        ()      .




3


  ,    ,       .              .




4


.: Lucas Robert E., Jr. Why Doesnt Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? American Economic Review 80. 1985.




5


.: Solow Robert M. Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function. Review of Economic and Statistics 39. 1957.




6


.: Jorgenson Dale W., Yip Eric. Whatever Happened to Productivity Growth? New Developments in Productivity Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2001.




7


.: Young Alwyn. The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Growth Experience. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110. 1995.




8


.: Krugman Paul. The Myth of Asias Miracle. Foreign Affair, 73 (6). 1994.




9


.:  .,  .,  .   //  & . 2007. . . 1619.




10


 . . 19.




11


 .   . ., 2011. . 39.




12


Kuznets Simon. Modern Economic Growth. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966. P. 10.




13


.: Coe David T., Helpman Elhanan. International R&D Spillovers. European Economic Review 39. 1995. P. 859887.




14


.: Eaton Jonathan, Kortum Samuel. Trade in Ideas: Patenting and Productivity in OECD. Journal of International Economics 40: 1996. P. 251278.




15


 .  .    . ., 2013. . 265.




16


.: Persson Torsten, Tabellini Guido. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.




17


.: Przeworski Adam, Alvarez Michael E., Cheibub Jose Antonio, Limongi Fernando. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Mulligan Casey, Sala-i-Martin Xavier. Do Democracies Have Different Public Policies than Non-democracies? NBER Working Paper no. 10040. 2003.




18


.: Lipset Seymour M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53. 1959. . 69105.




19


 . . . . 212.




20


   ,    ,       -,          ; -,                 ,      , , -,         ,              ,               ,           ( .       . ., 2009. . 47).




21


 . . . . 444.




22


 .   . ., 2012. . 40.


