 
 


            -   XX :          ;   ;       .

         .





 

 




      




 1

 ,  ,  


   ,        ,      ,  .   ,       .  ,   .     . ,    ,      :      ,   ,       .       ,     -   ,       .         ,      : ,   

       , , -, ,   .       ,            .

 60- .   ,   ,   5,0% (1) (#ran_7160856325469418).  70- .     3,6%  .  80- .      2,8%  ,     90- .        2,0%   (2) (#ran_3401395923086157).      60    .

 1973  1994              (3) (#ran_2476837395214065).          38    ,       .    ,   50-  60- .   ,    ,   90-    (10,8%  5,4%   1995) (4) (#ran_6284910354607086).         ,   ,      20%.

   ,    ,   38,916   1989 .  14,309 18  1992 .            1929  1932 . (5) (#ran_5879017438141365).  ,        ,     , , ,   .  1994 .      3% ,   1992 (6) (#ran_5867827829715082).    ,      .   ,    1994 .    1995,   1995 .              1996. -    ;         ,      .

        ' ()     1973 .   1995 .   36%,        (,     ,      )   14% (7) (#ran_5219406154176340).  80- .      20   ,  64%        (8) (#ran_3283745967067187).       ,    ?

 1994 .   ,    ,    ,     ,   ,       ()        .     .     ,       .        .   1995 .   500 000  ,   250 000     (9) (#ran_0965709189620721).       30%.           ,     ,             .        ?       ,    ,    .

         ,         , , , ,   .    ,    ,     ,    .       .

     ,  ,  ,    , -,    ,    . -    ,     .     , -    ,   .     ?     ?

 ,       ,   ,     ,    .    ?      ?    ?          ,     ?       .         .

      ,     ,    ,       ,     .     ,    ,   .

          .    ,      .      ,     .

    ?  ,           ,     ,     ,        ?  ,      ,        ? ,   ,               .   ,    ,   ,        .        ,  ,        ,         .       ,     :        .         .             ,            .       ,   ,        (10) (#ran_3286375601834145).

   ,       ,    ,     ,    status quo.         .   ,   .  ,              ,    . ,    ,   80- .         .  ,   ,  1911 .         (11) (#ran_0872308093246954).   ,   ,     (social welfare state),     ,    .     ,       .

  ,       ,   ,   ,   ,      ,    .          .     ,        .

                , ,    .   ,             ,        (12) (#ran_7481786161029791).

 ,         . ,              .  20-  30- .       .  40- .       .  50-  60- .        .   50- .          ,    .                 ,    .          .

           . 8 1941 .,        ,     ,  ,     ,        (13) (#ran_9734103924782612).     ,      .   20- .    30-     . ,    ,  ,      .

      ,         ,      .      ,  , ,  ,  .    ,  ,       ,   .   ,     .    .    (   )      ,     (   ).

   ,   .       (   , ,    ),   (  ), ,      (),    () (14) (#ran_6050187362030574).        .  ,    .




 



      ,                 .                .          ,    .        (     )   ,   .      ,     .   ,  ,    ,  ,      .      ,    ,    ,     . ,       ,        ,      .

     ,   ,             ,     .      ,   ,      .      ,                          (15) (#ran_5293798646341826).       :     ,       .

           ,       :   ,         .   )         : ,       1%        .              ,    ,   ,           .

    ,      ,            .   ,     ,   .

 ,        ,    ,         (16) (#ran_8953580917645076).     ,       .   ,        ,     ,      .    ,     .    ,    ,      .    .  ,    ,     .

,      .        130  ,       (   ?) (17) (#ran_0872029452565640).   ,    ,         ,          (18) (#ran_5917681398310813).       ,     .               .      ,   ,      ,     ,  ,  .

          .                 .            112    (19) (#ran_5951657476807329).       ,    ,   ,       .              .

,            ,   .         ,     . ,       ,    ,    .        ,   ,   ! (20) (#ran_8938270196367052)

        ,       .         ,   .            .   ,      .           ,   .         .




   



 

  ,     ,     ,     . ,     ,     ,      ; ,     , ,            .

       

            ,    .         .      ,   ;      . ,   ,    ; ,   ,    . ,        .           . ,   ,  ,     ,       .



 

  ,   .        .     ,                     ,      .  ,           ,   ,    ,          .



 

   ,     ,               .    .              ,   " . " ,    ,      .



,    ,  ,    

                   .         ,  ,      .   ,    ,  ;      ,    .   ,        ?




 



          ,  . 

,  ; , .   ,       .        ,     .

 ,     ,              .       ,         .         ,                  . ,       ,   ,         ,      .

    .             , ,   ,     ,      .         ,          ,     .               .       ,    .         ,  ,   ,     ,       ,     ,         .    ,    ,      ,  ,   .

  ,             ,       ;        ,    .

    ,       ,  ,         .        ,          .   ,  .      ( ),        (),  ,      ( ).  ,      (       ),     (),     ().         ,   ,       ,        .     -      .        ,           .

      .        ,        (21) (#ran_0230284859671860).     ,     ,       .    ,     ,        . ,         ,         (22) (#ran_5749135930230284).      ,    ,   ,     (23) (#ran_9540716102984731).

                .        ,    ,   .   ,  ,  ,      ,    .    ,         . ,   ,         .

,              .              .      ,       .        ,     :   ,    .  ,       ;    ,          .      ;              ,  .      ,    :       .

      ,                    (24) (#ran_2651373587915494).                   (25) (#ran_9714598348321065).   . ,           .  ,    ,    .

     ,    ,      ,      ,      .   ,       ,      ,        .     ,    ,    .

,            ,    .       .    ,  ,   ,   ,       ,      .     ,       .    ,    ,  ,   ,     (26) (#ran_2126746106539080).         ,      ,    ,      (        ) (27) (#ran_4529379646912028).       ,        .       ,        ,        (28) (#ran_9716085246413401).

        ,         (29) (#ran_3959678297160852). ,         ,        ,    ,    .

 , ,    ,  .       ,   :   ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,     ,  ,          .          (30) (#ran_0593965181723071).

            ,  ,     (31) (#ran_1342062414698259).   ,      (32) (#ran_5107436280731981).   ,        ,       .       ,          ,      (           ) (33) (#ran_9405194321763234).

      ,   ,    .        (Via Appia)          ,                 (34) (#ran_6710294525648075).         ,       ,   ,    ,    (35) (#ran_7231039867102945).       ,          .     ,       ,   .         ,        (36) (#ran_2546218185197380).

 .       ,                     (37) (#ran_3684510723907969).

     ,    .      ,     ,       .              (38) (#ran_8219154362154620).   ,      ,       ,    (39) (#ran_2925041735358936).    .                (40) (#ran_7160963254794283).

        ,      (41) (#ran_4141303587914840).        ,      ,      (42) (#ran_6325176292086231).   ,        (43) (#ran_1819769829054092).              .   ,     (44) (#ran_8745151467893893).           .      ,            .          ,    .

    ,     (dignitas)    ,   ;       ,     .        :     (45) (#ran_0826019463510726).     ,          .      ,        .              (46) (#ran_3176340403948567).

   ,  ,      ,   (47) (#ran_8278291768139831).    .           .        .    ,      (48) (#ran_0803243974086710).         (49) (#ran_5643676198341924).          ,      (50) (#ran_3579673196058452).

          ,        .      ,       (51) (#ran_1436893172302848).    (52) (#ran_9847314168563480).      :   ,   .     ,    (53) (#ran_4045293796469120).      ,       (54) (#ran_2875601873404529).  ,     ,    ;      (55) (#ran_5636751602879024).    ,  ,   .

    ,  ,  ,    ,      ,   .                  ;      ;      ; ,        ;  ; ;   ;  ;        ; ,     ;  ,    ,    .             ,    (56) (#ran_3406027685879108).

        ,         ,          ,     .           ,      ,       .

   ?      .  ,       ,       .        ,  .   .         ,  .

      .           .                , ,      (57) (#ran_0439151435163292).      , ,  ,     , , ,   .   .




  



     ,                ,     .         ,       ,   - ,  ,      .   .     ,  ,    ,   .

      ,     -   ,       ,        .   ,           ,       ;       .     ,     .

       ,                .        .     ,            ,           .                ?

          ,       ?   ,    ( ,  ,  ),     -.    ,  ,   ,       ,            .  ,    ,     ,      .   (the, rainmakers),   ,   ,       .     ,   .

         ,     (  )  -    ,     ?    ,      ,        ?

  ,         :           .    ,      ,    .    ,   - ,   ,           ,        .         ,       ?

    ,     - . ,    ,  ,    ,           ,       .   150       ,    .           .   ,             .         ?    ,       ?               ?

        (     ),   ,      (        ).                ,           .          (, ,   )   ,           ,  .                 .   ,      ,     .

,      ,    ,     .            .      ,        ,       .




  



       ,     .    ,   ,    ,     .   ,      ,         ,   .   ;     .    .

            .           .     .   ,   .    .      .        .     ,     .   ,            .         .    .

   ,    .      ,    ,     :      ,       .

       ,       ,       ,    .        ,  .     .   ,     ,   ,    .

 ,      ,   .  -    ,   ,   ,  ,   ,     ,     .  ,   ,     terra incognita ( ).       ,      ,     ,   ,        ,        .

      ,   ?




 2

   


        :    .       ,   ,          ,  .              .            . ,              93%  (1) (#ran_9061529748683275).     .

            .  ,  .




   



,         .       ,      .      ,   ,   ,     .  ,   ,            ,       .  ,      ,           (    ),               .

, ,                   ,         ,    20- .  50-  60- .  . ,      ,     ,            .

   1968 .   ,       (2) (#ran_9674059018680310).             ,    90- .       ,         .     , , ,  (, , )   .   ,    ,        (3) (#ran_3482954070619837).

  80- .        20%  ,    64%         (4) (#ran_6501872304529378).     ,  ,   1%     90%    (5) (#ran_6204620743683510).   500      ,    ,   35  157     (6) (#ran_9381275470801604).  1984  1992 .         ,           (7).      ,   ,     (8) (#ran_3636575291097692).

         - . ,  70- .,        ,   .  ,  ,    ,    .         ,   ,  .   90- .           ,            .     ,   ,      ,     (20 )       ,       (9) (#ran_4181865910302476).          (10) (#ran_0762484698265175).           ,       ,    .  1993 .     :       13,4      (11) (#ran_9405094321763230).

          ,   .                   ,        ,   ,        .   ,     85%     ,      .   ,     69%      ,        .   ,  89%     ,        ,     (12) (#ran_6710298415634807).

          .          ,        1983  1989 .,  26%  31%.   90- .  ,      ( 40%),        70- .   ,     20- .,     (13) (#ran_9213510703858791).




     



 1973 .   ,    ,  .             ,     90- .        , ,      ,         (14) (#ran_8574791482184307).    1973  1993 .   ,       ,   11% ( 34 048     30 407 ),               29% (15) (#ran_5952326436105308).             ,   14% (16) (#ran_4529837964193712). ,  ,         ,       ,          (17) (#ran_7512918708256094).         ,  1994 .   1995 .    ,     2,3%   (18) (#ran_9872029452640591).

              (. . 2.1).      ,      10%      23%   .

 2.1

      1973-1992

 ,       ( )  ()

 -23% -3%

 -21%-3%

 -15% -0,5%

 -10% +6%

 +10% + 16%

: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973, 1992), pp. 137, (148).

       (19) (#ran_1961983812535675).      ,               25%.      ,   ,         (    )    12195  (    1990 )   18%  1979 .  40%  1989 . (20) (#ran_1935094306230284).    ,         ,       .

         (21) (#ran_9508171291207146).  1979  1989 .  ,   ,   50  43,        69  61 (22) (#ran_3252413697914950).             ,          (23) (#ran_0642518632187032).  1978  1993 .                (24) (#ran_6472063095791598).

     ,     ,            .     ,        ,       (  )     (25) (#ran_9273942036461808).          .

     ,   ,   1992 .      ,            (26) (#ran_3250715427434041).               70-  80- .        41%  1968 .  72%  1993 (27) (#ran_2318157842479065).        .  ,         ,    ,         .

  .      ,   ,    70- .       .    ,      .  1973  1994 .          33%,          (  ,   )   14%,        19% (28) (#ran_3720430106152398).   1994 .       50- .    ,        ,   1950 .          .      .

         ,       -   .            ,         ,             .                 ,             (29) (#ran_9095142976347583).

  ,        .       .       ,    ,    ,      .         ,          ,  ,  ,  .      ,   ,      ,  .       .

          2.1,  70-  80- .        (30) (#ran_3252685648075723).      ,      60%  1973  1992 .   .

      32%       (31) (#ran_0238184705601873).         ,            .    80% ,       ,     ,             (32) (#ran_6213057452937964).   90- .      (,       )         (33) (#ran_3034292689535801). ,      ,   ,    1989 .,  1993 .        7% (34) (#ran_3925789350612868).

  ,            . ,      ,    60    ,       ,           (35) (#ran_3680153462025689).   ,       ,    ,  .     , -,     .




 



  80-    90- .        ,   2,5   (36) (#ran_2747681397349352).   ,  ,   300 000  1990 .  550 000  1991,     400 000  1992 (37) (#ran_2926284910354070).       ,         .     :         ,        ( ),           ( ) (38) (#ran_0742618683218789).    1980-1981 .            (39) (#ran_5236845720630918).      1990-1991 .        (40) (#ran_0965791202875601).   80- .,    , 35%   , 31%   , 8%     19%     (41) (#ran_6464758629218703).

       ,      1991-1992 .,         ,     .    1993 .   600 000,    1994 .     104 000,          516 000   (42) (#ran_0235170385687913).    .  1995 .    600  (43) (#ran_7479150821843017).                    (44) (#ran_4706018016035621).

         ,   ,       ,              10-30%? (45) (#ran_0615421734189683)

  ,     ,       ,   , -,   ?          ,        ,   ,    (46) (#ran_5264059186831048).

      ,      ,  .          .         ,      .  -             -,       .        ,            .   ,     .,            .            ,      ,           .

  ,      (,       ,       ,  ).       : ,    ,   ,         .  ,        ,      .

,  ,          ,    ,              .      ,         .    ,  ,       - . ,         .

         ,        .     ,     ,   ,      ,   .     ,       ,           ,          ,    .  ,         ,   ,  ,   .         :        ,             .

     ,   (   ,       ,       ,             ,      ,      .                 ,           .

,    ,       .     1994. 180000     ,        (47) (#ran_7328140364621819).  1995 .  , ,   ,    20%     10 000            ,        1,75    (48) (#ran_7198605824219406).      500 000      , ,   , ,     (49) (#ran_5304939650817120).    200 000  .      ,              ,         ,  -  (50) (#ran_1870320524146971).

           .     12%        ,  17%       .  71       :     25%   31 ,    25%   32 ,   37       (51) (#ran_5495074262863187).         ,         ,  ,  ,   50%    (52) (#ran_8695237647216309).           .

      RJR Nabisco, 72%      ,   ,     47%  (53) (#ran_0925247573927395).       ,   ,    ,        .          1993 .       40%,      (54) (#ran_9716093632510715).  /  (Bridgestone/Fire-stone Rubber Company)   ,             ,             (55) (#ran_7619231825784357).

        ,        ,  , ,      ,     ,            .     ,  -,   8        (56) (#ran_8694285279619372).

               .      ,   ,            .               .                         .  ,    ,  ,          (57) (#ran_9082609051529763).        ,        (58) (#ran_8167102947425278).




-



 ,       ,      ,      ,         ,         .          ,         600 000 ,           ,       , 7  (59) (#ran_4537964791202382).

      , 70- .      "   ,       ,          (60) (#ran_8547056019836214).   ,    600 000  800 000  (61) (#ran_4508723034293689).           ,   ,        ,       .

  ,    ,  5.8  :    ,           ,     ,           .    ,          (62) (#ran_2046274392578935).    .         ,    ,   -   (63) (#ran_9371274368015356).        ,       ,   (64) (#ran_8102406274768013).         .       .

   .          ,  ,     (65) (#ran_1465729272949203).  -   ,        50- .     , 90-,     .       .       .      .          ,      ,    .

      :   ,    80- .    .   ,  ,    ,       ,       ,      .       , ,              (67) (#ran_5951074262879318).




:  



  ,   .         ,     .       (68) (#ran_0652378572164091).               (69) (#ran_5348096579202876).           .     1960  1992 .             ,          (70) (#ran_6198341534809657).          ,   (71) (#ran_4082714743621836).      ,       ,    ,  .       ,  1990  1994,   12  24 (72) (#ran_8723034293789546). ,  ,  ,      50%  ,    .

         ,         ,                (     ,   ),               ,       .     ,    ,    .

  32%             ,           .       ,      (73) (#ran_4627435789350671).      :     ,     ,         ,    .     ,     ,     -      ,   (74) (#ran_2971380324936437).   ,     .

,        .         ,   (75) (#ran_8404186952364720).        (76) (#ran_6318549741039258).     ""      .

,      ,    ,    .     ,    ,         47%  1950 .  34%  1992 .          40%  ,     (77) (#ran_2038761983415348).         ,   ,          (78) (#ran_0967405901806415).        ,     ,               ,        .

  ,      ,          ,       .           .         ,    .       ,    ,  ,      .

       ,           .      .         -     .           ,       .       .       .     ,        ,         .   ,          .      ,       (79) (#ran_3631573018547890).

               .    ,       73%           42% (80) (#ran_6138108348325121).  ,    ,    (81) (#ran_7387230945293789).    :    ,    ,          ,                   (82) (#ran_6460917861720318).        (83) (#ran_9406425186292087).           ,     ,     (84) (#ran_9715085621436931).       ,    ?     ,     .

  ,     .

      ,          ()   ,     .       ,      ,   ,       .     ,    ,  , ,       (85) (#ran_7020254618196198).      ,    ,       .     ,    ,      (,       ).       ,    ,       ,       .

        ,       .      ,    (   ),      ,   (   );     .          ,  ,    ,  ,       .       .

               ,       ,       .     .             (86) (#ran_5951074362879318).      ,      , ,        (87) (#ran_1945094306230284).        . ,   ,         .




 



               ,      .            ,         ,        . -    .     ;  .       .

    .           ,      (88) (#ran_9834153480975712).         (89) (#ran_1249406464657629).       ,             .      ;           ,    .

  ,      .     ,      ,         (90) (#ran_2964840185392504).       ,       ,       .

             ,         ,  ,      (91) (#ran_4298943176358579).       ,         ,   ,   ,   ,   ,         (92) (#ran_8901562493696518).

        .  1964   29%  ,       (93) (#ran_7539603808248325);  1999. 90% , ,   ,     

             ,    - ,    .




  ,   



,    ,         .   80- .      ,       .        1979  1993 .   ,   10%   17% (94) (#ran_4013592307157842).            (95) (#ran_4757329273952036).   90- .             12  17   (    , OECD),   ,     7,5:1  1969 .  11:1  1992 (96) (#ran_7160936325107154).

             ,   (97) (#ran_2146931230394857).            90- . (98) (#ran_6908549739103582).   ,     1994 .   I         7,7% (99) (#ran_5326750873091942).             ,  95%           .       .

       ,     .              ,        :       6 (100) (#ran_9808324563785160).        ,   .    ,           ,   .           ,         .   90- .         ,    .   ,      30        17    (101) (#ran_9394083714743621).                 ,     (102) (#ran_5087230429378954).

       ,  ,    ,   .   50-  60- .       ,   ,    .      ,         ,      (103) (#ran_4620743678351067).   90- .       ,     (10,6%  5,4%   1995 ).,        , ,   (23,2%),   (14,3%)    (16,8%) (104) (#ran_1387969818054925).

   , ,           ,  ,        ,   (   ,        ),       () .      , ,   .            , ,  ,      ( 15%),      ,         (105) (#ran_8601940525468176).         ,  .     ,     ,       (106) (#ran_1630958071598940).

        ,    ,      ,    .           77%,     67% (107) (#ran_9207232847126504).     10%   ,   ,      ,           ,    .

 ,  ,       ,  .  , ,    ,   ,     .   39%      ;     46%  ;      60% (108) (#ran_7610298415634809).       ,   11%        (109) (#ran_7315730185479050).

 ,     .      60%  ,  ,   .      ,     ,         .   ,                     ,     ,                 (110) (#ran_1083583206521273).       ,         ,    ,    .

      .  80- .     2%  ,      0,4%.   ,      .       1973  1994 .      ,        38     (112) (#ran_8730945452937964).

  .       ,    .  ,    ,        (        ,  ,      ),              (113) (#ran_1395923076157842).                    (114) (#ran_1819629839125375).

             1215   ,    40%,     (115) (#ran_7436280793198420).  ,    ,     ,          ,        80% ,         (116) (#ran_6094317632302848).          ,      ,        (117) (#ran_5671719860582521).

           ,       (118) (#ran_3242963861029841).       .    !   !         !      ,       .      ,        .

               ,         ,         .            (119) (#ran_2351703856879134).     ,       ,      .  1994 .      26  ,          1,5   (120) (#ran_6803710732096584).   ,       16%,        180% (121) (#ran_6218547390184294).          ,  -""  W       .   ,             (122) (#ran_4023592308157842).      ,      ,    .    , ,  ,      ,    ,      ,      (123) (#ran_4768392739520406).        ,         ?     ,     .

        ,   .  1994 .         ,   ,     ,             ;                  (124) (#ran_7160936325107254).          :       .  ,       ,     , ,  ,         ,       .                ,    ,  ,          ,   ,              ,      .

         (125) (#ran_2146313403948678).     ,        ,   ,       ,   ,          ,         .         ,           (126) (#ran_1854974910358201).     ,     ,            .          ,   40%            (127) (#ran_7508340919435706).

    ,   ,        ,   ,   ,   . ,     ,        .            -.   ,        .  ,        ,   ,   ,  ,   10%                 (128) (#ran_4740918960272138).

        ,       ,            .       ,  -  ,      90-       . ,  ,  ,   .           .            ,   ,     ,         ,       (129) (#ran_6378516029791453).




   



       .     ,    ,  ,  ,   .       ,   ,   ,   .

      .     (, ,   . .).       ,      ()    (-)   .     80-   90- .  ,          .  ,               ,           ,       .

      ,      -  ,        .                 ,     ,    ,     .           (130) (#ran_8270194635172605).

         ,  -.    ,  -,     ,            .   -    60% ,                .      ,     .            (   -),                .

     ,    ,     - .       5,  -   .      ,   , .     .        .

           ,   .         ,     ,    ,          .                .       ,    ,    .

  ,           ,        .         ,   ,     ,       ,      .  ,        ,    ,   ,                   .   ,  ,          ,    ,    ,        .        ,   .       ,      .

,       .     ,         .    ,     ,    ( ,  )        ,     .      .            ,   ,   ,     .




 3

 :  


,   ,     1,9  .




 



  ,     ,     .      ,        ,       ,        (  ,     ),   ,         (   ,   ).     ,      ,      (,      ;     ;  ).   ,    ,   ,  ,      .

           .       .    ,     . , ,         .     .        (19%    1987 ),     ,      ,           (1) (#ran_3525793606286473).

      ,      ,    ,    .          .         - .          ,       . ,   ,  ,   ,   :       ,            .

               .  1993 .        1,6     (2) (#ran_0101842925041735).                .       ,    .       ,     ,       .       ,      .

 1994 .      ,     ,          (3) (#ran_2535070851897380).          .           ,         ,            (4) (#ran_7597149834832106).  1995 .   .  -       9    186          ,  ,         (5) (#ran_5212674610653908).

         ?     ,  ,       .           .          .                 ,      ,             ,   ,      .

     ,   ,   ?    ,    ,         (General Motors Acceptance Corporation),          .          .          .

,      .  98- , ,         ,        ,        .    ,   ,  ,    ,   .     ,    .

         ,    .               ,   .        ,     .       ,      (   ,   ),             .

    ,   ,           ,   .       .    ,     -  ,          

.        ,        ,     .      (Ph. D) 75 000   ,            100   ?              .

     ,    ,  ,    .     ,    .          .           (,  ),     (,  )    ,     (   ).        ,    .    ,    .    ,   .     ,     ,      , , ,    .               ,       ,    .

,         ,    ,           ( 1,9  ).       ,      ,      ?  ,  ,  ,       .

       20 000   ,     35      ,           ,     ?     ,          ,   ,      5  10   (6) (#ran_8941093812574620).

         ,                     ,  .

                 ,        ,       .    ,       ,  ,      ,        ,       , ,  ,       .            .        ,             .                 (7) (#ran_5109629194240674).

         .       .








   ( 10%       ),             1,2  ,    ,       .     ,       ,      (8) (#ran_0786271398145323).

  -     ,  ,    ,    ,      .      ,  , 

    ,  .      .      ,       ,          .     ,   ,       .       -        ,      ,             (9) (#ran_7469047178309758).

  -   ,    ,           .                ,     , -, .                    13,4%  9,0%  1994 .  11,8%  1993 .  7,0% (10) (#ran_6508053452025634).                .

     ,     ,  ,   ,  , ,   ,       .                .        ,        .            (11) (#ran_2695474817861610).          .      ,     .     (, ,    )       .       ,            ,   ,   .               ,   .         .   ,  .

                 (12) (#ran_2979145325640872).        ,   ,  ,  .   ,   ,       ,     ,       ,    .          ,       .   ,  .

     .    73%     ,             (13) (#ran_4923686508301394).   10-15         .              ,    , , ,   .        .  ,               .        .   -    ,   ,   (      58  38%   ),           (14) (#ran_1703025462181851).     , ,     ,    .

    ,           .      ,         .        ,     .              ,        .      ,         ,    .     ,     ,          . ,     ,      .       ,      ,        ,     ,    .

              . 80%     ,   ,        : -,       .        ,     , , , ,   .        ,           ,   ,   ,     .

          ,    .   ,       ,      .       ,        .      ,           .          ,     .

           ,        .    ,       .      ,   .         ,  ,   ,          .            .  ,          .          ,  .

       ,      .     ,    .           ,   ,      ,  .

      ,    ,     ,     .      .  ,           ,             ,    .        ,          .

        (, , ),        , ,  .    ,    20%     (15) (#ran_9738024935643475).                 .  ,   ,  ,      ,     (, , , ,    ),         .

 ,                       ,    , ,  .           . ,    , .

        ,       .        ,         ,         .            ,          ,   ,  .       ,      .                          .     .       ,    .             .

  ,        ,        ,        .   ,   .

           ,     .       ,          4 .

     ,        .   ,        ,    ,  370 ,     ,     ,      ,   1 600  (      ) (16) (#ran_1834189326065473).         38 000 ,  100   . ,       3%   (   1%     100 ),  ,       6%   (    50%       , -     ).                       ,       ,   2100-  ( 104    )         ,  20% ,    370 ,  70% ,    1 600 .

,      ,   ,            ,     123  ,    1,2 .             .     , ,         .      .   ,      ,          .     ,   ,       (     ),    .              ,     .     ,  ,     ,      .      ,    -      .

 ,                  ,  .    ,        .    ,     ;   .          ,       .  ,  ,    ,  ,   ,    .      ,   ,    . ,   ,           (17) (#ran_6367516287902494).        - ,      .

         .    .     :      ,     ,      .

  :          ,              ?                .

-,  ,           , ,        40% (18) (#ran_2192436408519808).  ,    ,   .                       ,        1994 .      ,      .        ,    .

-,    ,     ,      ,   .      ,       .   ,               ,     (19) (#ran_0754708712940523).          , ,        .

  70- .      ,                 .                ,             ,    ()     1988 . (20) (#ran_7572164196808259).      ,           .           ,  1978  1984 .,         (21) (#ran_9504286375721641).       ,     ,           ,    .

         .      .   ,    .             .         ,     ,   ,    40%     .    ,         ,       .    1995 .          ,    ,       (22) (#ran_8579148783075951).       ,              ,       .      , ,     .       .

           ,    -      .     ,   ,      .       , ,   ,      ,       .       .          .

       .    -   ,           ?              ,     ,    .      30  40%  .           .

      ,    ,       .        ,      .          (     ),    ,      ,     .    ,    ,       :       .

       ,   .     .          .             ,   , ,  .

        ,       (23) (#ran_9372194101563505).         .          ,     (  )        .        .    ,    ,  ,             .         ,      .           .

        .       , ,  ,   ,        .           ,  .

      .         .         .    ,  ,      .  ,   ,     , ,       .  ,       ,     ,      ,    (   ).     ,    ,      ,     ,             .     ,    .

          ?   .       .            .       ,  ,  ,     ,        .      ,            (),          .    (  ,  ,     ,  -   )    ,     ,   ,    ,    . , ,   ,            ,        ,   ,  ,     .

       ,   18%      ,         93% .      ,       (,     ,       ),       ,        ,      (24) (#ran_2341826795358090).       .   .       72%    ,      6% (25) (#ran_1754076292341826).        ,   .

         -.      20- .,                       ,      ,     112 000  (26) (#ran_3621562084368451).    ,  77%   ,         280         (27) (#ran_8271643680534510).

  ,    .    ,    ?  ,      .     , ,   -  ,     .         ,      .   ,       ,        ,   ,   ,    ,         .   ,     ,      .

           ,  ,      .  ,        ,       ,     ,      .           ,            .      ,     .      , , .       .    ;          ,       ,    .

     ,         ,             ,   .       ,    -         .

,    .         ,  ,        ?     , , ,    ,  ,      -,    .   90- .       ,               .          ,     ,    .          1%  .   ,           ;  ,   , ;          . ,    ,   :    ,      . ,    ,     .




       



    , ,       ,      -   (28) (#ran_2467893827164368).        -,   50- .     .  ,            .          ,       ,   ,                .

   ,         .        ,        .     ,     50- ., -,   .  ,      ,    . --         ,       ;   ,     ,      .

 70-  80- .    ,        .   ,        ,  ,         ,        ,          ,      . ,   ,   ,    ,            .   .           ,       :    1993. 18000-20000    ;   1993 . 16 000-17 000    ;    1993 . 10 000-11 000          1993 . 8000-9 000     (29) (#ran_6325479429340145).

 ,       -- ,      ,      . ,     (, North American Free Trade Agreement)      .         .           .       .         .

  (, )       (, ),          .     .        ,    ,        ,     .                   ,           .       ,   ,    .           .            (30) (#ran_9847314168563481).




 



     .   ,   ,    :       ,   ,      ,        .     ,               .

   , ,  ,     .    ,    ,     ,      (     ),              .         ,    ,   ,       .

 , ,      .      ,         ,   ,     .      ,            .             ,       .

      ,       ,       .     ,   .




 



    ,    ,    ,  ,      ,          .             :    ,      ,                .  -  ,     ,         ,        ,    .        ,  , ,     .      ,   -     (    ,   , , ),        - .          (        ),          ,   .     ,       ,   ,            ,     ,       .

  ,       ,         .   ,     ,   .                (, ),       ( ,           ),      (     ,       ;  ,       ),        ().        ( ,   ),         (, , , , , , ).  ,     (),          ().            (?).

            .     .     ;    .      .     .

          ,       .    .        ,  .     ,      ,    - ;   .       ,      .                  ,       .       ,     ,      ,       .

            .     ,  ,       ,       .     , , ,    .           .     ,          ,      - ,                ,      ,   .

     ,  ,      (  ).     , ,     .        (,   ),     .       .     ,          -,     .      ,             . ,      ,  ,    -   ?

         .        (    )    .             .         .      .      .   -  ,  .

     ,  ,      .      -      : ,         .    ,      ,      .          .       .    50,4%  49,6   ,    ,       60   40     .      18 ,       ,     .

,     , ,       (, , , , )       (, , )    ,   -.      ,   .    ,       .      , ,     ,      ,     ,      .   ,           ,    .

                ,         ,      , ,         .          ,      .  ,     ,    ,      ,     .

  .           ,    .              .       ,         .       ,        - .

    ,        ,      ,        .




 



        ,              .     .

          .        -  .  -     ,           .            ,  ,   ,    ,          .

  ,     ,        (    ),   -  ,         (   ,   ).     ,     .

                 .            .   .




 4

 :    





   



                .                    (    ) (1). (#ran_0471073097584121)    ,        ; ,   ,  . ,   (    ),   ; ,   (    ),   .

            ,    .       ,          ;     ,           ,   . -     ,             ,        ( ).      ,       ,                 .                .    ,         ,   .

       1  1900 .:    ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,        (2). (#ran_5080539451024634)         .        .

      - .       ,    ,     ,  ,     .            .    .      ,          ,      .

       .              6%    (3). (#ran_2972689631827174)  .    ,   .             .

 1917 .     ,       ,     ,    ,   ;     :   ,  ,  ,   ʰ,   ʰ,    ,  , . .     ʰ,   ,  , "  ",  ,    ,    ,   , ,  ,    ,     (4). (#ran_1602979145325080)

        ,   , ,    ,  ,      , ,  ,     (5). (#ran_5635048287695489)       ,     .

   ,      .    ,   ;  ,   ;  ,      ;         ;           .  ,   ,   ,     .      ,     ,          .

 ,  , ,   1990 .      ,    ,      90- .     : , ,    , ,  ,   ,  (    ) (6). (#ran_3971609363251072)       ,       .     ,      .

      .       .        ,   ,  ,      .       ,       ,   .    ,     ,       .           .

   ,    ,   70- .   90-    60% (7). (#ran_6042874351514596)  ,           60%.      

  , ,   ,       ,          .        .         ,   .

      .            -,     .         ,   ,      ,   ,                    .     ,      ,       .         .         ,          .

      /    ,        .            ,    .       (   ),           ,   ,     ,         ,   .

          .           .     128     ,    .       .

             -           . ,     ,      ,        .        ,     ,    .     .          ,         .

 ,     ,   .        ,          ,  ,           ,     .        ,   ,  ,   .

     ( ),   ( )    - ( ).     ,    ,     ,        .       ,  ,   ,             .     ,    ,        ,          .

        ,      ,    ,     ,        .  ,   ,    ,  , , , ,       ,      . ,   , ,    ,    ,      ,     ,           .

       ,      .     .     ,     ,       ,  .    ,         ,   ,      .        (    ),         .

        . -, ,    ,         . -,    .       ,   ,  ,          ,        . -,     . ,             . ,                   .               .

              . ,      ,       .      ,      .     ,             ,      .

           ,          : ,   -      (8). (#ran_1467324689549238)

, ,    .    . ,     ,     .      ,    ,      .     ,     .   ,              .

 1992 .      20,68        19,70         5,94         5,29     ,     (9). (#ran_4293828547060190)    ,      (10). (#ran_1604562135745383)         1992 .  27%     26%     (11). (#ran_7064740918960272)    ,    ,     .

   .                  .          ,                   .          ( 29%),        ( 36%).

       .        ,    ,   ,   .      ,       ,         .       ,       ,           .

     ,       ;   ,          .         ,         .        .    ,     .

   ,        ,      ,     ,   .         .           .       .

    .     .            ,       .                .            -   .             .         .                .

      ,      ,   , , ,   .       ,  , ,      ,        .

         ,     .    ,   .            ,  , ,    ,      ,        .    ,     .       ,        ,    , ,   ,       .

      .   ,            (          )        (          ).       1900 . (    )   ,    ,         (    ),     .      ,          ,     -    .

       ,       .       ,            ,            ,   . , ,    ,  ,      ,            ,   .   ,           .    ,      ,         ,          .         .      ,        ,    ,   .

    ,     ;    ,    . ,    ,          26     (12). (#ran_6047451392589307)

    ,       ,      ,        .            ,     .            ,    ,             .

                 .  ,        ,     23%          17%,   ,      500  ,          (13). (#ran_9371247436201837)          ,      1995 . 24%    (14). (#ran_0153985620625789)        ,       ,     ,     15   (15). (#ran_7407878617039813)

         (     ),                 .             .    ,   ,     ,   ,       .        .

       , -      ,          ,               .      ,                             .              ,     ,       .               ,        . ,       ,    .

       ,      ;             ;      ,           ;      ;                    .  -  ,     ,    ,       .     




:     



       ,       ;         .    ,         ,   .         ,         ,      ,          .      ,         (  )  .

     ,               . ,   ,     ,      ,        ,    .            ,                ,     -      ,     .

          .         ,    ,     ,          .      ,            .

       ,     ,        , ,        (16). (#ran_3842191435408419)   ( )  , ,        ,     ,             . ,           ,   ,         ,      (   . .),     .      ,     ,   .

          .   ,      ,              .

               ,  ,      .      ,       ,      ,    .              ,    ,      .    .               . -              ,      .     ,      .

      90- .,   ,      ,       ,     , ,   ,                  .                .              , ,      ,   ,     .

 ,  ,        ,     ,        ,       ,  .           ,  :       .

           .    16%       ,  5%  .        32%       (17). (#ran_0515297634875832)       .

         ,      ,     ,     .       .         .         .

         .                         ,    .    .        ,        .     ,   .         ,       .  ,     .

  ,    ,       .                ,     , ,          (   , 91      103    ,   ),    ( )   ( ) (18). (#ran_7416960826109390)      , ,    ,       ,     .       .

     ,    ,           .        , ,                    (19). (#ran_7259894041869523)             ,                      .          ,   ,       .

       , , ,       ,  ,        ,     .                 ,          (   )    .   

        .          ,         .      .  ,                 ,   ,          .       ,         .

    ,        .    ,     ,  ,     (   ,      ,   ).     ,  ,     (  ,            -,   ).         ,    (    ,             ). ,     ,  ,     (    ,        ,           ,             ,    ,           ,      ).    ,      ,   ,        .          ,       ,     .        .

  70- .                ,    .       ,    ,        ,    .          .

     ,  ,    .     ,   ,       .             ,              .     ,  ,     ,         ,  ,            .

         .      ,          .          .  1994 .      ,  .        ?       ,         ,      .      ,    ,          ,          .      ,     :            ,    .

   ,       .      ,   ,       ,  Jessi, Espri  Eureka,                     ,        .      ,       ,        .

       .  ,       .   ,     .     ,   ?

        ,     ,      ,      .   ,      .         ,                       ,      ?




    



  , ,  ,  ,      ,        (,    3).       , ,             ?      ,       ,      .  ,    ,      ,   ,      ,           .

    ,    ,           ,      ,     .    (    )       (,    ,          )          .   3   .

   ,    ,        ,  3               (20). (#ran_3808324695363807)    ,     ,   ,     .      .      ,      .       ,       ,       ,         ?

     ,  ,   .         ;          .              ,     ,        .

,          ,           .

  ,      ,        .  ,        ,   .         (     ),           ,   .    ,      ,         .

        ,        ,    ;        ,     ,        ,    .          ,         -  ,   .

        .      ? ,     .         (  , ,   )        .   ,     ,           .

   ,   ,        ,  ,         .      ,                     ,      ,      ,     ,    .

          , ,   ,      ,  .         ,    ;         , ,      ,       ,     ,     ,    .

      ,         ,    (9%  ),   (21). (#ran_8516102979142156)    -   ,    -   , ,,  .           .       ,     ,     ,    ,                   ,    .         ,    ,        .      .        ,   .   ,      ,     ,      ,    .             .

 ,       ,     ,     .




     



      ,        ,    .          ,  .                  .     ( ,   )     ( ,   )     ,     .      .     ,     ,  :  ,       .

        (22). (#ran_6286473018429504)    (  )   21   ,                   (23). (#ran_4512943707658437)  ,    ,          (24). (#ran_9087549714910835)                  , ,        (25). (#ran_8320652121737495)    ,         ,       ,   ,        ,       (26) (#ran_5621357894938128). (#ran_5621357894938127)  , ,     ,   ,   , .

        1995 .         -   ,         ,    ,   ,      .      ,       .   .

  , ,    ,    ,    ,      ,       . ,      ,         ,      . -          .      ,      ,       .

       ,        ,     .   .    ,   .      .    .   .   ,           ,    ,   .      -        .          .         .              .

     ,          ,          .        ,  ,     ,        .       ,         , ,   .      ,     ,   ,  ,   ,     .

            .  ,       .  ,              .           ,   .    ,    . ,    ,      ,   ,       .     .     ( ),       , ,       .

     ,       .                ,               .         ,        .

           ,   ,  ,     .         ,     .              , ,  -,   ,    ,   ,    ,    .        ,      (27). (#ran_3182701674365070)             -  .    1994      ,         *.     ,   (28). (#ran_0975841296546105)          ,      ,    .       ,      . ,   ,        .   ;   .  1995 .        ,              ,      .

 ,      -,          (30). (#ran_2984769048783097)      ?    ?      ?  ,          ,             ,    (31). (#ran_6121736015439854)

     ,     ,  ,  ,   ,   ,     .      -       .      .       .

  ,          (    ,   -      ,   ),    ,           (32). (#ran_8093246747861602)    ,   - , ,    .      ,    .        ,      .

,   ,  .   ,       ,      ,   ,  .       , ,   ,   ,      .   ,         ,    .

   ,  ,  .         ,     ;            .

        (        );       .          ;    ,   ,   ;    ;      ,    . ,   . ,   .  ,         .    -      - .   ,    ,       ,         .   -   (   -  ),  ,      (33). (#ran_9791453250809324)

    ,  ,     - ,  ,     ,       60  44% (34). (#ran_8650812071567324)      ,        ,       (35). (#ran_2405218138569791)

   ,      ,    .   ,   (  )    ,       ,    ,    .      ,       .

      ,     .        .  ,  ,     ,     ;      ,     .      .        ,    .

         ,       .    .      ,      ,      (36). (#ran_9575715082184041)    ,   ,   ,   ,     .    .    ,          ,   ,    .

       (, 1984        ), ,          .      .      ,          ,      .    ,   ,   ,    .

         ,    .  ,          ;       ,      .      ,    ,    ,   ,     .     .   ,     .    ,    (37) (#ran_9532546510962819).         ,       ?

        ,    ,     , ,     ,    .          (, ,    )      (),       .         ,        .

*          .  ,   ,           ,        . . .




 5

 : , , , 





            .           ,     ,     .    ,    ,        .                (1) (#ran_4818769548795237).     ,   ,    ;         ,        ( , , ).   .

,        1941 .      45  .  1991 .    9,9  ,    ,    29  .                    ,     ,      , ,        (2) (#litres_trial_promo).

   ,    2030 .    5,7   8,5   (3) (#litres_trial_promo).         50%       2,8  ,   ,  2      ,     2 .         , ,     ,     ,          .       (  ,  ,  20-25%),         (4) (#litres_trial_promo).

    ,  .   ,      ,      (5) (#litres_trial_promo).    ,     .        40        ,      (6) (#litres_trial_promo).      ,         ,    .   ,        ,     ,      .    ,         (   ),   (7) (#litres_trial_promo).    ,  ,            ,   ,   ,        .         , ,    ,       .  ,    , ,  ,      ,           .

                  - ,    ,   ,            .    ,      .       .    ,    ,      ,       ,       .




  .


   .

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notes






1.International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics, Washington, D. C.,    ; Stuart Holland, Toward a New Bretton Woods (Nottingham, U. K.: Russel Press, 1994), p. 10.


2. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 403.


3. Ibid., p. 314; Robert Solow, Is All That European Unemployment Necessary? The World Economic Laboratory, MIT Working Paper No. 94-06.


4. Labour Pains, The Economist, February 12, 1994, p. 74.


5. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 246; Stock Market indexes, Asian Wall Street Journal, January 1, 1990, p. 18, and August 24, 1992, p. 22.


6. Industrial Growth, The Economist, September 16, 1995, p. 122.


7. Economic Report of the President 1995, pp. 276, 311, 326; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic indicators, August 1995, pp. 2, 15.


8. Daniel R. Feenberg and James M. Poterba, Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High Income Taxpayers, NBER Working Paper No. 4229, December 1992, p. 31.


9. Mexico, International Herald Tribune, May 2, 1995, p. 1.


10. Kenneth E. Boulding, Economics as a Science (New York: McGraw-Hffl, 1970), p. 7.


11. John A. Garraty, Unemployment in History (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), p. 134.


12. Fred Block, Post-Industrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 194.


13. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 79.


14. Martin Carnoy et al., The New Global Economy in the Information Age (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), p. 8.


15. John King et al., Pakistan (London: Lonely Planet Publications, 1993), p. 28.


16. John M. Gowdy, New Controversies in Evolutionary Biology: Lessons for Economics, Methodus, June 1991, p. 86.


17. Robert T. Bakker, The Dinosaur Heresies (New York: Morrow, 1986), p. 16.


18. William J. Broad, New Theory Would Reconcile Rival Views on Dinosaurs' Demise, New York Times, December 27, 1994, p. B7; John Noble Wilford, New Dinosaur Theory: Sulfur Was the Villain, New York Times, January 3, 1995, p. B6.


19. Railway, Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 18, 1972 edition, p. 1126, plate 1.


20. Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984).


21. Robert L. Heilbroner, The Making of Economic Society (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1962), p. 39; The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 109.


22. Jerome M. Segal, Alternative Conceptions of the Economic Realm, in Rationality and Efficiency: New Perspectives on Socio-Economics, ed. Richard M. Coughlin (London: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 288.


P 23. Patrice Higonnet, David S. Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 2.


24. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 8, p. 42.


25. Jane Chisholm and Anne Millard, Early Civilization (Tulsa, Okla.: Osborne, 1988), p. 14.


26. Ibid., p. 17.


27. John Romer, Ancient Lives: Daily Life in Egypt of the Pharaohs (New York: Henry Holt amp; Co., 1984), p. 123.


28. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 204.


29. Gay Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 14.


30. Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 1.


31. James P. Speer, Conflict and War: History, Causes, Consequences, Cures (Fort Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1986), p. 9; Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 132.


32. Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome (Oxford, U. K.: Blackwell, 1989), p. 23.


33. Jean Paul Moreal, The Craftsmen, in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 228; Braudel, History of Civilization, p. 19; Frances and Joseph Gies, Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages (New York: Harper-Collins, 1994), p. 17; M. I. Finley, Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), p. 173.


34. Anthony Marks, Graham Tingay, in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 18.


35. Ibid., p. 32.


36. Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 178.


37. John Matthews, Roman Life and Society, in The Oxford History of the Classical World, ed. John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 752; J. F. Drinkwater and Andrew Drummond, The World of the Romans (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 63.


38. Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p. 7.


39. Ibid., p. 27.


40. Robert Parker, Greek Religion, in The Oxford History of the Classical World, p. 261.


41. Jean Paul Morel, The Craftsmen, in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 321; Jean Michel Carried, The Soldier, in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 228; Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 453.


42. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 20, p. 632.


43. Paul Veyne, The Roman Empire, in A History of Private Life from Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1987), p. 118.


44. Andrea Giardina, The Merchant," in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 245; Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 30, 245.


45. Paul Veyne, Bread and Circuses (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 251.


46. Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p. 31.


47. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, p. xvii.


48. Ibid., p. 16.


49. Ibid., pp. 136, 148.


50. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 454.


51. Leonardo B. Dal Maso,.Rome of the Caesars (Florence: Bonechi Edizioni, 1990), p. 1.


52. Giardina, ed The Romans, p. 33.


53. Paul Veyne, The Roman Empire," p. 163.


54. Yvon Thebert, Private Life and Domestic Architecture in Roman Africa, in A History of Private Life from PaganRome to Byzantium, p. 351.


55. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, p. 251.


56. Alam Peyrefitte, The Immobile Empire (New York: Knopf, 1992), p. 420; Braudel, History of Civilization, p. 168.


57. Robert J. Thomas, What Machines Can't Do: Politics and Technology in the Industrial Enterprise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. xiv, 6, 10.


1. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States 1992, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60-184 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 176.


2. Claudia Goldin and Robert A. Margo, The Great Compression: The Wage Structure of the United States at Mid-Century, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1994, p. 4.


3. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1992, Series P-60 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993), pp. xvi, xvii, 14; Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk, eds., Uneven Tides (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993), p. 7.


4. Daniel R. Feenberg and James M. Poterba, Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High Income Taxpayers, NBER Working Paper No. 4229, December 1992, p. 31.


5. Ibid., p. 5.


6. Margaret M. Blair, CEO Pay: Why Such a Contentious Issue? The Brookings Review, Winter 1994, p. 23; Nancy I. Rose, Executive Compensation, NBER Reporter, Winter 1994-95, p. 11.


7. Nice Work, The Economist, December 10, 1994, p. 67.


8. Robert H. Frank, Talent and the Winner-Take-All Society," The American Prospect, Spring 1994, p. 99.


9. Peter Kilborn, More Women Take Low Wage Jobs Just So Their Families Can Get By, New York Times, March 13, 1994, pp. 16, 24.


10. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1992. p. B-6.


11. Ibid., p. 21.


12. Lynn A. Karoly, Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings in the United States, 1967-1986, Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1992, pp. 107, A 78; Danziger and Peter, eds., Uneven Tides, pp.69, 85, 102, 129; Steven J. Davis, Cross-Country Patterns of Changes in Relative Wages, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, p. 273; Karoly, Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings, pp. 107, 113; Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, U. S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality, Journal of Economic Literature, September 1992, p. 1333.


13. Wealth: The Divided States of America, New York Times, April 23, 1995, p. F2; Steven Sass, Passing the Buck, Regional Review, Boston Federal Reserve Bank, Summer 1995, p. 16.


14. Barry Bluestone, Economic Inequality and the Macro-Structuralist Debate. Eastern Economics Association Meetings, February 1994, p. 8; Lynn A. Karoly, The Trend in Inequality Among Families, Individuals, and Workers in the United States, Rand Corporation, 1992, pp. 44, 66, A16, 221; Lawrence Mishel and Ja-red Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992-1993 (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 14; Male Educated in a Pay Bind, New York Times, February 11, 1994, p. Dl; Richard D. Reeves, Cheer Up, Downsizing Is Good for Some, International Herald Tribune, December 29, 1994, p. 4.


15. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits: 1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60-188 (Washing-

ton, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. x; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), pp. 276, 311.


16.Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 310.


17. Kevin Phillips, Boiling Point: The Decline of Middle Class Prosperity (New York: Random House, 1993), p. xvii.


18. Keith Bradsher, American Real Wages Fell 2.3 Percent in 12-Month Period, New York Times, June 23, 1995, p. D4.


19. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992-1993, p. 36.


20. Jason DeParle, Sharp Increase Along the Borders of Poverty, New York Times, March 31, 1994, p. A18.


21. Center for National Policy, Job Quality Index, November 15, 1993.


22. David E. Bloom and Richard B. Freeman, The Fall of Private Pension Coverage in the United States," American Economic Review, May 1992, p. 539; Virgina L. DuRivage, ed., New Policies for the Parttime and Contingent Work Force (New York: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1992), p. 22.


23. The Urban Institute, Inequality of Earnings and Benefits, Winter/Spring, 1994, p. 21.


24. The Widening Pension Gap, Fortune, March 16, 1995, p. 48; Bloom and Freeman, The Fall of Private Pension Coverage in the United States, p. 540.


25. Karoly, The Trend in Inequality," pp. 44, 66, A16, 221.


26. Steven Greenhouse, Clinton Seeks to Narrow a Growing Wage Gap, New York Times, December 13, 1993, p. Dl.


27. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1993,

p. x.


28.Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 276, 311, 326.


29. Ibid., pp. 276, 326.


30. Kilborn, More Women Take Low Wage Jobs, p. 24; Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994).


31. Keith Bradsher, Sluggish Income Figures Show Gains for Some, New York Times, October 6, 1995, p. A22.


32. U. S. Bureau of Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1993, p. x.


33. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992-1993, p. 72.


34. Tamar Lewin, Mom Is Providing More Income, International Herald Tribune, May 12, 1995, p. 14.


35. Danziger and Gottschalk, eds., Uneven Tides, p. 195.


36. Getting Their Dues, The Economist, March 25, 1995, p. 86.


37. Stephen S. Roach, Announced Staff Cuts of U. S. Corporations, in Morgan Stanley Special Economic Study, The Perils of America's Productivity-Led Recovery, 1994.


38. George Church, The White Collar Layoffs That We're Seeing Are Permanent and Structural, Time, November 22, 1993, p. 35.


39. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Earnings, January 1981 and January 1982, pp. 36, 20.


40. Ibid., pp. 28, 29.


41. Richard E. Caves and Matthew B. Krepps, Fat: The Displacement of Nonproduction Workers from U. S. Manufacturing Industries, The Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 2, 1993, p. 231.


42. John A. Byme, The Pain of Downsizing," Business Week, May 9, 1994, p. 61; Matt Murry, Amid Record Profits Companies Continue to Lay Off Employees, Wall Street Journal, Europe, May 8, 1995, p. 1.


43. Farrell Kramer, AT amp;T and Sprint Plan Big Job Cuts, Boston Globe, November 16, 1995, p. 46.


44. Dean Baker and Lawrence Mishel, Profits Up, Wages Down, Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper (Washington, D. C.: 1995), p. 1.


45. Caves and Krepps, Fat, p. 227.


46. Martin Neil Baily, Eric J. Bartelsman, and John Haltiwanger, Downsizing and Productivity Growth: Myth or Reality, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 4741, May 1994.


47. Martin Orth and Rudiger Edelmann, Flexible Working Times: Only a Trendy Concept? Deutschland, No. 1, February 1994.


48. Deutsche Bank Plan to Cut 10,000 Jobs, New York Times, September 18, 1995, p. C2.


49. German Information Center, Unemployment in Germany, March 1994.


50. Marlise Simons, In French Factory Town, Culprit Is Automation, New York Times, May 12, 1994, p. A3.


51. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America, p. 174; Robert E. Scott and Thea M. Lee, Reconsidering the Benefits and Costs of Trade Protection, Economic Policy Institute Working Paper No. 105, April 1991, p. 41.


52. William J. Carrington, Wage Losses for Displaced Workers: Is It Really the Firm That Matters? Journal of Human Resources, Summer 1993, p. 454.


53. Church, White Collar Layoffs, p. 35.


54. Bruce Butterfield, Working but Worried, Boston Globe, October 10, 1993, p. 1.


55. Companies Rewrite the Rules on Jobs, Financial Times, January 7, 1995, p. 12.


56. Bennett Harrison, Lean and Mean (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 201; Polly Callaghan and Heidi Hartmann, Contingent Work (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1994).


57. DuRivage, ed., New Policies, p. 56.


58. Ibid., pp. 3, 21, 22.


59. Jason DeParle, Report to Clinton Sees Vast Extent of Homelessness, New York Times, February 17, 1994, p. 1; Christopher Jencks, The Homeless, New York Review of Books, April 21, 1994, p. 20.


60. Europe and the Underclass, The Economist, July 30, 1994, p. 19.


61. Homeless in France, International Herald Tribune, December 20, 1994, p. 1.


62. Sylvia Nasar, More Men in Prime of Life Spend Less Time Working, New York Times, December 1, 1994, p. 1.


63. Alan Cowell, Where Juliet Pined Youths Now Kill, New York Times, March 22, 1994, p. A4.


64. Nasar, More Men in Prime of Life, p. 1.


65. Jencks, The Homeless, p. 23; Robert N. Bellah et al., The Good Society (New York: Knopf, 1991), p. 4.


67. . : Peter S. Canellos, The Outer Class, Boston Globe, February 6, 1994.


68. Tamar Lewin, Families in Upheaval Worldwide, International Herald Tribune, May 31, 1995, p. 1.


69. Tamar Lewin, Family Decay Global, Study Says, New York Times, May 30, 1995, p. A5.


70. Urban Institute, Welfare Reform Brief No. 13, p. 3as corrected.


71. The Family: Home Sweet Home, The Economist, September 9, 1995, p. 26.


72. Seth Faison, In China, Rapid Social Changes Bring a Surge in Divorce Rate, New York Times, August 22, 1995, p. 1.


73. Steven A. Holmes, Low-Wage Fathers and the Welfare Debate, New York Times, April 25, 1995, p. A12.


74. Duncan Lindsey, The Welfare of Children (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 69.


75. Robert N. Bellah et al., The Good Society (New York: Knopf, 1991), p. 46.


76. Bob Tyrrell and Charlotte Cornish, Beggar Your Neighbor, Financial Times, November 17, 1993, p. 14.


77. David Popenoe, The Family Condition of America, in Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann, Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 104.


78. Ibid.


79. Ibid., p. 46.


80. Ibid., p. 73.


81. The Family: Home Sweet Home, p. 26.


82. Faison, In China, Rapid Social Changes, p. 1.


83. James Q. Wilson, Culture, Incentives, and the Underclass, in Values and Public Policy, p. 46.


84. Fred Block, Post-Industrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 27.


85. Upon the States' Shoulders Be It, The Economist, March 25, 1995, p. 67.


86. The Future Surveyed, The Economist, September 11, 1993, special section.


87. James Q. Wilson, The 1994 Wriston Lecture, The Manhattan Institute, November 1994.


88. Gunnar Myrdal, Against the Stream (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), p. 175.


89. Peter Drier and John Atlas, Housing Policies Moment of Truth, Challenge, Summer 1995, pp. 8, 70.


90. Jack Beatty, Who Speaks for the Middle Class? The Atlantic, May 1994, p. 73; Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 53.


91. Bellah et al., The Good Society, pp. 141, 175.


92. Phillips, Boiling Point, p. 175.


93. Ibid.


94. David Fletcher, Worst-Off Fall Further Behind, Daily Telegraph, June 3, 1995,

p. 5.


95.Steven Davis, Cross-Country Patterns of Change in Relative Wages, NBER Working Paper, 1994.


96. Inequality, The Economist, November 4, 1994, p. 19; Rich Man, Poor Man, The Economist, July 24, 1994, p. 71.


97. Real Earnings Down for West German Workers, up in East, The Week in Germany, March 11, 1994, p. 4.


98. Ibid.


99. International Herald Tribune, French Staff Takes I Wage Cut, December 27,

1994, p. 10.


100. Susan N. Houseman and Katharine G. Abraham, Labor Adjustment Under Different Institutional Structures: A Case Study of Germany and the United States, Upjohn Institute Staff Working Papers, April 1994, p. 6; R. Dore, Incurable Unemployment: A Progressive Disease of Modem Societies? Center for Economic Performance Paper No. 6, August 1994.


101. Marketing Labour, The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 44.


102. David Marsh, German Exporters Feeling the Squeeze, Financial Times, March 24, 1995, p. 2.


103. Robert Solow, Is AH That European Unemployment Necessary? The World Economic Laboratory, MIT Working Paper No. 94-06, 1993.


104. Labour Pains, The Economist, February 12, 1994, p. 74.


105. Heino Fassbender and Susan Cooper Hedegaard, The Ticking Bomb at the Core of Europe, McKinsey Quarterly, No. 3, 1993, p. 132.


106. Ibid.


107. Doleful, The Economist, October 9, 1994, p. 17.


108. Richard Donkin, World Outlook for Jobs Gloomy, Financial Times, April 27, 1994, p. 4.


109. Ibid.


110. Frank Riboud, Army of Invalids, Worldlink, May/June 1994, p. 5.


112. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 314.


113. Oliver J. Blanchard, European Unemployment, NBER Reporter, Winter 1993-94, p. 7.


114. James M. Poterba and Lawrence H. Summers, Unemployment Benefits, Labor Market Transitions, and Spurious Flows, NBER Working Paper No. 4434, August 1993.


115. The 12% Shame, The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 42.


116. Richard Freeman, The Trouble with Success, The Economist, March 12, 1994 p. 51.


117. How Regulations Kill New Jobs, The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 82.


118. European Bosses Ask for Cuts in Employee Benefits, Straits Times, August 20,


119. Robert J. Gordon, Back to the Future: European Unemployment Today Viewed from America in 1939, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 1988, p. 271.


120. Audren Choi, Daimler Benz Looks to Flee German Woes, Asian Wall Street Journal, March 13, 1995, pp. 1, 2.


121. Dark Days, The Economist, October 9, 1993, p. 59.


122. Nothing Could Be Finer, The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 77.


123. Herr Lazarus, The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 68.


124. Labour Costs, The Economist, May 27, 1995, p. 110.


125. Ariane Benillard, Cost Savings of Relocation Lure German Companies, Financial Times, November 9, 1993, p. 1.


126. New Law Allows Private Employment Agencies, This Week in Germany, April 22, 1994, p. 4.


127. Low Pay Forces Desperate 1 Million to Take Second Jobs, Guardian, October 24, 1994, p. 4.


128. Takeuchi Hiroshi, Reforming Management, Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry, No. 2, 1994, p. 12; Japan: One in Ten? The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 52.


129. Inequality, The Economist, November 4, 1994, p. 19.


130. Shoot Out at the Check Out, The Economist, June 5, 1993, p. 81.


1.Oil, The Economist, July 15, 1995, p. 88.


2. Clyde Prestowitz, Good but Not Good Enough, World Link, March/April 1994, p. 31.


3. Kenneth Gooding, Metals Analysts Expect Fall in Russian Nickel Exports, Financial Times, May 2, 1995, p. 23.


4. Adi Ignatius, Former U. S. Executives Advise Russians How to Convert Military Factories, Wall Street Journal, June 26, 1992, p. D7.


5. Jenny Luesby, Mikki L. Tail, and Chrystia Freeland, Australia Furious' at Soaring CIS Wool Exports, Financial Times, August 24, 1995, p. 5.


6. Craig R. Whitney, West European Companies Head East for Cheap Labor, New York Times, February 9, 1995, p. Dl.


7. Making Shoes in Brazil, The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 61.


8. Richard Eckaus, The Metamorphosis of Giants: China and India in Transition, MIT Working Paper, March 1994.


9. Statistics Cheats Disrupt China's Economic Plans, South China Morning Business Post, August 18, 1994, p. 1.


10. China: Not So Miraculous? The Economist, May 27, 1995, p. 63.


11. Survey: China, The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 9.


12. Paul R. Gregory and Robert C. Stuart, Sow'et Economic Structure and Performance (New York: Harper and Row, 1990], p. 356.


13. Survey: Russia's Emerging Market, The Economist, April 8, 1995, p. 4.


14. Rural Discontent Sparks Alarm, South China Morning Post, February 13, 1995, p. 1; Survey: China, The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 23.


15. United Nations, Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific (New York, 1993), pp. 86, 150.


16. Fund Reviews China's Economy, It's Big, New York Times, May 10, 1993, p. 1.


17. John Gittings, Chinese Whispers in a Vacuum, Guardian, February 3, 1995, p. 26.


18. John D. Friske, Chinese Facts and Figures Annual Handbook, Vol. 18 (Beijmg: Academic International Press, 1994), p. 114.


19. Alice H. Amsden, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Lance Taylor, The Market Meets Its Match: Restructuring the Economies of Eastern Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).


20. Michael W. Bell, Hoe E. E. Khor, and Kalpana Kochhar, China at the Threshold of a Market Economy, International Monetary Fund Report No. 107, September 1993, p. 16.


21. Ibid., p. 58.


22. Michael Specter, Russia's Fall Grain Harvest Seen as the Worst in 30 Years, New York Times, October 10, 1995, p. A10.


23. Wanda Tseng et al., Economic Reform in China, International Monetary Fund Report No. 114, November 1994.


24. Dun's Asia/Pacific Key Business Enterprises, 1993/94 (Sydney, Australia: Dun and Bradstreet Information Series, 1994), p. 223.


25. Jeffrey D. Sachs, Reforms in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union in Light of East Asian Experience (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute for Economic Development, 1995), p. 44.


26.       .


27. USSR, The Economist, July 13, 1991, p. 110.


28. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory (London: Macmfflan amp; Co., 1936), p. 383.


29. A Survey of Vietnam, The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 4.


30. Keith Bradsher, Skilled Workers Watch Their Jobs Migrate Overseas, New York Times, August 28, 1995, p. 1. 31. Andrew Stark, Adieu, Liberal Nationalism, New York Times, November 2, 1995, p. A27.


1. Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus, Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), pp. 901-910.


2.           "Head to Head-(New York: Morrow, 1992)      -    ,       .


3. . R. Mitchell, British Historical Statistics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1933), pp. 104, 253.


4. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 638-43.


5. Lester C. Thurow, Head to Head (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 204.


6. Ibid., p. 45.


7. Eduardo Borenstein et al., The Behavior of Non-Oil Commodity Prices, International Monetary Fund, August 1994, p. 1; International Monetary Fund, Primary Commodities: Market Development and Outlook, July 1990, p. 26.


8.   ,   -   ,             ,       .


9. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Earnings, March 1993, pp. 93, 99.


10. Lawrence F. Katz and Lawrence H. Summers, Rents: Evidence and Implications, Brookings Economic Papers, Microeconomics 1989, pp. 209, 220.


11. Fortune, The Fortune 500, April 19, 1993, p. 254.


12. Put Away Childish Things, The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 14; Survey: The European Union, The Economist, October 22, 1994, p. 1.


13. Brent Schlender, Why Andy Grove Can't Stop, Fortune, July 10, 1995, pp. 90, 94.


14. Lawrence M. Fisher, Microsoft Net Is Stronger Than Expected, New York Times, July 18, 1995, p. D4; Michael A. Cusumano and Richard W. Selby, Microsoft Secrets (New York: Free Press, 1995).


15. Oh What a Difference a Day Makes, Fortune, September 4, 1995, p. 21.


16. Office of Technological Assessment of U. S. Congress, Multinationals and the National Interest, 103d Congress, Washington, D. C., p. 2.


17. John Holusha, First to College, Then the Mill, New York Times, August 22, 1995, p. Dl.


18. William L. OTJeffl, American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945-1960 (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 9-10.


19. Peter Applebome, Study Ties Educational Gains to More Productivity Growth, New York Times, May 14, 1995, p. Y13.


20. JoAnne Yates, Control Through Communications (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).


21. John Koomey, Report for the Department of Energy on Usage of Computers (draft).


22. Daniel Yankelovich, How Changes in the Economy Are Reshaping American Values, Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann, and Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 46.


23. National Issues Forum, Kids Who Commit Crimes (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), p. 24.


24. Ibid., p. 26.


25. Suzanne Hamlin, Time Flies, but Where Does It Go, New York Times, September 6, 1995, p. Cl.


26. Elizabeth Kolbert, Television Gets Closer Look as a Factor in Real Violence, New York Times, December 14, 1994, pp. 1, D20.


27. Ruben Cataneda, Homicides in D. C. Fall, Washington Post, March 30, 1995, p. Bl.


28. Fox Butterfield, Many Cities in U. S. Show Sharp Drop in Homicide Rate, New York Times, August 13, 1995, p. 1.


30. Republic of the Image, New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer 1994, p. 25.


31. Richard Bernstein, 'Jefferson' Turning Rumor into Movie Fact, International Herald Tribune, April 13, 1995, p. 20.


32. Bernard Weinraub, Dole Sharpens Assault on Hollywood, International Herald Tribune, June 2, 1995, p. 3.


33. Robert H. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 279.


34. Shlomo Maital, Minds, Markets, and Money (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 39.


35. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 3.


36. Robert L. Heilbroner, The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 109.


37. The Future of Democracy, and Democracy and Technology, The Economist, June 17, 1995, pp. 13, 21.


1. Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-first Century (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 23.

2. India's Long Multiplication, The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 73.

3. Two Billion More Third World People Predicted by 2030, Boston Globe, August 4, 1994, p. 4.

4. Paul Taylor, AIDS Epidemic Casts Pall over Zimbabwe, International Herald Tribune, March 13, 1995, p, 2,

5. Lester R. Brown, Hal Kane, and Ed Ayres, Vital Signs 1993 (New York: W. W. Norton/World Watch Institute, 1993), p. 106.

6. Barbara Crossette, Severe Water Crisis Ahead for Poorest Nations in Next 2 Decades, New York Times, August 10, 1995, p. A13.

7. Leslie Spencer, Water: The West's Most Misallocated Resource, Forbes, April 27, 1992, pp. 68-74.

8. India's Long Multiplication, The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 73.

9. Growing Population, The Economist, May 20, 1995, p. 116.

10. Charles A. S. Hall et al., The Environmental Consequences of Having a Baby in the United States, Population and Environment, July 1994, p. 509.

11. Virginia D. Abernethy, Population Politics: The Choices That Shape Our Future (New York: Insight Books/Plenum Press, 1993), p. 37.

12. George J. Borjas, The Economics of Immigration, Journal ofEccnumic Literature, December 1994, pp. 1668, 1670.

13. The New Republic, January 20, 1995, p. 24.

14. StevenA. Holmes, A Surge in Immigration Surprises Experts and Intensifies a Debate, New York Times, August 30, 1995, p. 1.

15. Paul J. Smith, East Asia's Immigration Crisis Demands Careful Choices, International Herald Tribune, May 22, 1995, p. 8.

16. Hal Kane, What's Driving Migrations? World Watch, January /February 1995,

pp. 25, 26.

17. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical History of the U. S. (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 105.

18. Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Immigration and the U. S. Labor Market: Public Policy Gone Awry, Public Policy Brief, Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1994, p. 9.

19. Ben J. Wattenberg and Karl Zinsmeister, The Case for More Immigration, Commentary, April 1990, p. 19.

20. Immigration: Tuscon or Bust, The Economist, May 20, 1995, p. 59.

21. Scott Derk, ed., The Value of a Dollar (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994), pp. 52, 53.

22. Suzuki Hiromasa, Problems with Foreign Workers, Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry, November 2, 1994, p. 44.

23. Youssef M. Ibrahim, Muslim Immigrants in Europe: A Population Apart, International Herald Tribune, May 6, 1995, p. 1.

24. National Issues Forum, Admissions Decisions (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995), p. 27; Borjas, The Economics of Immigration, pp. 1670, 1701.

25. Holmes, A Surge in Immigration, p. A15.

26. Harriet Orcutt Duleep, Sociai Security and the Emigration of Immigrants, ORS Working Paper No. 60, p. 10.

27. George J. Borjas, Immigration and Welfare 1970-1990, NBER Working Paper

No. 4872, September 1994. 28 Frederick Rose, "The Growing Backlash Against Immigration Includes Many

Myths," Wall Street Journal, April 16, 1995, p. 1.

29. Holmes, A Surge in Immigration, p. A15.

30. Borjas, Immigration and Welfare 1970-1990.

31. Ibid., p. 22.

32. John Ridding, Disaffected Find a Home in the Front, Financial Times, May 2, 1995, p. 2; William Drozdiak, French Gear Up for 2nd Vote on Presidency, Washington Post, April 25, 1995, p. A12.

33. Arsen J. Darney, ed., Statistical Record of Older Americans (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994), pp. 47, 48, 49, 64.

34. Ageing Population Puts the Strain on Pensions, European, October 28, 1994, p. 20.

35. Aline Sullivan, Retiring Baby Boomers Dread the End of the Boom Times, International Herald Tribune, March 11, 1995, p. 16.

36. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract 2994 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 16; Keizi Koho Center, Japan 1995: An International Comparison, p. 9.

37. Advisory Council on Social Security, Future Financial Resources of the Elderly: A View of Pensions, Savings, Social Security, and Earnings in the 21st Century, December 1991, pp. 12, 13.

38. Ibid., p. 39.

39. Elizabeth Kolbert, Who Will Face the Music? New York Times Magazine, August 27, 1995, p. 57.

40. Financial Times, Editorial, December 19, 1994, p. 13.

41. A Powerful Political Lobby, Financial Times, March 28, 1995, p. viii. 42.Ibid.

43. Barry Bosworth, Prospects for Savings and Investment in Industrial Countries, Brookings Discussion Paper No. 113, May 1995, pp. 12, 14.

44. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996, Historical Tables (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 122.

45. Erik Ipsen, Europe's Ailing Pensions, International Herald Tribune, December 4, 1993, p. 1.

46. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty and Valuation of Noncash Benefits:1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P60-188 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 41, 45.

47. Jean Michel Paul, Belgium's Debt Crisis Is Europe's Too, Wall Street Journal Europe, May 22, 1995, p. C9.

48. Bosworth, Prospects for Savings and Investment, p. 13.

49. Ibid.

50. Daniel B. Radner, The Wealth of the Aged and the Nonaged 1984, Social Security Administration, ORS Working Paper No. 36, 1988.

51. Edward N. Wolff, Changing Inequality of Wealth, American Economics Review, May 1992, p. 554.

52. Ann Reilly Dowd, Needed: A New War on the Deficit, Fortune, November 14,

1994. p. 191.

53. The Budget Pain WH1 Come and the Young Will Suffer, International Herald Tribune, February 18, 1995, p. 6.

54. Health Spending, The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 98.

55. Richard W. Stevenson, A Deficit Reigns in Sweden's Welfare State, New York Times, February 2, 1995, p. 1.

56. Stripping Down the Cycle, The Economist, July 3, 1993, p. 61.

57. House of Debt, The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 14.

58. Public Sector Finances, The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 115.

59. Paul, Belgium's Debt Crisis, p. 8.

60. Newt Gingrich, Contract withAmerica (New York: Times Books, 1994), p. 115.

61. French Finance Minister Resigns, Boston Globe, August 26, 1995, p. 2.

62. Robert Pear, Panel on a U. S. Benefits Overhaul Fails to Agree on Proposals, New York Times, December 15, 1994, p. A24.

63. Taking Care of Granny," The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 25.

64. Health and Wealth, special issue of Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fall 1994.

65. John Fender, Not Such a Safe Haven,.Financial Times, December 23, 1994, p. 15.

66. Sylvia Nasar, Older Americans Cited in Studies of National Savings Rate Slump, New York Times, February 21, 1995, p. 1.

67. Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 149; David Popenoe, The Family Condition of America, in Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann and Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 104.

68. . : Alan Riding, Passions Ignited, French Students Protest Wage Policy Again, New York Times, March 26, 1994, p. 3.

69. Dennis Kelly, Seniors Much Less Likely to Back Local Education Bonds, USA Today, June 30, 1993, p. 1.

70. William Celis, Schools Reopen in Town That Made Them Close, New York Times, September 2, 1993, p. A14; Isabel Wilkerson, Tiring of Cuts, District Plans to Close Schools," New York Times, March 21, 1993, p. 20.

71. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 8; Stephan P. Magee, William A. Brock, and Leslie Young, Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. xv.

72. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States, 1992, Current Population Reports, Series P60-184, pp. 148, 150.

73. John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, eds., The New Palgrave: Social Economics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 10; Statistisches Budesamt, Sta-tistisches Jahrbuch 1994, Federal Republic of Germany, p. 82.

74. Michael V. Leonesio, The Economics of Retirement: A Nontechnical Guide, ORS Working Paper No. 66, Social Security Administration, April 1995, pp. 65, 66.

75. Leslie Wayne, Pension Changes Raising Concerns, New York Times, August 29, 1994, p. 1.

76. Skimpy Savings, Fortune, February 20, 1995, p. 38.

77. Ibid.

78. Why Baby-Boomers Won't Be Able to Retire, Fortune, September 4, 1995, p. 48.

79.Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. The Economics of Aging," Business Week, September 12, 1994, p. 60.

82. Louis Uchitelle, Retirement? Most Americans Have Grown to Fear It, International Herald Tribune, March 27, 1995, p. 3.

83. Scott Lehigh, Social Security, Boston Globe, August 20, 1995, pp. 81, 82.

84. Dean R. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, ORS Working Paper No. 67, Social Security Administration, April 1995, p. 28.

85. Assar Lindbeck, Uncertainty Under the Welfare State, Seminar Paper No. 576, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, July 1994, p. 6.

86. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, p. 26.

87. Dowd, Needed: A New War on the Deficit, p. 191; Internal Revenue Service, Form 1040A, 1994 (Washington, 0. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993).

88. Sweden: Judgement Day, The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 37.

89. The Enlightened Welfare Seeker's Guide to Europe," The Economist, March 12, 1994,

90. Assar Lmdbeck, Overshooting, Reform, and Retreat of the Welfare State, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, No. 499, 1994.

91. Barry P. Bosworth and Alice M. Rivlin, eds., The Swedish Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookmgs Institution, 1987), pp. 199, 207.

92. Sweden Shows Effects of Painful Cure, Financial Times, November 8, 1993, p. 3.

93. Damon Darlin, A New Flavor of Pork, Forbes, June 5, 1995, p. 146.

94. Expanded Medicaid Crowded Out Private Insurance, The NBER Digest, 1994, p. 1.

95. Yair Aharone, The No Risk Society (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1981), pp. 48, 62.


