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     XVII. 5451?      (   )       .    ,         .      ,      .        ,  ,   ,  ,    .     ? !    .  ! ,  ,     ?,  , .    ,     ,    ,        :        .

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Ƞ :   ,   . ߠ     [1 -          (David Kaufmann, Hrsg., Die Memoiren der Gl?ckel von Hameln, 16451719 (Frankfurt am Main: J.Kaufmann, 1896).          (Bertha Pappenheim): Die Memoiren der Gl?ckel von Hameln. (Vienna: Stefan Meyer und Wilhelm Pappenheim, 1910).       ,       (    ),      .       (Alfred Feilchenfeld): Denkw?rdigkeiten der Gl?ckel von Hameln aus dem J?disch-Deutschen ?bersetzt (Berlin: J?discher Verlag, 1913)   : 1914, 1920 1923. ( ), 1979. (Berlin: Verlag Darmst?dter Bl?tter) 1987. (Frankfurt am Main: Athen?um).      .     (Marvin Lowenthal),      ,         : The Memoirs of Gl?ckel of Hameln (New York: Harper, 1932).        . (Robert S.Rosen) (New York: Schocken Books, 1977;       ).   ,     (ꠖ- ),         ,      ,      , ,   ,   (The Life of Gl?ckel of Hameln, 16461724, Written by Herself. London: Horovitz Publishing, 1962; New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1963).      . : Dorothy Bilik, The Memoirs of Glikl of Hameln: The Archaeology of the Text, Yiddish, 8 (Spring 1992): 118.        ,        . ,      ,             .   , ,        : ,    ,      (KM, S.160; PM, S.149; AL, p.87).               ,    .   . : KM, S.1517; PM, S.1314; AL, pp.89.].

                .           (          ),         .     ,    ,          .  ,   ,    ,     ,   .   ,          .             ()  XVII.,        .

         ,      .     .   ,      ,        ,             .    (Memorial)     ,   , 蠫,   ,         .     (Libro de su vida)      .     ,    ,   ,        .      ,         , ,       . ,         ,    (16051665),     .        ,     ,     : -, , ,      ,  ,     .       蠫,  je tu,    [2 - Pierre Favre, Mmorial, trad. et d. Michel de Certeau (Paris: Descl?e de Brouwer, 1959), pp.7682, 208209, 217218; Michel de Certeau, The Mystic Fable, vol.1: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, trans. Michael B.Smith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp.188193.          ,        ,     (Alison Weber, Teresa Of Avila and the Rhetoric of Femininity [Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990], p.77, n.1).  , ,     ,    ,     ,   , ,  ,    . Michel de Certeau, Jeanne des Anges, in Soeur Jeanne des Anges, Autobiographie dune hystrique possde, d. Gabriel Legu et Gilles de la Tourette (Grenoble: Jrome Millon, 1990), pp.300344.].

   ,         (      ,   ),          .  - ( ,  )     ;       ,   ,  ,     .        , -     .     ,  ,   ( )            [3 - Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven F.Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp.6890.].

         ,  XIX.       ,    ,    ,     ,      ,     .     ,    ,     ,   ,         .     ,  ,   ,            .         ,         ,  ,     ? Ƞ        XVII.,   ,      ?[4 - Π .: KM, S.xiiixl; N.B.Minkoff, Glickel Hamel (16451724) (New York: M.Vaxer Publishing, 1952       ); Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16vols. (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing, 1972), vol.7, pp.629630;    Glikl Hamel, Zichroines (Buenos Aires: Arenes Literario en el Instituto Cientifico Judio, 1967); Daniel S.Milo, LHistoire juive entre sens et rfrence, in Daniel S.Milo et Alain Boureau, d., Alter histoire: Essais dhistoire exprimentale (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1991), pp.145167; Linda Ellen Feldman, Converging Difference: Reflections on Marginalism, Postmodernism and the Memoirs of Gl?ckel von Hameln, Daphnis. Zeitschrift f?r Mittlere Deutsche Literatur, 22 (1993): 669700; Gabriele Jancke, Die Sichronot der j?dischen Kauffrau Gl?ckel von Hameln, in Magdalene Heuser, Hrsg., Autobiographien von Frauen (T?bingen: Niemeyer, 1996);     ,    ,     .      XVII  XIX. . : Monika Richarz, In Familie, Handel und Salon: J?dische Frauen vor und nach der Emanzipation des deutschen Juden, in Karin Hausen und Heidi Wunder, Hrsg., Frauen GeschichteGeschlechtergeschichte (Frankfurt am Main: Campos Verlag, 1992), S.5766.        .: Judith R.Baskin, ed., Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991).]

 ࠖ  ,    .        1896.        :   -    ,    ,   .         (   蠫),      XVII.  [5 - ߠ ,      / (G?nter Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln und ihre Familie in den Steuerkontenb?chern der Aschkenasischen Gemeinde Altona, in Peter Freimark, Ina Lorenz und G?nter Marwedel, Judentore, Kuggel, Steuerkonten: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der deutschen Juden, vornehmlich im Hamburger Raum [Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1983], fig. 4a),     堖   (Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A).],        , . (      ,     ,         :  -   -.)     XVII.        ,      ,  geboren Merian ( ).

     :    ,     (,    , ,    ),   ,  ,     .    ,     ,       -   :        [6 - ADM, 3E3708, n68; 3E3728, n333 : ,       :  .         ( )  . ADM, 3E4150, n761 : ,    ,        .          ,           ,     (ADM, 3E3692, 31 28 1701., 22 1702.).   XVII.                (Alfred Landau und Bernhard Wachstein, J?dische Privatbriefe aus dem Jahre 1619 [Vienna und Leipzig: Wilhelm Braum?ller, 1911], S.XXV).   ,    ,      (Max Freudenthal, Leipziger Messg?ste, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 45 [1901]: 485),             .   ,    ,    .],         ,     .        ,           : Almone , ..   (   ).          ,    (    )[7 -  Cerf (     )     ()  . (    .)],     ,  ,     : ,       [8 - Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.72, 78, 91; ADM, 5E11115, fol.46r; Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A).    :    ,     ,      (Institut f?r die Geschichte der deutschen Juden, Hamburg).].

  XVII XVIII.     ,   ,     . ߠ   ,   ,    :    , .. ,    (        ,     [9 - ADM, 3E3699, fol.245r; KM, S.168; PM, S.157; AL, p.91.      ()      , , ,      (    ).                 ,           (Duplicat der Grabb?cher von Altona, Institut f?r die Geschichte der deutschen Juden, Hamburg, Nr.1221; Max Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden bis zur Aufl?sung der Dreigemeinden 1811 [Hamburg: Alfred Janssen, 1904], S.256, Nr.1547).]).

     1646? 1647.    ,     ,     ,     ,      ,    [10 - KM, S.2730; PM, S.2529; AL, pp.1518.            (JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A).  ,     (..  )     (KM, S.xvi),      .            , .  ,       ,  ,    Pheiwel  Pheiweles,  Philipps (D.Simonsen, Eine Confrontation zwischen Gl?ckel Hamelns Memoiren und den alten Hamburger Grabb?chern, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 49 [1905]: S.96106).       ,       .].   XVII.            60 ,   ,   , ,   [11 - Werner Joachmann und Hans-Dieter Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg: Geschichte der Stadt und ihrer Bewohner, Bd1: Von den Anf?ngen bis zur Reichsgr?ndung, hrsg. von Hans-Dieter Loose (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1982), S.259350; Martin Reissmann, Die hamburgische Kaufmannschaft des 17. Jahrhunderts in sozialgeschichtlicher Sicht (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1975); Mary Lindemann, Patriots and Paupers: Hamburg, 17121830 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)      .].     .  1612.         ( ,     ),        :                 [12 - Hermann Kellenbenz, Sephardim an der unteren Elbe: Ihre wirtschaftliche und politische Bedeutung vom Ende des 16. bis zum Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1958); Joachim Whaley, Religious Toleration and Social Change in Hamburg, 15291819 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp.7080; G?nter B?hm, Die Sephardim in Hamburg, in ArnHerzig und Saskia Rohde, Hrsg., Die Juden in Hamburg, 1590 bis 1990 (Hamburg: D?lling und Galitz Verlag, 1991), S.2140.]. ʠ60?.     600          .  1667.,      ,            ,   ,    .[13 - Irmgard Stein, J?dische Baudenkm?ler in Hamburg (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1984), S.39. Π,   1680?. /        , .: Johann Dietz, Master Johann Dietz, trans. Bernard Miall (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1923), p.176.].

         .          .         ,                   [14 -   (      .): Johan M?ller, Einf?ltiges Bedenken von dem im Grund verdebten und erb?rmlichen Zustande der Kirche Christi in Hamburg (1648), in Christian Ziegra, Sammlung von Urkunden, Theologischen und juristischen Bedenken zur hamburgischen Kirchenhistorie, Bd.14 (Hamburg: C.S.Schr?der, 17641770), Bd1, S.1011; Bedenken wegen Duldung der Juden (1649), ibid., S.98114.   ,      9 1650. (         ), .: StAH, Senat, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 1, fol.131;   1699., .: Whaley, Religious Toleration, p.78.]. ,    ,     ,  1674.     .    , 1697.,          ,    .

Ѡ       ,  hochdeutsche Juden,    [15 - Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden; Whaley, Religious Toleration, pp.8093;  G?nter Marwedel, Die aschkenasischen Juden im Hamburger Raum (bis 1780), in Herzig und Rohde, Hrsg., Juden in Hamburg, S.6175. ,      ,  : Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg: Eine Ausstellung des Museums f?r Hamburgische Geschichte vom 8. 11. 1991 bis 29. 3. 1992 (Hamburg: D?lling und Galitz Verlag, 1991).].  30? 40?.            (   ),      ,   ,           .      ,     ,  ,   [16 - Stein, J?dische Baudenkm?ler, S.27, 48.].

     ,    ,     .         ,     ,      -,  ( 1640.) .      1650.,   ,       ,    .

        ,         ,    ,       .     1657.       ,   ,             .       ,     J?dische Gemeinde ( )[17 - G?nter Marwedel, Hrsg., Die Privilegien der Juden in Altona (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1976). Heinz Mosche Graupe, Hrsg., Die Statuten der drei Gemeinden Altona, Hamburg und Wandsbek (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1973),  S.65172. KM, S.2325; AL, pp.1315.].

ʠ      ,    .   -             , ,    ,       ,    ,     :     ,     .  1607.    ,     ,        ,    ,  . , 1710.       [18 - StAH, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 2, 37r42r (       1 1698.). Whaley, Religious Toleration, pp.8283, 8687. Graupe, Statuten, S.5355, 209251.].

 ,  ,   1650?.,        .  ,            , ,   ( ),          ,        [19 - KM, S.2633; PM, S.2430; AL, pp.1519.].

   .         (     ),          - ( ),        ,    [20 - A.Lewinsky, Die Kinder des Hildesheimer Rabbiners Samuel Hameln, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 44 (1900): 250, Anm. 1; Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.72. Π XVII,  ,   5000, .: Percy Ernst Schramm, Neuen Generationen: Dreihundert Jahre deutscher Kulturgeschichte im Lichte der Schicksale einer Hamburger B?rgerfamilie (16401948), Bd.12 (G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 19631964), Bd1, S.5974.].      .     ,       (      ),             [21 -    ,  ,      , . : Heide Wunder, Er ist die Sonn, Sie ist der Mond: Frauen in der Fr?hen Neuzeit (M?nchen: Verlag C.H.Beck, 1992), S.48.  1699.         :           (BN, ms. fr. nouv. acq. 4473, . : Robert Anchel, Les Juifs de France [Paris: J.B.Janin, 1946], p.154, 160).         :  ,   ,   ,        ,         ,       (Schramm, Neun Generationen, S.101104).    XVIII.  -       (Gershon Hundert, The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatw in the Eighteenth Century [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992], p.76),         XVIII.        (Fran?oise Job, Les Juifs dans ltat civil de Lunville, 17921891: Etude dmographiquenuptualit, fcondit, in Gilbert Dahan, d., Les Juifs au regard de lhistoire: Mlanges en lhonneur de Bernhard Blumenkranz [Paris: Picard, 1985], pp.345347).].   ,        ,     (..    ).    ,          ,      ?  ,                 (..   ).

 ,    , ,    ,       ,   (      )     ,   [22 - Whaley, Religious Toleration, p.84; KM, S.109; PM, S.178179; AL, p.103.].          ,      , 頖   ,           ,  ,   [23 -            : 堖 17    , ,   ,         .     ,  1715.,       ,     .].   XVII.,  ,     ,      ,  ,      ,  젖   ,      [24 -      󻠖  ,      ,      .   ,    ,         . KM, S.7172, 129; PM, S.6465, 119; AL, pp.3940, 71.      ,      , .: Wunder, Frauen, S.3638.].

      , ,   ,       ,  .    --    ,         -   .         (    ,      ),    ,         .      ,  ,    ,       ,    .        [25 - KM, S.75, 80, 108111 (S. 108: gut gidanken  min Gliklikhen     ); PM, S.69, 74, 98102; AL, pp.42, 44, 5962. Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.78.    ,   XVII.   ,          (Shlomo Eidelberg, R.Juspa, Shammash of Warmaisa (Worms): Jewish Life in Seventeenth-Century Worms [Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1991], p.98).].

Ƞ  1689.,        ,      .     ,     ,        ,       .          :         ,   .          ,     , ,  (), .      ,  頖 ,  ,  ,  ;        [26 -      ,   ,     ,  ;    ,    ,    ;      ࠖ    ,    ;       ,   ,  ,          ;     ,   ,     /  ,  ;        ,    ,     ;         ;       ,  , ,  ,  ;          ;         ;    ,       ,   ,     ;    . , .48.].

   ?     ,         ,              (       ).         ,      ,    .   ,    : 1674 1697.       ,         ,    ; 1670.     ,  16691670.    ,         .       ,      ,   ,       [27 - KM, S.271; PM, S.254; AL, p.148.].   ,   ,         ,     .

   ,         (   ,    )[28 - KM, S.199; PM, S.189; AL, p.108.],       .    ,       ,         ,    .        ,         20 000   ,,      ,     [29 - KM, S.124125, 230; PM, S.114115, 217; AL, pp.69, 126.   ,  -,    ,   , ,     ,    ,      .         蠫. Π   - .: Reissmann, Kaufmannschaft, S.241, Anm. 163.].            ;       , ,  ,   ;           ;     ,   ;        .    ,       :         ,    (     )[30 - Freudenthal, Leipziger Messg?ste, S.485.],     , ,  --      .  ,  ,      .           :    ,     ,  ,    ,     ,   ,      .

     ?      .   ,     ,    , ,      (           ).   ?  1638.  (         ),    ,      .         , ,        .        ,          [31 - KM, S.3031, 33; PM, S.2829, 31; AL, pp.1719; Simonsen, Confrontation, S.100.].  ,     ,   ,   ,     ,    ,              .  ,   ,     [32 - KM, S.30, 216; PM, S.2728, 204; AL, pp.17, 117.   1710.             (Kellenbenz, Sephardim, S.444).            (Marwedel, Privilegien, S.159, Nr.22b, Anm. 1).  ,   ,    ,    :  1668  1699.     ࠖ 240  -  (Freudenthal, Leipziger Messg?ste, S.468, 484487).].

      ,      [33 - Π     .: Merry E.Wiesner, Working Women in Renaissance Germany (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986); Wunder, Frauen, . 5; Rita Bake, Vorindustrielle Frauenerwerbsarbeit: Arbeits- und Lebenweise von Manufaktur Arbeiterinnen im Deutschland des 18. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer Ber?cksichtigung Hamburgs (K?ln: Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag, 1984), S.7983, 145148.].           ,      .   ,    (  ),          ,    ,           [34 - Selma Stern, The Court Jew: A Contribution to the History of the Period of Absolutism in Central Europe, trans. Ralph Weiman (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1950), pp.4755, 184185.          ,  .  ,      XVIIXVIII.,    ,      ,       (Heinrich Schnee, Die Hoffinanz und der moderne Staat: Geschichte und System der Hoffaktoren an deutschen F?rstenh?fen im Zeitalter des Absolutismus, Bd.14 [Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1963], Bd4, S.148.]. , ,    ,           ,        (B?rse). (,      :         -     .)[35 - KM, S.269; PM, S.252; AL, p.147: Ѡ    ,   [] ,      . Eidelberg, Juspa, p.40.]

      ,        .     , , ,     :   ,          [36 -  .,    1661.,    ,     (  : Jochmann und Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg Geschichte, Bd1, S.240241).    ,   B?rse,   (. 1680, Museum f?r Hamburgische Geschichte),       .     ,     (Der Messberg, .1670, Museum f?r Hamburgische Geschichte),      .  ,         ,     , . : KM, S.240; PM, S.226; AL, p.132.].   XVII.        ,    ,  ,      ,   ,     堖 ,  ,       蠖,      .          ,     ,  .  ,     .

       .  1699.,      ,       ,       ,      .  ,    ,     ,     ,        .    ,  ,     ,     [37 - KM, S.275277; PM, S.260262; AL, pp.150152; StAH, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 2, fol.5v; Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.79, 91.     ,       ,     ,       / (Zevi Hirsch Ashkenazi, Sefer Sheelot u-Teshovot Chakham Zevi [Amsterdam, 1972; 򠖠New York: Gross Brothers, 1960], responsa 14).].    , ,     .

  ,    1700.,      22 000        ,  .       ;          (parlement)  .        XIV,      .    렖        ,   ,        .    -⠖, , , ,     頖 ,    [38 - Fran?ois Yves le Moigne, d., Histoire de Metz (Toulose: Ed. prive, 1986), chap. 810; Patricia E.Behre, Religion and the Central State in Metz, 16331700, Diss., Yale University, 1991.].

 .      ,     ,       ,  .  1560?.,     ,  II   -       ,          .      . ʠ1657.,   XIV    蠫   ,          III.  1699.,         (         [] ),  -,   ,    1 200 , ..       [39 - Le Moigne, d., Metz, pp.227, 250, 260, 278; Recueil des Loix, coutumes et usages observs par les Juifs de Metz (Metz: Veuve Antoine et Fils, 1786); A.Cahen, Le rabbinat de Metz de 1567 ? 1871, Revue des tudes juives, 7 (1883): 103116, 204254; 8 (1884): 255274; D.Kaufmann, Extraits de lancien livre de la communaut de Metz, Revue des tudes juives, 18 (1889): 115130; M.Ginsburger, Samuel Levy, ein Stiefsohn der Gl?ckel von Hameln, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 51 (1907): 481484; Gilbert Cahen, La Rgione lorraine, in Bernhard Blumenkranz, d., Histoire des Juifs en France (Toulouse: Ed. prive, 1972), pp.77136; Frances Malino, Competition and Confrontation: The Jews and the Parlement of Metz, in Dahan, d., Juifs, pp.321341; Les Juifs lorraines: Du ghetto ?lanation, 17211871. Exposition organise par les Archives dpartementales de la Moselle du 30juin au 24septembre 1990 (Metz: Association Mosellane pour la Conservation du Patrimoine Juif, 1990), pp.952.].

,  ,   ,  .       ,        .    ,      ,      .  1701.,   ,    ;             ,     ⠫    [40 - BN, N. acq. fr. 22705, fols. 95v96r:   18 1707.,     ; Factum pour le corps et communaut des Marchands de la ville de Metz Contre Joseph Levy et Lion de Bonne et Consorts, Juifs Habitans de Metz (1695), fols. 62r67r; Factum, Pour Esther Norden, veuve de Joseph Cahen Iuif, Habitant de la ville de Metz, Plaignante et Appelante: Contre Jacques Durand Marchand Boucher (1701); Factum Pour Iacques Durand marchand boucher Bourgeois de cette ville de Metz, Christine Perin sa Femme, et Iean Fran?ois Durand Prisonniers (1701). Anchel, Juifs, pp.170174; Patricia E.Behre, Jews and Christians in the Marketplace: The Politics of Kosher Meat in Metz, (paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Washington D.C., December 1992).].

   ,     .  1669.  -         (  ),      ,      ,    ,   ,    .   ,        ,    XIV     .           ,       .    , ,          :      , ,  ,         .     ,      ,     [41 - Joseph Reinach, Une erreur judiciare sous Louis XIV: Rapha?l Lvy (Paris: Librairie Charles Delagrave, 1898):       1699.  ,     . Patricia E.Behre, Raphael Levy ACriminal in the Mouths of the People, Religion, 23 (1993): 1944.   ,     (Une obituaire isralite: Le Memorbuch de Metz (vers 15751724), trad. Simon Schwarfuchs [Metz: Socit dHistoire dArchologie de la Lorraine, s.a.], p.54, n611)   ,    . Mmoire pour Me Jean Aubry, Procureur du Roy au Si?ge Presidial de Metz, Opposant; Contre M.Lamy, Conseiller Honoraire au Parlement (BN, N. acq. fr. 22705, fols. 97v98v):     ,        ,      menu peuple []    ,  ,   .      .].

 1699.             ,     ,  ,       .     ,  ,            ,        [42 - Marc Antoine Turgot, Mmoire rdig pour linsruction du Dauphin (1700), . : Juifs lorraines, p.43, n123; Anchel, Juifs, pp.154, 169170.].    1698.     (    , )     6 000 ,    ,       .   ,   ,     ,   蠖 ;    , ,  (   )  [43 - Anchel, Juifs, chap. 7; Cahen, La Rgione lorraine.].        ( ,  , ,          ),            [44 -  ADM, 3E3692,  :   (1701, fol.75r),  ( )  (      , 1701, fol.199r; 1702, fols. 22v, 167r),    ,  (1702, fol.41v),    ,  (1702, fol.78v),    (1702, fol.169v).  3E3693, 8,  10 1702., ,  ,   , ,     ,     ,    50 56.     1715.  ,   , ,       ,       ; (Memorbuch, p.71, n777).    -          . Ѡ ,  1717.      ,          ,   ,  ,           ,       . Responses de Samuel Levy, Juif, dtenu s Prisons Civiles de la Conciergerie du Palais, Dfendeur; Aux Contredits Des Syndics de ses Cranciers Chrtiens, Demandeurs (1717), p.2 (BC, N. acq. fr. 22705).].

   , ,       ,        [45 - KM, S.296: rikhtig taytsh ars mir ays geleyrnt hot.      die aufrichtige deutsche Art, im Gegensatz zu dem franz?sischen Metz (Anm. 1),     (PM, S.278).   :    ,    (AL, p.160).    taytsh    ,  ,    ,  (  ),   ,   ,   . ,     ,     .      ,      .]. Ӡ/        ,   ,   . Ӡ       蠖         ,    ,         .      (         ),  ,       ,      -   ,   .      ,      (    ),         ,   [46 - KM, S.183184, 210, 295302; PM, S.172173, 199200, 278284; AL, pp.9899, 114, 116, 160164.      ,  13 1699.,     (Memorbuch, pp.4849, n556). Π      .: Ginsburger, Samuel Levy, S.484485. ʠ1700.      /  堖 ,      1681.,       (ADM, 3E3694, n153, 1 1703.). ʠ 1700.  /     ,      , 1709.       (ADM, 3E4108, n92,     22 1709.,    26 1710.). ,   ,    ,       ,  1709.,   (KM, S.298; Memorbuch, p.60, n668).   蠖,   , ,       .].

Ƞ,    ,   .  ,         ,    .      - ,        -,      .   1702.   ,        ,          [47 - KM, S.300301, 310; PM, S.282, 292; AL, pp.163, 169; Kaufmann, Einf?hrendes, in KM, S.xxv, Anm. 1 (  ,   ,     ); Anchel, Juifs, p.196.  ,         ,         , . : ADM, B2729,    ,  1702., fols., 16r19v, 22r; 3E3692, fol.63r, 26 1702.; 3E3694, n1617, 74, 115 (12 1702.), 132 (14 1703.).].

               . ,    ,     ,      [48 - Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A.].  ,             [49 -          ,     ,      ,   (  .: ADM, 3E3695, 17041705, fols. 22v23r, 20 1720.,  3E4108, 104bis, 1712).        젖 ,       /. Π,  ,     ,    ,       (ADM, 3E4150, n761, 14 1730.).       ,     ,      .].         ,                   ,  .    ,    :  XIV,            ,         ,       [50 - KM, S.313318; PM, S.294300; AL, pp.171174.       ,   ,      XIV  .     .: Anchel, Juifs, pp.194203.].

    , 1712.    ,      .           (  ,      ).     :     (    ),    , ,  ,       ,   .    1724.,    ,   -, ..  , 5485?,    [51 - Memorbuch, p.65, n712:     24 1712.; ADM, 3E4150, n761:    ,     ,  1730.  (1712)  (17161717)  ,     ,  ,      (KM, S.313; PM, S.294; AL, p.171; ADM, 3E3709, n305). Responses de Samuel Levy, Juif, p.3. ADM, 5E11115, fol.46r: ,   ,   , 19 1724., ⠫Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A, :           -,  5485.].

         ( ),      (malekuleshe gedanken),     [52 - KM, S.1, 34; PM, S.1, 3; AL, pp.12.   :     [   ], ,   ,   , , ,   , ,   ,       [misige malekuleshe gedanken] (KM, S.121; PM, S.112; AL, p.67).].        ? ,       ,           .           , ,    ,           ,     .                   ;        ;      ,    Megillat Samuel ( ),     ,     ,    1704.  XVIII.    [53 - Leon Modena, The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modenas Life of Judas, trans. and ed. Mark R.Cohen (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988).      ,          (Natalie Zemon Davis, Fame and Secrecy: Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography, ibid., pp.5070).       : A Valley of Vision: The Heavenly Journey of Abraham ben Hananiah Yagel (,     ) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990), pp.170. Asher Halevi, Die Memoiren des Ascher Levy aus Reichshofen im Elsass (15981635), ?bers. und hrsg. von M.Ginsburger (Berlin: Louis Lamm, 1913). Samuel ben Jishaq Tausk, Megillat Samuel (     XVIII., SUBF, ms. hebr. oct. 37):  ,      ,  : Israel Zinberg, A History of Jewish Literature, vol.7: Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period, trans. Bernard Martin (Cincinnati and New York: Hebrew Union College Press and Ktav Publishing, 1975), pp.240241. Π Megillat Sefer ( ),     ,    ,  /, .: David Kaufmann, Zu R.Jakob Emdens Selbstbiographie, in Gesammelte Schriften, hrsg. von M.Brann (Frankfurt am Main: Kommissions-Verlag von J.Kaufmann, 1915), S.138149; : Alan Mintz, Banished from Their Fathers Table: Loss of Faith and Hebrew Autobiography (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1989), pp.910.       Megillat Sefer: Jacob Emden, Mmoires de Jacob Emden ou lanti-Sabbata? Zevi, trad. Maurice-Ruben Hayoun (Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1992).].

    ,       :        ,        ,    .            ,   ,   .          ꠫,  , , :   ,     , ,          ,         .              ,  [54 - Leon Modena, Autobiography, p.75; KM, S.6768; PM, S.60; AL, p.37.      ,     ,  ,    : SUBF, ms. hebr. oct. 2.   XVIII.     ,      .   XIX.        ,        1896.      ,  --,   ,      (Kaufmann, Vorwort, viiviii).  XVIII.    ,   , , -,    .     ,       ,     ;  ,        , ,    ,  ,    (Emden, Mmoires, pp.66146, 150151).].

Ƞ       .      ,   ,    .          ,   , ,       . ,      ,      ,      [55 - StAH, 6221, Familie Rotermund, Bd.12:  ,    1660  1682.,       ,   . StAH, 6221, Familie Peter L?tkens, BVIII:     1687 1688.      .].

 , ,     .    , ,  ,      ,        [56 -    16941705.  ࠖ ,   -, . : JTS, ms. 3945.   XVII.  ,          : SUBH, cod. hebr. 221.].           ,            ,   . ʠ   ,     .      ,    ,  , ()     ,     頖, ,        ,    . ߠ   ,  ,    ,     :     .         1615.       [57 - Israel Abrahams, ed., Hebrew Ethical Wills (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976),   ; Davis, Fame and Secrecy, pp.5657. KM, S.170, 264267; PM, S.159, 249251; AL, p.92:   Yesh Nochalin,      .146, .    Yesh Nochalin         :    ,     ,      , ,     (Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.6: The German-Polish Cultural Center, p.56).      ,          ,   Yesh Nochalin,   1615.      . .].

   ,    - :     ;       ,          ;     ,    .

Ƞ,    , , , -    .    -         ,  , ,           (    ),  1673.    Eucleria ( ).    , ,    ,      ,    ,    ,     -,    . (   ,          [58 - Anna Maria van Schurman, Eukleria, seu melioris partis electio: Tractatus Brevem Vitae ejus Delineationem exhibens (Altona: Cornelius van der Meulen, 1673).        ,     1684.      .: Mirjam de Baar, Wat nu het kleine eegeruchtje van mijn naam betreft: De Eukleria als autobiografie, in Mirjam de Baar, Machteld L?wensteyn, Marit Monteiro en A.Agnes Sneller, red., Anna Maria van Schurman, 16071678: Een uitzonderlijk geleerde vrouw (Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 1992), blz. 98107.     1672  1674.         /,            (T.J.Saxby, The Quest for the New Jerusalem: Jean de Labadi and the Labadists, 16101744 [Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987], p.227).].)         (Leben)       ,  1719.,    75 (    ).       ,   ,       ,        1680.   .      ,       ,    1664.     [59 - Leben Frauen Johanna Eleonora Petersen, Gebohrner von und zu Merlau, Hrn D.Jo. Wilh. Petersens Ehe Liebsten; Von Ihr selbst mit eigener Hand aufgesetzet, und vieler erbaulichen Merckw?rdigkeiten wegen zum Druck ?bergeben (s.l.,  ., 1718).   1664.    .  .49,  33.     (  ,    )   (Lebens-Beschreibung)  ,      (:    , 1717).  1719.        . Π   XVIIXVIII. .: Georg Misch, Geschichte der Autobiographie, Bd.14 (Frankfurt am Main: G.Schulte-Bulmke, 19491970), Bd4, S.807817.      .: Wunder, Frauen, S.2731;  ,         , , .: Katherine M.Faull, The American Lebenslauf: Womens Autobiography in Eighteenth-Century Moravian Bethlehem, Yearbook of German-American Studies, 27 (1992): 2348.].

    , XVII.       ,     ,       ,    [60 - Yosef H.Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), chs. 12; Davis, Fame and Secrecy.].  ,   ,      ,              [61 - Yosef Kaplan, From Christianity to Judaism: The Story of Isaac Orobio de Castro, trans. Raphael Loewe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp.212215, 328343, 362377.  1640.    Exemplar humanae vitae         ,      (  : Philippus van Limborch, De Veritate Religionis Christianae Amica Collation cum Erudito Judaeo [Gouda: Justus ab Hoeve, 1687], pp.346354;   : Uriel da Costa, Tr?s Escritos, d. A.Moreira de Sa [Lisboa: Instituto de Alta Cultura, 1963], pp.3669.].        :      ,    XVI.     ,    ,     ;  Gei Hizzayon ( )            ,   [62 - J.Kracauer, Rabbi Joselmann de Rosheim, Revue des tudes juives, 16 (1888): 84105.     1471.       ,    ,    ;  1510.   ,        (,   ),          . Yagel, Valley of Vision, pp.12, 1620.].   .      ,     (    ,  ), ,       .              :     ,        [63 - Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.6, pp.50, 56; Davis, Fame and Secrecy, pp.5860.].

    ,    ,    ,   ,     .  , ,  -,                :   ,     ;  ,   ()  ,     ;    , ,       [64 - Leon Modena, Autobiography, pp.122124, 222239.].    -     :    ,        ,           ,      (   )   [65 - Emden, Mmoires, p.92; David Kaufmann, Rabbi Zevi Ashkenazi and His Family in London, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, 3 (189698): 112 and n. 54.       1650 1710.: Neue-Reglement der Judenschafft in Hamburg (Hamburg: Conrad Neumann, 1710), .14, . 5; . : Ziegra, Sammlung, S.63, 131. ,      .].  90? XVII.           ,          , , ,      ,   , ..  ,      . ( ,  [66 -   XVII.    /         ,  ,   (KM, S.3132; PM, S.2930; AL, p.18),              (16601718).    ,    (  ),     ,    .  1685.      ,           ,     .       ,    ,         ,    : ,   . Ѡ1690  1710.    ,  ,      ,          . ., ,  : Ashkenazi, Sefer Sheolot, responsa 93. (    ,    [],     ,   .    ,    ;     ,     .) Π   .   -  (Maurice-Ruben Hayoun) : Emden, Mmoires, pp.1040,   ,  , ibid., pp.65146. . : Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.3, pp.737735; Kaufmann, Rabbi Zevi Ashkenazi.].)

                 [67 -        , .           ,     ,      .   ,     ,        (KM, S.62, 231234, 248249; PM, S.55; 218221, 234; AL, pp.34, 126128, 137).      ,         ,          (KM, S.199; PM, S.189; AL, p.108).   ,      ,  ,  .].      ࠖ       .        , :     젖, 젖    ,  [68 - KM, S.24, 26,  3: ; KM, S.22, 23; AL, p.13 (     :  ,  ), p.14. Π     1685. .: Graupe, Die Statuten, Nr.142, S.148: Nr. 145, S.149;    : Nr. 189, S.130.].         ,    Taytsh ()  -   -   [69 - KM, S.13: oym taytshen, S.264: taytsh.     ,      .    : Max Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, trans. Shlomo Noble and Joshua A.Fishman (Chicago University Press, 1980), pp.315321, ,      ⠫    (15001750). . : Leo Fuks, On the Oldest Dated Work in Yiddish Literature, in Uriel Weinreich, ed., The Field of Yiddish: Studies in Yiddish Language, Folklore, and Literature (New York: Linguistic Circle of New York, 1954), p.269; Jerold C.Frakes, The Politics of Interpretation: Alterity and Ideology in Old Yiddish Studies (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989).       : Benjamin Harshav, The Meaning of Yiddish (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).          ,       ,          (.2930).].  ,    ,    [70 - Π   .: M.Steinschneider, Jewish Literature from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century (London: Longman, 1857; reprint New York: Hermon Press, 1970), pp.224225, 235238, 243250; Max Gr?nbaum, J?disch-deutsche Chrestomathie: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kunde der hebr?ischen Literatur (Leipzig: F.A.Brockhaus, 1882); Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7: Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period; Menahem Schmelzer, Hebrew Printing and Publishing in Germany, 16501750: On Jewish Book Culture and the Emergence of Modern Jewry, Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 3 (1988): 369383; Jean Baumgarten, Introduction  la littrature yiddish ancienne (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1933).].

 ,     , , , Brantshpigl ( )     (1596) Lev Tov ( )    (, 1620).    ,     . ,          ࠖ   .  Meineket Rivkah ( )    XVII.      [71 -    Brantshpigl Lev Tov: KM, S.13; PM, S.11; AL, p.7. Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.230238; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.157164, 241242; Baumgarten, Introduction, pp.253290.].

        ,  Ayn Schoyn Fraun Buchlayn (  ) (, 1577; , 1602).      ,  Korbonets  ,     ,    ,    .           Tseenah u-reenah ( ):      XVIXVII.          .    ,     ,     ,    ,    [72 -  Ayn Shoyn Fraun Buchlayn .: Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.265277; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.142144.     Korbonets (  ,  , ,       )     ,      , .: Ulf Haxen, Manuscripts and Printed Books from the Collection of the Royal Library, Copenhagen, in Kings and Citizens: The History of the Jews in Denmark (New York: Jewish Museum, 1983), vol.2, pp.2728, no.26. Π    ,   Tseenah u-reenah .: Johann Christoph Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebraea, Bd.14 (Hamburg und Leipzig: 17151732), Bd2 (Hamburg: Theodor. Christoph. Felginer, 1721), S.453460; Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.192223; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, chs. 45; Tzenah U-Reenah: A Jewish Commentary on the Book of Exodus, trans. Norman C.Gore (New York: Vintage Press, 1965), Introduction; Dorothy Bilik, Tsene-rene: A Yiddish Literary Success, Jewish Book Annual, 51 (19931994): 96111; Baumgarten, Introduction, chap. 5.      Tseenah u-reenah    (Jid-1422)   ,     ,    (  ) .].      ,  Der kleyn Brantshpigl (  ),   1698.,   ,  ,  Mayse Bukh ( ),       1602.        .    ,   1699., ,  ,   Taytsh     ,     ( ),         [73 - Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.229241, 267272, and ch. 7; Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden, S.155, Nr.54a; Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.385458; Reinach, Reinach, Rapha?l Lvy, pp.139194; Maaseh Book: Book of Jewish Tales and Legends, trans. and introd. Moses Gaster (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1981).     Mayse Bukh    1602., , ,    .  1611.         : Christoph Helwig (Helvicius), J?dische Historien oder Thalmudische Rabbinische wunderbarliche Legenden (Giessen: Caspar Chemlein, 1611).].

   ,  ,     ,   ,    .                Tseenah u-reenah :  ,  !    ,   Brantshpigl        , ,  ,      [74 - Chava Weissler, For Women and for Men Who Are Like Women: The Construction of Gender in Yiddish Devotional Literature, Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 5 (Fall 1989): 813. Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.69, 87, 96, 124126.].      ,    ,    ,  ,    ,   Veiber Taytsh ( ).        ,     -      ,   .      ,          XVI.      ,   .          ,   ,      , ,   ,    .      , ,   ,    [75 - Π  ,       (Weiber-Taitsh, wayberish-Daytsh  Vayber-Taytsh),        , .: Maaseh Book, pp.xxviiixxix; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, p.27, n.27, and p. 113; Harshav, Meaning of Yiddish, p.81; Baumgarten, Introduction, pp.8485.   , , Ayn Schoyn Fraun Buchlayn (Basel, 1602; . . : Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, M?nchen),        .     1619.        (Landau und Wachstein, Privatbriefe, xx).].

     젖 Loshn-koydesh,  ?         ,     :  , ,      ,  ,  .         .       ,         ,  ,   ,   ,    [76 - Marc Saperstein, Jewish Preaching, 12001800: An Anthology (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), pp.3944, p.40, n.37.              (   ).].

,             ,     ,   .     ,     Taytsh  -    , Yesh Nochalin (.  ,     [.. ]). ,    ,       ,  ,           [77 - KM, S.264; PM, S.249;     AL, p.146, n.1.   Yesh Nochalin,     seyfer,         ,   bukh       (.: Harshav, Meaning of Yiddish, p.14). Π ,     ,  ,     , . , .66.]. ,  ,        . Ӡ         ,       ,     ,  ,           .  ,  ,   (  oysgishryben)       Taytsh.      -  , ,         [78 - KM, S.279; PM, S.264; AL, p.153. Memorbuch, p.80, n851; S.54, Nr.611; S.61, Nr.676; A.Cahen, Le rabbinat de Metz pendant la priode fran?aise, Revue des tudes juives, 8 (1884): 259260 (,   ,  ,  ).   ,   (17051706)  ,   , .    , ,   , . 765 (Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew Manuscripts, National University Library, Jerusalem).   ,   ,    ,       754755,    .].

, oysgishyiben   - ,      ,               [79 - Chava Turniansky, Literary Sources in the Memoirs of Glikl Hamel [in Yiddish], in Israel Bartal, Ezra Mendelsohn, and Chava Turniansky, Studies in Honour of Chone Shmeruk (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 1993), pp.153177.    : Alfred Landau, Die Sprache der Memoiren Gl?ckel von Hameln, Mittelungen der Gesellschaft f?r J?dische Volkskunde, 7 (1907): 2068,  .2329.].     ,             .     ,        (      ),    ,     ,      melumedet ()    .    ,         ,             ,      ,        [80 - Π           . Leon, Life of Judah, p.79.   ()   . : JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A.    (Memorbuch)   425  ,   XVI.  1724.        rabbine,      ,      ( ).     1657.  ,    ,    ,    [hakhamat lev], ,    (   hakhmat lev   [Memorbuch, p.17, n225],         35: 25 35: 35,       ).     Memorbuch       ,       .      ( 1697.),      (,    ), ,                   (.48, 550).   ( ,  1710.)       ,    ,   (.61, 678).   ,    ,,  , ,  1715.       ,    ;     ,  ,       (  ,   ,       );           ;       (.71, 777).].

 , ,        ,,     ,      ,   .        ,  ,   -,   Taytsh     ,          [81 - Weinreich, Yiddish Language, pp.316318.]. (   -  .  Teutschen  undeutsch ,  ,    Mayse Bukh   .      Juden-Teutsch wahren Teutsch, ..  ,  Juden-Teutsch  Teutsch, 1699.   ,      [82 - Helwig, J?dische Historien, fol.Aivr. Johann Christoph Wagenseil, Belehrung der Juedisch-Teutschen Red- und Schreibart (Koeningsberg: Paul Friedrich Rhode, 1699), S.4.].)

  ,    - -,    . -,      ,      Teutsche bukher[83 - KM, S.94; PM, S.8687; AL, p.52.].          ,       ,       [84 - A.Grabois, Le souvenir et la lgende de Charlemagne dans les textes hbra?ques mdivaux, Le Moyen Age, 72 (1966): 541. Dan Ben Amos, ed., Mimekor Yisrael: Classical Jewish Folktales, collected by Micha Joseph bin Gorion, trans. I.M.Lask, abridged and annotated by Dan Ben-Amos (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), p.232.].      ,   -  IX.    .         -   XVIXVII. (  ,     ),         ,    XVII.   ,   [85 -          ,        -  :    (. . 807), .: The Chronicle of Theophanes, trans. Harry Turtledove (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), pp.157161, Annus mundi 6293Annus mundi 6295 (1 8001 803.).   IX.            ; XI.         Compendium historiarum.          ,           ( ,    ,     , , : Robert Folz, Le Souvenir et la lgende de Charlemagne dans lEmpire Germanique mdival [Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1950; Gen?ve: Slatkine Reprints, 1973], pp.41, 145, 261, n.13, 144, 324, 476).       - (Heidelberg, 1595), XVI.       . , XVII.           ,    .      (1648),     (1649).       ,      XVII.            . ., : Andreas Lazarus von Imhof (16561704), Neu-er?ffneter historischer Bilder-Saal, das ist: Kurze, deutliche und unpassionirte Beschreibung der Historiae Universalis, Bd.18 (N?rnberg: J.J.Felsecker, 16921715).   VI  ,          ,    ,   ,    (idem, Neu-er?ffneter Historien-Saal, Bd.110 [Basel: Johann Brandm?ller, 17361769], Bd1, S.692700, 891).].  ,  ,   Taytshe bukher            -    , , ,     ,     . ,   ,    ,     [86 - Landau, Sprache, S.27. .   ,   ,   -   ,   ,                (Turniansky, Literary Sources). ,    ,          ,    . .  堖,        ,     1688.].

-,             ,    -.     ,   (  ࠖ   , 堖 ). Ѡ       ,       .  ,      .        ,     ,    ,    .        ,     (蠫 ) ,     :          .          .



   ,         ,   .       ,    . - ,     , :       .  栖     , ,      ,             [87 - KM, S.155; PM, S.144; AL, p.84.        : 1665  1679.    , 1679  1698. . ,                  ,        .  ,          ,           . Chone Shmeruk, The Esterke Story in Yiddish and Polish Literature: A Case Study in the Mutual Relations of Two Cultural Traditions (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for the Furtherance of the Study of Jewish History, 1985), pp.4647.].


       ,   XVII.    .  ( ,     )    ,  ,   , 頖 .   -       ?  ⠖, ,      ,   ,     [88 - Relations-Courier (SUBH, X/3239).      (. 1703.)  ,      (. 1690.), -       . . 1676., 155, 28:     ; 1683., 18, 2, fol.1r:   ,         ; 1683., 87, 30:       ,       ,       ; 1685., 59, 24:    ; 1685., 2, 6:    ,    1684.; 1687., 88, 7:      .         .: Werner Kayser, Hrsg., Hamburger B?cher, 14911850 (Hamburg: Ernst Hauswedel, 1973).      ,     (S. 15, 7272).].         ,    ,           (    ),       , ,  .   : ?    ( ,    ,      )     ,    ,    -[89 - KM, S.307; PM, S.288; AL, p.167.   ?     leider ().     .].

       ,       . Ӡ     ,     .   ,     ,   -   .        ,      1700.,   :  ,    XIV      . ʠ  , ,   ,       ,      [90 -  ,    , .     , 16611662 (StAH, Archiv des Familie L?tkens, 6221, BVId),       , 1683 (Schramm, Neue Generationen, S.92). KM, S.69,  20:      magnifique; KM, S.69,  18: travail; KM, S.299; PM, S.281; AL, p.162.].

                .   ,          ,  XVII.  :        ,  .              -   . ,      ,    Tseenah u-reenah.       ,   ,  1695.    , ,     ,       [91 - Cornelia Niekus Moore, The Maidens Mirror: Reading Material for German Girls in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Wolfenb?ttler Forschungen, 36 (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1987).         - . . : Rita Bake et al., Finsteres Mittelalter?Gute alte Zeit? Zur Situation der Frauen bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, in Hammonias T?chter: Frauen und Frauen Bewegung in Hamburgs Geschichte,    Hamburg Portr?t, 21 (1985); Jochmann und Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg, Bd1, S.335340; Franklin Kopitzsch, Grundz?ge einer Sozialgeschichte der Aufkl?rung in Hamburg und Altona (Hamburg: Verlag Verein f?r Hamburgische Geschichte, 1990), S.247259. Π    XVII. , ,      ,   , ,   ;  ,      ,   ,    ,      - (StAH, Archiv des Familie L?tkens, BVIa, BVIc, BVId).    . : Judith R.Baskin, Some Parallels in the Education of Medieval Jews and Christian Women, Jewish History, 5, no.1 (Spring 1991): 41: 51.].

Ƞ           , 1678.          .     :    ( ,   -)   ,    ,  -      . ,              ,       ,      [92 - Jochmann und Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg, Bd1, S.340342; Gisela Jaacks, Musikleben in Hamburg zur Barockzeit,   Hamburg Portr?t, 8 (1978).        (Johannes Voorhout)   (Musizierende Gesellschaft)     . KM, S.34, 145147; PM, S.32, 136137; AL, pp.19, 7879. Graupe, Statuten, Nr.34, S.86 (1685, 1726).].

  ,   .   ,          ,      ,    [93 - KM, S.69; PM, S.62; AL, p.38.].      :        ,    .

      ,   ,    ,            .         :            ; ,      蠖   ,       (  )  [94 -   ,    ,      Ayn Shoyn Fraun Buchlayn, fol.2r. Π,   -       , . , .215.].              ,    .            -   ,      .         (       ) ,   ,  .  , ,     ,  ,     ,   -  [95 - KM, S.302; PM, S.284; AL, p.164.   ,        ,      (KM, S.69; PM, S.62; AL, p.38), ..   . Memorbuch, p.9, n136; p.48, n556; p.60, n668; pp.6162, n680; p.77, n829; p.80, n851.]. ʠ          ,    ,     ,     .   ,             [96 - Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett and Cissy Grossman, Fabric of Jewish Life: Textiles from the Jewish Museum Collection (New York: Jewish Museum, 1977), pp.1819, 34, 36, 38, 4648, 96101; Rolf Hagen, David Davidovitch und Ralph Busch, Tora Wimpel: Zeugnisse j?discher Volkskunst aus dem Braunschweigischen Landesmuseum (Braunschweig: Braunschweig Landesmuseum, 1984); Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg, S.122125. Memorbuch, p.15, n199; p.34, n416: p. 36, n436.].

     ,   ,        ,          ,      ,     렖 ,    [97 - Π .    : Chava Weissler, The Traditional Piety of Ashkenazic Women, in Arthur Green, ed., Jewish Spirituality from the Sixteenth-Century Revival to the Present (New York: Crossroad, 1987), pp.245275; idem, Traditional Yiddish Literature: A Source of the Study of Womens Religious Lives (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Library, 1987); idem, For Women and for Men Who Are Like Women: Prayers in Yiddish and the Religious World of Ashkenazic Women, in Baskin, ed., Jewish Women, pp.159181; idem, Woman as High Priest: A Kabbalistic Prayer in Yiddish for Lighting Sabbath Candles, Jewish History, 5, no.1 (Spring 1991): 926.           ,       ,      , .: Tracy Guren Klirs, ed., The Merit of Our Mothers: A Bilingual Anthology of Jewish Womens Prayers (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1992).].

,   (  )     . ,         .  ,    ,   ,   .  ,    ,         ,   ,        .  ,      ,        ( )    ,          Taytsh.



       ,  ,   ,     [98 -    :    ,         .       :                 . KM, S.23, 2; PM, S.21, 2; AL, pp.13, 1.           .   (  15 1993.)          ,       頖     : Iggeret ha-Teshuvah ( ) .   Sefer Mizvot Qatan (  ) .  .          (Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.142148), ,    ,        ,       .].              ,      . ,              ࠖ      1689.   , ,     ,   ,        [99 -       ,   ,  ,,                .  , ,  ,         (16891699)    ,     ,   ,  .    ,      :       ,      ,      ,  ,      ,      .        ,       ,     1699.        (   ,     )     ,   1701.,  ,     (KM, S.215, 217, 229, 248; PM, S.203, 206, 233234; AL, pp.115, 136).].     1702? ,  , 1703.,      ;   1715.    ,       1719?[100 -       ,       ,     (   ,     ).         (,         ,     ),       ,   ,          .  ,         ,        (. 1712.),     ,    /      (. 1704.; Memorbuch, p.54, n611).       ,   1715.,     5479/1719. (KM, S.277278, 296, 310, 325, 333; PM, S.263, 278, 291, 300, 306, 313; AL, pp.152, 160, 169, 175, 178, 182).].

             ,    ,   ,    ,      1896.   .     ,     , , ,       ,    ,         [101 - KM, S.198,  7:            (. 1701.)    ,      (            1689.).           (KM, S.31, 33, 73,  1),      (  74) 1704. (Simonsen, Eine Confrontation, S.99),   ,      .  ,              ,         .].   ,  60?.      (   ,        30 ),       ,     . ,        ,   ,   ;  ꠖ,    ,      ,   [102 - KM, S.119, 120, 163, 179, 184; PM, S.110, 111, 152, 167, 173; AL, pp.66, 67, 88, 96, 100.      5407? (16461647)   ,          1699.,    54.    11,        : ߠ    ,     ( . ,        , , 315 1992.: G?nter Marwedel, Problems of Chronology in Glikl Hamels Memoirs).].

           ,      , ..  ,       [103 - KM, S.119; PM, S.110; AL, p.66.] (,          ).       ,               [104 -        ,     蠖,   ..    .           ,          ,   (Davis, Fame and Secrecy).   -            (Master Johann Dietz).].              ,       ,   .             ,      .      ,      .      ,   :    ,    : ,      ,        ,    .     .    .   ,     ,  ,   :  ,  ,   ,    , .     ,              ,               [105 - KM, S.194, 309; PM, S.183, 291; AL, pp.105, 169.].

      :    (..    ),    .   ,      .    (  ),       .        .     ,  ,     ,         .    .      ,   1702.    ,     :      ,        !..   ,     ,   .    ,   .     ,      ?[106 - KM, S.128, 309310; PM, S.118, 291; AL, pp.71, 169. Π       :   !    !   ,  ,  .  ,          .   ,   ,        .        ? (KM, S.228; PM, S.215216; AL, p.124). Π   27 . . Π   (, ,    )     :   ,   ,  , ,   ,   .        ,   .    ,       ,                (KM, S.191; PM, S.180; AL, p.104).         24    (KM, S.148149; PM, S.138; AL, p.80).         ,    (Ephraim Kanarfogel, Attitudes toward Childhood and Children in Medieval Jewish Society, in David R.Blumenthal, ed., Approaches to Judaism in Medieval Times, 2vols., [Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1985], vol.1, p.27, n.55).]

    堖 ,   :        ,      ,   .      ,     ,      :              ,           .        ,    :            [107 - KM, S.73, 179, 181182; PM, S.66, 168, 170; AL, pp.40, 97, 98.].   , ,   ,󠖠,     腻     ,       .     (    )        []        ,          ? Ƞ    ,     :        ,     ?  ߠ   ,    ,         .     [108 - KM, S.84, 193194, 200202; PM, S.78, 182183, 190192; AL, pp.4748, 105, 109110.].

     ,    ,     :   ,     ;     ,      .    堖  頖 1 800,        ,        .       ,    .           ,   ( 򠖠10 000,  8 000, 堖6 000, -3 000, - 堖 ).    ,       ,  ,    100 000,   .             30 000,          [109 - KM, S.28, 25, 144, 313; PM, S.2526, 23, 134, 294; AL, pp.16, 14, 77, 171.      ,   ,     ,        20000 ,  ,      ,         10    (ADM, 3E3709, n305).].

     (      ,      )[110 - KM, S.145146; PM, S.136; AL, p.78.],     蠖       .      ,     ,  ,        ,      ,      ,   ? Ƞ      ,                    ?

,     ,   .   ,     ,   ,  ,   -,     [111 - KM, S.136137; PM, S.126; AL, p.76.].     :  ,           ?       [112 - KM, S.13; PM, S.12; AL, p.7.] ,   ,       ,   .      ,    :   ,   :  ,     ,    [113 - KM, S.32; PM, S.30; AL, p.18 (    ).],   ,     .   :    ,     .  ,           .       :      ,  [114 - KM, S.14, 25, 138; PM, S.12, 23, 128; AL, pp.8, 14.    ,          . : KM, S.58; PM, S.52; AL, p.32.].

 (  )    :     ,     ,     (oysher un koved);       oysher un koved.     oysher un koved ,    ?  ,        [115 - KM, S.170, 185, 125; PM, S.160, 164, 116; AL, pp.92, 95, 69.          osher vekavod (., ,  3: 16, 8: 18, 22: 4).].  ()   ,   ,    (Aestimatio),     .         :   ,     erlikher, redlikher.   ,       ?  ,  ?   [116 - KM, S.121, 77, 115, 274; PM, S.112, 72, 105, 259; AL, pp.67, 43, 63, 150. Π         XVIII. .: Thomas Manley Luckett, Credit and Commercial Society in France, 17401789 (Diss., Princeton University, 1992), chs. 23.].

   ,      ,   ,             (   ).   , ,      ,           ,     .       , : Ӡ  ,   koved,    .                 [117 - KM, S.153, 170171, 252253; PM, S.142, 160, 237238; AL, pp.82, 93, 139140.].       ,   -          .          .      :  , ,    (mit grusin koved)[118 - KM, S.321322, 324, 38; PM, S.302, 304305, 36; AL, pp.176177, 21.].

 ,   ,   ,  XVII.     ,    , ,   ,  .          :   ,       ,    ,    ,   ,   ,   ,   [119 -    .-.],[120 - William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Act 3, sc. 1, lines 5559.    XVII.        .   Synagoga Judaica    ,   - 1603.    , ,   ,    ,   ,  蠫 (Johann Buxtorf, The Jewish Synagogue: Or an Historical Narration of the State of the Jews [London: Thomas Young, 1657], fol.A2a, p.25).      ,               (., : Lancelot Addison, The Present State of the Jews [London: William Crooke, 1675], p.13).       ,      ,  ,        (Claude Fleury, Les Moeurs des Israelites [Paris: Widow Gervais Clouzier, 1681], pp.169170  ).      , ,    ,   : ,     , , ,    ;     ,   ,     ?          ,   ,    . John Toland, Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews in Great Britain and Ireland, On the same foot with all other Nations (London: J.Roberts, 1714; facsimile reprint Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Department of the History of the Jewish People, 1964), p.20.   ,      , .: Myriam Yardeni, Anti-Jewish Mentalities in Early Modern Europe (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1990).].     ,        ,       , koved,    Ehre  er   ,      . ,       ,  ,       oysher un koved, ..  ,    ,   ,    (     )  Aestimatio,  oysher un koved[121 -      60    () honor  Ehre .       er  koved:   ,      (KM, S.1);   ,       ,      (KM, S.280, 288),     ,          : ߠ ,      (KM, S.292).     er  ,       Zucht und Ehre,      ,      (KM, S.296).  koved   : KM, S.15, 36, 38, 67, 120, 125126, 137, 1245, 148, 153, 170172, 175176, 193194, 212, 214, 224, 226, 247248, 252253, 264, 270271, 274, 278, 291293, 295, 312, 319322, 324. Π ,             , . : Harshav, Meaning of Yiddish, pp.3940.   ern-koved        ,         (Weinreich, Yiddish Language, p.642).       ,    .].

        ,           蠫 . (  ,    蠫,    ;    ,     [122 - KM, S.160 ( ), 274, 277, 307.].)    ,    ,      . ,          ,  ,   , ,     ,  .       :      ,    ,        ,      [erlikher man],     [123 - KM, S.274, 30, 160; PM, S.259, 28, 149; AL, pp.150, 17, 87.].  -       (     ),   ,      [124 - KM, S.314; PM, S.296; AL, p.172.].

           堖 ,       :             .   ;     ,    ,  ;         ,      .       , , -   koved[125 - KM, S.146148; PM, S.136138; AL, pp.7880.].

    koved,   .  XVII       .        ,      ,      ,     [126 - KM, S.26; PM, S.24; AL, p.15.].    ,      (,   :  ,  ,  ,   )    (   ,     ,        )[127 - KM, S.157, 27; PM, S.146, 25; AL, pp.85, 15.   ,   ,           , .: KM, S.107, 177; PM, S.98, 165166; AL, pp.59, 9596.]. Ƞ     , ..   .

 , ,         ,          .   ,       ,     , .            젖  , ,     .       ,  :  ,  !   ?  .      :       ,    .      ,       [128 - KM, S.7578; PM, S.6973; AL, pp.4244.].

,   ,    ,         , ..  -   .      ,     ,  ?[129 - ,       , :         ,      (KM, S.6162; PM, S.5455; AL, p.34).         ,       .]

     -.        ,            .        ,   . ,     ,    ,      .       .    ,      .        ,    ;                ,   [130 - KM, S.134142; PM, S.122132; AL, pp.7576 (      ).].

    頖 groyse mayse ( )   -, ,  ,       [131 - KM, S.234246; PM, S.221231; AL, pp.128135.].      :       , ,  ,    , ,         . (      ,      ,     ,    ,      ,       [132 -     : Solomon Ibn Verga, Sefer Shebet Yehudah (.    XVI.; .  : Krakow, 1591;     . : Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, The Lisbon Massacre of 1506 and the Royal Image in the Shebet Yehudah [Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1976], pp.4647).          , Mayse Bukh (Maaseh Book, no.185, pp.400401).  Sefer Shebet Yehudah ,  ,  .  Mayse Bukh   ,           .    : ,   , ,     ,           ,    ,  .].)  ,       ,  []    ,       ,       ,     ,        .        ,    ,        .       ,         .        ,            , ,   :   ,ߠ      [. 26:44],    [133 - KM, S.246; PM, S.231; AL, p.135 (  ).   ,      ,  ()    (StAH, Senat, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 1,   19 1687.  ).].

  ,          ,  ,       .    ,     .     1687.;      ,      ,  1689., ,       [134 - Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden, S.17. KM, S.234; PM, S.231; AL, p.128.       ,        (Marwedel, Problems of Chronology, p. 6). ߠ   ,     .].  ,                        . Ƞ , ࠖ,    , ,  .

     :          .            [135 -  ,           (. ),                 (KM, S.101106; PM, S.9297; AL, pp.5558).].      蠖     ,  , ,  [136 - KM, S.312; PM, S.293; AL, p.170.].  ,      ,     ,   ,  ,     shabes-froy ( ),         [137 - KM, S.277; PM, S.262263; AL, p.152: ߠ     ,          ; ߠ, ,   ,        ,   堖   ,  ,  . Π   .: KM, S.187188; PM, S.176177; AL, pp.101102.        -,       (Buxtorf, Jewish Synagogue, p.171). -,     ,  1698.   -     ,         (StAH, Senat, Cl. VII, Lit. Hft., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc.37r42r).     .].

           ,      ,      .     ,     (,  ,    ),   ,   ,  ,    ,     [138 - KM, S.3957; PM, S.3750; AL, pp.2231. The Man Who Would Not Take an Oath, A.Aarne and Stith Thompson, The Types of the Folk-Tale: AClassification and Bibliography, 2nd ed. (Helsihki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1964), Tale type 938, Placidas, pp.331332.       .,       ();       (Jacque de Voragine, The Golden Legend, trans. Granger Ryan and Helmut Ripperger [New York: ArnPress, 1969], pp.555561; Alain Boureau, Placido tramite: La Lgende dEustache, empreinte fossile dun mythe carolingen? Annales: Economies, Socits, Civilisations, 37 [1982]: 682699.   : The Reward of Virtue, or the Story of the Man Who Never Took an Oath, in Maaseh Book, no.222, pp.542546; Angelo S.Rappoport, The Folklore of the Jews (London: SoncinPress, 1937), pp.147151; E.Yassif, From Jewish Oicotype to Israeli Oicotype: The Tale of The Man Who Never Swore an Oath, Fabula, 27 (1986): 216236.].   ,       ,  -,   ,    ,      (vilde leyt).       ,     ,    -.         : ,  -                 ?

       , ,   , ,     ,     .     , -  ,    ,     :    ? Ӡ     ,      ,  .       ,   ,     ,    .     .

     ,           ,               ,   . Ӡ    : ,     ,   ,   ,       . ,      .   ,     ,   ,     ,      .     (   !),    ,         [139 - KM, S.49 (gar tsart gar far shtendig); PM, S.44; AL, pp.2627 (     ).].

     ,         .    ,    ,        (kehilah).

     ,    ,   ,     -,      [140 -  -,            ,  . 136.   ,     ,      ,       (KM, S.57).       ,      ,        Mayse Bukh.      . : Haim Schwarzbaum, Studies in Jewish and World Folklore (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1967), pp.423424.]. ,       ,            .   , ,  XVII.,      ,   .        , ,  ,   .      ,     ,    .    ,     頖   蠫    ,       ,    ,   ,  .        ,  1688.       頖     ,  [141 - Jean Mocquet, Voyages en Afrique, Asie, Indes Orientales et Occidentales: Faits par Iean Mocquet, Garde de Cabinet des singularitez du Roy, aux Tuilleries (Rouen: Jacques Callov, 1645;  .1616), pp.148150.   : Wunderbare jedoch gr?ndlich- und warhaffte geschichte und reise begebnisse in Africa, Asia, Ost- und West-Indien, ?bers. von Johann Georg Schloch (L?neberg: J.G.Lippers, 1688), S.8286 (  ,    , .85).            XVIII.   . 렖,    ,   ,     .      ,   .   .        .       , ,     ,     .    ,      . : Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 14921797 (London: Methuen, 1986), ch.6.    -     ,        -. Π      XVII. .  : Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), ch.5.].

,           . , ,  ,  IX.         [142 -  ,   IX.,     .     ,       ꠫     ,    .  ,    ,   , ,    ,   ,    .    ,   .   ,          .   ,    ,        .  ,    ,      ,  1480.      (Elkan Nathan Adler, ed., Jewish Travellers: A Treasury of Travelogues from Nine Centuries, 2nd ed. [New York, 1966], pp.47; D.H.M?ller, Die Recensionen und Versionen des Eldad Had-D?ni, Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-Historische Classe, 41 [Vienna, 1892]: 7073.        . : Benjamin of Tudela, The Intinerary, trans. A.Asher, 2vols. (New York: Hakesheth, s.a.), vol.2, pp.230317; ,         .          Mayse Amsterdam ( ),       ,      1678.   -   ,       (Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, p.237). ,     ,         ,         : Eberhard Werner Happel, Der insulanische Mandorell (Hamburg und Frankfurt: Z.Hertel und M.Weyrauchs Erben, 1682).].     ,      :       ,    [143 -     . : Bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael, . ., Nr.200, S.373384 (  , Hamburg, 1711),   ;  : ibid., Nr.201, S.384386 (). ʠ     , ,  ,   ,       (Juspa Shammash, Mayse Nissim [Amsterdam, 1696], Nr.21:   頖The Queen of Sheba in the House Zur Sonne, in Eidelberg, R.Juspa, pp.8788);     : Sara Zfatman, The Marriage of a Mortal Man and a She-Demon (Jerusalem: Akademon Press, 1987).      ,   ,          (Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess, 3rd enlarged ed. [Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990], ch.10).     ,           :     ,     ,            :  ,  ,    ,       . [Moses Marcus], The Ceremonies of the Present Jews (London: J.Roberts, 1728), p.14. ,        ,   .     .: Joshua Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion (New York: Atheneum, 1977), pp.139, 169.]. (   .)         ,     1566  1579.  ,  ,  ,    ,     . ,     ,    ,       ,  1712.       .    22    ,      , , ,        ?[144 - .: Cecil Roth, The House of Nasi: The Duke of Naxos (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1948),  .4 .182186 ( ).    ,         ( )   .     , . Gedalia Yogev, Diamonds and Coral: Anglo-Dutch Jews and Eighteenth-Century Trade [Leicester: Leicester University Press and New York: Holmes and Meier, 1978], pp.156158; Emden, Mmoires, p.183.]

    ,        ,    ,        .  ,    ,   ꠫.     ,         (     )   ,   ,    ,        . Ƞ       . (,     ,  ,         [145 - Π     XVII XVIII. . ,  .], 頖        蠫   ,    -,      ,      [146 - KM, S.7172; PM, S.6465; AL, pp.3940. Howard Eilberg-Schwartz, The Savage in Judaism: An Anthropology of Israelite Religion and Ancient Judaism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1900), pp.3141; Richard H.Popkins, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Indian Theory, in Joseph Kaplan, Henry Mchoulan, and Richard H.Popkin, eds., Menasseh ben Israel and His World (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1989), pp.6382.            ,        ;     :  ,       ,         (.6869).   -       (Mayse vestindie),   XVII., .: Weinreich, Yiddish Language, p.315.].)               ,     .           :     .     (           )   ,   , ..    .



    ,            .  -        ,   ,    .  1644.       ,   (Judaismus oder J?denthumb),     ,     ,       ,     . Ѡ    XVII.        ,       , [147 - Johann M?ller, Judaismen oder J?denthumb: Das ist Ausf?hrlicher Bericht von des J?dischen Volckes Unglauben Blindheit und Verstockung (Hamburg: Jacob Rebenlein f?r Zacharias Hertel, 1644). Whaley, Religious Toleration, pp.8688.].   --     J?dische Merckw?rdig-keiten ( )     .    ,    1718., , ,         :  1706.,  ,        ,    ,    ,         .     . ,     ,   ,      ,       [148 - Johann Jacob Schudt, J?dische Merckw?rdigkeiten, Bd.14 (Frankfurt und Leipzig: Samuel Tobias Hocker, 17151718), Bd4, S.135137.           1707.    .            Π  (1714);        ,           .    . : Emden, Mmoires, pp.183184; Kaufmann, Rabbi Zevi Ashkenazi, pp.102125.].

       ,   -                .               ,   .       ,          .     , .          , ,       , , ,     ,   .        ,        .

         (,    , Reshut-Ha-rabbim)  (,     , Reshut-Hayahid),    .   ,  ,   ,    Reshut-Hayahid,  . , ,       ,      .  -    ,  ,      ,    [149 - Schudt, J?dische Merckw?rdigkeiten, Bd1, S.296.    .   Erubin, in Israel Epstein, ed., The Babylonian Talmud, Seder Moed, part 2, vol.3, trans. Israel Slotki (London: SocinPress, 1938); Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.6, pp.849882;   - .    : Peter Freimark, Eruw/Judentore: Zur Gschichte einer rituellen Institution im Hamburger Raum (und anderswo), in Freimark et al., Judentore, S.1069.    XVII.          ,   -   :        ,  ,   ,      ,         (Sefer Shelot, responsa 112).].

   ,              (  ):     [150 - KM, S.100, 107; PM, S.91, 97; AL, pp.55, 59. Π    ,   ,     , .: Arnold M.Eisen, Galut: Modern Jewish Reflection on Homelessness and Homecoming (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp.3542.].      ,        ,   - koved     -  .             .  ,    ,      ,   ,    ,            .    ,       ,              .

            ,            . Ѡ      ,   ,       :   ,   .       ,      -:     Gemeinde     , ,    ,     .      .         [151 - KM, S.3233; PM, S.30; AL, pp.1819.].

Ӡ     :     (          ,     )   .                   ,       , :    ,      ,  ,      [152 - KM, S.268270; PM, S.251253; AL, pp.146147. Π    .: Stern, Court Jew, pp.1928, 8591.].

 ,   ,      , 젖  .          ,       ,    XIV      .           . , ,  ,   ,    ,      , ,     ,     𠖠   ,        .        ,   ,          .       (    ),         . ʠ,         (    , ),    [153 - KM, S.107121; PM, S.98112; AL, pp.5967.          ,         ,   .].         .      ,      (,     I, ,   ,      )[154 -     ,         ,      (KM, S.119; PM, S.110; AL, p.66).          .     .: Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.8, p.387.       .  1694.       -      ,      .    ,       [sic!] (A. Lewinsky, Die Kinder des Hildesheimer Rabbiners Samuel Hameln, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 44 [1900]: 378).]. Π  : , , ,   [155 - KM, S.161; PM, S.150; AL, p.87 (     ,         ,     ).       :         ,        .            ,     ,     ,       (KM, S.6465; PM, S.5758; AL, pp.3536).].

  ,       (    ,     [156 - KM, S.165; PM, S.154; AL, p.89.]),       ,    堖  ࠖ .      ,         (,   ,  ),          ,    .          ,      ,  ,   ,    .           ,          .        27,   , ,      ,       .   ,    .   ,     mentsch []  ,  ,     [157 - KM, S.211230, 308; PM, S.200218, 288289; AL, pp.114126, 167168.].



 ,          ,  ,      ,     .          (      ),      ,      .    ,     :     ,  ,  ,        .   ,          (      , , ,       ),   ,       ,   ,       [158 - KM, S.143; PM, S.133; AL, p.77.  ,      ,         .           ?].      ,    ,  , ,      ,   ,   .        .      :      !       . Ƞ        ,        [159 - KM, S.17, 61; PM, S.14, 54; AL, pp.9, 3334.          ,    ,  17  .       :  ,     ,      ,     .     ,      (KM, S.6263; PM, S.5556; AL, p.34). Π,            ,     .: Chava Weissler, The Living and the Dead: Ashkenazic Family Relations in the Light of Hebrew and Yiddish Cemetery Prayers, in Weissler, Voices of the Matriarchs (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1998). ߠ      ,        : Natalie Zemon Davis, Ghosts, Kin, and Progeny: Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France, in Alice Rossi, Jerome Kagan, and Tamara Hareven, eds., The Family (New York: W.W.Norton, 1978), pp.87114.].

,         .      ,      , .          ,      17,      (  ).       ,      ,            . ,       [160 - KM, S.3138; PM, S.2836; AL, pp.1722.       ,       ,      .     ,      (KM, S.192; PM, S.181; AL, pp.104105).].       ;  ,          ,         [161 - KM, S.180181; PM, S.169; AL, p.97.       ,         (KM, S.201; PM, S.190191; AL, p.109). Π   .: Weissler, The Living and the Dead; Israel Lvi, La commmoration des ?mes dans le juda?sme, Revue des tudes juives, 29 (1894): 4360.].

            ,          .       ,    :   ,    ,   ,      蠖   ,   ,    ,       ,   [162 - KM, S.175176; PM, S.164; AL, p.95.].          (     ),      , ,      ,  .    , ,    ,        [163 - KM, S.271272; PM, S.257259; AL, p.149.    -        ,       . StAH, J?dische Gemeinde 31, Bd1, Nr.5 (1687, 1699); Emden, Mmoires, p.85; Bernhard Brilling, Die fr?hesten Beziehungen der Juden Hamburgs zu Pal?stina, Jahrbuch der J?disch-Literarischen Gesellschaft, 21 (1930): S.1938.].

, ,    ,       ,      .     ,             .  ,   ,      ,     ,     [164 - KM, S.124, 202203; PM, S.114115, 192193; AL, pp.69, 110111.].     ,      ,      .     ,        .

     ,    .     ,     ,  ,     .         ,  , ,   .    ,      , ,        ,     ,   .  ,      , ,   ,     ,     .  .

      , ,    ,     .    ,  -   ,   - , 󠖠   .      ,   ,       .       ,      .



     ? .

            , ,       .


    ,        ,   , ,     ,   [165 - KM, S.204209; PM, S.194198; AL, pp.111113    :       . (     :         ; .: Lowenthal, Memoirs, p.157.) Aarne and Thompson, Types, Tale type 893: the Unreliable Friend (the Half-Friend); Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature, rev. ed., 6vols. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), H1558.1: test of Friendship, the Half-Friend, vol.3, pp.511512. Half a friend in Moses Gaster, The Exempla of the Rabbis (London and Leipzig: Asia Publishing, 1924), no.360, pp.134, 249. ,  ,   XVII.,    ,   (  )    ,       .   ,      ,     ,   ,   . Sincere Friendship, in Angelo S.Rappoport, Folklore of the Jews (London: SoncinPress, 1937), pp.159163:            -  .          :    XVI.,     (Hebrew ms. 2213),   Lev Tov   ,   1620.,  ,            (Literary Sources, p. 172 and nn. 4445).  Mayse Bukh     ,     ,   ,       ࠖ   .        - (Maaseh Book, no.208, pp.491503).       ,  ,    .].

                ,    ,   ,   (,   ).        :   ,    .             (, ,    ,     ),    ,    . ,     ,   ,     .     ,     ,    .  Mayse Bukh     :    ,     [166 -         () (Thompson, Motif-Index, K2213.1, vol.4, p.483)       .        ,     -     Mishle Shualim ( )  XII XIII. (  : Freiburg, 1583)    ,         ;    Mayse Bukh,       ; ,       Ku-Bukh    (Verona, 1594),      ,        .    : Berechiah ha-Nakdan, Fables of a Jewish Aesop, trans. Moses Hadas (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), no.80, pp.145146; Book of Fables: The Yiddish Fable Collection of Reb Moshe Wallich, Frankfurt am Main, 1697, ed. and trans. Eli Katz (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994), no.19, pp.114118; Maaseh Book, no.107, pp.193195.       . : Haim Schwarzbaum, The Mishle Shualim (Fox Fables) of Rabbi Berechiah ha-Nakdan: A Study in Comparative Folklore and Fable Lore (Kiron: Institute for Jewish and Arab Folklore Research, 1979), pp.394417.     .: Cheryl Tallan, The Medieval Jewish Widow: Powerful, Productive and Passionate (Masters Thesis, York University, 1989).].             .

    ,     :          .    ,    ,   :



Ѡ     ,     .      ;   : ,     , ,        .

 -     ,     ,  ,       ,  . ߠ    ,    .    ,     . Ƞ        ,       , ,  ,       ,  ,    .      ,   ,  ,   ,    ?  [    ?].       .


 ,  , ,            ,    ,  ,  ,         ,       [167 - KM, S.273274; PM, S.269260; AL, p.150.].

              蠖,   , ,      .    ,      ,      ,  ,           . ʠ, ,    ,      ,                    [ ....].      ,         .     [ ]      ,    [168 - KM, S.275277; PM, S.260263; AL, pp.150153.].

  ,     . -     ,   (     ,     ,   )  ,      ,         .     -     ,   .     ,      ,      .         ,  ,    ,         , :    ,   [169 - KM, S.310311; PM, S.292293; AL, pp.163, 169170.  19: 4:  ,  ߠ ,  ߠ     ,   .].

,  ,    ,    -.  ,    .          ,    ,   22, ,   ,   [170 - KM, S.318319; PM, S.299300; AL, p.174.   , ,    /  ,  ,    (. , .45, 48 49).].             ,    .  1715.  [171 - KM, S.312, 319; PM, S.294, 300; AL, pp.171, 175.  - 1717.     ,  ,            ,      .          ,        (,  ,             ).    , , -,     ,       (ADM, 3E3709, n305).]. Ӡ    ,          :     ,      ,     .       : , ,    ,       ,     ,     .   ,         .          򠖠  ,  [172 - KM, S.312, 318320; PM, S.293294, 299301; AL, pp.170171, 174175.].

     ,  (           )   ,       ,  .  ,      .



        ,         ,       . ,              ,       ? Ƞ   ?     , ,       ,      .

Ƞ        .  ,    ,            ,   ,   .    (    )    , ,    ,   ,       . ,          ,     ,    ,   [173 - KM, S.89; PM, S.82; AL, p.50.     25: 21 (Ƞ    ,     ) ,            ,   ,        (Midrash Rabbah, Genesis 63 [5]).     :     ,       (Chumash with Taragum Onkelos, Haphtaroth and Rashis Commentary, trans. A.M.Silbermann and M.Rosenbaum [Jerusalem: Silbermann Family, 1985], p.114, n.21.     . : KM, S.22; PM, S.19; AL, p.12.].

 ,      ,  ,       .           ,         ,     - [174 - Joseph Dan, No Evil Descends from Heaven: Sixteenth-Century Jewish Concepts of Evil, in Bernard Dov Cooperman, ed., Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), pp.89105; idem., Manasseh ben Israels Nishmat Hayyim and the Concept of Evil in Seventeenth-Century Jewish Thought, in Isidore Twersky and Bernard Septimus, eds., Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp.6375. Π     .: Gershom Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah, trans. R.J.Zwi Werblomsky (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1973), pp.2844 ( .3940  -).].       ,   Yesh Nochalin,        Mayse Bukh   Brantshpigl,    ,        .       :           ( ) , malakhe habbalah, 堖 蠖   . (     ,        ,     󠖠   ,    malakhe habbalah[175 - Π    ,    ,  Brantshpigl, Mayse Bukh Yesh Nochalin, .: Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic, chs. 34; Maaseh Book, no.152, pp.301303.     ( )     Yesh Nochalin,      ,       (KM, S.265; PM, S.249; AL ). Π   , , ,   , . , .141.].) Ƞ     ,   -     .     ,     ,     :     ,   ?   .       , :  ,     .      ,  ,    [176 - KM, S.8, 14, 21, 192, 201202, 209; PM, S.7, 12, 19, 180181, 191, 198; AL, pp.5, 7, 11, 104, 110, 113.  :  ,     ໠  , .: . 57: 1.].

Π      ?         堖  .     ,            ,      :     ,   . ,         ,  (    )     :      !   [177 - Π    : Moshe Greenberg, Job, in Robert Alter and Frank Kermode, eds., The Literary Guide to the Bible (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp.283304; Ilana Pardes, Countertraditions in the Bible: A Feminist Approach (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp.145152.     ,   :      蠖 ,  ,    ( 3: 25; KM, S.277; PM, S.263; AL, p.152) ,          :   ? (9:12; KM, S.310; PM, S.292; AL, p.169).       , :      ,   ( 1: 21; KM, S.14; PM, S.12; AL, p.8).].

 ,   ?  ,  :  ,    . Π         :      ,   ,   ,    ,    . , ,  ,    ,   ,   ,   铻. (       127.)       ,   ?  : ߠ-    ,  ,      11 000,      .      .         ,  ,   :    -  ,   .      . (         .            ,      .    , ,    [178 - KM, S.128, 132, 164, 192; PM, S.118, 121, 153154, 180; AL, pp.71, 73, 89, 104.    : Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990); Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi.].)

 ,      ,  .                 .      , ,  㠖       . Ƞ  :        .     ; ,     [179 - KM, S.34; PM, S.32; AL, p.19.]. ,      ,         ,   :            ; ,  ,   ,     . [        .]  ,    ,    ,     : , ,        [180 - KM, S.6970; PM, S.6263; AL, pp.3839.].    ,    ,    ( ,      :    )[181 - KM, S.198; PM, S.188; AL, p.108.]. Ѡ            ?

 ,             ,    .  ,  󠖠   .      ,         ,    .      ,      (. 45),  : Ƞ   ,     [182 - KM, S.57; PM, S.50; AL, p.31.     ,        : KM, S.23; PM, S.23; AL, p.2.].     : , ,     ,          . ,   :       ,         . Ƞ   :     ? ,    ,         [183 - KM, S.12; PM, S.2; AL, p.1.   : KM, S.60; PM, S.149150; AL, p.87:        ,        [],        .        ,  . , ,   ,             .].

      ࠖ,     󠖠      .     컠  ,       ( 28)[184 - Π   ,        .: Anson Laytner, Arguing with God: A Jewish Tradition (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1990).           .].        ,      ,    .

      ,  ,       . -      ,     :   Mayse Bukh, Brantshpigl [185 -  ,    Mayse Bukh,      (. , .136) ,    (. .130). ΠBrantshpigl .: KM, S.13; PM, S.11; AL, p.7,     : Turniansky, Literary Sources.].          ,  [186 -      .  .. (I.F.Kazis) : Immanuel ben Jacob Bonfils, The Book of the Gests of Alexander of Macedon: Sefer Toledot Alexandros ha-Makdoni (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1962), pp.225;  : Dan Ben Amos, in Bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael, . ., pp.8990.],     , ,  -    ࠖ -,    [187 -         (Herodotus, I: 2933, 8688)  : Antonio Martina, red., Solone: Testimonianze sulla vita e lopera (Roma: Edizioni dellAteneo, 1968), pp.3250.     -  XVI. (Augsburg, 1535; Eisleben, 1555; Frankfurt, 1596),            ,   .  ,   ,    (   ,   ,       ),         : ,      ,       ,      ;             (KM, S.171175; PM, S.161164; AL, pp.9395).       ,     ,    .].       ,   ,     Taytshe bukher, .. [188 - . , .84.].

      ,         ,     .          (Roman de Renart),   XVII.       .     ,    , -,            , -,              (1682),     -  -[189 - Kayser, Hrsg., Hamburger B?cher, S.5051, 72, 7677. Eberhard Werner Happel, Groste Denkw?rdigkeiten der Welt: Oder so genannte Relationes Curiosae, Bd.15 (Hamburg: Thomas von Wierung, 16831690); idem, Der insulanische Mandorell.     ,   XVII XVIII. .: Manfred Gr?tz, Das M?rchen in der deutschen Aufkl?rung: Vom Feenm?rchen zum Volksm?rchen (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1988), S.33, 8889, 102, 108,  passim , S.331397.]. ʠ ,    ,      ,         (   )     [190 -      1691.;     : Histoires ou contes du temps pass; Avec des Moralitez (Paris: Claude Barbin, 1697).      (Comtesse dAulnoy, Les Contes des fes)    16961698. Gr?tz, M?rchen, S.1925, 337338.].  ,          ,    ,         XVII.

   ,        .     ,      -  ,   ,      .      ,     :      ? ,        [191 - Π       .: Yasif, From Jewish Oicotype to Israeli Oicotype.   Mayse Bukh      (Maaseh Book, no.222, p.542).]. Ӡ     ,      ,      ,       ,                  [192 - KM, S.39, 124, 202203; PM, S.37, 114115, 192193; AL, pp.22, 69, 110.].      ,        ,     ,           [193 - Π  ,   ,  , .: Gaster, Exempla of the Rabbis, p.275; Marie Campbell, The Three Teachings of the Bird, in Raphael Patai, Francis Lee Utley, and Dov Noy, eds., Studies in Biblical and Jewish Folklore (New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1973), pp.97107; Moshe Carmilly, The Magic Bird, in Victor D.Sanua, ed., Fields of Offerings: Studies in Honor of Raphael Patai (Rutherford, N.J.: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1983), pp.129141.           -: Type 244C (     ,     .   ,  ,    ,       ) Motif J267.1.   ࠖ   (Aarne and Thompson, Types, Tale type 244, p.78).   XIX.,   -   ,  : Moses Gaster, Rumanian Bird and Beast Stories (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1915), no.95, pp.294295.        (XX.),      (Schwarzbaum, Mishle Shualim, p.xxxix, n.10). -,      .           :    (L211, L210, Modest choice best);     (L10,     );    (M21, King Lear Judgement).].

         ,  -       ,    (Hir bey izt ayn hipsh mayse [   ],    ,   )[194 - KM, S.94; PM, S.86; AL, p.52.].  ,       :    ,          ,    .       ,      ,     ,     .   ,  - ,           .

, ,    蠖    ,   ,  ,    .       ,   ,    :     ,   .    :   ,   .    , ,    .        .         ,       .    ?

     :    ,    .     铻[195 - KM, S.1921; PM, S.1718; AL, pp.1011. Π,     ,   ,  , 32 (I. Epstein, ed., The Babylonian Talmud, part 1, vol.6, Tamid, trans. Maurice Simon [London: SoncinPress, 1948], pp.2628).                ,    ,     (Bonfils, Book of the Gests, pp.1314, 133143).    . : Micha Joseph bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael: Classical Jewish Folktales, trans. I.M.Lask, 3vols. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976), nos. 116117, pp.246248: The Wise Men of India.  (Literary Sources, pp.170171) ,            (Josippon),     XXII.      (1546),  (1607)  (1661).             : Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.346349.].

    .     ,     .            ,    :     , ,    ,   ,    ;     , ,        ,       [196 - KM, S.171175, 303305; PM, S.161164; AL, pp.9395, 165166.          ,             ,       .   ,    ,  ,     :     ,  ,     (KM, S.312; PM, S.294; AL, p.171).       . : Tribute from Eden, in Bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael, . ., no.48, pp.103104; Alexander at the Gate of the Garden of Eden, in Kazis, Introduction to Bonfils, Book of the Gests, pp.1617.].

       ,         .       ,        , ,                   .        ,    .    ,  ,  ,   ,    .     ,          ,         ,    .            ,  ,  ,   .    ,        ,      ,       ,  ,     [197 - KM, S.9498; PM, S.8689; AL, pp.5253 ( ).       . : Warren Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival, 780842 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp.118120, 130, 132.].

       IX. [198 - Theophanes, Chronicle, pp.157161, Annus mundi 6293Annus mundi 6295 (1 800.1 803.).],         (,       ),        (            VI). Ӡ ( )      ,          :  ,  ;     ![199 -   ,  ,   :  ,  ;     ! (KM, S.9697; PM, S.88; AL, p.53).    ,          , . : Gabriele L.Strauch, Text and Context in the Reading of Medieval LiteratureA Case in Point: Dukus Horant, in Peter L.Allen and Jeff Rider, eds., Reflections in the Frame: New Perspectives on the Study of Medieval Literature, special issue of Exemplaria, 3 (1991): 6794; Arnold Paucker, Yiddish Versions of Early German Prose Novels, Journal of Jewish Studies, 10 (1959): 151167.]            (ߠ  ,     ,    )[200 - KM, S.93; PM, S.86; AL, p.52.],         .

    ,         (       ).    ,     ,       (30:13), :          : ߠ ,  铻.         ,   III.[201 -    30: 13 ( ,  )      XI.     ( )   ,          ,    (Chumash with Rashis Commentary, p.185, n.35). Π         ,  5 - 116 (I. Epstein, ed., The Babylonian Talmud, Seder Zeraim, vol.1, part 5: Berakoth, trans. Maurice Simon [London: SoncinPress, 1948], pp.2022: Seder Nezikin, vol.4, part 4: Baba Bathra, trans. Israel W.Slotki [London: SoncinPress, 1953], pp.477478),   ,     ,   .    (5) .   ,    , ,        [  ]   ,    .    . :     .      :     [ ]   ?     ?      ?     .:     ?  - 116      .      ,  XI.   ,        [],   ,   ,   ,     : .   .  5 (p. 20, n.9).       III. (. 180. 279) (Encyclopaedia Judaica, 10: 144147). ,     , ,      ,   I. (Lowenthal, Memoirs, p.88).       ,      (KM, S.130; PM, S.120). ,        (. ),         I.,         () (.: Turniansky, Literary Sources, p. 167 and n. 32).         ,        ,    ,        (Jacob Neusner, Development of a Legend: Studies on the Traditions Concerning Yohanan ben Zakkai [Leiden: Brill, 1970], pp.124125).].      ,      .      ,     (        ).     ,   ,  .    ,        .        :    ! Ѡ  ,   ,      .       ,      󠖠  [202 - KM, S.129132; PM, S.119121; AL, pp.7172.     ,       -  ,      .   ?  ,      ,            (Barbara Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England [New York: Oxford University Press, 1986], pp.157, 180).].   ,     ,        .   ,    , ,      ,     :    .

 ,  , 𠖠  .    ,          (2 . 1318)         .  ,   (mayse), ⠫     ,    : ,           .     ,     [203 - KM, S.279; PM, S.264; AL, p.153.   ,   ,      Taytsh.].

-     ( )[204 -      :      2?   (2 ), 12: 2425.],         .       (),       ,     .  , ,     , ,       ,   ,  .   ,    ,        ;      .   ,      ,       ,     .             .       ,    ,   .    ,    蠫    ,  ,       ,  ().

    ,      ,  :    ,     .      ,       ,  ,     ?.. , ,   ,    ,    .  ,   ,     [205 - KM, S.279289; PM, S.264272; AL, pp.153157.].

,                 .        ࠖ ,   ,        (2 . 12:1923), 頖        [206 - KM, S.132133, 308; PM, S.122123, 288289; AL, pp.73, 167.].         ,          [207 -       2?   (),         , . : Joel Rosenberg, 1 and 2 Samuel, in Alter and Kermode, eds., Literary Guide, , pp.130143.     ,  .].       :     ,     ?       ( ,   )   [208 -    (unresolved tension)       , .: Moshe Greenberg, Job, p. 301.]: ,           , ,         .

 ,      ,             (  , meshalim).  -           ,  mashal     ,      ,      [209 -       .: Gaster, Exempla of the Rabbis, pp.2329; Nissin Ben Jacob Ibn Shahin, An Elegant Composition Concerning Relief after Adversity, trans. William M.Brinner (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), Introduction, pp.xvxx; Schwarzbaum, Mishle Shualim, pp.ixviii;      .: Saperstein, Jewish Preaching, pp.89103.]. (Ӡ      ,     ,      ,        蠫 ,     ,   ,   , [210 -    .         Mayse Bukh (Helwig, J?dische Historien, fols. AiiiirAviir),          meshalim        (Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebraea, 2: 973981).    .: Marc Fumaroli, LAge de lEloquence Rhtorique et res literaria de la Renaissance au seuil de lpoque classique (Gen?ve: Droz, 1980), pp.358359, 388, , ,     (Le Moyne),      (Peintures Morales) ,         ,    ,      .].)        ,      ,       .  ,             (  )      ,     ,     ,   ꠫ [211 - Π    . , .75. KM, S.21, 279; PM, S.18, 264; AL, pp.11, 153.].

    ,         .  񠖠   ,   ,      . (         ,    :   ,      ?)[212 - KM, S.323; PM, S.304; AL, p.177.         : ߠ     (musar),     . Ѡ ,      , 頖    (KM, S.4; PM, S.; AL, p.2).   ,        .] ,      firzogerin   蠖,         ;     ,         firzogerin. Ƞ       ,    :   XVIIXVIII.  ,   ,    ,      [213 - Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.2324. Chava Weissler, Traditional Yiddish Literature, pp.1617, and idem, Women in Paradise, Tikkun 2, no.2 (AprilMay 1987): 4346, 117120.].               ,       [214 - Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.241242, 285286.  Meineket Rivkah     1609.  1618.;        1674.    ,   .  firzogerin,        -.].   蠫     mayse   ,        .     , ,        ,        . Ѡ   [215 -       Gei Hizzayon ( )         (      )   ,        ,       .      ,   .                   ,      ,   .       ,  (    )     ,         (Dov Noy, The Jewish Theodicy Legend, in Sanua, ed., Fields of Offerings, pp.6584).        蠖 ?    ,  ?    .]       ,    ,   ,   ,    ,   .

,        -     /      /   ,       ,     [216 - Π /          .: Kaplan, From Christianity to Judaism, pp.125142, 146178.].            :      . Ƞ    ,       .     ,      :  ,    ? ߠ  .   :  ,  . ,    . ,      .      ,      ,   ,        [217 - KM, S.199; PM, S.189; AL, p.108.       (    )          ,     ,   ,   / 1690  1710.       [- ]        :         (Emden, Mmoires, p.84).    (12: 18),               .           ,           (Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.12, pp.11461147).       ,         .].



  ,      .      ,           ,      ,    ,  .     ,     1665.,    ,     . Ƞ     ,  ,        .          ,        ,        ,       .     (     , ,   ,    ,  ),   [218 - KM, S.23, 8083; PM, S.20, 7476; AL, pp.12, 4546.     /    . : KM, S.1, 58, 309; PM, S.1, 52, 289290; AL, pp.1, 32, 168. Π      .: Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, pp.566591;       ,     1667.    1668. .: ibid., pp.787790.].

         ,  ,        ,      [219 - KM, S.8283; PM, S.76; AL, p.46.]. ,     ,          ,     :  ,  ,  .         ,     ,    ?

         ,        .    ,   ,     1715.,    .   ,    , ,   ,   ,         .        ,      ,    .       .    ?   ,    ,    ,  ,    ,   ,       [220 - KM, S.325333; PM, S.305313; AL, pp.178182.         (Memorbuch, p.72, n685).   ,     5475.,     , 6 1715.       . : Maase be-Metz, in SUBF, ms. hebr. oct. 144, 69rv.].

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      1719.   ,     (,  ),       [225 - KM, S.333; PM, S.313; AL, p.182.].     ,  ;     ( ?),     .  ,     껠        .




 

 


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          ,        ,      ,   ,    ,   . ,             .     ,       .

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    ࠖ  ,    .ࠖ       ,  .          ,    .      , ,     ,     ,     .           -    (  ),      [236 - Rel, pp.8889, 9798, 107; Vie, pp.4849, 64, 93, 490491, 501502.].   ,        ,     ,          :  , ,  ,     1640?            [237 - Rel, pp.128; Vie, pp.93, 115.             (ADIL, 3E2, Notaire Fran?ois Nau, 25 1621.).      (ADIL, E254)  7 1643.     , ,  蠫 .   ,      , ,      ;     (Chambert, Famille, p. 93).   ,      ,             (Vie, p.636); ,   :       .    ,      ,    ,  , ,        .].

    ,     ,       蠫 . ,           .       -   ,      ,       (    )    ,    . .   (.. , )     頖 , , ,    ;            ,       .                  .   ,  ,   ,   [238 - Rel, p.147; Vie, pp.51, 52, 128.    .: Martin. Livre, vol.1, pp.102103, 134.        -   ,   - ( ),    . Π          XVII. .: Michel de Certeau, The Mystic Fable, trans. Michael B.Smith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), vol.1: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, pp.90, 102103, 147149.        Les Oeuvres de divin St Denys Aropagite, traduites du grec en fran?ais par fr. Jean de St Fran?ois [Jean Goulu] (Paris: Jean de Heuqueville, 1608) ,  1629.   ,    ,     . Π    젖.: Rel, pp.7779; Vie, pp.3839.].

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    .      .       ,       . ,  !    ,    .  軠   ,      .     ,        ,       .         ,    , ,  . Ƞ   ,   ,  ,        ,        : ,    [243 - Vie, pp.51, 88, 115, 130131, 142143, 161.].

 ,   ,     .     , ,   ,   .       ,    ,     .         (    ), ,      ,    ,         .    ,            (      ,   ;  ).    ,     : ߠ   ,   ,  ;   ,   . Ƞ  ,         ,       ,  ,   ,    .      ,       . ߠ [244 - Rel, pp.97, 108110, 114, 149150; Vie, pp.4749, 62, 6465, 70, 135. Π ,   ,        ,  ,                ,    ,     (Caroline Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women [Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1987], pp.208218, 294296).  ,  ,         ,        ,     ,   ,  ,  ,  (  )  . ߠ        ,         .].

       .        ,      ,           . Ƞ:      ?       ?    ?      .     .    ,    .   ,     ?  ,    .          ?[245 - Rel, p.110; Vie, p.66.]

    ,     ,   ,         .       ?           ?         蠖;    ,   ,          [246 - Rel, pp.111, 123; Vie, pp.6768, 84.].

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-            .   , ,      ,       蠖   ,      .      ,        (       )    [254 - [Jean de Berni?res, sieur de Louvigny], The Interiour Christian; or the Interiour Conformity which Christians Ought to have with Jesus Christ (Antwerpen: s.l., 1684), fol.a3r.          , 1659. Π  .: Brmond, Sentiment religieux, vol.6, pp.220266;     .: Martin, Livre, vol.2, p.621.]. Ӡ           .       ;  ,    ,     - ,      .     ,      ;  ,      ,     蠖   ,      [255 - Rel, pp.156158; Vie, pp.123124, 162165.].

    :    ,     , 堖  ,       ,      . (   ,      , ,     .)    . ,      ,  -  - ,  ⠫  (      )  .     ,    ,     (    ,      ).    ,       ?  ,   ,    ?      ,     ,  ,      젖,      [256 - Rel, pp.158161; Vie, pp.168176.  ,             ,    ,       .ࠖ 젖    ,      ,    . [Edmond Mart?ne], La Vie du vnrable p?re Dom Claude Martin, religieux bndictin de la Congrgation de S.Maur; Dcd en odeur de saintet au Monast?re de Mairmontier, le 9du mois dAoust 1696 (Tours: Philibert Masson, 1697), p.4.].

  ,  ,       ,      .        .           ;        堖       .        [257 - Rel, p.159; Vie, pp.169, 175, 374.].

      , ,     ,          .  ,   ,   - ,    ,     [258 -  ,                ,       ..       , 1633.        . .  .. - ,    , , 4 1640. 30 1642., Cor, n46, pp.108110; n63, p.154 (      ).    ,    ,        .   .].   ,  ,  1610.    , ,      .     ,       .           ,    , :       ,      .    ,    ,    , .    , ,    ;     ,   [259 - Π   XVII.    ,     , .: Rapley, The Dvotes.   - ,    (      ),    .: Msgr. Bougaud, Histoire de Sainte Chantal et des origines de la Visitation, 2vol. (Paris: Poussielgue, 1909), vol.1, chap. 12; Elisabeth Stopp, Madame de Chantal: Portrait of a Saint (Westminster, Md.: Newman Press, 1962), ch.6.  1609.     ()     ,   ;    ,      .    , ,    ,     ,      .  , ,       ,      . , -,            .   ,  ,    ,      ,    ,        (ibid, p.111).  -        ,  -,   : Plutarque, Les Vies des hommes illustres grecs et romains, trans. J.Amyot (Paris: M.Vascosan, 1559), vol.2, pp.757758.].

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    1622.          .        . ( XVI.)    .     ,     , ,      :      .     ,    XVI  XVII. (, ˒--- --),      ,     .   XVII.     ,  ,  ,          , 頖   ,         .      ,       .  16101612.    ,   ,    ,   (    򠖠 )    .         ,     [261 -     .: T.Ledochowska, Ang?le Mrici et la Compagnie de Sainte-Ursule ? la lumi?re des documents, 2vol. (Roma et Milan: Ancora, 1968); Pommereu, Chroniques; Gabrielle Marie de Chantal de Gueudr, Histoire de lOrdre des Ursulines en France, 3vol. (Paris: Editions Saint-Paul, 19581963); Marie Andr Jgou, Les Ursulines du faubourg St.Jacques ? Paris, 16071662 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1981); Lierheimer, Female Eloquence.].

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          .                   . , 16321634.,            :  ,  ,        .  ,       [264 - Pommereu, Chroniques, vol.1, pt.1, pp.4045 (   --  16001611.); pt. 2, p.244247 (      16581660.). Michel de Certeau, LaPossession de Loudun, 3e d. (Paris: Gallimard, 1990).].          젖          .  ,         ,        ,    .  ,  ,        ,     ,  ⠖ .         . ,              ,   [265 - Rel, pp.179180; Vie, pp.205206.].

     , , ,    . Ѡ ,     ,         ,         .      ,           ,     ,         [266 - Rel, pp.165, 176177; Vie, pp.180181, 199200, 502505.         (. 1629),        , . : Brmond, Sentiment religieux, vol.3, pp.4374.      .: A.Vacant et al., Dictionnaire de thologie catholique, 15vol. (Paris: Librairie Letouzey et An, 19031950), vol.15, pp.26642666.          頖  ,  ⠫  (Teresa of Avila, The Way of Perfection, trans. E.Allison Peers [Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Image, 1964]).]. Ѡ ,       ,      :     ,      ,        ,      , [267 - Vie, pp.217218.   , ,   ,     ,      ,     .              (Rel, p.183).     ,       finement (, ) (Vie, p.216). [Mart?ne], Claude Martin, p.8.].

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         (    ,    ,    , ,   ),    ,  -     .       ,         , ,     ꠫.            ,        [269 - Vie, pp.211212, 218.].          ,    1633. (,      ,     ),     .        ,  ,      , ,   ,    (. 6: 27),     [270 - Rel, pp.182183; Vie, pp.215216.].

       ,             . ʠ  ,      ,   ,  , ,    (       , )[271 -            1583.,   1632.     XIII      (Oury, Marie, pp.210212). Π 蠫 (illuminati)   .: Brmond, Sentiment religieux, vol.3, pp.258279 (Jsuites Brulliens),  (): de Certeau, Mystic Fable, ch.8.].       ,  , ,   ,   .    :   ,     , ,   ,   . (   ,        ,    .)   ,      ,     . Ѡ           [272 -   .         ,    16311633., ..  ,     .         (Rel, pp.181182; Vie, p.215; Cor, p.1039).        ,        -  (Vie, p.212). Π,     . ,     , .: Rel, pp.181185; Vie, pp.215217, 222223.].

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,    ,         :     .     ,      ,    ,     ,     ,     ?propos.         ;   ,   ,    .    ,   ,   ,      [275 - Rel, pp.194195; Vie, pp.234235, 240242, 519520. ʠ       ,     ,    .          ,       (Rel, p.195; Vie, p.217, 235; Oury, Marie, p.243, n1; de Certeau, Mystic Fable, pp.269270).          : ,         ( .. , 26 1653., Cor, n153, pp.5557).      ,    ,  : LEcole sainte ou explication famili?re des myst?res de la foy (Paris: Jean Baptiste Coignard, 1684) Retraites de la vnrable M?re Marie de lIncarnation religieuse Ursuline; Avec une exposition succincte du Cantique des Cantiques (Paris: Louis Billaine, 1682).         . : Ecrits spirituels et historiques, d. Jamet, vol.1, pp.395525.].

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      ,       , ,      ,    .         :         .     ,         ,      ,     ,        ( ,   ).    ,       ,             [277 - Rel, pp.198199, 201205; Vie, pp.300301, 305, 309310, 316;  ..  ., 1635., Cor, n12, p.27.            (Pierre Biard, Relation de la Nouvelle France [Lyon: Louis Muguet, 1616])       ,    .  16      : Brieve Relation du Voyage de la Nouvelle France, Fait au mois dAvril dernier par le P.Paul le Ieune de la Compagnie de Iesus (Paris: Sbastien Cramoisy, 1632).   40       .    -,    : Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 73vols. (Cleveland, Ohio: Burrows Brothers, 18961901).].

 ,               . Ӡ           .     ,       ,     ,       .    ,   ,  ,     ,   ( ),     [278 - Vie, p.307.          16351638.,         (Rel, p.203; Vie, p.306).].      ,      ,   :       ,    ,   ,     ,   .       .  1635.     .: ߠ   ,       ;  ,     ,       ,           [279 - JR, vol.5, pp.144147; vol.6, pp.150153; vol.7, p.256.  ..  .,  1635., Cor, n12, p.27.      ,    ,      (  ,  ..),    ,       (Rel, p.246; Vie, p.395).].

          ,          ꠫.   ,            , , -     ,      ( ),      [280 -            (15061552): Etienne Binet, LAbbreg de la vie admirable de S.Francois Xavier de la Compagnie de Jsus, surnomm lapostre des Indes (Paris: S.Chappelet, 1622). ,           ( ..  ,  1652., Cor, n140, p.443).], 蠫 ,   ,       , ,  - ,      ,  ,       :



ߠ,  ,       ,         ,             . ߠ      ,       ,  ,       ,        ,   ?         !

Ƞ        ,   : ߠ  [assez savante],    []  .   ,     ,  ,          腻 ,  , ,    ,    ,       ,      [281 - Rel, pp.198200; Vie, pp.301302. .  1:5, 11:15 17:14,  , ,      .         . ( 1635.): Ӡ      ,       ,    ,     [ ]     .        ,       (Cor, n12, p.27).].


       () ,   XV.,                , ,   ,    .  ,   ,           ,      ,    ,            [282 - Vincent Ferrer, Trait contre les Juifs (1414), in P?re Fages, O.P., d., Cuvres de Saint Vincent Ferrier (Paris: A.Picard et A.Sava?te, 1909), vol.1. Jean Seguy, Monsieur Vincent, la Congrgation de la Mission et les derniers temps, in Vincent de Paul: Actes du Colloque International dEtudes Vincentiennes, Paris, 2526septembre 1981 (Roma: Edizioni Vincenziane, 1983), pp.217238.].   XVI.  ,     ,         (:  ),       .      , ,  ,          ,    .   -   ,          [283 - Guillaume Postel, De la Rpublique des Turcs: et l? ou loccasion soffrera, des meurs et loys de tous Muhamedistes, par Guillaume Postel Cosmopolite (Poitiers: Enguilbert de Marnef, s.a. [1565?]),   ,  II. William Bouwsma, Concordia Mundi: The Career and Thought of Guillaume Postel (15101581) (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957), chs. 5, 7; Maurice de Gandillac, Le Th?me postelien de la concorde universelle, and Marion Kuntz, Guillaume Postel and the Universal Monarchy: The State as a Work of Art, in Guillaume Postel, 15811981: Actes du Colloque International dAvranches, 59septembre 1981 (Paris: Maisnie-Trdaniel, 1981), pp.191197, 233256; Frances A.Yates, Astrea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975), esp. pp.128, 121126, 144146.].

        ,         ,   ,   [284 - . 112:3:           (Vie, p.320); 2. 5:15 ( ..  .,  1635., Cor, n12, p.27).].                    .           ,    󠖠        ,  ,      [285 - Rel, p.198; Vie, p.300.].

           ,  .       ,       .         ,     -      .           ,       [286 - Rel, pp.211221; Vie, pp.316349;  ..  .,  1638., Cor, n30, pp.6769 (  ,      ,     ,   . ); JR, vol.7, pp.256259.].

 ,  .       -   .        ?       ..        ,      ,        ,         . ?!       . ,   ,    ? ,     ,  , ,       ,        ,     ,    [287 - Rel, pp.213215, 219221; Vie, pp.322339;  ..  ., 19 1635. 26 1637., Cor, n14, 28, pp.33, 65.].   ,   .       ?  30? XVII.       ,      ,          ,    -  , .      -    ,         [288 -    ,             ,       (Vie, pp.334, 339;  ..  ., 29 1635., Cor, n20, pp.4850; n49, n.4). Π   ,  1632  1635.   XIII   , .: Sauzet, Le Milieu dvot, pp.160, 162; Dictionary of Canadian Biography, ed. George Brown, 12vols. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 19661991), vol.1, pp.567569; Dom Guy Oury, Les Tourangeaux en Nouvelle-France au temps de Marie de lIncarnation, Bulletin trimestriel de la Socit archologique de Touraine, 37 (1972): 149151.         -  , ,     .   ,     ., 1636.    ,     ,      ; 1646.,  1920,    (Chronique de Beaumont, pp.139143, 252).         1634  1635.,     ,    .   ,     -     30?,   .].

     蠖   ,    ,           ,    ,        .         , ,   ,     蠖   .       ,  ,    , ,       -,  25    ,      .    ,    ,    ,       .  ,        :  ,    . ,  ,       .       ,     ,     . 蠫        .    ,     [289 - Rel, pp.206207; Vie, pp.310315, 733:         . Dom Guy-Marie Oury, Madame de la Peltrie et ses fondations canadiennes (Qubec: Presses Universit de Laval, 1974), pp.940.  .. - , 25 1670., , Cor, n259, pp.904905.].

   ,       :  ,    ,  ,      .       ,     ,   ,      ,  ,     ,      . (      .)      ,        ,    ,   ,     .    ,     , ,  1637.    ,    ,            [290 - Rel, pp.227228; Vie, pp.350354, 356357; Oury, La Peltrie, pp.4355;  .. - , 25 1670., Cor, n269, pp.905907.  ,              ,       -   (ibid., p.909).    ,   ,    , .: Sarah Hanley, Engendering the State: Family Formation and State Building in Early Modern France, French Historical Studies, 16 (1989): 1521.].

  1639.      ,   XIII,     c      .       ,   蠖           [291 - Rel, pp.229232; Vie, pp.357359;  .. - , 25 1670., Cor, n269, p.907; Oury, La Peltrie, pp.5765. Π  ,  16271628., .: Charles W.Cole, Colbert and a Century of French Mercantilism, 2vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939; reprint Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1964), vol.1, pp.173185; Marcel Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, 3vol. (Montral: Fides, 19631983), vol.3, pt.1, La Seigneurie des Cents-Associs, 16271663: Les Evnements, pp.125.          .].      ,         .

        ,         ,         .    , ,   ,   ,  ,      .     ,    .           ,   ,   ,     .          ,    (       .   .ࠖ      ,         );          ,  ,      [292 - Rel, pp.228229, 231235; Vie, pp.357, 359366, 368374;  ..   ,  1638., , Cor, n31, p.70; Oury, La Peltrie, pp.6570.].

        Te deum,         . ,    ,     ,   :          ,    ,     ,   ,    .   -,      ,         (  )   .   ,        ,         ,        . ,  ,       . ߠ    ,        .    ,         .    ,   ,           [293 - Rel, p.235; Vie, pp.366, 374376; [Mart?ne], Claude Martin, pp.1012; Dom Guy-Marie Oury, Dom Claude Martin: Le fils de Marie de lIncarnation (Solesmes: Abbaye Saint-Pierre, 1983), pp.3538.].

  ,   (   ),    䒠    (   ,     ),           ---[294 - Rel, p.239; Vie, p.378.    ,             ,    . Paul Ragueneau, La Vie de la m?re Catherine de Saint Augustin, religieuse hospitali?re de la Misricorde de Qubec en la Nouvelle France (Paris: Florentin Lambert, 1671), fols. aiiraiiir,   ; Jeanne-Fran?oise Juchereau de St. Ignace et Marie Andre Duplessis de Ste Hl?ne, Les Annales de lH?tel-Dieu de Qubec, 16361716, d. Albert Jamet (Qubec: H?tel-Dieu, 1939), pp.810; Colin Jones, The Charitable Imperative: Hospitals and Nursing in Ancien Rgime and Revolutionary France (London: Routledge, 1989), pp.94, 98.].        politesse () dvotion (),         .

4 1639.       ,  .,  ,   . (  -)    堖     .  ,   .       ,    ,   .    , , ,   ,        ,            .    ,     -,   ,      [295 - Rel, pp.240244; Vie, pp.385386.       ,  蠖 .,  .  .;       (Juchereau et Duplessis, H?tel-Dieu, p.11).  ..  .,    , 20 1639. (De lAmirale de S.Joseph sur mer, Cor, n39, pp.8687).         : Leslie Choquette, Ces Amazones du Grand Dieu: Women and Mission in Seventeenth-Century Canada, French Historical Studies,17 (1992): 62665.].



    :       ,     ,   .     ,     1639.,      ⠖,  , , , ,  ,            [296 - Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.102, 141, 247, 369:  30? XVII.     400  500, 1657.      , 60?        .      ,    : Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, La Seigneurie des Cent-Associs, 16271663: La Socit, pp.1155.         (   )      .].    ,    ,                .    ,       ,        . . ʠ   -      , 1642.      ,   ?         .                      . ʠ 50?                , ,    ,          [297 -  .. , 29 1665., , Cor, n220, p.759.      .: C.H.Laverdi?re et H.R.Casgrain, ds. Le Journal des Jsuites publi dapr?s le manuscrit original conserv aux archives du Sminaire de Qubec, 2e d. (Montral: J.M.Valois, 1892), p.335 (2 1665.); Micheline dAllaire, Talon: Textes choisis (Montral: Fides, 1970), pp.2325; Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.137138, 154158, 407411; pt. 2, pp.3646; William Eccles, The Canadian Frontier, 15341760, rev. ed. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), p.68.       15  ,     ,     .].

Ѡ        .  40?,   ,     ,  .  .     -, -         .    ,     ,    ,     ,             󠖠    .         ,   .   ,      ,   1646. ,       .      [pas encore assez faite],   ,    ,            [298 - Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, pp.344356, 444448.      ,            (Journal),  16451650.   , 16501653. , 젖   . (      JJ, 젖JR;        ,        - ,    .) ,         1649. (,      ), . : JJ, p.125.  .. , 11 1646., Cor, n100, p.295; 27 1648., n113, p.344; 22 1649., n123, p.378.].

ʠ 1650.    ,  ,      .   1659.    ( )       ,       ,     .        (    1674.,      ),                [299 - JJ, p.146 (8 1646.), 185186 ( 1653.), 258 ( 1659.), 262 (24 1659.), 269 ( 1659.); Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, pp.182, 444453; Cornelius J.Jaenen, The Role of the Church in New France (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976), pp.1721.].

     . ,   ,  ,       - ,    .     ,      ,  ,   -     .      ,      : 1660.,          ,    ,     [300 -  .. , 24 1658., Cor, n177, p.597;  1659., n183, p.613;  .,  , 13 1660., n189, pp.643645; 13 1661., n193, pp.652654 (       ;     ).].

     .                   . . , 1645.,      ,     ,       Communaut des Habitants ( ), ..     .           ,      ,  ,     ,   ,  .  1647.     ,     ,    .       ,       [301 - Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.168178, pt.2, pp.253257; Eccles, Canadian Frontier, pp.4244.].

  60?,    XIV        ,     ,     ⠖               - .        .     ,         ,   .     ,    ,  1663.  [302 - Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.363386; Cole, Colbert, vol.2, pp.16, 5664.  .. ,  1663., Cor, n207, p.710.   -      1669.,     .  1674.     (Compagnie dOccident) (Cole, Colbert, vol.2, pp.8081).].

   .    ,   ,  ,     (   ,     . ,    ),    , .. ,    -, ,  (   ,  ) 蠫     [303 -         : James Axtell, The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1981); The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).           : R.Bruce Morrison and C.Roderick Wilson, eds., Native Peoples: The Canadian Experience (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986).    ࠖBruce G.Trigger, Natives and Newcomers: Canadas Heroic Age Reconsidered (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1985)   ,   .       .: Elisabeth Tooker, An Ethnography of the Huron Indians, 16151649 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution for the Huronia Historical Development Council, 1964); Conrad Heidenreich, Huronia: AHistory and Geography of the Huron Indians (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1971); Bruce G.Trigger, The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660, new ed. (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1987); Lucien Campeau, La Mission des Jsuites chez les Hurons, 16341650 (Montral: Editions Bellarmin, 1987), , .1113 (   ); Francis Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York: W.W.Norton, 1984); Francis Jennings, William Fenton, Mary Druke, and David R.Miller, eds., The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985); Daniel K.Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Matthew Dennis, Cultivating a Landscape of Peace: Iroquois-European Encounters in Seventeenth-Century America (lthaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993); John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1994).       ., : Alfred Goldsworthy Bailey, The Conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian Cultures, 15041700, 2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969); William S.Simmons, Spirit of the New England Tribes: Indian History and Folklore (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1986); Colin G.Calloway, ed., Dawnland Encounter: Indians and Europeans in Northern New England (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 16501815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).        ,      : The Spirit SingsArtistic Traditions of Canadas First Peoples: A Catalogue of the Exhibition (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart for the Glenbow-Alberta Institute, 1988).     ,  , 1884  1989.,  : W.G.Spittal, ed., Iroquois Women: An Anthology (Ohsweken, Ont.: Iroqrafts, 1990).     -      ,    Judith K.Brown, Economic Organization and the Position of Women among the Iroquois,   Ethnohistory, 17 (1970)  Iroquois Women, pp.182198;  Eleanor Leacock, Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization, in Mona Etienne and Eleanor Leacock, eds. Women and Colonization: Anthropological Perspectives (New York: Praeger, 1980), pp.2542.      : Karen Anderson, Chain Her by One Foot: The Subjugation of Women in Seventeenth-Century France (London and New York: Routledge, 1991),           .       ,    : Carol Devons, Countering Colonization: Native American Women and Great Lakes Missions, 16301900 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992).       XVI XVII. : Natalie Zemon Davis, Iroquois Women, European Women, in Margo Hendricks and Patricia Parker, eds., Women, Race, and Writing in the Early Modern Period (London: Routledge, 1994), pp.243258, 350362.  -         (Carol Karlsen).        ,    ,   ,        () : Paula Gunn Allen, The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992); Grandmothers of the Light: A Medicine Womans Sourcebook (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991).             ,   蠫  , ,        : Calvin Martin, The Metaphysics of Writing Indian-White History, in Calvin Martin, ed., The American Indian and the Problem of History (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp.2734.  ,  :       ,    ,         (.33).       ,        ,        ( ,      ).].   ,    ,     ,        (   ໠   ,   ),    ,           [304 -            (1648.),         (  )      (JJ, pp.214215, 28 1657.; JR, vol.23, pp.164167; Jennings, Iroquois Empire, p.96; Campeau, Mission des Jsuites, pp.70, 313).].

,         ,     . ,    ,  ,   ,  - .     ,    ,  , ,  , , .        ,   .      (     ),      ,     ,     , 蠖      .      ,          ⠖       .        .

     .      ,    ,     ( ),   ,       .    ,  ,      ,     ,     ,    .         , ,   [305 - Gabriel Sagard, Le Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons (1632), d. Real Ouellet (Qubec: Biblioth?que Qubcoise, 1990), pt.1; chap. 7, pp.172173; Ruth B.Phillips, Like a Star I Shine: Northern Woodlands Artistic Traditions, in The Spirit Sings, pp.8485.].        - ,    ,    ,   ,    ,  ,   .   ,   :   ,   ,  ,       .

        , , ,     ,      ,        ,      ,         .       1536.       .  1616.    ⠖ : [Ӡ]   ,   ,  :       .        ,    1623. (   ,   ,  ,  ),     ,        [306 - Jacques Cartier, Deuxi?me voyage de Jacques Cartier (15351535), in Charles A.Julien, Ren Herval, et Thodore Beauchesne, ds. Les Fran?ais en Amrique pendant la premi?re moiti du XVI


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            ,  ,  ,         :  [   1646.]     , 蠖 ,           [307 -  .. , 10 1646., Cor, n97, p.286.].      ?        ,        ?            ?  ,    ,     [308 - Vie, pp.505506, 612, 746. JJ, p.42 ( 1646.).],     ,    ?          ,   , , ?       .     ,  ;      .     ,    ,  [309 -  .. , 17 1668., Cor, n244, pp.828829.].

      ,  ,     .    ,      : ,         ,       XIV.      (      1631.,           ,     )[310 - Vie, pp.548549. Π 1631.         .: Chronique de Beaumont, pp.108113.      ,     (Maillard, Les Hommes et la mort Tours, p. 79).].   30?  ,     ,   ; 1639.     .           ,     .   16461647.,    ,    1654.  -    :    , .. , ,   ,       ,  ,  - (      ,   ,   ,       ,  )[311 -  ..     , 3 1640., Cor, n53, p.98:         []    ,     .     ,     ,      .      ,   .     ,   ,          ,      . ,    , ,      ,    . .          .];     ,    ;      .      ,   . ʠ     ,          1620?[312 -     ,     , . : Trigger, Natives and Newcomers, pp.226251.].

          ,  .      ,  ,    , ,  ,      400           .       ,  ,      ,    ,       𠖠        .      ,   50? XVII.         . ,   . ,    ,          ,       .    [313 - Sagard, Grand Voyage, pt.1, chap. 4, pp.131132; Trigger, Natives and Newcomers, pp.172224; Arthur Ray and Donald B.Freeman, Give Us Good Measure: An Economic Analysis of Relations between the Indians and the Hudsons Bay Company before 1763 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975), chs. 23; Heidenreich, Huronia, ch.7; Jennings, Iroquois Empire, ch.6; Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.124154.].

      ,    ,      ,            .      50?      ,   ,         [314 -  .. , 26 1644., Cor, n80, p.221; 1 1652., n142, p.479: ,         ,   ; 24 1654., n161, p.55; 10 1662., n201, p.681;  1662., n204, p.691; 12 1666., n225, p.775; 27 1668., n258, p.873. Π     .: Peter C.Mancall, The Bewitching Tyranny of Custom: The Social Costs of Indian Drinking in Colonial America, American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 17, no.2 (1993): 1542.].      ,        .   ,  ,  ,     ⠖      .    [   1644.]        堖     [315 -  .. , 26 1644., Cor, n80, p.224.].

  ,      ,  ,       ,          .    ⠫ ,       ,   ,       ,           .      , ,   ,   (  ),    ( ) ,          蠫,    .       頖    .          ,      ,     :    , , ,  ࠖ,       .                  .       ,              ,       1645.[316 -  .. , 1427 1645., Cor, n92, pp.252261.          1 1645. (JR, vol.27, pp.246273).    ,      ,     .].

,             :   ,         ,      ,     ;   ,    ,    .   ,  , ,    ,  蠖          ,  .       (      ), ,,  . , ,    1652.,      -:        .     ,              [317 -  .. , 1 1652., Cor, n152, p.478; 1427 1645., n92, p.256.].

      .  1650.,  ,      ,      . ,        ,         .     ,      ,       (   )  [318 - JR, vol.35, pp.182205.       ,     .     ,      ⠫ .].  1652.,      ,   ,         :        ( ),       [319 - JR, vol.38, p.62.].    1650.          ,        .

, 50?   .       ,       ,         [320 - Rel, pp.330332; Vie, pp.588589.   ,              .].  coureurs de bois (.  , . )     ,        ,      [321 - Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.221224.].     ,  , 蠖  !16531654.       (      ,   )       .       (    1654.)  , ,        ,    ,       ,  ,  [322 -  .. , 11 1654., Cor, n156, p.531; 24 1654., n161, pp.542547. JR, vol.40, ch.5.].

 , ,  :   ,      .    ,   1660. ,   , ,        .    ,     [],        .        [323 -  .. , 25 1660., Cor, n184, p.620; 17 1660., n185, p.634; 2 1660., n192, p.649.].

     ,    XIV ,     .   1666.  ,  ,     ,  1 000  100    .     ,         ,  .       ,   !  ,   ,            ⠖,         .    Te Deum,  ,      .    ,   ,   ,   ,       ,,    ?  ,       [324 -  .. , 12 1666., Cor, n225, pp.772776; JJ, pp.351352, 514 1666.; JR, vol.50, pp.140147. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol.1, p.554.].

       , ,   ,         . ,      1668., ,   ,    ,     ,     [325 -  ..    , 9 1668., Cor, n236, p.805.].

   ,   ,      ,   .       ,          .      ࠖ      ,  . ,  60?,    , ,     ,    ,   ,       , ,  ,   ,     ,       .         ,     ? Ƞ  - ,             ?



   ,      [326 - Π     .: J.H.Kennedy, Jesuit and Savage in New France (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), ch.3; Jaenen, Church in New France, ch.2; Olive Patricia Dickason, The Myth of the Savage and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1984), ch.12.].   ,    ,   ,    .  ,         : ,     ,             (  )   comme il faut ( )[327 -  .. , 29ࠖ10 1646., Cor, n97, p.278. Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, pp.380384.    ,       ,       . ,      ,   . .  ,        ,    . JR, vol.30, pp.126127.]; -, ,     ;    ,    , ,   -   -[328 - JR, vol.28, pp.38101; Campeau, Mission des Jsuites, chap. 1215.];  ---,    .  1656.   ,      :



      ;      ;      ;           ;            ;        ,     ,      ,         [329 - JR, vol.43, pp.156185.      : 1658.  ,   -,   ,   ,       (JR, vol.44, pp.148183).           , 14 1656., Cor, n172, pp.582585; 15 1657., n175, pp.591592; 4 1658., n179, pp.602606.          ,  -             ⠫ (Lettres de la vnrable M?re Marie de lIncarnation, premi?re suprieure des Ursulines de la Nouvelle France [Paris: Louis Billaine, 1681], fol.eir.).].


     .  1651.     -          ( ),   ,           ,    . (  ,    ,     .)[330 - JR, vol.37, pp.1843, 9698.  .. , 1 1652, Cor, n142, p.478.]  16651667.      ,    ,  ;       ,  ,     (jongleurs), ,   ,   ,        [331 - JR, vol.50, pp.248295.].

     ,   ,   ,       . .     ,  ,       ;                   ,    [332 -  .. , 26 1644., Cor, n80, pp.219220; Rel, p.260; Vie, p.408.   ,  1850.       ,   ,         1650.    . : John R.Porter, The Works of Joseph Lgar, 17951855 (Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 1978), no.41. Oury, Marie, pp.377381.].   ,  1650.,       (    ), 1669.      [333 -  .. , 3 1651., Cor, n133, p.415, n.12, p.418,  .,    , 1 1669., Cor, n251, p.853.  22 1660.  ,    ,  .  :  ,     ,     .    3000, , ,   ,  13   (AUQ, 1/1/1.3, 20 1648.); -   .,   ,   3000 (AUQ, 1/1/1.3,  1651.; JJ, p.122 [ 1649.], p.145 [8 1650.]);    .,       ,   3000,        , 堖     (AUQ, 1/1/1.3, 2 1658.).   , ,        (JJ, p.177 [8 1652.]).].      ,     (   ),    ,    , .        ,        [334 - Rel, pp.206208; Vie, pp.465466, 469;  ..  .,  1656., Cor, n171, pp.574581. AUQ, 1/1/1.4. Oury, Marie, chap. 8.].         1660.,         ,      . (,              .)[335 -  .. , 3 1651., Cor, n133, p.415; 25 1660., n184, p.620. JJ, p.148 (21 13 1651.); p.282 (1926 1660.).]

     ,      .     ,  ,          .             ࠖ . ʠ 60?      ꠫  (saintes filles),    [336 -  .. - , 24 1643., Cor, n67, p.181;  ,  1652., n140, p.451 (   ); , 30 1643., n73, pp.200201; 24 1654., n161, p.544 (    ); 18 1664., n212, pp.730732; 18 1667., n230, p.786; 1 1668., n237, p.809.]. Ѡ      蠖       ,    .    .    ,      ,  1650.  ,          [337 -  .. , 4 1640., Cor, n47, p.112; , 4 1641., n56, p.132; 17 1650., n126, p.390; 9 1668., n235, p.801;  ,  1652., n140, p.451. Rel, pp.319320; Vie, p.538.]




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notes



1


         (David Kaufmann, Hrsg., Die Memoiren der Gl?ckel von Hameln, 16451719 (Frankfurt am Main: J.Kaufmann, 1896).          (Bertha Pappenheim): Die Memoiren der Gl?ckel von Hameln. (Vienna: Stefan Meyer und Wilhelm Pappenheim, 1910).       ,       (    ),      .       (Alfred Feilchenfeld): Denkw?rdigkeiten der Gl?ckel von Hameln aus dem J?disch-Deutschen ?bersetzt (Berlin: J?discher Verlag, 1913)   : 1914, 1920 1923. ( ), 1979. (Berlin: Verlag Darmst?dter Bl?tter) 1987. (Frankfurt am Main: Athen?um).      .     (Marvin Lowenthal),      ,         : The Memoirs of Gl?ckel of Hameln (New York: Harper, 1932).        . (Robert S.Rosen) (New York: Schocken Books, 1977;       ).   ,     (ꠖ- ),         ,      ,      , ,   ,   (The Life of Gl?ckel of Hameln, 16461724, Written by Herself. London: Horovitz Publishing, 1962; New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1963).      . : Dorothy Bilik, The Memoirs of Glikl of Hameln: The Archaeology of the Text, Yiddish, 8 (Spring 1992): 118.        ,        .

 ,      ,             .   , ,        : ,    ,      (KM, S.160; PM, S.149; AL, p.87).               ,    .   . : KM, S.1517; PM, S.1314; AL, pp.89.




2


Pierre Favre, Mmorial, trad. et d. Michel de Certeau (Paris: Descl?e de Brouwer, 1959), pp.7682, 208209, 217218; Michel de Certeau, The Mystic Fable, vol.1: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, trans. Michael B.Smith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp.188193.          ,        ,     (Alison Weber, Teresa Of Avila and the Rhetoric of Femininity [Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990], p.77, n.1).  , ,     ,    ,     ,   , ,  ,    . Michel de Certeau, Jeanne des Anges, in Soeur Jeanne des Anges, Autobiographie dune hystrique possde, d. Gabriel Legu et Gilles de la Tourette (Grenoble: Jrome Millon, 1990), pp.300344.




3


Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven F.Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp.6890.




4


Π .: KM, S.xiiixl; N.B.Minkoff, Glickel Hamel (16451724) (New York: M.Vaxer Publishing, 1952       ); Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16vols. (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing, 1972), vol.7, pp.629630;    Glikl Hamel, Zichroines (Buenos Aires: Arenes Literario en el Instituto Cientifico Judio, 1967); Daniel S.Milo, LHistoire juive entre sens et rfrence, in Daniel S.Milo et Alain Boureau, d., Alter histoire: Essais dhistoire exprimentale (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1991), pp.145167; Linda Ellen Feldman, Converging Difference: Reflections on Marginalism, Postmodernism and the Memoirs of Gl?ckel von Hameln, Daphnis. Zeitschrift f?r Mittlere Deutsche Literatur, 22 (1993): 669700; Gabriele Jancke, Die Sichronot der j?dischen Kauffrau Gl?ckel von Hameln, in Magdalene Heuser, Hrsg., Autobiographien von Frauen (T?bingen: Niemeyer, 1996);     ,    ,     .      XVII  XIX. . : Monika Richarz, In Familie, Handel und Salon: J?dische Frauen vor und nach der Emanzipation des deutschen Juden, in Karin Hausen und Heidi Wunder, Hrsg., Frauen GeschichteGeschlechtergeschichte (Frankfurt am Main: Campos Verlag, 1992), S.5766.        .: Judith R.Baskin, ed., Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991).




5


ߠ ,      / (G?nter Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln und ihre Familie in den Steuerkontenb?chern der Aschkenasischen Gemeinde Altona, in Peter Freimark, Ina Lorenz und G?nter Marwedel, Judentore, Kuggel, Steuerkonten: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der deutschen Juden, vornehmlich im Hamburger Raum [Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1983], fig. 4a),     堖   (Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A).




6


ADM, 3E3708, n68; 3E3728, n333 : ,       :  .         ( )  . ADM, 3E4150, n761 : ,    ,        .          ,           ,     (ADM, 3E3692, 31 28 1701., 22 1702.).   XVII.                (Alfred Landau und Bernhard Wachstein, J?dische Privatbriefe aus dem Jahre 1619 [Vienna und Leipzig: Wilhelm Braum?ller, 1911], S.XXV).   ,    ,      (Max Freudenthal, Leipziger Messg?ste, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 45 [1901]: 485),             .   ,    ,    .




7


 Cerf (     )     ()  . (    .)




8


Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.72, 78, 91; ADM, 5E11115, fol.46r; Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A).    :    ,     ,      (Institut f?r die Geschichte der deutschen Juden, Hamburg).




9


ADM, 3E3699, fol.245r; KM, S.168; PM, S.157; AL, p.91.      ()      , , ,      (    ).                 ,           (Duplicat der Grabb?cher von Altona, Institut f?r die Geschichte der deutschen Juden, Hamburg, Nr.1221; Max Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden bis zur Aufl?sung der Dreigemeinden 1811 [Hamburg: Alfred Janssen, 1904], S.256, Nr.1547).




10


KM, S.2730; PM, S.2529; AL, pp.1518.            (JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A).  ,     (..  )     (KM, S.xvi),      .            , .  ,       ,  ,    Pheiwel  Pheiweles,  Philipps (D.Simonsen, Eine Confrontation zwischen Gl?ckel Hamelns Memoiren und den alten Hamburger Grabb?chern, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 49 [1905]: S.96106).       ,       .




11


Werner Joachmann und Hans-Dieter Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg: Geschichte der Stadt und ihrer Bewohner, Bd1: Von den Anf?ngen bis zur Reichsgr?ndung, hrsg. von Hans-Dieter Loose (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1982), S.259350; Martin Reissmann, Die hamburgische Kaufmannschaft des 17. Jahrhunderts in sozialgeschichtlicher Sicht (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1975); Mary Lindemann, Patriots and Paupers: Hamburg, 17121830 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)      .




12


Hermann Kellenbenz, Sephardim an der unteren Elbe: Ihre wirtschaftliche und politische Bedeutung vom Ende des 16. bis zum Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1958); Joachim Whaley, Religious Toleration and Social Change in Hamburg, 15291819 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp.7080; G?nter B?hm, Die Sephardim in Hamburg, in ArnHerzig und Saskia Rohde, Hrsg., Die Juden in Hamburg, 1590 bis 1990 (Hamburg: D?lling und Galitz Verlag, 1991), S.2140.




13


Irmgard Stein, J?dische Baudenkm?ler in Hamburg (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1984), S.39. Π,   1680?. /        , .: Johann Dietz, Master Johann Dietz, trans. Bernard Miall (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1923), p.176.




14


  (      .): Johan M?ller, Einf?ltiges Bedenken von dem im Grund verdebten und erb?rmlichen Zustande der Kirche Christi in Hamburg (1648), in Christian Ziegra, Sammlung von Urkunden, Theologischen und juristischen Bedenken zur hamburgischen Kirchenhistorie, Bd.14 (Hamburg: C.S.Schr?der, 17641770), Bd1, S.1011; Bedenken wegen Duldung der Juden (1649), ibid., S.98114.   ,      9 1650. (         ), .: StAH, Senat, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 1, fol.131;   1699., .: Whaley, Religious Toleration, p.78.




15


Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden; Whaley, Religious Toleration, pp.8093;  G?nter Marwedel, Die aschkenasischen Juden im Hamburger Raum (bis 1780), in Herzig und Rohde, Hrsg., Juden in Hamburg, S.6175. ,      ,  : Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg: Eine Ausstellung des Museums f?r Hamburgische Geschichte vom 8. 11. 1991 bis 29. 3. 1992 (Hamburg: D?lling und Galitz Verlag, 1991).




16


Stein, J?dische Baudenkm?ler, S.27, 48.




17


G?nter Marwedel, Hrsg., Die Privilegien der Juden in Altona (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1976). Heinz Mosche Graupe, Hrsg., Die Statuten der drei Gemeinden Altona, Hamburg und Wandsbek (Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag, 1973),  S.65172. KM, S.2325; AL, pp.1315.




18


StAH, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 2, 37r42r (       1 1698.). Whaley, Religious Toleration, pp.8283, 8687. Graupe, Statuten, S.5355, 209251.




19


KM, S.2633; PM, S.2430; AL, pp.1519.




20


A.Lewinsky, Die Kinder des Hildesheimer Rabbiners Samuel Hameln, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 44 (1900): 250, Anm. 1; Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.72. Π XVII,  ,   5000, .: Percy Ernst Schramm, Neuen Generationen: Dreihundert Jahre deutscher Kulturgeschichte im Lichte der Schicksale einer Hamburger B?rgerfamilie (16401948), Bd.12 (G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 19631964), Bd1, S.5974.




21


   ,  ,      , . : Heide Wunder, Er ist die Sonn, Sie ist der Mond: Frauen in der Fr?hen Neuzeit (M?nchen: Verlag C.H.Beck, 1992), S.48.  1699.         :           (BN, ms. fr. nouv. acq. 4473, . : Robert Anchel, Les Juifs de France [Paris: J.B.Janin, 1946], p.154, 160).         :  ,   ,   ,        ,         ,       (Schramm, Neun Generationen, S.101104).    XVIII.  -       (Gershon Hundert, The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatw in the Eighteenth Century [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992], p.76),         XVIII.        (Fran?oise Job, Les Juifs dans ltat civil de Lunville, 17921891: Etude dmographiquenuptualit, fcondit, in Gilbert Dahan, d., Les Juifs au regard de lhistoire: Mlanges en lhonneur de Bernhard Blumenkranz [Paris: Picard, 1985], pp.345347).




22


Whaley, Religious Toleration, p.84; KM, S.109; PM, S.178179; AL, p.103.




23


           : 堖 17    , ,   ,         .     ,  1715.,       ,     .




24


     󻠖  ,      ,      .   ,    ,         . KM, S.7172, 129; PM, S.6465, 119; AL, pp.3940, 71.      ,      , .: Wunder, Frauen, S.3638.




25


KM, S.75, 80, 108111 (S. 108: gut gidanken  min Gliklikhen     ); PM, S.69, 74, 98102; AL, pp.42, 44, 5962. Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.78.    ,   XVII.   ,          (Shlomo Eidelberg, R.Juspa, Shammash of Warmaisa (Worms): Jewish Life in Seventeenth-Century Worms [Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1991], p.98).




26


     ,   ,     ,  ;    ,    ,    ;      ࠖ    ,    ;       ,   ,  ,          ;     ,   ,     /  ,  ;        ,    ,     ;         ;       ,  , ,  ,  ;          ;         ;    ,       ,   ,     ;    . , .48.




27


KM, S.271; PM, S.254; AL, p.148.




28


KM, S.199; PM, S.189; AL, p.108.




29


KM, S.124125, 230; PM, S.114115, 217; AL, pp.69, 126.   ,  -,    ,   , ,     ,    ,      .         蠫. Π   - .: Reissmann, Kaufmannschaft, S.241, Anm. 163.




30


Freudenthal, Leipziger Messg?ste, S.485.




31


KM, S.3031, 33; PM, S.2829, 31; AL, pp.1719; Simonsen, Confrontation, S.100.




32


KM, S.30, 216; PM, S.2728, 204; AL, pp.17, 117.   1710.             (Kellenbenz, Sephardim, S.444).            (Marwedel, Privilegien, S.159, Nr.22b, Anm. 1).  ,   ,    ,    :  1668  1699.     ࠖ 240  -  (Freudenthal, Leipziger Messg?ste, S.468, 484487).




33


Π     .: Merry E.Wiesner, Working Women in Renaissance Germany (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986); Wunder, Frauen, . 5; Rita Bake, Vorindustrielle Frauenerwerbsarbeit: Arbeits- und Lebenweise von Manufaktur Arbeiterinnen im Deutschland des 18. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer Ber?cksichtigung Hamburgs (K?ln: Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag, 1984), S.7983, 145148.




34


Selma Stern, The Court Jew: A Contribution to the History of the Period of Absolutism in Central Europe, trans. Ralph Weiman (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1950), pp.4755, 184185.          ,  .  ,      XVIIXVIII.,    ,      ,       (Heinrich Schnee, Die Hoffinanz und der moderne Staat: Geschichte und System der Hoffaktoren an deutschen F?rstenh?fen im Zeitalter des Absolutismus, Bd.14 [Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1963], Bd4, S.148.




35


KM, S.269; PM, S.252; AL, p.147: Ѡ    ,   [] ,      . Eidelberg, Juspa, p.40.




36


 .,    1661.,    ,     (  : Jochmann und Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg Geschichte, Bd1, S.240241).    ,   B?rse,   (. 1680, Museum f?r Hamburgische Geschichte),       .     ,     (Der Messberg, .1670, Museum f?r Hamburgische Geschichte),      .  ,         ,     , . : KM, S.240; PM, S.226; AL, p.132.




37


KM, S.275277; PM, S.260262; AL, pp.150152; StAH, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 2, fol.5v; Marwedel, Gl?ckel von Hameln, S.79, 91.     ,       ,     ,       / (Zevi Hirsch Ashkenazi, Sefer Sheelot u-Teshovot Chakham Zevi [Amsterdam, 1972; 򠖠New York: Gross Brothers, 1960], responsa 14).




38


Fran?ois Yves le Moigne, d., Histoire de Metz (Toulose: Ed. prive, 1986), chap. 810; Patricia E.Behre, Religion and the Central State in Metz, 16331700, Diss., Yale University, 1991.




39


Le Moigne, d., Metz, pp.227, 250, 260, 278; Recueil des Loix, coutumes et usages observs par les Juifs de Metz (Metz: Veuve Antoine et Fils, 1786); A.Cahen, Le rabbinat de Metz de 1567 ? 1871, Revue des tudes juives, 7 (1883): 103116, 204254; 8 (1884): 255274; D.Kaufmann, Extraits de lancien livre de la communaut de Metz, Revue des tudes juives, 18 (1889): 115130; M.Ginsburger, Samuel Levy, ein Stiefsohn der Gl?ckel von Hameln, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 51 (1907): 481484; Gilbert Cahen, La Rgione lorraine, in Bernhard Blumenkranz, d., Histoire des Juifs en France (Toulouse: Ed. prive, 1972), pp.77136; Frances Malino, Competition and Confrontation: The Jews and the Parlement of Metz, in Dahan, d., Juifs, pp.321341; Les Juifs lorraines: Du ghetto ?lanation, 17211871. Exposition organise par les Archives dpartementales de la Moselle du 30juin au 24septembre 1990 (Metz: Association Mosellane pour la Conservation du Patrimoine Juif, 1990), pp.952.




40


BN, N. acq. fr. 22705, fols. 95v96r:   18 1707.,     ; Factum pour le corps et communaut des Marchands de la ville de Metz Contre Joseph Levy et Lion de Bonne et Consorts, Juifs Habitans de Metz (1695), fols. 62r67r; Factum, Pour Esther Norden, veuve de Joseph Cahen Iuif, Habitant de la ville de Metz, Plaignante et Appelante: Contre Jacques Durand Marchand Boucher (1701); Factum Pour Iacques Durand marchand boucher Bourgeois de cette ville de Metz, Christine Perin sa Femme, et Iean Fran?ois Durand Prisonniers (1701). Anchel, Juifs, pp.170174; Patricia E.Behre, Jews and Christians in the Marketplace: The Politics of Kosher Meat in Metz, (paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Washington D.C., December 1992).




41


Joseph Reinach, Une erreur judiciare sous Louis XIV: Rapha?l Lvy (Paris: Librairie Charles Delagrave, 1898):       1699.  ,     . Patricia E.Behre, Raphael Levy ACriminal in the Mouths of the People, Religion, 23 (1993): 1944.   ,     (Une obituaire isralite: Le Memorbuch de Metz (vers 15751724), trad. Simon Schwarfuchs [Metz: Socit dHistoire dArchologie de la Lorraine, s.a.], p.54, n611)   ,    . Mmoire pour Me Jean Aubry, Procureur du Roy au Si?ge Presidial de Metz, Opposant; Contre M.Lamy, Conseiller Honoraire au Parlement (BN, N. acq. fr. 22705, fols. 97v98v):     ,        ,      menu peuple []    ,  ,   .      .




42


Marc Antoine Turgot, Mmoire rdig pour linsruction du Dauphin (1700), . : Juifs lorraines, p.43, n123; Anchel, Juifs, pp.154, 169170.




43


Anchel, Juifs, chap. 7; Cahen, La Rgione lorraine.




44


 ADM, 3E3692,  :   (1701, fol.75r),  ( )  (      , 1701, fol.199r; 1702, fols. 22v, 167r),    ,  (1702, fol.41v),    ,  (1702, fol.78v),    (1702, fol.169v).  3E3693, 8,  10 1702., ,  ,   , ,     ,     ,    50 56.     1715.  ,   , ,       ,       ; (Memorbuch, p.71, n777).    -          . Ѡ ,  1717.      ,          ,   ,  ,           ,       . Responses de Samuel Levy, Juif, dtenu s Prisons Civiles de la Conciergerie du Palais, Dfendeur; Aux Contredits Des Syndics de ses Cranciers Chrtiens, Demandeurs (1717), p.2 (BC, N. acq. fr. 22705).




45


KM, S.296: rikhtig taytsh ars mir ays geleyrnt hot.      die aufrichtige deutsche Art, im Gegensatz zu dem franz?sischen Metz (Anm. 1),     (PM, S.278).   :    ,    (AL, p.160).    taytsh    ,  ,    ,  (  ),   ,   ,   . ,     ,     .      ,      .




46


KM, S.183184, 210, 295302; PM, S.172173, 199200, 278284; AL, pp.9899, 114, 116, 160164.      ,  13 1699.,     (Memorbuch, pp.4849, n556). Π      .: Ginsburger, Samuel Levy, S.484485. ʠ1700.      /  堖 ,      1681.,       (ADM, 3E3694, n153, 1 1703.). ʠ 1700.  /     ,      , 1709.       (ADM, 3E4108, n92,     22 1709.,    26 1710.). ,   ,    ,       ,  1709.,   (KM, S.298; Memorbuch, p.60, n668).   蠖,   , ,       .




47


KM, S.300301, 310; PM, S.282, 292; AL, pp.163, 169; Kaufmann, Einf?hrendes, in KM, S.xxv, Anm. 1 (  ,   ,     ); Anchel, Juifs, p.196.  ,         ,         , . : ADM, B2729,    ,  1702., fols., 16r19v, 22r; 3E3692, fol.63r, 26 1702.; 3E3694, n1617, 74, 115 (12 1702.), 132 (14 1703.).




48


Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A.




49


         ,     ,      ,   (  .: ADM, 3E3695, 17041705, fols. 22v23r, 20 1720.,  3E4108, 104bis, 1712).        젖 ,       /. Π,  ,     ,    ,       (ADM, 3E4150, n761, 14 1730.).       ,     ,      .




50


KM, S.313318; PM, S.294300; AL, pp.171174.       ,   ,      XIV  .     .: Anchel, Juifs, pp.194203.




51


Memorbuch, p.65, n712:     24 1712.; ADM, 3E4150, n761:    ,     ,  1730.  (1712)  (17161717)  ,     ,  ,      (KM, S.313; PM, S.294; AL, p.171; ADM, 3E3709, n305). Responses de Samuel Levy, Juif, p.3. ADM, 5E11115, fol.46r: ,   ,   , 19 1724., ⠫Pinkas Kehilat Mets, JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A, :           -,  5485.




52


KM, S.1, 34; PM, S.1, 3; AL, pp.12.   :     [   ], ,   ,   , , ,   , ,   ,       [misige malekuleshe gedanken] (KM, S.121; PM, S.112; AL, p.67).




53


Leon Modena, The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modenas Life of Judas, trans. and ed. Mark R.Cohen (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988).      ,          (Natalie Zemon Davis, Fame and Secrecy: Leon Modenas Life as an Early Modern Autobiography, ibid., pp.5070).       : A Valley of Vision: The Heavenly Journey of Abraham ben Hananiah Yagel (,     ) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990), pp.170. Asher Halevi, Die Memoiren des Ascher Levy aus Reichshofen im Elsass (15981635), ?bers. und hrsg. von M.Ginsburger (Berlin: Louis Lamm, 1913). Samuel ben Jishaq Tausk, Megillat Samuel (     XVIII., SUBF, ms. hebr. oct. 37):  ,      ,  : Israel Zinberg, A History of Jewish Literature, vol.7: Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period, trans. Bernard Martin (Cincinnati and New York: Hebrew Union College Press and Ktav Publishing, 1975), pp.240241. Π Megillat Sefer ( ),     ,    ,  /, .: David Kaufmann, Zu R.Jakob Emdens Selbstbiographie, in Gesammelte Schriften, hrsg. von M.Brann (Frankfurt am Main: Kommissions-Verlag von J.Kaufmann, 1915), S.138149; : Alan Mintz, Banished from Their Fathers Table: Loss of Faith and Hebrew Autobiography (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1989), pp.910.       Megillat Sefer: Jacob Emden, Mmoires de Jacob Emden ou lanti-Sabbata? Zevi, trad. Maurice-Ruben Hayoun (Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1992).




54


Leon Modena, Autobiography, p.75; KM, S.6768; PM, S.60; AL, p.37.      ,     ,  ,    : SUBF, ms. hebr. oct. 2.   XVIII.     ,      .   XIX.        ,        1896.      ,  --,   ,      (Kaufmann, Vorwort, viiviii).  XVIII.    ,   , , -,    .     ,       ,     ;  ,        , ,    ,  ,    (Emden, Mmoires, pp.66146, 150151).




55


StAH, 6221, Familie Rotermund, Bd.12:  ,    1660  1682.,       ,   . StAH, 6221, Familie Peter L?tkens, BVIII:     1687 1688.      .




56


   16941705.  ࠖ ,   -, . : JTS, ms. 3945.   XVII.  ,          : SUBH, cod. hebr. 221.




57


Israel Abrahams, ed., Hebrew Ethical Wills (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976),   ; Davis, Fame and Secrecy, pp.5657. KM, S.170, 264267; PM, S.159, 249251; AL, p.92:   Yesh Nochalin,      .146, .    Yesh Nochalin         :    ,     ,      , ,     (Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.6: The German-Polish Cultural Center, p.56).      ,          ,   Yesh Nochalin,   1615.      . .




58


Anna Maria van Schurman, Eukleria, seu melioris partis electio: Tractatus Brevem Vitae ejus Delineationem exhibens (Altona: Cornelius van der Meulen, 1673).        ,     1684.      .: Mirjam de Baar, Wat nu het kleine eegeruchtje van mijn naam betreft: De Eukleria als autobiografie, in Mirjam de Baar, Machteld L?wensteyn, Marit Monteiro en A.Agnes Sneller, red., Anna Maria van Schurman, 16071678: Een uitzonderlijk geleerde vrouw (Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 1992), blz. 98107.     1672  1674.         /,            (T.J.Saxby, The Quest for the New Jerusalem: Jean de Labadi and the Labadists, 16101744 [Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987], p.227).




59


Leben Frauen Johanna Eleonora Petersen, Gebohrner von und zu Merlau, Hrn D.Jo. Wilh. Petersens Ehe Liebsten; Von Ihr selbst mit eigener Hand aufgesetzet, und vieler erbaulichen Merckw?rdigkeiten wegen zum Druck ?bergeben (s.l.,  ., 1718).   1664.    .  .49,  33.     (  ,    )   (Lebens-Beschreibung)  ,      (:    , 1717).  1719.        . Π   XVIIXVIII. .: Georg Misch, Geschichte der Autobiographie, Bd.14 (Frankfurt am Main: G.Schulte-Bulmke, 19491970), Bd4, S.807817.      .: Wunder, Frauen, S.2731;  ,         , , .: Katherine M.Faull, The American Lebenslauf: Womens Autobiography in Eighteenth-Century Moravian Bethlehem, Yearbook of German-American Studies, 27 (1992): 2348.




60


Yosef H.Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), chs. 12; Davis, Fame and Secrecy.




61


Yosef Kaplan, From Christianity to Judaism: The Story of Isaac Orobio de Castro, trans. Raphael Loewe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp.212215, 328343, 362377.  1640.    Exemplar humanae vitae         ,      (  : Philippus van Limborch, De Veritate Religionis Christianae Amica Collation cum Erudito Judaeo [Gouda: Justus ab Hoeve, 1687], pp.346354;   : Uriel da Costa, Tr?s Escritos, d. A.Moreira de Sa [Lisboa: Instituto de Alta Cultura, 1963], pp.3669.




62


J.Kracauer, Rabbi Joselmann de Rosheim, Revue des tudes juives, 16 (1888): 84105.     1471.       ,    ,    ;  1510.   ,        (,   ),          . Yagel, Valley of Vision, pp.12, 1620.




63


Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.6, pp.50, 56; Davis, Fame and Secrecy, pp.5860.




64


Leon Modena, Autobiography, pp.122124, 222239.




65


Emden, Mmoires, p.92; David Kaufmann, Rabbi Zevi Ashkenazi and His Family in London, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, 3 (189698): 112 and n. 54.       1650 1710.: Neue-Reglement der Judenschafft in Hamburg (Hamburg: Conrad Neumann, 1710), .14, . 5; . : Ziegra, Sammlung, S.63, 131. ,      .




66


  XVII.    /         ,  ,   (KM, S.3132; PM, S.2930; AL, p.18),              (16601718).    ,    (  ),     ,    .  1685.      ,           ,     .       ,    ,         ,    : ,   . Ѡ1690  1710.    ,  ,      ,          . ., ,  : Ashkenazi, Sefer Sheolot, responsa 93. (    ,    [],     ,   .    ,    ;     ,     .) Π   .   -  (Maurice-Ruben Hayoun) : Emden, Mmoires, pp.1040,   ,  , ibid., pp.65146. . : Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.3, pp.737735; Kaufmann, Rabbi Zevi Ashkenazi.




67


       , .           ,     ,      .   ,     ,        (KM, S.62, 231234, 248249; PM, S.55; 218221, 234; AL, pp.34, 126128, 137).      ,         ,          (KM, S.199; PM, S.189; AL, p.108).   ,      ,  ,  .




68


KM, S.24, 26,  3: ; KM, S.22, 23; AL, p.13 (     :  ,  ), p.14. Π     1685. .: Graupe, Die Statuten, Nr.142, S.148: Nr. 145, S.149;    : Nr. 189, S.130.




69


KM, S.13: oym taytshen, S.264: taytsh.     ,      .    : Max Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, trans. Shlomo Noble and Joshua A.Fishman (Chicago University Press, 1980), pp.315321, ,      ⠫    (15001750). . : Leo Fuks, On the Oldest Dated Work in Yiddish Literature, in Uriel Weinreich, ed., The Field of Yiddish: Studies in Yiddish Language, Folklore, and Literature (New York: Linguistic Circle of New York, 1954), p.269; Jerold C.Frakes, The Politics of Interpretation: Alterity and Ideology in Old Yiddish Studies (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989).       : Benjamin Harshav, The Meaning of Yiddish (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).          ,       ,          (.2930).




70


Π   .: M.Steinschneider, Jewish Literature from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century (London: Longman, 1857; reprint New York: Hermon Press, 1970), pp.224225, 235238, 243250; Max Gr?nbaum, J?disch-deutsche Chrestomathie: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kunde der hebr?ischen Literatur (Leipzig: F.A.Brockhaus, 1882); Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7: Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period; Menahem Schmelzer, Hebrew Printing and Publishing in Germany, 16501750: On Jewish Book Culture and the Emergence of Modern Jewry, Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 3 (1988): 369383; Jean Baumgarten, Introduction  la littrature yiddish ancienne (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1933).




71


   Brantshpigl Lev Tov: KM, S.13; PM, S.11; AL, p.7. Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.230238; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.157164, 241242; Baumgarten, Introduction, pp.253290.




72


 Ayn Shoyn Fraun Buchlayn .: Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.265277; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.142144.     Korbonets (  ,  , ,       )     ,      , .: Ulf Haxen, Manuscripts and Printed Books from the Collection of the Royal Library, Copenhagen, in Kings and Citizens: The History of the Jews in Denmark (New York: Jewish Museum, 1983), vol.2, pp.2728, no.26. Π    ,   Tseenah u-reenah .: Johann Christoph Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebraea, Bd.14 (Hamburg und Leipzig: 17151732), Bd2 (Hamburg: Theodor. Christoph. Felginer, 1721), S.453460; Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.192223; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, chs. 45; Tzenah U-Reenah: A Jewish Commentary on the Book of Exodus, trans. Norman C.Gore (New York: Vintage Press, 1965), Introduction; Dorothy Bilik, Tsene-rene: A Yiddish Literary Success, Jewish Book Annual, 51 (19931994): 96111; Baumgarten, Introduction, chap. 5.      Tseenah u-reenah    (Jid-1422)   ,     ,    (  ) .




73


Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.229241, 267272, and ch. 7; Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden, S.155, Nr.54a; Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.385458; Reinach, Reinach, Rapha?l Lvy, pp.139194; Maaseh Book: Book of Jewish Tales and Legends, trans. and introd. Moses Gaster (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1981).     Mayse Bukh    1602., , ,    .  1611.         : Christoph Helwig (Helvicius), J?dische Historien oder Thalmudische Rabbinische wunderbarliche Legenden (Giessen: Caspar Chemlein, 1611).




74


Chava Weissler, For Women and for Men Who Are Like Women: The Construction of Gender in Yiddish Devotional Literature, Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 5 (Fall 1989): 813. Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.69, 87, 96, 124126.




75


Π  ,       (Weiber-Taitsh, wayberish-Daytsh  Vayber-Taytsh),        , .: Maaseh Book, pp.xxviiixxix; Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, p.27, n.27, and p. 113; Harshav, Meaning of Yiddish, p.81; Baumgarten, Introduction, pp.8485.   , , Ayn Schoyn Fraun Buchlayn (Basel, 1602; . . : Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, M?nchen),        .     1619.        (Landau und Wachstein, Privatbriefe, xx).




76


Marc Saperstein, Jewish Preaching, 12001800: An Anthology (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), pp.3944, p.40, n.37.              (   ).




77


KM, S.264; PM, S.249;     AL, p.146, n.1.   Yesh Nochalin,     seyfer,         ,   bukh       (.: Harshav, Meaning of Yiddish, p.14). Π ,     ,  ,     , . , .66.




78


KM, S.279; PM, S.264; AL, p.153. Memorbuch, p.80, n851; S.54, Nr.611; S.61, Nr.676; A.Cahen, Le rabbinat de Metz pendant la priode fran?aise, Revue des tudes juives, 8 (1884): 259260 (,   ,  ,  ).   ,   (17051706)  ,   , .    , ,   , . 765 (Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew Manuscripts, National University Library, Jerusalem).   ,   ,    ,       754755,    .




79


Chava Turniansky, Literary Sources in the Memoirs of Glikl Hamel [in Yiddish], in Israel Bartal, Ezra Mendelsohn, and Chava Turniansky, Studies in Honour of Chone Shmeruk (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 1993), pp.153177.    : Alfred Landau, Die Sprache der Memoiren Gl?ckel von Hameln, Mittelungen der Gesellschaft f?r J?dische Volkskunde, 7 (1907): 2068,  .2329.




80


Π           . Leon, Life of Judah, p.79.   ()   . : JTS, ms. 3670, fol.3A.    (Memorbuch)   425  ,   XVI.  1724.        rabbine,      ,      ( ).     1657.  ,    ,    ,    [hakhamat lev], ,    (   hakhmat lev   [Memorbuch, p.17, n225],         35: 25 35: 35,       ).     Memorbuch       ,       .      ( 1697.),      (,    ), ,                   (.48, 550).   ( ,  1710.)       ,    ,   (.61, 678).   ,    ,,  , ,  1715.       ,    ;     ,  ,       (  ,   ,       );           ;       (.71, 777).




81


Weinreich, Yiddish Language, pp.316318.




82


Helwig, J?dische Historien, fol.Aivr. Johann Christoph Wagenseil, Belehrung der Juedisch-Teutschen Red- und Schreibart (Koeningsberg: Paul Friedrich Rhode, 1699), S.4.




83


KM, S.94; PM, S.8687; AL, p.52.




84


A.Grabois, Le souvenir et la lgende de Charlemagne dans les textes hbra?ques mdivaux, Le Moyen Age, 72 (1966): 541. Dan Ben Amos, ed., Mimekor Yisrael: Classical Jewish Folktales, collected by Micha Joseph bin Gorion, trans. I.M.Lask, abridged and annotated by Dan Ben-Amos (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), p.232.




85


         ,        -  :    (. . 807), .: The Chronicle of Theophanes, trans. Harry Turtledove (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), pp.157161, Annus mundi 6293Annus mundi 6295 (1 8001 803.).   IX.            ; XI.         Compendium historiarum.          ,           ( ,    ,     , , : Robert Folz, Le Souvenir et la lgende de Charlemagne dans lEmpire Germanique mdival [Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1950; Gen?ve: Slatkine Reprints, 1973], pp.41, 145, 261, n.13, 144, 324, 476).       - (Heidelberg, 1595), XVI.       . , XVII.           ,    .      (1648),     (1649).       ,      XVII.            . ., : Andreas Lazarus von Imhof (16561704), Neu-er?ffneter historischer Bilder-Saal, das ist: Kurze, deutliche und unpassionirte Beschreibung der Historiae Universalis, Bd.18 (N?rnberg: J.J.Felsecker, 16921715).   VI  ,          ,    ,   ,    (idem, Neu-er?ffneter Historien-Saal, Bd.110 [Basel: Johann Brandm?ller, 17361769], Bd1, S.692700, 891).




86


Landau, Sprache, S.27. .   ,   ,   -   ,   ,                (Turniansky, Literary Sources). ,    ,          ,    . .  堖,        ,     1688.




87


KM, S.155; PM, S.144; AL, p.84.        : 1665  1679.    , 1679  1698. . ,                  ,        .  ,          ,           . Chone Shmeruk, The Esterke Story in Yiddish and Polish Literature: A Case Study in the Mutual Relations of Two Cultural Traditions (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for the Furtherance of the Study of Jewish History, 1985), pp.4647.




88


Relations-Courier (SUBH, X/3239).      (. 1703.)  ,      (. 1690.), -       . . 1676., 155, 28:     ; 1683., 18, 2, fol.1r:   ,         ; 1683., 87, 30:       ,       ,       ; 1685., 59, 24:    ; 1685., 2, 6:    ,    1684.; 1687., 88, 7:      .         .: Werner Kayser, Hrsg., Hamburger B?cher, 14911850 (Hamburg: Ernst Hauswedel, 1973).      ,     (S. 15, 7272).




89


KM, S.307; PM, S.288; AL, p.167.   ?     leider ().     .




90


 ,    , .     , 16611662 (StAH, Archiv des Familie L?tkens, 6221, BVId),       , 1683 (Schramm, Neue Generationen, S.92). KM, S.69,  20:      magnifique; KM, S.69,  18: travail; KM, S.299; PM, S.281; AL, p.162.




91


Cornelia Niekus Moore, The Maidens Mirror: Reading Material for German Girls in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Wolfenb?ttler Forschungen, 36 (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1987).         - . . : Rita Bake et al., Finsteres Mittelalter?Gute alte Zeit? Zur Situation der Frauen bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, in Hammonias T?chter: Frauen und Frauen Bewegung in Hamburgs Geschichte,    Hamburg Portr?t, 21 (1985); Jochmann und Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg, Bd1, S.335340; Franklin Kopitzsch, Grundz?ge einer Sozialgeschichte der Aufkl?rung in Hamburg und Altona (Hamburg: Verlag Verein f?r Hamburgische Geschichte, 1990), S.247259. Π    XVII. , ,      ,   , ,   ;  ,      ,   ,    ,      - (StAH, Archiv des Familie L?tkens, BVIa, BVIc, BVId).    . : Judith R.Baskin, Some Parallels in the Education of Medieval Jews and Christian Women, Jewish History, 5, no.1 (Spring 1991): 41: 51.




92


Jochmann und Loose, Hrsg., Hamburg, Bd1, S.340342; Gisela Jaacks, Musikleben in Hamburg zur Barockzeit,   Hamburg Portr?t, 8 (1978).        (Johannes Voorhout)   (Musizierende Gesellschaft)     . KM, S.34, 145147; PM, S.32, 136137; AL, pp.19, 7879. Graupe, Statuten, Nr.34, S.86 (1685, 1726).




93


KM, S.69; PM, S.62; AL, p.38.




94


  ,    ,      Ayn Shoyn Fraun Buchlayn, fol.2r. Π,   -       , . , .215.




95


KM, S.302; PM, S.284; AL, p.164.   ,        ,      (KM, S.69; PM, S.62; AL, p.38), ..   . Memorbuch, p.9, n136; p.48, n556; p.60, n668; pp.6162, n680; p.77, n829; p.80, n851.




96


Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett and Cissy Grossman, Fabric of Jewish Life: Textiles from the Jewish Museum Collection (New York: Jewish Museum, 1977), pp.1819, 34, 36, 38, 4648, 96101; Rolf Hagen, David Davidovitch und Ralph Busch, Tora Wimpel: Zeugnisse j?discher Volkskunst aus dem Braunschweigischen Landesmuseum (Braunschweig: Braunschweig Landesmuseum, 1984); Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg, S.122125. Memorbuch, p.15, n199; p.34, n416: p. 36, n436.




97


Π .    : Chava Weissler, The Traditional Piety of Ashkenazic Women, in Arthur Green, ed., Jewish Spirituality from the Sixteenth-Century Revival to the Present (New York: Crossroad, 1987), pp.245275; idem, Traditional Yiddish Literature: A Source of the Study of Womens Religious Lives (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Library, 1987); idem, For Women and for Men Who Are Like Women: Prayers in Yiddish and the Religious World of Ashkenazic Women, in Baskin, ed., Jewish Women, pp.159181; idem, Woman as High Priest: A Kabbalistic Prayer in Yiddish for Lighting Sabbath Candles, Jewish History, 5, no.1 (Spring 1991): 926.           ,       ,      , .: Tracy Guren Klirs, ed., The Merit of Our Mothers: A Bilingual Anthology of Jewish Womens Prayers (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1992).




98


   :    ,         .       :                 . KM, S.23, 2; PM, S.21, 2; AL, pp.13, 1.           .   (  15 1993.)          ,       頖     : Iggeret ha-Teshuvah ( ) .   Sefer Mizvot Qatan (  ) .  .          (Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.142148), ,    ,        ,       .




99


      ,   ,  ,,                .  , ,  ,         (16891699)    ,     ,   ,  .    ,      :       ,      ,      ,  ,      ,      .        ,       ,     1699.        (   ,     )     ,   1701.,  ,     (KM, S.215, 217, 229, 248; PM, S.203, 206, 233234; AL, pp.115, 136).




100


      ,       ,     (   ,     ).         (,         ,     ),       ,   ,          .  ,         ,        (. 1712.),     ,    /      (. 1704.; Memorbuch, p.54, n611).       ,   1715.,     5479/1719. (KM, S.277278, 296, 310, 325, 333; PM, S.263, 278, 291, 300, 306, 313; AL, pp.152, 160, 169, 175, 178, 182).




101


KM, S.198,  7:            (. 1701.)    ,      (            1689.).           (KM, S.31, 33, 73,  1),      (  74) 1704. (Simonsen, Eine Confrontation, S.99),   ,      .  ,              ,         .




102


KM, S.119, 120, 163, 179, 184; PM, S.110, 111, 152, 167, 173; AL, pp.66, 67, 88, 96, 100.      5407? (16461647)   ,          1699.,    54.    11,        : ߠ    ,     ( . ,        , , 315 1992.: G?nter Marwedel, Problems of Chronology in Glikl Hamels Memoirs).




103


KM, S.119; PM, S.110; AL, p.66.




104


       ,     蠖,   ..    .           ,          ,   (Davis, Fame and Secrecy).   -            (Master Johann Dietz).




105


KM, S.194, 309; PM, S.183, 291; AL, pp.105, 169.




106


KM, S.128, 309310; PM, S.118, 291; AL, pp.71, 169. Π       :   !    !   ,  ,  .  ,          .   ,   ,        .        ? (KM, S.228; PM, S.215216; AL, p.124). Π   27 . . Π   (, ,    )     :   ,   ,  , ,   ,   .        ,   .    ,       ,                (KM, S.191; PM, S.180; AL, p.104).         24    (KM, S.148149; PM, S.138; AL, p.80).         ,    (Ephraim Kanarfogel, Attitudes toward Childhood and Children in Medieval Jewish Society, in David R.Blumenthal, ed., Approaches to Judaism in Medieval Times, 2vols., [Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1985], vol.1, p.27, n.55).




107


KM, S.73, 179, 181182; PM, S.66, 168, 170; AL, pp.40, 97, 98.




108


KM, S.84, 193194, 200202; PM, S.78, 182183, 190192; AL, pp.4748, 105, 109110.




109


KM, S.28, 25, 144, 313; PM, S.2526, 23, 134, 294; AL, pp.16, 14, 77, 171.      ,   ,     ,        20000 ,  ,      ,         10    (ADM, 3E3709, n305).




110


KM, S.145146; PM, S.136; AL, p.78.




111


KM, S.136137; PM, S.126; AL, p.76.




112


KM, S.13; PM, S.12; AL, p.7.




113


KM, S.32; PM, S.30; AL, p.18 (    ).




114


KM, S.14, 25, 138; PM, S.12, 23, 128; AL, pp.8, 14.    ,          . : KM, S.58; PM, S.52; AL, p.32.




115


KM, S.170, 185, 125; PM, S.160, 164, 116; AL, pp.92, 95, 69.          osher vekavod (., ,  3: 16, 8: 18, 22: 4).




116


KM, S.121, 77, 115, 274; PM, S.112, 72, 105, 259; AL, pp.67, 43, 63, 150. Π         XVIII. .: Thomas Manley Luckett, Credit and Commercial Society in France, 17401789 (Diss., Princeton University, 1992), chs. 23.




117


KM, S.153, 170171, 252253; PM, S.142, 160, 237238; AL, pp.82, 93, 139140.




118


KM, S.321322, 324, 38; PM, S.302, 304305, 36; AL, pp.176177, 21.




119


   .-.




120


William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Act 3, sc. 1, lines 5559.    XVII.        .   Synagoga Judaica    ,   - 1603.    , ,   ,    ,   ,  蠫 (Johann Buxtorf, The Jewish Synagogue: Or an Historical Narration of the State of the Jews [London: Thomas Young, 1657], fol.A2a, p.25).      ,               (., : Lancelot Addison, The Present State of the Jews [London: William Crooke, 1675], p.13).       ,      ,  ,        (Claude Fleury, Les Moeurs des Israelites [Paris: Widow Gervais Clouzier, 1681], pp.169170  ).      , ,    ,   : ,     , , ,    ;     ,   ,     ?          ,   ,    . John Toland, Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews in Great Britain and Ireland, On the same foot with all other Nations (London: J.Roberts, 1714; facsimile reprint Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Department of the History of the Jewish People, 1964), p.20.   ,      , .: Myriam Yardeni, Anti-Jewish Mentalities in Early Modern Europe (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1990).




121


     60    () honor  Ehre .       er  koved:   ,      (KM, S.1);   ,       ,      (KM, S.280, 288),     ,          : ߠ ,      (KM, S.292).     er  ,       Zucht und Ehre,      ,      (KM, S.296).  koved   : KM, S.15, 36, 38, 67, 120, 125126, 137, 1245, 148, 153, 170172, 175176, 193194, 212, 214, 224, 226, 247248, 252253, 264, 270271, 274, 278, 291293, 295, 312, 319322, 324. Π ,             , . : Harshav, Meaning of Yiddish, pp.3940.   ern-koved        ,         (Weinreich, Yiddish Language, p.642).       ,    .




122


KM, S.160 ( ), 274, 277, 307.




123


KM, S.274, 30, 160; PM, S.259, 28, 149; AL, pp.150, 17, 87.




124


KM, S.314; PM, S.296; AL, p.172.




125


KM, S.146148; PM, S.136138; AL, pp.7880.




126


KM, S.26; PM, S.24; AL, p.15.




127


KM, S.157, 27; PM, S.146, 25; AL, pp.85, 15.   ,   ,           , .: KM, S.107, 177; PM, S.98, 165166; AL, pp.59, 9596.




128


KM, S.7578; PM, S.6973; AL, pp.4244.




129


,       , :         ,      (KM, S.6162; PM, S.5455; AL, p.34).         ,       .




130


KM, S.134142; PM, S.122132; AL, pp.7576 (      ).




131


KM, S.234246; PM, S.221231; AL, pp.128135.




132


    : Solomon Ibn Verga, Sefer Shebet Yehudah (.    XVI.; .  : Krakow, 1591;     . : Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, The Lisbon Massacre of 1506 and the Royal Image in the Shebet Yehudah [Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1976], pp.4647).          , Mayse Bukh (Maaseh Book, no.185, pp.400401).  Sefer Shebet Yehudah ,  ,  .  Mayse Bukh   ,           .    : ,   , ,     ,           ,    ,  .




133


KM, S.246; PM, S.231; AL, p.135 (  ).   ,      ,  ()    (StAH, Senat, Cl. VII, Lit. Hf., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc. 1,   19 1687.  ).




134


Grunwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden, S.17. KM, S.234; PM, S.231; AL, p.128.       ,        (Marwedel, Problems of Chronology, p. 6). ߠ   ,     .




135


 ,           (. ),                 (KM, S.101106; PM, S.9297; AL, pp.5558).




136


KM, S.312; PM, S.293; AL, p.170.




137


KM, S.277; PM, S.262263; AL, p.152: ߠ     ,          ; ߠ, ,   ,        ,   堖   ,  ,  . Π   .: KM, S.187188; PM, S.176177; AL, pp.101102.        -,       (Buxtorf, Jewish Synagogue, p.171). -,     ,  1698.   -     ,         (StAH, Senat, Cl. VII, Lit. Hft., Nr.5, Bd1b, fasc.37r42r).     .




138


KM, S.3957; PM, S.3750; AL, pp.2231. The Man Who Would Not Take an Oath, A.Aarne and Stith Thompson, The Types of the Folk-Tale: AClassification and Bibliography, 2nd ed. (Helsihki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1964), Tale type 938, Placidas, pp.331332.       .,       ();       (Jacque de Voragine, The Golden Legend, trans. Granger Ryan and Helmut Ripperger [New York: ArnPress, 1969], pp.555561; Alain Boureau, Placido tramite: La Lgende dEustache, empreinte fossile dun mythe carolingen? Annales: Economies, Socits, Civilisations, 37 [1982]: 682699.   : The Reward of Virtue, or the Story of the Man Who Never Took an Oath, in Maaseh Book, no.222, pp.542546; Angelo S.Rappoport, The Folklore of the Jews (London: SoncinPress, 1937), pp.147151; E.Yassif, From Jewish Oicotype to Israeli Oicotype: The Tale of The Man Who Never Swore an Oath, Fabula, 27 (1986): 216236.




139


KM, S.49 (gar tsart gar far shtendig); PM, S.44; AL, pp.2627 (     ).




140


 -,            ,  . 136.   ,     ,      ,       (KM, S.57).       ,      ,        Mayse Bukh.      . : Haim Schwarzbaum, Studies in Jewish and World Folklore (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1967), pp.423424.




141


Jean Mocquet, Voyages en Afrique, Asie, Indes Orientales et Occidentales: Faits par Iean Mocquet, Garde de Cabinet des singularitez du Roy, aux Tuilleries (Rouen: Jacques Callov, 1645;  .1616), pp.148150.   : Wunderbare jedoch gr?ndlich- und warhaffte geschichte und reise begebnisse in Africa, Asia, Ost- und West-Indien, ?bers. von Johann Georg Schloch (L?neberg: J.G.Lippers, 1688), S.8286 (  ,    , .85).            XVIII.   . 렖,    ,   ,     .      ,   .   .        .       , ,     ,     .    ,      . : Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 14921797 (London: Methuen, 1986), ch.6.    -     ,        -. Π      XVII. .  : Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), ch.5.




142


 ,   IX.,     .     ,       ꠫     ,    .  ,    ,   , ,    ,   ,    .    ,   .   ,          .   ,    ,        .  ,    ,      ,  1480.      (Elkan Nathan Adler, ed., Jewish Travellers: A Treasury of Travelogues from Nine Centuries, 2nd ed. [New York, 1966], pp.47; D.H.M?ller, Die Recensionen und Versionen des Eldad Had-D?ni, Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-Historische Classe, 41 [Vienna, 1892]: 7073.        . : Benjamin of Tudela, The Intinerary, trans. A.Asher, 2vols. (New York: Hakesheth, s.a.), vol.2, pp.230317; ,         .          Mayse Amsterdam ( ),       ,      1678.   -   ,       (Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, p.237). ,     ,         ,         : Eberhard Werner Happel, Der insulanische Mandorell (Hamburg und Frankfurt: Z.Hertel und M.Weyrauchs Erben, 1682).




143


    . : Bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael, . ., Nr.200, S.373384 (  , Hamburg, 1711),   ;  : ibid., Nr.201, S.384386 (). ʠ     , ,  ,   ,       (Juspa Shammash, Mayse Nissim [Amsterdam, 1696], Nr.21:   頖The Queen of Sheba in the House Zur Sonne, in Eidelberg, R.Juspa, pp.8788);     : Sara Zfatman, The Marriage of a Mortal Man and a She-Demon (Jerusalem: Akademon Press, 1987).      ,   ,          (Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess, 3rd enlarged ed. [Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990], ch.10).     ,           :     ,     ,            :  ,  ,    ,       . [Moses Marcus], The Ceremonies of the Present Jews (London: J.Roberts, 1728), p.14. ,        ,   .     .: Joshua Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion (New York: Atheneum, 1977), pp.139, 169.




144


.: Cecil Roth, The House of Nasi: The Duke of Naxos (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1948),  .4 .182186 ( ).    ,         ( )   .     , . Gedalia Yogev, Diamonds and Coral: Anglo-Dutch Jews and Eighteenth-Century Trade [Leicester: Leicester University Press and New York: Holmes and Meier, 1978], pp.156158; Emden, Mmoires, p.183.




145


Π     XVII XVIII. . ,  .




146


KM, S.7172; PM, S.6465; AL, pp.3940. Howard Eilberg-Schwartz, The Savage in Judaism: An Anthropology of Israelite Religion and Ancient Judaism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1900), pp.3141; Richard H.Popkins, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Indian Theory, in Joseph Kaplan, Henry Mchoulan, and Richard H.Popkin, eds., Menasseh ben Israel and His World (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1989), pp.6382.            ,        ;     :  ,       ,         (.6869).   -       (Mayse vestindie),   XVII., .: Weinreich, Yiddish Language, p.315.




147


Johann M?ller, Judaismen oder J?denthumb: Das ist Ausf?hrlicher Bericht von des J?dischen Volckes Unglauben Blindheit und Verstockung (Hamburg: Jacob Rebenlein f?r Zacharias Hertel, 1644). Whaley, Religious Toleration, pp.8688.




148


Johann Jacob Schudt, J?dische Merckw?rdigkeiten, Bd.14 (Frankfurt und Leipzig: Samuel Tobias Hocker, 17151718), Bd4, S.135137.           1707.    .            Π  (1714);        ,           .    . : Emden, Mmoires, pp.183184; Kaufmann, Rabbi Zevi Ashkenazi, pp.102125.




149


Schudt, J?dische Merckw?rdigkeiten, Bd1, S.296.    .   Erubin, in Israel Epstein, ed., The Babylonian Talmud, Seder Moed, part 2, vol.3, trans. Israel Slotki (London: SocinPress, 1938); Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.6, pp.849882;   - .    : Peter Freimark, Eruw/Judentore: Zur Gschichte einer rituellen Institution im Hamburger Raum (und anderswo), in Freimark et al., Judentore, S.1069.    XVII.          ,   -   :        ,  ,   ,      ,         (Sefer Shelot, responsa 112).




150


KM, S.100, 107; PM, S.91, 97; AL, pp.55, 59. Π    ,   ,     , .: Arnold M.Eisen, Galut: Modern Jewish Reflection on Homelessness and Homecoming (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp.3542.




151


KM, S.3233; PM, S.30; AL, pp.1819.




152


KM, S.268270; PM, S.251253; AL, pp.146147. Π    .: Stern, Court Jew, pp.1928, 8591.




153


KM, S.107121; PM, S.98112; AL, pp.5967.          ,         ,   .




154


    ,         ,      (KM, S.119; PM, S.110; AL, p.66).          .     .: Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.8, p.387.       .  1694.       -      ,      .    ,       [sic!] (A. Lewinsky, Die Kinder des Hildesheimer Rabbiners Samuel Hameln, Monatsschrift f?r Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 44 [1900]: 378).




155


KM, S.161; PM, S.150; AL, p.87 (     ,         ,     ).       :         ,        .            ,     ,     ,       (KM, S.6465; PM, S.5758; AL, pp.3536).




156


KM, S.165; PM, S.154; AL, p.89.




157


KM, S.211230, 308; PM, S.200218, 288289; AL, pp.114126, 167168.




158


KM, S.143; PM, S.133; AL, p.77.  ,      ,         .           ?




159


KM, S.17, 61; PM, S.14, 54; AL, pp.9, 3334.          ,    ,  17  .       :  ,     ,      ,     .     ,      (KM, S.6263; PM, S.5556; AL, p.34). Π,            ,     .: Chava Weissler, The Living and the Dead: Ashkenazic Family Relations in the Light of Hebrew and Yiddish Cemetery Prayers, in Weissler, Voices of the Matriarchs (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1998). ߠ      ,        : Natalie Zemon Davis, Ghosts, Kin, and Progeny: Some Features of Family Life in Early Modern France, in Alice Rossi, Jerome Kagan, and Tamara Hareven, eds., The Family (New York: W.W.Norton, 1978), pp.87114.




160


KM, S.3138; PM, S.2836; AL, pp.1722.       ,       ,      .     ,      (KM, S.192; PM, S.181; AL, pp.104105).




161


KM, S.180181; PM, S.169; AL, p.97.       ,         (KM, S.201; PM, S.190191; AL, p.109). Π   .: Weissler, The Living and the Dead; Israel Lvi, La commmoration des ?mes dans le juda?sme, Revue des tudes juives, 29 (1894): 4360.




162


KM, S.175176; PM, S.164; AL, p.95.




163


KM, S.271272; PM, S.257259; AL, p.149.    -        ,       . StAH, J?dische Gemeinde 31, Bd1, Nr.5 (1687, 1699); Emden, Mmoires, p.85; Bernhard Brilling, Die fr?hesten Beziehungen der Juden Hamburgs zu Pal?stina, Jahrbuch der J?disch-Literarischen Gesellschaft, 21 (1930): S.1938.




164


KM, S.124, 202203; PM, S.114115, 192193; AL, pp.69, 110111.




165


KM, S.204209; PM, S.194198; AL, pp.111113    :       . (     :         ; .: Lowenthal, Memoirs, p.157.) Aarne and Thompson, Types, Tale type 893: the Unreliable Friend (the Half-Friend); Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature, rev. ed., 6vols. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), H1558.1: test of Friendship, the Half-Friend, vol.3, pp.511512. Half a friend in Moses Gaster, The Exempla of the Rabbis (London and Leipzig: Asia Publishing, 1924), no.360, pp.134, 249. ,  ,   XVII.,    ,   (  )    ,       .   ,      ,     ,   ,   . Sincere Friendship, in Angelo S.Rappoport, Folklore of the Jews (London: SoncinPress, 1937), pp.159163:            -  .          :    XVI.,     (Hebrew ms. 2213),   Lev Tov   ,   1620.,  ,            (Literary Sources, p. 172 and nn. 4445).  Mayse Bukh     ,     ,   ,       ࠖ   .        - (Maaseh Book, no.208, pp.491503).       ,  ,    .




166


        () (Thompson, Motif-Index, K2213.1, vol.4, p.483)       .        ,     -     Mishle Shualim ( )  XII XIII. (  : Freiburg, 1583)    ,         ;    Mayse Bukh,       ; ,       Ku-Bukh    (Verona, 1594),      ,        .    : Berechiah ha-Nakdan, Fables of a Jewish Aesop, trans. Moses Hadas (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), no.80, pp.145146; Book of Fables: The Yiddish Fable Collection of Reb Moshe Wallich, Frankfurt am Main, 1697, ed. and trans. Eli Katz (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994), no.19, pp.114118; Maaseh Book, no.107, pp.193195.       . : Haim Schwarzbaum, The Mishle Shualim (Fox Fables) of Rabbi Berechiah ha-Nakdan: A Study in Comparative Folklore and Fable Lore (Kiron: Institute for Jewish and Arab Folklore Research, 1979), pp.394417.     .: Cheryl Tallan, The Medieval Jewish Widow: Powerful, Productive and Passionate (Masters Thesis, York University, 1989).




167


KM, S.273274; PM, S.269260; AL, p.150.




168


KM, S.275277; PM, S.260263; AL, pp.150153.




169


KM, S.310311; PM, S.292293; AL, pp.163, 169170.  19: 4:  ,  ߠ ,  ߠ     ,   .




170


KM, S.318319; PM, S.299300; AL, p.174.   , ,    /  ,  ,    (. , .45, 48 49).




171


KM, S.312, 319; PM, S.294, 300; AL, pp.171, 175.  - 1717.     ,  ,            ,      .          ,        (,  ,             ).    , , -,     ,       (ADM, 3E3709, n305).




172


KM, S.312, 318320; PM, S.293294, 299301; AL, pp.170171, 174175.




173


KM, S.89; PM, S.82; AL, p.50.     25: 21 (Ƞ    ,     ) ,            ,   ,        (Midrash Rabbah, Genesis 63 [5]).     :     ,       (Chumash with Taragum Onkelos, Haphtaroth and Rashis Commentary, trans. A.M.Silbermann and M.Rosenbaum [Jerusalem: Silbermann Family, 1985], p.114, n.21.     . : KM, S.22; PM, S.19; AL, p.12.




174


Joseph Dan, No Evil Descends from Heaven: Sixteenth-Century Jewish Concepts of Evil, in Bernard Dov Cooperman, ed., Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), pp.89105; idem., Manasseh ben Israels Nishmat Hayyim and the Concept of Evil in Seventeenth-Century Jewish Thought, in Isidore Twersky and Bernard Septimus, eds., Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp.6375. Π     .: Gershom Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah, trans. R.J.Zwi Werblomsky (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1973), pp.2844 ( .3940  -).




175


Π    ,    ,  Brantshpigl, Mayse Bukh Yesh Nochalin, .: Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic, chs. 34; Maaseh Book, no.152, pp.301303.     ( )     Yesh Nochalin,      ,       (KM, S.265; PM, S.249; AL ). Π   , , ,   , . , .141.




176


KM, S.8, 14, 21, 192, 201202, 209; PM, S.7, 12, 19, 180181, 191, 198; AL, pp.5, 7, 11, 104, 110, 113.  :  ,     ໠  , .: . 57: 1.




177


Π    : Moshe Greenberg, Job, in Robert Alter and Frank Kermode, eds., The Literary Guide to the Bible (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp.283304; Ilana Pardes, Countertraditions in the Bible: A Feminist Approach (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp.145152.     ,   :      蠖 ,  ,    ( 3: 25; KM, S.277; PM, S.263; AL, p.152) ,          :   ? (9:12; KM, S.310; PM, S.292; AL, p.169).       , :      ,   ( 1: 21; KM, S.14; PM, S.12; AL, p.8).




178


KM, S.128, 132, 164, 192; PM, S.118, 121, 153154, 180; AL, pp.71, 73, 89, 104.    : Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990); Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi.




179


KM, S.34; PM, S.32; AL, p.19.




180


KM, S.6970; PM, S.6263; AL, pp.3839.




181


KM, S.198; PM, S.188; AL, p.108.




182


KM, S.57; PM, S.50; AL, p.31.     ,        : KM, S.23; PM, S.23; AL, p.2.




183


KM, S.12; PM, S.2; AL, p.1.   : KM, S.60; PM, S.149150; AL, p.87:        ,        [],        .        ,  . , ,   ,             .




184


Π   ,        .: Anson Laytner, Arguing with God: A Jewish Tradition (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1990).           .




185


 ,    Mayse Bukh,      (. , .136) ,    (. .130). ΠBrantshpigl .: KM, S.13; PM, S.11; AL, p.7,     : Turniansky, Literary Sources.




186


     .  .. (I.F.Kazis) : Immanuel ben Jacob Bonfils, The Book of the Gests of Alexander of Macedon: Sefer Toledot Alexandros ha-Makdoni (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1962), pp.225;  : Dan Ben Amos, in Bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael, . ., pp.8990.




187


        (Herodotus, I: 2933, 8688)  : Antonio Martina, red., Solone: Testimonianze sulla vita e lopera (Roma: Edizioni dellAteneo, 1968), pp.3250.     -  XVI. (Augsburg, 1535; Eisleben, 1555; Frankfurt, 1596),            ,   .  ,   ,    (   ,   ,       ),         : ,      ,       ,      ;             (KM, S.171175; PM, S.161164; AL, pp.9395).       ,     ,    .




188


. , .84.




189


Kayser, Hrsg., Hamburger B?cher, S.5051, 72, 7677. Eberhard Werner Happel, Groste Denkw?rdigkeiten der Welt: Oder so genannte Relationes Curiosae, Bd.15 (Hamburg: Thomas von Wierung, 16831690); idem, Der insulanische Mandorell.     ,   XVII XVIII. .: Manfred Gr?tz, Das M?rchen in der deutschen Aufkl?rung: Vom Feenm?rchen zum Volksm?rchen (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1988), S.33, 8889, 102, 108,  passim , S.331397.




190


     1691.;     : Histoires ou contes du temps pass; Avec des Moralitez (Paris: Claude Barbin, 1697).      (Comtesse dAulnoy, Les Contes des fes)    16961698. Gr?tz, M?rchen, S.1925, 337338.




191


Π       .: Yasif, From Jewish Oicotype to Israeli Oicotype.   Mayse Bukh      (Maaseh Book, no.222, p.542).




192


KM, S.39, 124, 202203; PM, S.37, 114115, 192193; AL, pp.22, 69, 110.




193


Π  ,   ,  , .: Gaster, Exempla of the Rabbis, p.275; Marie Campbell, The Three Teachings of the Bird, in Raphael Patai, Francis Lee Utley, and Dov Noy, eds., Studies in Biblical and Jewish Folklore (New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1973), pp.97107; Moshe Carmilly, The Magic Bird, in Victor D.Sanua, ed., Fields of Offerings: Studies in Honor of Raphael Patai (Rutherford, N.J.: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1983), pp.129141.           -: Type 244C (     ,     .   ,  ,    ,       ) Motif J267.1.   ࠖ   (Aarne and Thompson, Types, Tale type 244, p.78).   XIX.,   -   ,  : Moses Gaster, Rumanian Bird and Beast Stories (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1915), no.95, pp.294295.        (XX.),      (Schwarzbaum, Mishle Shualim, p.xxxix, n.10). -,      .           :    (L211, L210, Modest choice best);     (L10,     );    (M21, King Lear Judgement).




194


KM, S.94; PM, S.86; AL, p.52.




195


KM, S.1921; PM, S.1718; AL, pp.1011. Π,     ,   ,  , 32 (I. Epstein, ed., The Babylonian Talmud, part 1, vol.6, Tamid, trans. Maurice Simon [London: SoncinPress, 1948], pp.2628).                ,    ,     (Bonfils, Book of the Gests, pp.1314, 133143).    . : Micha Joseph bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael: Classical Jewish Folktales, trans. I.M.Lask, 3vols. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976), nos. 116117, pp.246248: The Wise Men of India.  (Literary Sources, pp.170171) ,            (Josippon),     XXII.      (1546),  (1607)  (1661).             : Gr?nbaum, Chrestomathie, S.346349.




196


KM, S.171175, 303305; PM, S.161164; AL, pp.9395, 165166.          ,             ,       .   ,    ,  ,     :     ,  ,     (KM, S.312; PM, S.294; AL, p.171).       . : Tribute from Eden, in Bin Gorion, Mimekor Yisrael, . ., no.48, pp.103104; Alexander at the Gate of the Garden of Eden, in Kazis, Introduction to Bonfils, Book of the Gests, pp.1617.




197


KM, S.9498; PM, S.8689; AL, pp.5253 ( ).       . : Warren Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival, 780842 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp.118120, 130, 132.




198


Theophanes, Chronicle, pp.157161, Annus mundi 6293Annus mundi 6295 (1 800.1 803.).




199


  ,  ,   :  ,  ;     ! (KM, S.9697; PM, S.88; AL, p.53).    ,          , . : Gabriele L.Strauch, Text and Context in the Reading of Medieval LiteratureA Case in Point: Dukus Horant, in Peter L.Allen and Jeff Rider, eds., Reflections in the Frame: New Perspectives on the Study of Medieval Literature, special issue of Exemplaria, 3 (1991): 6794; Arnold Paucker, Yiddish Versions of Early German Prose Novels, Journal of Jewish Studies, 10 (1959): 151167.




200


KM, S.93; PM, S.86; AL, p.52.




201


   30: 13 ( ,  )      XI.     ( )   ,          ,    (Chumash with Rashis Commentary, p.185, n.35). Π         ,  5 - 116 (I. Epstein, ed., The Babylonian Talmud, Seder Zeraim, vol.1, part 5: Berakoth, trans. Maurice Simon [London: SoncinPress, 1948], pp.2022: Seder Nezikin, vol.4, part 4: Baba Bathra, trans. Israel W.Slotki [London: SoncinPress, 1953], pp.477478),   ,     ,   .    (5) .   ,    , ,        [  ]   ,    .    . :     .      :     [ ]   ?     ?      ?     .:     ?  - 116      .      ,  XI.   ,        [],   ,   ,   ,     : .   .  5 (p. 20, n.9).       III. (. 180. 279) (Encyclopaedia Judaica, 10: 144147). ,     , ,      ,   I. (Lowenthal, Memoirs, p.88).       ,      (KM, S.130; PM, S.120). ,        (. ),         I.,         () (.: Turniansky, Literary Sources, p. 167 and n. 32).         ,        ,    ,        (Jacob Neusner, Development of a Legend: Studies on the Traditions Concerning Yohanan ben Zakkai [Leiden: Brill, 1970], pp.124125).




202


KM, S.129132; PM, S.119121; AL, pp.7172.     ,       -  ,      .   ?  ,      ,            (Barbara Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England [New York: Oxford University Press, 1986], pp.157, 180).




203


KM, S.279; PM, S.264; AL, p.153.   ,   ,      Taytsh.




204


     :      2?   (2 ), 12: 2425.




205


KM, S.279289; PM, S.264272; AL, pp.153157.




206


KM, S.132133, 308; PM, S.122123, 288289; AL, pp.73, 167.




207


      2?   (),         , . : Joel Rosenberg, 1 and 2 Samuel, in Alter and Kermode, eds., Literary Guide, , pp.130143.     ,  .




208


   (unresolved tension)       , .: Moshe Greenberg, Job, p. 301.




209


      .: Gaster, Exempla of the Rabbis, pp.2329; Nissin Ben Jacob Ibn Shahin, An Elegant Composition Concerning Relief after Adversity, trans. William M.Brinner (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), Introduction, pp.xvxx; Schwarzbaum, Mishle Shualim, pp.ixviii;      .: Saperstein, Jewish Preaching, pp.89103.




210


   .         Mayse Bukh (Helwig, J?dische Historien, fols. AiiiirAviir),          meshalim        (Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebraea, 2: 973981).    .: Marc Fumaroli, LAge de lEloquence Rhtorique et res literaria de la Renaissance au seuil de lpoque classique (Gen?ve: Droz, 1980), pp.358359, 388, , ,     (Le Moyne),      (Peintures Morales) ,         ,    ,      .




211


Π    . , .75. KM, S.21, 279; PM, S.18, 264; AL, pp.11, 153.




212


KM, S.323; PM, S.304; AL, p.177.         : ߠ     (musar),     . Ѡ ,      , 頖    (KM, S.4; PM, S.; AL, p.2).   ,        .




213


Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.2324. Chava Weissler, Traditional Yiddish Literature, pp.1617, and idem, Women in Paradise, Tikkun 2, no.2 (AprilMay 1987): 4346, 117120.




214


Zinberg, Jewish Literature, vol.7, pp.241242, 285286.  Meineket Rivkah     1609.  1618.;        1674.    ,   .  firzogerin,        -.




215


      Gei Hizzayon ( )         (      )   ,        ,       .      ,   .                   ,      ,   .       ,  (    )     ,         (Dov Noy, The Jewish Theodicy Legend, in Sanua, ed., Fields of Offerings, pp.6584).        蠖 ?    ,  ?    .




216


Π /          .: Kaplan, From Christianity to Judaism, pp.125142, 146178.




217


KM, S.199; PM, S.189; AL, p.108.       (    )          ,     ,   ,   / 1690  1710.       [- ]        :         (Emden, Mmoires, p.84).    (12: 18),               .           ,           (Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.12, pp.11461147).       ,         .




218


KM, S.23, 8083; PM, S.20, 7476; AL, pp.12, 4546.     /    . : KM, S.1, 58, 309; PM, S.1, 52, 289290; AL, pp.1, 32, 168. Π      .: Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, pp.566591;       ,     1667.    1668. .: ibid., pp.787790.




219


KM, S.8283; PM, S.76; AL, p.46.




220


KM, S.325333; PM, S.305313; AL, pp.178182.         (Memorbuch, p.72, n685).   ,     5475.,     , 6 1715.       . : Maase be-Metz, in SUBF, ms. hebr. oct. 144, 69rv.




221


KM, S.333; PM, S.313; AL, p.182.




222


  ,  ,  : Sommaire pour Salomon Cohen, Juif, Banquier et Consorts Juifs et Juives, Habitans de la Ville de Metz, Demandeurs et Dfendeurs: Contre Isaac Spire Levy, Olry Chem, et Consorts Juifs Habitans de la m?me Ville (1714; BN, N. acq. fr., 22705, pp.34).       .  ,      ,   ,        ,  []     ,   ,    .    .      ,    (. , .45).        ,  ;        ,        ,        . , ,   ,        ,       (p. 20).    . : Malino, Competition and Confrontation, pp.327330.




223


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240


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241


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293


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296


Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.102, 141, 247, 369:  30? XVII.     400  500, 1657.      , 60?        .      ,    : Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, La Seigneurie des Cent-Associs, 16271663: La Socit, pp.1155.         (   )      .




297


 .. , 29 1665., , Cor, n220, p.759.      .: C.H.Laverdi?re et H.R.Casgrain, ds. Le Journal des Jsuites publi dapr?s le manuscrit original conserv aux archives du Sminaire de Qubec, 2e d. (Montral: J.M.Valois, 1892), p.335 (2 1665.); Micheline dAllaire, Talon: Textes choisis (Montral: Fides, 1970), pp.2325; Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.137138, 154158, 407411; pt. 2, pp.3646; William Eccles, The Canadian Frontier, 15341760, rev. ed. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), p.68.       15  ,     ,     .




298


Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, pp.344356, 444448.      ,            (Journal),  16451650.   , 16501653. , 젖   . (      JJ, 젖JR;        ,        - ,    .) ,         1649. (,      ), . : JJ, p.125.  .. , 11 1646., Cor, n100, p.295; 27 1648., n113, p.344; 22 1649., n123, p.378.




299


JJ, p.146 (8 1646.), 185186 ( 1653.), 258 ( 1659.), 262 (24 1659.), 269 ( 1659.); Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, pp.182, 444453; Cornelius J.Jaenen, The Role of the Church in New France (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976), pp.1721.




300


 .. , 24 1658., Cor, n177, p.597;  1659., n183, p.613;  .,  , 13 1660., n189, pp.643645; 13 1661., n193, pp.652654 (       ;     ).




301


Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.168178, pt.2, pp.253257; Eccles, Canadian Frontier, pp.4244.




302


Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.363386; Cole, Colbert, vol.2, pp.16, 5664.  .. ,  1663., Cor, n207, p.710.   -      1669.,     .  1674.     (Compagnie dOccident) (Cole, Colbert, vol.2, pp.8081).




303


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304


           (1648.),         (  )      (JJ, pp.214215, 28 1657.; JR, vol.23, pp.164167; Jennings, Iroquois Empire, p.96; Campeau, Mission des Jsuites, pp.70, 313).




305


Gabriel Sagard, Le Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons (1632), d. Real Ouellet (Qubec: Biblioth?que Qubcoise, 1990), pt.1; chap. 7, pp.172173; Ruth B.Phillips, Like a Star I Shine: Northern Woodlands Artistic Traditions, in The Spirit Sings, pp.8485.




306


Jacques Cartier, Deuxi?me voyage de Jacques Cartier (15351535), in Charles A.Julien, Ren Herval, et Thodore Beauchesne, ds. Les Fran?ais en Amrique pendant la premi?re moiti du XVI


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307


 .. , 10 1646., Cor, n97, p.286.




308


Vie, pp.505506, 612, 746. JJ, p.42 ( 1646.).




309


 .. , 17 1668., Cor, n244, pp.828829.




310


Vie, pp.548549. Π 1631.         .: Chronique de Beaumont, pp.108113.      ,     (Maillard, Les Hommes et la mort Tours, p. 79).




311


 ..     , 3 1640., Cor, n53, p.98:         []    ,     .     ,     ,      .      ,   .     ,   ,          ,      . ,    , ,      ,    . .          .




312


    ,     , . : Trigger, Natives and Newcomers, pp.226251.




313


Sagard, Grand Voyage, pt.1, chap. 4, pp.131132; Trigger, Natives and Newcomers, pp.172224; Arthur Ray and Donald B.Freeman, Give Us Good Measure: An Economic Analysis of Relations between the Indians and the Hudsons Bay Company before 1763 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975), chs. 23; Heidenreich, Huronia, ch.7; Jennings, Iroquois Empire, ch.6; Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.124154.




314


 .. , 26 1644., Cor, n80, p.221; 1 1652., n142, p.479: ,         ,   ; 24 1654., n161, p.55; 10 1662., n201, p.681;  1662., n204, p.691; 12 1666., n225, p.775; 27 1668., n258, p.873. Π     .: Peter C.Mancall, The Bewitching Tyranny of Custom: The Social Costs of Indian Drinking in Colonial America, American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 17, no.2 (1993): 1542.




315


 .. , 26 1644., Cor, n80, p.224.




316


 .. , 1427 1645., Cor, n92, pp.252261.          1 1645. (JR, vol.27, pp.246273).    ,      ,     .




317


 .. , 1 1652., Cor, n152, p.478; 1427 1645., n92, p.256.




318


JR, vol.35, pp.182205.       ,     .     ,      ⠫ .




319


JR, vol.38, p.62.




320


Rel, pp.330332; Vie, pp.588589.   ,              .




321


Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.1, pp.221224.




322


 .. , 11 1654., Cor, n156, p.531; 24 1654., n161, pp.542547. JR, vol.40, ch.5.




323


 .. , 25 1660., Cor, n184, p.620; 17 1660., n185, p.634; 2 1660., n192, p.649.




324


 .. , 12 1666., Cor, n225, pp.772776; JJ, pp.351352, 514 1666.; JR, vol.50, pp.140147. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol.1, p.554.




325


 ..    , 9 1668., Cor, n236, p.805.




326


Π     .: J.H.Kennedy, Jesuit and Savage in New France (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), ch.3; Jaenen, Church in New France, ch.2; Olive Patricia Dickason, The Myth of the Savage and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1984), ch.12.




327


 .. , 29ࠖ10 1646., Cor, n97, p.278. Trudel, Nouvelle-France, vol.3, pt.2, pp.380384.    ,       ,       . ,      ,   . .  ,        ,    . JR, vol.30, pp.126127.




328


JR, vol.28, pp.38101; Campeau, Mission des Jsuites, chap. 1215.




329


JR, vol.43, pp.156185.      : 1658.  ,   -,   ,   ,       (JR, vol.44, pp.148183).           , 14 1656., Cor, n172, pp.582585; 15 1657., n175, pp.591592; 4 1658., n179, pp.602606.          ,  -             ⠫ (Lettres de la vnrable M?re Marie de lIncarnation, premi?re suprieure des Ursulines de la Nouvelle France [Paris: Louis Billaine, 1681], fol.eir.).




330


JR, vol.37, pp.1843, 9698.  .. , 1 1652, Cor, n142, p.478.




331


JR, vol.50, pp.248295.




332


 .. , 26 1644., Cor, n80, pp.219220; Rel, p.260; Vie, p.408.   ,  1850.       ,   ,         1650.    . : John R.Porter, The Works of Joseph Lgar, 17951855 (Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 1978), no.41. Oury, Marie, pp.377381.




333


 .. , 3 1651., Cor, n133, p.415, n.12, p.418,  .,    , 1 1669., Cor, n251, p.853.  22 1660.  ,    ,  .  :  ,     ,     .    3000, , ,   ,  13   (AUQ, 1/1/1.3, 20 1648.); -   .,   ,   3000 (AUQ, 1/1/1.3,  1651.; JJ, p.122 [ 1649.], p.145 [8 1650.]);    .,       ,   3000,        , 堖     (AUQ, 1/1/1.3, 2 1658.).   , ,        (JJ, p.177 [8 1652.]).




334


Rel, pp.206208; Vie, pp.465466, 469;  ..  .,  1656., Cor, n171, pp.574581. AUQ, 1/1/1.4. Oury, Marie, chap. 8.




335


 .. , 3 1651., Cor, n133, p.415; 25 1660., n184, p.620. JJ, p.148 (21 13 1651.); p.282 (1926 1660.).




336


 .. - , 24 1643., Cor, n67, p.181;  ,  1652., n140, p.451 (   ); , 30 1643., n73, pp.200201; 24 1654., n161, p.544 (    ); 18 1664., n212, pp.730732; 18 1667., n230, p.786; 1 1668., n237, p.809.




337


 .. , 4 1640., Cor, n47, p.112; , 4 1641., n56, p.132; 17 1650., n126, p.390; 9 1668., n235, p.801;  ,  1652., n140, p.451. Rel, pp.319320; Vie, p.538.


