   
  


  #3
                ,        .      .      .      ,   , ,  , ,  , , ,  ,   . ,          .      8+,       . ,           .    .  !





 

   



    



  



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.. 

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Great_Handaxe_from_Furze_Platt-Berkshire.jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Great_Handaxe_from_Furze_Platt-Berkshire.jpg)



       ,   .       .

75        ,       , .        .     . ,        ,   ,      .        ,     .          .

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            .               .




 , 





   


        ,        . 

           .

 

    .       , ,   .             90  99 %  .

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       .        .       .

     1083           .

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  ,      1083       .         ,   .

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     .      .

        .

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   ,     ,     .          ,   .   .          .       , ,   5-6   .

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      .

        ( , ). 

      .

 ,  ,    (    ).       0,3  1,0 %.         (    88%).

 ,  ,      (   ).       20  80 %.

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       .          .       .   ,        (  70    ,     ).           .       .           .

      (   1539    ).        (3-4   ).     .       .      ,         7-8 %.        .

 ,   ,      ,      3-4    .   18 ,   17 . ,          .    2400     .       5-3    .          .           .         .             ,     .            .

              6-8        (     ,    ).      ,     .        ,     ,    .

 16      .      ,  ,  ,   .         .

2600             .                  .      ,     .              .        ,  ,   .        .   ,     .     .        .      ,   .    ,       ,   .       ,      .       .           ,    .          0,05  2,14 %   .      2,14  6,67 %   .

       -  13-14 ,    ,  ,   .   16-17      ,     .        .  ,  ,   .








 .

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Kr?yer_-_Smedje_i_Hornb?k.jpg?download (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Kr%C3%B8yer_-_Smedje_i_Hornb%C3%A6k.jpg?download)



  

       1747          (    ).           .       .       1900 ,      .      ,  -,       .            -.            .










   , 1896 



: ..  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87) :     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1896_Laveretski_Skulptur_Russland_anagoria.jpg/440px-1896_Laveretski_Skulptur_Russland_anagoria.jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1896_Laveretski_Skulptur_Russland_anagoria.jpg/440px-1896_Laveretski_Skulptur_Russland_anagoria.jpg)



             .       :

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   ( ),      16 %.

  ( ),      57 %.

        .                .      100  ,         .     450 .        .             .       .     ,        ,     .     ,     90 % .             -   .

     - (1711-1765) .   , , ,      .        ,  ,    . 

             .

         .

       2,14  6,67% .

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 .. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mikhail_Lomonosov_%281757%29.jpg/548px Mikhail_Lomonosov_%281757%29.jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mikhail_Lomonosov_%281757%29.jpg/548px%20Mikhail_Lomonosov_%281757%29.jpg)



      .    ,       ,  , -   .

   ,          1000    .        . 

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    ()       .   ()     .         .    6-10 .

    ,    .      .    .




   


    ,    ,    : , , ,  , ,     .       :         ,     ,     .    ,          .           .     ,    .        .     ,    .          .  ,            .

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      .            .              .      .            .              .      .        ,  .

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   .. .

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Anosov.jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Anosov.jpg)












   

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulat1.JPG?uselang=ru (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulat1.JPG?uselang=ru)



            




  


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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg)



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  . https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Rolling-mill.jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Rolling-mill.jpg)



      , ,  ,    1200  ,     850  .      .    .

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     ,     .         :   80  350 ,   200  2000,   100  11000 . ,    1200  1300          .        4  60 .

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