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         ,     .      .     Russian Literature, Ulbandus, The Slavic Review of Columbia University   Slavic Almanach: The South African Year Book for Slavic, Central and East European Studies        .      -     -  Nostalgia: Kirjotuksia kaipuusta ja ik?v?st?,       (Helsinki, SKS, 2007).     , ,   ,            ,      .  ,        ,         .







   1989   : ,    (Joseph Brodsky: A Maddening Space)  ,       ,            . ,      ,      ,    ,     ,    .       ,   ,          .          (   ,   1987                 ).  ,         ,  ,           ,        ,    .   : ,      ,   [1 -   : Joseph Brodsky: A Maddening Space,   ,  Public Broadcasting Service  Channel 4.].

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          ,             .   ,      ,        .      ,  -.         ,      ,   .          [2 - Svetlana Boym, The Future of Nostalgia (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 307.   ⻠     Watermark (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux). [        ,  . .  . .]].


     ,        ,        -,   ,     ,   ,        ,        [3 -       self-fashioning,        (.  . ).           . . .], ..  ,    [4 -     -    ( ,                  ,   )        . ,  ,        ,     ,  ,   ,    ,  []   ,   ,   .  ,   ,       ,       :    (2, 5, 256; . . ).            ,                ,        ,           . .            :         (Patrick Colm Hogan, Empire and Poetic Voice: Cognitive and Cultural Studies of Literary Tradition and Colonialism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004), 157196).].

,     ,      .          XX ,             ,   ,    ,  ?                ,             .    ,      ,   ,        ( ,   )       .     ,               ,   .            ,         .                    .   ,                      ,   ,            ,   .               ,           .         ,       .          ,        .                 , , , ,          .

           ,    .            ,          .      ,     ,          ,    ,    .                , ,  ,        .     ,   ,    ,                   .  ,        ,   1972 ,                ,   .             .  ,          ,             ,       [5 -              1989     (The Tourist, 1976),     , ,      ,    , ,        ,         ,   .      ,  ,  ,               ,               ,    .     ,        , ,       , ,   ,  . .: Dean MacKannel, The Tourist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), XVXVIII.].

         XX          .     ,   ,     ,            .       ,       ,  ,             .  ,      ,        , ,  ,   ,          ,      ,  ,       ,      --  .   ,          ,     ,      ,      :              , ,  ,           .     (Fondamenta degli incurabili,   Watermark)[6 - ,  -,          Fondamenta Degli Incurabili  1989 . -      Watermark  1992 .            4, 1992    .   ,       ,            (  :  7 . .:  , 2001. .7). ,    ,        . . .]      ,       .

           ,     ,        ,      1972 .    ,          ,      (    )      (      ,     )[7 -          -,                  .      -.   ,    ,     Vogue ( 1979)   :   (Leningrad: City of Mystery),              (1. 1980).      (A Place as Good as Any),        ,             ,   ( 1. 1997).   Watermark ( )      - (. . 1 . 13).].     ,   1972 ,        (1975)    ,   1973  1995 .  , -,   (1  2),  , ,      .             ,                     ,                  ,       ,     [8 -  ,   ,        .      ,    ,       ,           ,       . .: Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Studies in Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), 6.].

        ,     -      (Cambridge Companion of Travel Writing),       ,     ,         :   (,  ),   (, ),    ( ,     ),  ,    (  XVI        ),    ( ),  ,   (),      ,     XIX    (, . ,  , .. ),   (. ),     ( ,  ) , ,    (   )[9 -     ,        (Cambridge Companion of Travel Writing / Ed. Hulme and Youngs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 113).       ,    .       :  ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,     .   :  , ,  ,      .             (  , ,      ,   ),      ,       . [   travel writing       . . .]].   ,    ,               . -,     - ,       ,        :  , ,  ,    -  . -,              ,       .

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         ,     ,    ,     .         ().          XV          .   XVI  (   )     ,      ,  , ,   .    ,      , ,   ,      I   II,   .           .. .           III,                .   ..    ..   .    .. (1791)       .. ,     ظ, ,         .       ,   𻠖          ,       [11 -        ظ Authenticity and Fiction in the Russian Literary Journey, 17901840 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), .  116. [ : ظ .          17901840. .:  , 2004, . .520. . .] . : Sara Dickinson, Breaking Ground: Travel and National Culture in Russia from Peter I to the Era of Pushkin (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006); T. Roboli, The Literature of Travel, in: Russian Prose / Ed. B.M. Eikhenbaum and Yury Tynianov, trans. and ed. Rey Parrot (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1985) [ .   //   /  . .   . . .: Academia, 1926. . 4273. . .]; Reuel K. Wilson, The Literary Travelogue. A Comparative Study with Special Relevance to Russian Literature from Fonvizin to Pushkin (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973); Derek Offord, Journeys to a Graveyard: Perceptions of Europe in Classical Russian Travel Writing (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005).].   XIX      .         .          ,   ( 20-       ),   1835     ,          [12 - Susan Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994),  5470; Monika Greenleaf, Pushkin and Romantic Fashion: Fragment, Elegy, Orient, Irony (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), 855,  144145.].  XIX             [13 - Julie Buckler, Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005), 89115.].  ,    ,      :  ,  ,  ,  ,            ,    [14 - ., ,   ,   , .     ,   ,    ,        .].        , , ,          ,      [15 -      .: Gwen Walker, Silver-Age Writers on the Black Continent: Russia, Africa and the Celebration of Distance (PhD diss., University of WisconsinMadison, 2003).].        2030-              (.  )               [16 - Carol Avins, Border Crossings: The West and Russian Identity in Soviet Literature 19171934 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 139, 150.].       , , ,    ,         ,   ,        .          (1936)[17 -                 . .:  . :  2 . .:  , 1990. . 2. . 420423.].        ,        .           [18 - Anne E. Gorsuch, There Is No Place Like Home: Soviet Tourism in Late Stalinism // Slavic Review 4 (2003): 760785.].          [19 -         .             : A Prescribed Journey: Russian Travel Literature from the 1960s to the 1980s // Slavic and East European Journal 38 (1994): 261270.].         .         ,       ,         ,         ,              ,        [20 -               60-:    (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1988), 93135 (   , ., ,  :  .,  . 60-:   . .: : CORPUS, 2014. C. 144162).].

          ,    ,    ,        ,   .   ,          ,      .          ,            .                  ,                     .          .                        .          ,     .     ,    ,         ,   ,   ,    ,       .              .         ,       ,       1972 .

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           . -,       ,           ( ),           ,                .   , ,     ,  ,     , ,  -  .          ,        ,              ,        [26 - Holland and Huggan, Tourists with Typewriters, 2223.].


       [27 -                        ,   60-   ,       (,  ,      ),         . .: Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism and Consumer Society // The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays On Postmodern Culture / Ed. Hal Foster (New York: New Press, 1998), 113. [      . 4. 2000;    . . .]],        .     .   뻠   .       ,      ,       ,    .  ,  ,       ,  .                        .                ,     ,        .

     ,          ,       ,             .    ,           .        .     -        ,   ,         ,       .      ,   ,     ,       ,       ,      ,     : -,     ,   ,           ,  -  ,   ,    , , ,   -  ,    ...        -      .

 ,              ,    .  ,             ,      .      ,            .     ,      ,   ,          [28 -       .: Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 1213. .  . 22   .].            ,     /     ,     .             ,            ,      ,    [29 - Linda Hutcheon, Irony, Nostalgia, and the Postmodern, 1998, http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/criticism/hutchinp.html (accessed April 10, 2008). [ 24  2016. . .]].       ,         .         ,       [30 - Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993), 135.].                  .    ,       ,       ,           .

        / ,         .             ,        [31 -   . :  .   :   . .:   , 2001. . 12,          : Russian Postmodernism: New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture / Ed. Mikhail Epstein, Alexander Genis, and Slobodanka Vladyi-Glover (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999), 473.].     /        ,     ;    ,         , ,        ,      (       )     [32 - Thomas Epstein : Epstein, Genis, and Vladyi-Glover, Russian Postmodernism, vii.].  ,     /,       ,      ,      ,        [33 -   ,       ,      -       ,   .          ,  ,      . .: The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1978;   1984). [ :  .-.   / . . . .: , 2016. . .] .: Bill Readings, Introduction to Lyotard: Art and Politics (London: Routledge, 1991),  63.].

      ,   1          ,                   .  ,     ,       ,         ,    ,   1972 ,           .  ,          ,    (After a Journey, or Homage to Vertebrae),     ,    ,         , ,    ,    .

     ,     ,       ,       ,            .     ,             ,      XVIII                 .   ,     ,    ,    ,                   .    ,     3  4,                      .              .  ,    ,      XIX    .      ,                ,  ,    ,        .             ,     ,         ,    ,       19601970-            [34 - Pratt, Imperial Eyes, 10.].  , ,           ,        ,       .      ,    ,   . , ,     ,   ,            .

  軠         ,              ,         [35 -        ,  -,          . . .].        ,      .        5       ,  ,   ,      .         ,     ,       ,            ,             .           ,    ,                 ,       ,    ,        .                        [36 -          ,     ,           ,       ,              ,    ,     ,       (Imperial Eyes, 6).]. ,        ,                      ,     .

              ,         ,        ,    .    ,  -,    ,   ,     ,  ,     .             ,     ,     .           ,    ,      .  ,   ,            , ,             .                  , ,           () ,    .   ,    -  1973  1995 ,            -    .     ,  -,    .      ,   6      ,       ,    .       , ,              ,      ,  .         ,        .      , ,  ,    ,  컠     ,          [37 -    .: Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1995), 3639, 216219. .  . 34   6.].




1., , 


    -   1972        [38 -            : George L. Kline, Variations on the Theme of Exile          Brodskys Poetics and Aesthetics (   ) (London: Macmillan, 1990), 5688; Lev Loseff, Home and Abroad in the Works of Brodskii       Under Eastern Eyes: The West as Reflected in Recent Russian migr Writing (London: Macmillan, 1992), 2541; Gerald Stanton Smith, England in Russian migr Poetry: Iosif Brodskiis V Anglii,  , 1724;  ,    :      // Russian Literature 37 (1995): 405416;  ,           ,      Literary Tradition and Practice in Russian Culture (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993), 229245. [.     .:  .   :  . :  -, 2009. . 5769. . .] .      :         (.:  , 1999), . 283297.                   : ,     (  . 2004. 67. . 162180).].    ,   ,          : , , , ,         .     ,       ,   :    ,       ,    (    -   , [39 -  . . . . 413.].      ,    ,       ,   ,     [40 -         :   ,      ,  19641965 ,      1972 ,     , , ,    ,     ,   ,      19741977  1980  (Kline, Variations on the Theme of Exile, 5657).]  ,             . ,   ,            ,          .     ,      ,    .    ,     -.        1972 ,  ,   ,     [41 - Ibid. (   ,    ).].                ,       :      ,   ,     [42 - Smith, England in Russian migr Poetry, 20.].      ,   ,           ,      [43 - David Bethea, Joseph Brodsky and the Creation of Exile (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), 52 (  Creation of Exile).  ,     ,    ,        .].               ;  ,                  .                .

    ,       ,   ,      .       ,   ,    ,         ,       .  ,   .             ,     18901930:



         ,   ,    ,  ,      <>            ,    ,   , , , , , .     , , ,        , -   .             (    ),       . ,   ,     ,   ,  , Weltgeist   [44 - Malcolm Bradbury, The Cities of Modernism // Modernism: 18901930 / Ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1978), 101.].


           .      ,   New York Times Magazine  1972 ,     ,           .                .       ,    ,         ,      1964 ,    .        :    .     ,     , : :   1964  ()          ,        .    ,     .            ,  ,         .       ,          1984    : .   ,         , ,   ,   ,    ,  [45 - Julia Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves / Trans. Len S. Roudiez (New York: Harvester Wheatsheat, 1991), 58.].             :



       . ,     ,   ,   .    ,    . ,    ,      .       ,     ,  . ,          ,  ,   -  .   ,  ,  ,    , ,    ,    ,      ;    ,   .     .           ,   .       , ,  , ,    .        :    .   ,     ,      .    ,   .       ,      ,  ,  .    ,    .  ,      .  ,       ,   .  ,   ,  .    ,        : Die Russische Dichtung ist da wo ich bin (2, 7, 7071)[46 -         .:   :  7 . .:  , 2001,         ,    : 2 (  ,  ).  : Joseph Brodsky, Says Poet Brodsky, ex of the Soviet Union: A writer is a lonely traveler and no one is his helper /Trans. Carl Proffer // New York Times Magazine. October 1. 1972, 11, 7879, 8284, 8687.    -      .        (Russian Literature Triquarterly 4 (1972))       ,  ,  ,        .].


    ( ,   )         ,   , ,     ,                  ,  ,   [47 -          -   1937 ,     :   ,  .      .         . Donald Prater, Thomas Mann: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 275.].   -         .   ,         .

 ,    , ,    -       -        ,       ,      ,         . -   ,   .  ,         -,    ,          (           ).              .        , ,  ,  ,              XX.                ,     -   :



,        ,  ,        ,            (,     ..              ).                .    :        ,          ,  ,  [48 -  .    / . .  //  . 2003. 1. https://magazines.gorky.media/inostran/2003/1/mysli-ob-izgnanii.html.].


          :       ,    ,       ,        .               ,      ͻ ( ).

,              - .       -,        ,   ,      <> ,    ,  :   ,   ,   ,             (2, 6, 27)[49 - . . .  : Brodsky, On Grief and Reason, 2223.].           .                ,          [50 -         . . .]:     ,       ,     (2, 6, 28).    ,              : , , , , ,    ,            [51 -            :   ,       ,     ,        ,    ,            (Bethea, Creation of Exile, 45).].             ,   ,    ,        ,    .          ,                .           , :    ,      (2, 6, 30).         ,      [52 -  ,              , .: Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 227240.     This Question of Moving: Modernist Exile/Postmodern Tourism.      -          .].     -,      :      ,  Gastarbeiters         (2, 6, 28).         ,  ,     ,    ,     ,        ,        (2, 6, 31).  ,     ,       ,  ,     ,  60- ,                  [53 - Jameson, Postmodernism and Consumer Society, 124.].  ,      ,     .

     ,      ,        ,      XX [54 -     .: Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 164.].        ,         ,        .        .  ,     ,    .                (1799),       :  ,  , /  ,  :  /   -    , /       , /   ,   , /  ,  [55 - . . .].      (1834)       [56 - George Sand, Oeuvres autobiographiques, vol. 2 (Paris: Gallimard, 1971), 900901.].         ,       ,           :    ,      [57 -  ..   . ., 1886. . 10. . 83.].               1913      ,    ,   ,      :   .     -        ,  ,     .    [58 - .  . . :  ..   :        .  18861913. .: , 1995. . 287.].       򻠖     ,            XX ,                 [59 - Helen Carr, Modernism and Travel (18801940) // Hulme and Youngs, Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, 79.].

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 -           ,     :     .      ,    70-     .        .               ,         :



              , ,      : , , , ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,    <>     ,     . ,    ,    ( ),       (),      (-  ) , ,     ()[63 - MacCannel, Tourist, 5.].


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        ,              .     ,    ,     :



        ,          :   ;    .       ;      .                           .           , ,  .           ,            [68 - Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 27.].


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        , , ,                   ,    ,  ,          [70 - Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 28.].


      ,       ,    ,    [71 -           1989 ,     ,   ,  ,   ,   . . .1  . 12 . .].

       ,   ,             [72 -   ,              .  ,                .       ,            (ix).           ,      ,          . .: David Patterson, Exile: The Sense of Alienation in Modern Russian Letters (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995).].     .    ,   ,                      [73 -   :         ,  ,   ,     <>         (Loseff, Home and Abroad in the Works of Brodskii,26).       ,       ,      ( .    :      // Russian Literature. 1995. Vol. XXXVII. . 405416). .           ,   ,       ( .     ? (      ) //   . 2004. 3. . 233234).].  ,    ,   ,          ,      .      ,   1972 ,     ,     ,   .            ,            ,         ,    ,      .


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    1950-  1960-,     ,             .            ,             .        ,       ,           [74 -  .,  . 60-. . 128.].

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       ,             .  ,  ,     .  ,    ,     .       ,   ,       .              . , ,  ,    [77 - Anatolii Naiman, Hava Nagila  A Memoir // Commentary, July 1997, 34.             (.: Anna Rotkirch, Traveling Maidens and Men with Parallel Lives  Journeys as Private Space During Late Socialism // Beyond the Limits: The Concept of Space in Russian History and Culture / Ed. Jeremy Smith (Helsinki: Suomen historiallinen seura, 1999), 131149).     ,             ,          :    .  ,  ,   ,     ,   ,     .  ,     200    .  ,   ,  ,       .         ,     ,       ,          (Naiman, Hava Nagila, 38).].


                   [78 - .     : Balina, A Prescribed Journey.]. ,    ,          ,      [79 - .        (1964),      (),         : .   :  . .:   , 2012. . 240.              ,  .  ( .     :    . :  -, 2012),     ( . : , , Joseph. .: .  , 2005. . 54).].    ,        60-,    ,     ,     ,     , , , ,  , , ,  (),  (),  , , ,      [80 -      : ,  ..,  , , , ,    酻 (  ),   ,    䅻,  ,   ,    ..    ,     䅻,  ,   ,  ,    (1962)  Einem Alten Architekten in Rom,     ,              1963 . ,   ,   ( ..),    ,            . ,   , ,       ,       ( .     :    ).].     ,   ,   .  ..     19  1961,   29  1961,       ,       ,       ,    ,   , .     , , 酻, ,      ,   ,     ,          .    ,       ,       [81 - .:  .   . N.Y.: Inter-Language Literary Association, 1965. . 36, 70.].                .      , , ,  ,   : -   .             :

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		  - .
		(2, 1, 136)

,  ,      [85 -  ,   .., ,  ,  ,    ,       .       .  ,    ,   ,      ,         : David MacFadyen, Joseph Brodsky and the Soviet Muse (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2000), 279.].            ,        :

		   , ,  ,
		      .
		 ,    ,
		,   ,    ,
		   , .   ,
		   
		     , 
		   ,  ,
		     ,
		    , 
		 , , ,
		  ,   
		 ,   ,
		      ,
		    .
		  ,    .
		     ,
		   ,
		    ,
		   ,   .
		 - ,  ,
		  ,    [86 - . .. .].

           .          [87 -    plains of windy Troy,     . . .]      ,   :    .    ,  - ,  ,        ,       ,  ,   - .

   (1962)                ,       :

		     ,
		 ,   ,
		  
		    .
		   
		    ,
		    
		    .
		     ,
		,  ,  ,
		,    :
		    .
		(1, 1, 172)

                ,         ,    :

		    
		   .
		    ,
		   .
		(1, 1, 172)

        ,      ,          ,           .       ,        ,   ,          :   -       .       . -,      . ,     [88 -      (http://imwerden.de/pdf/brodsky_pismo_tomaschewskoi.pdf  19  2018).     ,    ,     .:  . :      . .:   , 2002.].    60-      ,         ,     .              - ,        ,             -,             ,    / [89 -             (     ),     (.     :    . .48),             :      ?  ,   .     ?      ,  ,  ,    ꓻ (2, 5, 322; . . ).]. .. ,         60-, ,      .         ,    ,   ,    , ,  ,  ,   ,     ,    ,    ,       [90 -      .: Carr, Modernism and Travel, 81.].

 1962     󻠖   ,          ,           .           ,         ,    ,  ,   ,       [91 -        .: Woll, Real Images, 142150, 158160.].     ,           .  ,    ,      녻, ,       1835  ,       .           ,              [92 - Greenleaf, Pushkin and Romantic Fashion, 208.].            ,             ,    .            :

		      
		 .
		  
		  - ,
		  
		   ,
		  
		  .
		 ,   ,  .

		   ,
		  ,
		 
		   , ,
		     
		-    ,
		      .
		(, 1, 120121)[93 -         .:  .    / . ., ., . , . .. . .:   ;  , 2011. (   ). . 12,         ,    : .]

           ,  ,     ,               ,     ,     [94 -            :                ,        .      ,       A-tisket, a-tasket,       (2, 6, 1819).].           ,         ,        .     :   /    ,  , /  /    [95 -      , ,       ,  ,  .  ,          1962  (MacFadyen, Brodsky and the Soviet Muse, 82).].     ,    ,       : ,   , /     ,/   , / ,   , /  ,/    (, 1, 123).       :  ,        (, 1, 124).

           .          .       , /     ,        ,   :   , /    <>   ? -    (, 1, 122123).         ,          .  -                     .         ,  ,  - ,   ,         :

		 , .
		    .
		  .
		 , , .
		   ,
		,      .
		 ,       .
		(, 1, 124)

             ,        .    XX ,          ,     ,  ,     ,    .              ,   ,       ,              ,        ,    [96 -          .       : MacFadyen, Brodsky and the Soviet Muse, 1720.].

     1960-,      ,      ,     .  ,     ,    ,              ;    ,     [97 - Bethea, Creation of Exile, 32.].   ,       ,       ,    ,       ,        ,          ,  ,  , ,   [98 - MacFadyen, Brodsky and the Soviet Muse, 67.].     ,  ,             ,        -  .      -,      ,  ,       .         ,      [99 - Valentina Polukhina, Joseph Brodsky: A Poet for Our Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 237; Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 41.].

  1964    ,        .  ,              1964   1965 ,      ,     ,   .        Einem Alten Architekten in Rom,         .

              ,      [100 -         ,         1960-        ,    ( .,  . 60-. . 288291).].             ,          .       ,  , , , , ,   .    , Anno Domini, ,  ..,   ,     (1971),   ,     [101 -  ,  ,      ,    . .:  .   :  . .:   , 2012. . 190213.        1966   ,           ,         .]. ,       ,      ,   ,   1967  1971 .     ,  (1968?),  .. ,    ,  ,    ,    ,   ..   , Science Fiction,  (1970)     [102 -  ,  . ,            ,    ( .     :    . . 134).].  ,    ,   ,     ,     ,     .         .

    60-              ,    ,     Anno Domini,   1968, :

		 , ,  ,
		   ,
		     
		     :
		    ,
		     .  ,
		   .
		(, 1, 169)

  ,       ,     ,             (         ),            .

-  ,   Anno Domini,      60-   70- .    , Palangen (   ),   ,   -,     ,    .    ,   ,         -:

		     
		; ,   ,
		    ,
		 -   .

		 .     .
		     .
		       ,
		      .
		(, 1, 359)

,      ,     ,   ,       .    ..        ,        (1968)   (1970),   ,   ,   ,     ,     .      ,     ,        ,      ,      / 

		  
		,   ,  
		      
		,    .
		(2, 2, 392)

  ,       ,    ,     .        ,     ., ,         ..     (1962)    :    , /     (, 2, 292).             ,      .

       1963   ,    ,     ,   .    : ,    <> ,  , /    , /      (2, 1, 278279). ,         ,    ,         .  1965          ,  Ex Ponto (    ).           , ,     (1972).            .          :      ,      :  , ,  . /  ?  ?   ? /  ?   ?  ? (, 1, 373).

      ,    ,  ,   ,          .    60-   70-            . ,                  , ,    ,         ,           .   ,            ,      ,     ,          60- .         ,      [103 - , 1, 284294.].             ,            ,   1964 ,    :  ,    ,   ,         [104 -  .  . .:  , 1964. . 163.].  ,  , ,       ,          ,       ,            ,      .  ,   ,      ,    ,   ,        ,    ,   , ,   ,   ,      ,          [105 - Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 28.].   ,        ,  ,  ,  ..  1968, :

		 ,    .
		      ,
		   .   ?
		 ;     .
		 ,  ,  .
		(, 1, 172)

 , ,      ,        ,         ,   :

		  ?    
		     ,
		  -  ,
		   , ,
		   ,
		 ,   .
		(, 1, 172)

  , ,        .

           ,    ,       ?      ,      , , ,           ,   -  ,   ?      ,    ,                      ?


  :     



		,   :
		
		   !
		,   . ,  ,
		,      .
		    .

.. ,   [106 - . . . . .]

            .     ,  ,      ,    .          (   ,   ),          ,     :

		 ,  .   ,
		    : ,
		  !     .
		   ,   
		  ,    !
		  :   .
		(, 1, 417)

         ,   ,      .     ,    ,    .   (1968),   ,       , /    ;  /    (, 2, 305)                 .   ..          Wanderlust (  ):

		    ,
		   
		  ,
		 
		    
		      .
		(2, 2, 238)

    ,                .     ,  ,     ,       ,      :    ,       (2, 2, 239).

                     .             ,   .              ,            ,    [107 -        ,    , ,      . .: ..   :   . .:   , 2001. . 272.].      ,         ,      , ,    ,    .     ,     :       ()   [108 - Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 53.].  ,      ,       .

  1977  ,    -  ,   ,        , ,      :

		 .  
		 .  
		    .  
		    .
		,    ,
		     .

		  .   .
		,   ,
		   . 
		.   , -
		   -.   ,
		     .
		(, 2, 62)

    ,   ,  ( )      ,    .              ,  ,         ,    .

,   ,    .  ,    ,    ,/      ,         ,     -,    .                       ,     ,  ,   ,      :  [109 - John Givens, The Anxiety of a Dedication: Joseph Brodskys Kvintet/Sextet and Mark Strand // Russian Literature 37 (1995): 203226.].         ,              (1987),    .        ,/  ,         :      ,  /       (, 2, 113).     ,  ,    ,       ,    : -   .    ,   .

     -,     ,  ,    ,     .     -      .   ,  ,     .       ,         [110 - ., ,        :  .    . ., 2006. C.103148.].     ,  .      ,       ,     .       ,    ,           .       ,      ,        ,   ,        .              , ,  ,      .           ,     ,   ,    ,     .             :               ?[111 - Elizabeth Bishop, The Complete Poems 19271979 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1984), 9394.]

   /      :

		      .
		 . 
		 . ,  ,
		   .
		(, 2, 63)

       ,     ,  ,         .         : ;   ,  , /   ,   .  ,             ,     ,        :

		    
		  !    
		  , ,   ,
		    :
		 ,   ,  
		 .
		(, 2, 63)

          ,    .       ,       ,        :

		    .
		  .  .  
		  ,    .  
		. , .   
		    
		 .
		(, 2, 64)

 /            .           ,         (         ,      ).    ,  ,   ,             [112 -          ,         . .    5    .]:

		   . -
		 .  
		     .
		 ,  
		 ,  ,
		    .
		(, 2, 6465)

         ,   ,    ,    ,    ,               ,    /,    :

		  ,   ,
		  ,  ,  
		      .
		  , 
		,   
		   .
		(, 2, 63)

   ,          ,    .     ,  ,       ,        .     ,    ,   ,     :  <>  (2, 5, 326)[113 - .    : .]. ,          ,   ,          ,       .          :   ,      ,    ,       (    ),     .         ,         .  ,     ,     (2, 5, 56, . . ).    ,           ,    ,       .         , ,    ,  :      - ,  , .       -     :                  (2, 5, 60).

  ,  ,     , , ,    . ,      ,        -,    ,                .     1972 ,      ,   ,        .   70-  80-            .        ,         .   ,   ,    ,      (2, 6, 55).          ,         .

       1972      ,         ,     .            ,           ,      ,         .   ,   ,     .    ,  ,   ,    1978,     ,     ,        --   -.    ,   .     ,   .             :



  ,      .  ,   ,  ,   ,  <>              .   ,                 .           -    ,            .  .     ,  ,   , ,   ,       (2, 6, 420421, . . )[114 -     ,      . . .].


   ,         .  ,   ,  ,      .          :



           ,   .           ,            (2, 6, 61).


       .         .    :    ,     ,    ,  ,    ,    .         [115 - Readings, Introduction to Lyotard, 6385.].              ,     (, )    ,     ,       [116 - Holland and Huggan, Tourists with Typewriters, 23.].

    ,    -     ,    :



      .        ,       ,   ,  ,  .       ,     , ,  <>      :     ,     ,   ,   ,     ,   ,      ,     ,    [117 - - .   / . .. . .: , 1999. . 45.].


  -   (   )        ,                ,     .   , ,        ,       ,       , ,          .           , , ,  ,   ,     ,    .

  ,   1985    ,       ,      :          .   ,        (2, 5, 281).        ,  ,    ,         .       .         :  - ,  ,     ,         (2, 5, 282).     ,     .           ,        (.    5).                          .

 ,     ,  ,   ,        .  , ,   - -   ,        ,        :     ,       .      .   ,    ,     [118 - Fussell, Abroad, 38.].       ,     ,     ,      ,       .  ,            , ,        .

    ,       ,       ,        ,       .   ,     ,  ,  ,     ,      ,    ,  ,   (      )  ,    ,        .   ,   ,             (2, 6, 61).  ,  ,      ,        ,     ,        ,     .

  ,    ,      1986    ,          .               ,       ,     .    ,      (  ,    -)  ,      ,  ,        .          : , ,  , , , .             ,  ,  ,   ,   ,     .       ,     , , ,    .          -  ,     ,     .   ,      ,     ,    . ,   ,        - ,   :  ,     -   ,  ,    ,  , . ,  ,   .    ?    ? (2, 6, 43).

,          .     ,         ,   , :      [  ]  ,   .    ,    ,     ,   .  ,    ,   (2, 6, 39).  ,    ,  ,     ,   , ,    ,   .  ,    ,  , , ,   ,     .     ,    ,      (2, 6, 39),      ,      .   ,         .    ,   ,          ,       :  ,        ,        : ,  ,    (2, 6, 40)[119 -           . : John Frow, Tourism and the Semiotics of Nostalgia // October 57 (1991): 126127.].    ,     ,    ,    .   ,   ,     .       ,    .       ,  ,  ,    :                         -     (2, 6, 40).   ,            :     ,         (2, 6, 41).

 ,    ,      ,       ,                     .                   .            ,      ,   :



   ,  -         - ,        .         .     ,   ,            -           (2, 7, 78).


,     , .   ,      ,  ,      .           .  -        ,         .               ,                      .  ,         .        ,         .     ,     酻 .  ,  .          :    ; , , -,   ,       carbonaro,   (2, 7, 8.  . ..).        ,     [120 -       ,        .         ,   .      ,     ,        ;       ,  -   .               .      ,  :     ,   , ,      <>      ,     <>        ( .   //  . 2013. 3, .   : https://www.nlobooks.ru/magazines/neprikosnovennyy_zapas/89_nz_3_2013/article/10513/).]. ,       ,         酻        ,  .        ,         .         (1972)   (1993).

  ,        . ,    ,       ,   ,         ,  ,            .             ,                XX .       -   ,    .    



 ,       .    <>     ,    .   -,     ,          [121 - Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 50.].


      ,         ,              XVIIIXIX ,       ,    ,     - -        .

      .    ,            [122 - Layton, Russian Literature and Empire, 24.].       ,         .         , ,       ;             [123 - W.H. Auden and Louis MacNeice, Letters from Iceland (New York: Random House, 1969),  21, 2324.].     ,  .          ,  , ,   ..   ,       (.     ),      (.   ). 껠    ,    ,    .        ,   /  ,     :

		 :    
		,      ,
		,   ,
		      !

          -    1934 .  ,   ,           1978 .         ,         :



         ,          .        , ,  .     ,    ,     , .           .     ,     [124 -  .    . .:  , 1998. . 140.].


 ,   /,       ,         60-.

   ,        ,            1972 .      :   ,  ,  . ,   , ,  .  ,  ,  (2, 5, 313).              ,     ,    ,    ,       1972   - .   ,              ,    ,  ,       1972 .         ,      .               ,                  -.      ,      ,       ,     ,        , ,     .  ,     ,  ,  ,    ,       ໠  ,     .   ,   ,     ,              ,    , ,  ,            ,  [125 - Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism and Consumer Society, 114.].  ,      ,        .

    ,         .               ,        ,        .      ,        .              ,       ,   ,                 .




2.   . 


       ,      ,     .                  .         ,  ,     , ,  ,       ,   ,    ,   ,          (V, 300)[126 -   ,        ,        (Dan Ungurianu, The Wandering Greek: Images of Antiquity in Joseph Brodsky // Russian Literature and the Classics / Ed. Peter I. Barta, David H.J. Larmour, Paul Allen Miller (Amsterdam: Hardwood Academic Publishers, 1996). ,    ,        :     ,   .   ,    []  ,    (166).       ,        . .      ,   ,      ,  ,     .].         :  ,             .  ,      ,        ,     , , ,  Post Aetatem Nostram (1970).        ,   . ,          ,         ,          ,  ,   ,     .    ,        (1981).   2            ,    [127 -   . : 2, 7, 223279. : Joseph Brodsky, Marbles (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989).].   ,      ,    ,          .        ,  ,   .            -,        ,   ,   .    ,     ,   [128 -              .        ,           ,     ,     ,          . .: Valentina Polukhina, Joseph Brodsky: A Poet for Our Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 195210.  ,       ,               //   /  . . . Tenafly: , 1986. . 198206.].            .      ,       ,    .          ,       /             [129 -   ,     XIX  XX         .    .: George Nivat, An Ironic Journey into Antiquity // Brodskys Poetics and Aethetics / Ed. Lev Loseff and Valentina Polukhina (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1990), 92.].

                ,       ,    ,      ,   .       ,     ,    ,    [130 - .:  .,  . 60-. . 338339.].   ,       ,   ,   (     )  [131 -              ,      .   Anno Domini (1968)      ,           ,    .       ,     .       ,        :  1968, .     ,   ,         , ()                   (  ,      ),       ,       . .  1, .  .].        ,        .    ,           ,         .

         ,   .       ,   8090- ,                  .        (1981).        ,          ,     ,        :

		     
		  ,   .
		      
		  
		(2, 3, 227)

           ,         ,   .      ,       .           ,     IX .                   : , , , , . ,  , ,   (2, 3, 232). ,     ,  ,    ,    ,  ,         [132 -      .        :  .   /  . .. .:  , 1995. . 177.]. ,         , , , ,        , , ,     .           ,                 ,        .        ,  -,      ,     .

        ,            .  ,     ,   9  ,    ,         [133 -         ,      ,   ,   ,  ,  ,          ,    .<>  ,   !       ,      ,      ,     ,    .(  .  . .:  ,  , 1993. . 84).].        ,                 (2, 6, 362;    . . . ).    ,          . Mare Caspium,  ,      ,        ,         .         ,       ,     ,   ,    ,        [] ,     ,          ,       ( )[134 -            ,   .]. ,   Pax Romana     ,  ,   .

  ,  ,      .              ,   ,       ,             ,   ,  ,    ,  ,   .  ,      mare Caspium




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/sanna-turoma-26990276/brodskiy-za-granicey-imperiya-turizm-nostalgiya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


  : Joseph Brodsky: A Maddening Space,   ,  Public Broadcasting Service  Channel 4.




2


Svetlana Boym, The Future of Nostalgia (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 307.   ⻠     Watermark (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux). [        ,  . .  . .]




3


      self-fashioning,        (.  . ).           . . .




4


    -    ( ,                  ,   )        . ,  ,        ,     ,  ,   ,    ,  []   ,   ,   .  ,   ,       ,       :    (2, 5, 256; . . ).            ,                ,        ,           . .            :         (Patrick Colm Hogan, Empire and Poetic Voice: Cognitive and Cultural Studies of Literary Tradition and Colonialism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004), 157196).




5


             1989     (The Tourist, 1976),     , ,      ,    , ,        ,         ,   .      ,  ,  ,               ,               ,    .     ,        , ,       , ,   ,  . .: Dean MacKannel, The Tourist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), XVXVIII.




6


,  -,          Fondamenta Degli Incurabili  1989 . -      Watermark  1992 .            4, 1992    .   ,       ,            (  :  7 . .:  , 2001. .7). ,    ,        . . .




7


         -,                  .      -.   ,    ,     Vogue ( 1979)   :   (Leningrad: City of Mystery),              (1. 1980).      (A Place as Good as Any),        ,             ,   ( 1. 1997).   Watermark ( )      - (. . 1 . 13).




8


 ,   ,        .      ,    ,       ,           ,       . .: Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Studies in Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), 6.




9


    ,        (Cambridge Companion of Travel Writing / Ed. Hulme and Youngs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 113).       ,    .       :  ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,     .   :  , ,  ,      .             (  , ,      ,   ),      ,       . [   travel writing       . . .]




10


Edward Said, The World, the Text and the Critic (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 4.                <>    <>     (35).    ,      ,         ,      ,     ,   蓻 (Ibid.),       ,   <> , ,            ,             (39).




11


       ظ Authenticity and Fiction in the Russian Literary Journey, 17901840 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), .  116. [ : ظ .          17901840. .:  , 2004, . .520. . .] . : Sara Dickinson, Breaking Ground: Travel and National Culture in Russia from Peter I to the Era of Pushkin (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006); T. Roboli, The Literature of Travel, in: Russian Prose / Ed. B.M. Eikhenbaum and Yury Tynianov, trans. and ed. Rey Parrot (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1985) [ .   //   /  . .   . . .: Academia, 1926. . 4273. . .]; Reuel K. Wilson, The Literary Travelogue. A Comparative Study with Special Relevance to Russian Literature from Fonvizin to Pushkin (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973); Derek Offord, Journeys to a Graveyard: Perceptions of Europe in Classical Russian Travel Writing (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005).




12


Susan Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994),  5470; Monika Greenleaf, Pushkin and Romantic Fashion: Fragment, Elegy, Orient, Irony (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), 855,  144145.




13


Julie Buckler, Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005), 89115.




14


., ,   ,   , .     ,   ,    ,        .




15


     .: Gwen Walker, Silver-Age Writers on the Black Continent: Russia, Africa and the Celebration of Distance (PhD diss., University of WisconsinMadison, 2003).




16


Carol Avins, Border Crossings: The West and Russian Identity in Soviet Literature 19171934 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 139, 150.




17


                . .:  . :  2 . .:  , 1990. . 2. . 420423.




18


Anne E. Gorsuch, There Is No Place Like Home: Soviet Tourism in Late Stalinism // Slavic Review 4 (2003): 760785.




19


        .             : A Prescribed Journey: Russian Travel Literature from the 1960s to the 1980s // Slavic and East European Journal 38 (1994): 261270.




20


              60-:    (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1988), 93135 (   , ., ,  :  .,  . 60-:   . .: : CORPUS, 2014. C. 144162).




21


Hulme and Youngs, Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, 1.




22


              : Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes; Alison Russell, Crossing Boundaries: Postmodern Travel Literature (New York: Palgrave, 2000); Maria Alzira Seixo, ed., Travel Writing and Cultural Memory (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000); Steve Clark, ed., Travel Writing and Empire: Postcolonial Theory in Transit (New York: St. Martins Press, 1999); Dennis Potter, Haunted Journeys: Desire and Transgression in European Travel Writing (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992); Patrick Holland and Graham Huggan, Tourists with Typewriters: Critical Reflections on Contemporary Travel Writing (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1998).      .: Caren Kaplan, Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of Displacement (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996).




23


           .           :          ,    ,         ,       .     ,     ,  ,     ,     ,          ,      .   80-   90-              ,                    ,          (Slavic Review 2 [2006]: 294303).   ,  ,       ,    ,   ,                   ,  , ,   Anno Domini (1968)  Post aetatem nostram (1970).     (1975)        .           60-  .     60- (321343) (   . . .).




24


        ,         .          , ,   ,    ,     ,    .     ,   ,  ,       ,      .         ,  ,     ,      (     )         . [.  ..  :  . . .:  , 2006. . 147. . .]




25


        XVIII  XIX       ,             . .: Offord, Journeys to a Graveyard, 713.




26


Holland and Huggan, Tourists with Typewriters, 2223.




27


                       ,   60-   ,       (,  ,      ),         . .: Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism and Consumer Society // The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays On Postmodern Culture / Ed. Hal Foster (New York: New Press, 1998), 113. [      . 4. 2000;    . . .]




28


      .: Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 1213. .  . 22   .




29


Linda Hutcheon, Irony, Nostalgia, and the Postmodern, 1998, http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/criticism/hutchinp.html (accessed April 10, 2008). [ 24  2016. . .]




30


Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993), 135.




31


  . :  .   :   . .:   , 2001. . 12,          : Russian Postmodernism: New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture / Ed. Mikhail Epstein, Alexander Genis, and Slobodanka Vladyi-Glover (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999), 473.




32


Thomas Epstein : Epstein, Genis, and Vladyi-Glover, Russian Postmodernism, vii.




33


  ,       ,      -       ,   .          ,  ,      . .: The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1978;   1984). [ :  .-.   / . . . .: , 2016. . .] .: Bill Readings, Introduction to Lyotard: Art and Politics (London: Routledge, 1991),  63.




34


Pratt, Imperial Eyes, 10.




35


       ,  -,          . . .




36


         ,     ,           ,       ,              ,    ,     ,       (Imperial Eyes, 6).




37


   .: Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1995), 3639, 216219. .  . 34   6.




38


           : George L. Kline, Variations on the Theme of Exile          Brodskys Poetics and Aesthetics (   ) (London: Macmillan, 1990), 5688; Lev Loseff, Home and Abroad in the Works of Brodskii       Under Eastern Eyes: The West as Reflected in Recent Russian migr Writing (London: Macmillan, 1992), 2541; Gerald Stanton Smith, England in Russian migr Poetry: Iosif Brodskiis V Anglii,  , 1724;  ,    :      // Russian Literature 37 (1995): 405416;  ,           ,      Literary Tradition and Practice in Russian Culture (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993), 229245. [.     .:  .   :  . :  -, 2009. . 5769. . .] .      :         (.:  , 1999), . 283297.                   : ,     (  . 2004. 67. . 162180).




39


 . . . . 413.




40


        :   ,      ,  19641965 ,      1972 ,     , , ,    ,     ,   ,      19741977  1980  (Kline, Variations on the Theme of Exile, 5657).




41


Ibid. (   ,    ).




42


Smith, England in Russian migr Poetry, 20.




43


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46


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48


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49


. . .  : Brodsky, On Grief and Reason, 2223.




50


        . . .




51


           :   ,       ,     ,        ,    ,            (Bethea, Creation of Exile, 45).




52


 ,              , .: Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 227240.     This Question of Moving: Modernist Exile/Postmodern Tourism.      -          .




53


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54


    .: Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 164.




55


. . .




56


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57


 ..   . ., 1886. . 10. . 83.




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67


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68


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69


. . 2 . 24 . ..




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71


          1989 ,     ,   ,  ,   ,   . . .1  . 12 . .




72


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 .,  . 60-. . 128.




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76


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78


.     : Balina, A Prescribed Journey.




79


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80


     : ,  ..,  , , , ,    酻 (  ),   ,    䅻,  ,   ,    ..    ,     䅻,  ,   ,  ,    (1962)  Einem Alten Architekten in Rom,     ,              1963 . ,   ,   ( ..),    ,            . ,   , ,       ,       ( .     :    ).




81


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82


        .:   :  4 . .:  , 19921995,         ,    : 1 (  ,  ).




83


     .. ,     :   . . .




84


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85


 ,   .., ,  ,  ,    ,       .       .  ,    ,   ,      ,         : David MacFadyen, Joseph Brodsky and the Soviet Muse (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2000), 279.




86


. .. .




87


   plains of windy Troy,     . . .




88


     (http://imwerden.de/pdf/brodsky_pismo_tomaschewskoi.pdf  19  2018).     ,    ,     .:  . :      . .:   , 2002.




89


            (     ),     (.     :    . .48),             :      ?  ,   .     ?      ,  ,  ,    ꓻ (2, 5, 322; . . ).




90


     .: Carr, Modernism and Travel, 81.




91


       .: Woll, Real Images, 142150, 158160.




92


Greenleaf, Pushkin and Romantic Fashion, 208.




93


        .:  .    / . ., ., . , . .. . .:   ;  , 2011. (   ). . 12,         ,    : .




94


           :                ,        .      ,       A-tisket, a-tasket,       (2, 6, 1819).




95


     , ,       ,  ,  .  ,          1962  (MacFadyen, Brodsky and the Soviet Muse, 82).




96


         .       : MacFadyen, Brodsky and the Soviet Muse, 1720.




97


Bethea, Creation of Exile, 32.




98


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99


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100


        ,         1960-        ,    ( .,  . 60-. . 288291).




101


 ,  ,      ,    . .:  .   :  . .:   , 2012. . 190213.        1966   ,           ,         .




102


 ,  . ,            ,    ( .     :    . . 134).




103


, 1, 284294.




104


 .  . .:  , 1964. . 163.




105


Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 28.




106


. . . . .




107


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108


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109


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110


., ,        :  .    . ., 2006. C.103148.




111


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112


         ,         . .    5    .




113


.    : .




114


    ,      . . .




115


Readings, Introduction to Lyotard, 6385.




116


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117


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118


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119


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120


      ,        .         ,   .      ,     ,        ;       ,  -   .               .      ,  :     ,   , ,      <>      ,     <>        ( .   //  . 2013. 3, .   : https://www.nlobooks.ru/magazines/neprikosnovennyy_zapas/89_nz_3_2013/article/10513/).




121


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122


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123


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124


 .    . .:  , 1998. . 140.




125


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126


  ,        ,        (Dan Ungurianu, The Wandering Greek: Images of Antiquity in Joseph Brodsky // Russian Literature and the Classics / Ed. Peter I. Barta, David H.J. Larmour, Paul Allen Miller (Amsterdam: Hardwood Academic Publishers, 1996). ,    ,        :     ,   .   ,    []  ,    (166).       ,        . .      ,   ,      ,  ,     .




127


  . : 2, 7, 223279. : Joseph Brodsky, Marbles (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989).




128


             .        ,           ,     ,     ,          . .: Valentina Polukhina, Joseph Brodsky: A Poet for Our Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 195210.  ,       ,               //   /  . . . Tenafly: , 1986. . 198206.




129


  ,     XIX  XX         .    .: George Nivat, An Ironic Journey into Antiquity // Brodskys Poetics and Aethetics / Ed. Lev Loseff and Valentina Polukhina (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1990), 92.




130


.:  .,  . 60-. . 338339.




131


             ,      .   Anno Domini (1968)      ,           ,    .       ,     .       ,        :  1968, .     ,   ,         , ()                   (  ,      ),       ,       . .  1, .  .




132


     .        :  .   /  . .. .:  , 1995. . 177.




133


		     
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(  .  . .:  ,  , 1993. . 84).




134


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