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         :   ,  ,  ,   ,     ,     .     ,        : Amazon, Google, Facebook, GlaxoSmithKline, Uber, GE,   DBS  .





 

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2018 Thomas H. Davenport

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 PRISM   50   ,        . ,  - .      -  , ,      ,   .   Index Systems    ,       Applied Expert Systems (Apex),       .      MIT     (CSAIL),    .      -  Symbolics     - (  ,       ).       ,  ,  15 1985. ,  Symbolics     - Symbolics.com (http://symbolics.com/museum/).

          .  1990-   2000- .          (  1990-),         ,      .      ,     .       ,    ( Accenture,     )       .      Accenture     .  2005.          ,    (      ),       .       .   Google Scholar,     86-     頖  99       !

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1

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    ࠖ    IBM              IBM Watson. ,                    .                   [1 - Memorial Sloan Kettering press release, "Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and IBM Will Collaborate on Powerful New Medical Technology," June 5, 2012, https://www.mskcc.org/blog/mskcc-and-ibm-will-collaborate-powerful-new-medical-technology (https://www.mskcc.org/blog/mskcc-and-ibm-will-collaborate-powerful-new-medical-technology).].


       ,    . .      2013. ,      IBM       Oncology Expert Advisor (OEA)    Watson.             .

             ,   ,     ,   ,   .            ,  :



 OEA     ,     ,     ,         . OEA          ,       ,         ,          , OEA           [2 - Laura Nathan-Garner, "The Future of Cancer Treatment and Research: What IBM Watson Means for Our Patients," M.D. Anderson Cancerwise blog, November 12, 2013, https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/cancerwise/2013/11/what-ibm-watson-means-for-our-patients.html (https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/cancerwise/2013/11/what-ibm-watson-means-for-our-patients.html).].


   ,     $50   .   .       ,       Watson   .  2013.  The Wall Street Journal    ,       Watson, ,       [3 - Spencer E. Ante, "IBM Struggles to Turn Watson Computer into Big Business," The Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-struggles-to-turn-watson-computer-into-big-business-1389142136 (https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-struggles-to-turn-watson-computer-into-big-business-1389142136).].    -   ,     The Washington Post:



        . . ,   ,      ,     .                    ,             ,          .           ,        ,  31- ,      .       ,           ,       Watson[4 - Ariana Eunjung Cha, "IBM Supercomputer Watson's Next Feat? Taking on Cancer," The Washington Post, June 27, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/06/27/watsons-next-feat-taking-on-cancer/ (http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/06/27/watsons-next-feat-taking-on-cancer/).].


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   ,      ,    .       ,   ,     ,  ,  ,    .      ,           젖 ,     [8 - "Bezos Letter to Shareholders," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/amazon-jeff-bezos-2017-shareholder-letter.html (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/amazon-jeff-bezos-2017-shareholder-letter.html).].





    


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notes








1


Memorial Sloan Kettering press release, "Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and IBM Will Collaborate on Powerful New Medical Technology," June 5, 2012, https://www.mskcc.org/blog/mskcc-and-ibm-will-collaborate-powerful-new-medical-technology (https://www.mskcc.org/blog/mskcc-and-ibm-will-collaborate-powerful-new-medical-technology).




2


Laura Nathan-Garner, "The Future of Cancer Treatment and Research: What IBM Watson Means for Our Patients," M.D. Anderson Cancerwise blog, November 12, 2013, https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/cancerwise/2013/11/what-ibm-watson-means-for-our-patients.html (https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/cancerwise/2013/11/what-ibm-watson-means-for-our-patients.html).




3


Spencer E. Ante, "IBM Struggles to Turn Watson Computer into Big Business," The Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-struggles-to-turn-watson-computer-into-big-business-1389142136 (https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-struggles-to-turn-watson-computer-into-big-business-1389142136).




4


Ariana Eunjung Cha, "IBM Supercomputer Watson's Next Feat? Taking on Cancer," The Washington Post, June 27, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/06/27/watsons-next-feat-taking-on-cancer/ (http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/06/27/watsons-next-feat-taking-on-cancer/).




5


"Research Platform for the Moon Shots Program APOLLO," M.D. Anderson Cancer Center website, accessed February 12, 2018,

https://www.mdanderson.org/cancermoonshots/research_platforms/apollo.html (https://www.mdanderson.org/cancermoonshots/research_platforms/apollo.html).




6


"Machine Learning at AWS" website, accessed February 11, 2018, https://aws.amazon.com/machine-learning/ (https://aws.amazon.com/machine-learning/).




7


Glassdoor, Amazon.com "data scientist" openings, accessed February 11, 2018.




8


"Bezos Letter to Shareholders," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/amazon-jeff-bezos-2017-shareholder-letter.html (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/amazon-jeff-bezos-2017-shareholder-letter.html).




9


Susan Ratcliffe, ed., "Roy Amara 19252007, American Futurologist," Oxford Essential Quotations (4th ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2016).




10


Kevin Kelly, "The Three Breakthroughs That Have Finally Unleased AI on the World," Wired, October 27, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence/ (https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence/).




11


Daniel Schreiber, "AI Eats Insurance," Lemonade blog post, January 8, 2018, https://www.lemonade.com/blog/ai-eats-insurance/ (https://www.lemonade.com/blog/ai-eats-insurance/).




12


Kris Hammond, "A Periodic Table of AI," AI XPrize website, December 14, 2016, https://ai.xprize.org/news/periodic-table-of-ai (https://ai.xprize.org/news/periodic-table-of-ai).




13


James Somers, "Is AI Riding a One-Trick Pony?" MIT Technology Review, September 29, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608911/is-ai-riding-a-one-trick-pony/ (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608911/is-ai-riding-a-one-trick-pony/).




14


Mathew Mayo, "The Current State of Automated Machine Learning," KDNuggets blog post, January 25, 2017, https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/01/current-state-automated-machine-learning.html (https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/01/current-state-automated-machine-learning.html).




15


Alex Irpan, "Deep Reinforcement Learning Doesn't Work Yet," Sorta Insightful blog post, February 14, 2018, https://www.alexirpan.com/2018/02/14/rl-hard.html (https://www.alexirpan.com/2018/02/14/rl-hard.html).




16


Doug Williams, "How Is RPA Different from Other Enteprise Automation Tools Such as BPM/ODM," IBM Consulting Blog, July 10, 2017, https://www.ibm.com/blogs/insights-on-business/gbs-strategy/rpa-different-enterprise-automation-tools-bpmodm/ (https://www.ibm.com/blogs/insights-on-business/gbs-strategy/rpa-different-enterprise-automation-tools-bpmodm/).




17


Steven Norton, "The Morning Download," The Wall Street Journal CIO Journal, December 29, 2017, https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/12/29/cios-aim-to-make-ai-useful-hire-the-right-people-to-manage-it-in-2018/ (https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/12/29/cios-aim-to-make-ai-useful-hire-the-right-people-to-manage-it-in-2018/).




18


Jack Clark, "Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence," Bloomberg.


