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 ,           ,       ,        ,        .                       ,       ,  ,       ,     ,          .

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 .  





1. 


  (  ),      ,        ,      .  ,      ,    ,    ,       .           (,   ),       .                    .

        .        .   ,          (  ()           1998.).        ( -),         .   ,              , . 3. 847[1 -  ,   //  . 1994. 32. . 3301 ( , .);  ,   //  . 196 5. . 410 ( , .)]       ,   ,             , ,    , ,       .    ,   ,             3  1998. 277-[2 -   . 1998. 46 ( , .).] (         24  2004. 266-       ,     [3 -   . 2005. 17 ( . .).]).

  ,         ,                  ,           .   .          ,            : 1)      ,     ; 2)              (  ,  ,   ).                ,     , ,   . ,   ,        ,  ,       ,      .

               .          ,       -   .                 .    , -,  , -            .         - .                (      , ).      ,                 ,    ,     .

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.  







             :  ,      .         ,            .     ,        ,          .             ,      .   ,       (network-based)      ,              .      ,         -        ,         .       ,             ,      -             .  ,         ,    ,   ,   ,    , -  P2P (peer-to-peer) . , ,                 .

            ,      .           ,  ,   .,         .         ,          ,     .                ,    ,        ,   .              ,    ,   .       ,  ,             .

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  ,

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  ,

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2.  


     ,        ,         .        ,    , .. ,       .     ,  ,  ,           .                 ,          . ,   ,      ,      ,    ,                .

    -,      ,     . -         , -       ,        .         ,             .                     .

            :       . ,       ,      ,     .   ,  ,       ,      ,   ,      (.1).

    ,   .            .        ,      .




.1.    



    ,       1998.,     :       ,            ,    ,           ,  ,     .          18  2000. 2000/46/           ,   [4 - Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2000/46/EC of 18.09.2000 On the taking up, pursuit of and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions // OJL 275, 27.10.2000. (Art. 1).],         ,     , :

1)   ;

2)             ;

3)       ,    .

 , ,  ,     ,      .         (2001.),          ,         ,        ,       - (,   ,   )    .      ,  ,     ,    ,    .   ,      ,   ,  ,  ,    ,    .        ,    ,    ,   .             .                 ()[5 - Survey of electronic money developments, Committee on Payment and Settlements Systems Bank for International Settlements, November 2001. P. 1].

         ,     .            ,       ,     ,    ,              (    ),       ()       ,       [6 -  . .       :  . . . ., 1999. . 37.].

                ,  ()                   ,     .                -




 Survey of electronic money developments, Committee on Payment and Settlements Systems Bank for International Settlements, November 2001. P. 1       .          .

            ,          ( ,      ) ,                  .

        ,           ,      ( ,   ..):       ,   ,             ,    .

   ,   ,            -  ,          ,     .                ,    ,        ,    , ,   ()   ,    ,    .

           .         :

                    (. 44  )    ,      (. 42  );

                (. 45  );

            (. 24  );

           (. 46  ).

           1998.       ,          ,         ,                  ,    ,      ,   .                ( 11),  20  1998.,                  ,       .

       , ,           ,     3  1998. 277-                (   277-),                   [7 -           ,          .].                                [8 -         .]  (             ),               .

,       ,   :       ;    .          ;              ,   ,       ;         ,   ,         ;        ,    ,   ,         .

         :     ;          ,   ,         ;            .

    277-              (         ,           ).

  277-    ,          .    , ,        ,     .       24  2004. 266-       ,      (   266-)  277-  .

   266-          ,      ,      .                (    2008. 450. , 18    ).

  ,    ,        ,      ,          (  ,   )      , ..      ,   .              .

          ,     .           ,                  ,  ,  ,     .

         ,     (   )                .              ,      .              .

        .      . 3. 847  ,  ,          ,   ,             , ,    , ,       .     ,       ,                       .            . 3. 847             .           ,         .

          (  )    :

1)                                  (. 9. 1. 5   2  1990. 395-1     [9 -  . 1996. 6. . 492 (  .).].               .    ,    ,         (   ,    ..)   , ..             (, )  ,             .       (  ),             ,      30  50 ,   (,   ..)    ,    ,     . , ,   ,     2 .        ,       ,                  ,    ,    ;

2)    ,       .    2006. . 13.1         ,    ,     ,   ,                              ,             .                    .                 ,             ,        .

    (     )            ,             ,        ,          ,      ,                    .

           .

1.      ,       (  ),    ,           .

     (     )    ,               (   ,      , , )    (              ),           .

2.        .        ,  ,    2000/46/      18  2000. ,           ,  2007/64/      13  2007.     .

      :

         ,      ,    .       ,       (    );

   ,            ;

   ,        .           ;      ,    .                  ,   ,  ,   ;

          ,    ,   ,     ;

         ,                   ;

            ,        .

3.              () ,   ,    (  /),         FATF (    ,  2006.).   /        ,      7  2001. 115-    () ,   ,   [10 -  . 2001. 33 (. I). . 3418 ( , .).]              .   (    )     :

       24  2003. 179-                    ,    ,      ,      ,                  ,         ,  600000 ;

       30  2006. 115-        () ,   ,       ,        ( -),           ,     ( ),    ,           ( ),       ( )       ( -).     ,        ( )       ( -),           () ,   ,        262-[11 -     19  2004. 262-            () ,   ,    //   . 2004. 54 ( , .).];

      27  2007. 60-                ( -),                        (),    ,      .                  .

,       () ,   ,                 ,           ,    ,      (, ,  ,  )    (   ,     ,     ),       [12 -         . . .: , 2009.].




3.   





3.1.  





Perfect Money


www.perfectmoney.com (http://www.perfectmoney.com/)



   Perfect Money   Perfect Money Finance Corp.,   ,        .    Perfect Money Finance Corp.    2008.,  Andrew Draper,              .      ,     ,   2006.,         Erich Hans    .        Perfect Money,      Perfect Money Russia,     ,   - Perfect Money  .

   ,         .      ,      .

          ,        :



Dear New Perfect Money Member,

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The PerfectMoney Company



    Perfect Money    Normal.    : Normal, Premium  Partner.  Premium       ,         .  Partner  ,    ,      .     :     Personal,     Business.   ,      Perfect Money Finance Corp.    ,      ,     . 1.22  :        ,   - ,          .

     ,          .    2008. Perfect Money       E-gold,    2008.   ()     WebMoney.

      Perfect Money     : Perfect Money API Merchant,     ,        .   ,       ,           .

Perfect Money     ,         ,    .       ,    , SMS-,  .




Kleline


www.kleline.fr (http://www.kleline.fr/)



Kleline     1996.    Compagnie Bancaire  LVMH (Louis Vuitton-Moet-Hennesy).       BNP-PARIBAS,             ,   ,    [13 - .:  . .,  . .,  . .        . ., 2004. . 390.].           .   ,   20 .,     ,       .    ,   100 . ,            .  ,    20  100 .       .

   Kleline  Klebox  PACK (personal authentication and certification kit)    .         SACK (server authentication and certification kit),               Kleline.

              .  ,     ,      PIN (  ).

            .        Kleline         .               .




Pecunix


http://pecunix.com/ (http://pecunix.com/)



Pecunix    ,    gold-based e-currencies,       .     2002.     Pecunix Incorporated.         .   Pecunix    (Simon Davis).

     Pecunix    (GAU).  , 1 Pecunix     .              (OAU),    31,1034768 Pecunix.  , ,     ,  E-gold, Pecunix       .     ,      ,   .




.2.  [14 - .: http://pecunix.com (http://pecunix.com/)]



Pecunix   ,  22   (     ),     .    Pecunix     ,      -.

  ,   PGP-     ,  .         (    Micky Mouse 

Master of Universal). Pecunix     ,               5 .

Pecunix        ,    .     0,5%     100 ;     100,      0,15%.        3 .       0,0001 .         .

     ,    ,          :

   ;

   ;

      .

     ,              ,         Pecunix.        ,      .




2Checkout


www.2checkout.com (http://www.2checkout.com/)



         1999.    .      2Checkout.com, Inc (,  ).       ,    ,      ,   -         .    ,      -,        .                  .            .

     2   ,      ,  :  ,       .




V-Money


www.v-money.net (http://www.v-money.net/)



  V  Money     2005.,       Globyte SA,     .  2006.     ,       .       V  Money    .         .

        -         ,    .   ,    V  Money,     Exchange Partners    .            Roboxchange,       .    ,  2007. Roboxchange       V  Money    ,          V  Money   .              V  Money     .               Cirrus/Maestro,      .         .




GoldMoney


www.goldmoney.com (http://www.goldmoney.com/)



GoldMoney   ,      (gold-based e-currencies),     E-gold, E-Dinar, e-Bullion, D  Carat, INT Gold  ..

 GoldMoney     2001.,   GoldMoney   Net Transactions Limited,       .      . - (St Helier)       -.

        ,   GoldGrams.    GoldGrams      mils.    GoldMoney  GoldGrams     .     GoldMoney     ,    2004.      .

,    GoldMoney,     .    GoldMoney      .      GoldMoney      .

    ,       - .    ,    GoldMoney        ,      .     GoldMoney     (standart rate)      .    ,      .    (CAP-veryfield)       2,000   5,000      GoldMoney Member    .

  GoldMoney    .         ,   .




E-dinar


www.e-dinar.com (http://www.e-dinar.com/)



E-dinar (www.e-dinar.com (http://www.e-dinar.com/))       .       , ..   ,    ,     (gold-based e-currencies).    - (E-dinar)  - (E-dirham).  -  4,25  (24 ), -  3  999- .      ,  ,      ,   .           -  -  .   ,               ,         (   ).

   (E-dinar),   ,   2000.     ,     .        ()  E-dinar Ltd    ()  E-dinar FZ-LLC.     Emirates Bank International,        Emirates Gold DMCC.

   ,    ,    ,      ,    ,       .

E-dinar    , ,  ,    (    ).       ,    ,     ,           .

 :

1)     ;

2)-   ;

3)     ;

4)    .

 E-dinar, ,      PayPal  WebMoney,      ,     . , E-dinar   ,     -          .




e-Bullion


www.e-bullion.com (http://www.e-bullion.com/)



 e-Bullion          2000.  4  2001.  [15 -    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Bullion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Bullion)].     . E-Bullion     gold-based e-currencies, ..       .     e-Bullion                 .

        ,      ,    ,    .   Goldfinger     e-Bullion   ,      ,        e-Bullion.    Goldfinger Bullion Reserve Corporation   -, ,     .      ,    e-Bullion,  .

     :

      e-Bullion;

     ;

   ,   .

E-Bullion       cryptocard

   .  cryptocard     PIN- ,           ,             .

       ,          Plus, Star, Pulse, Interlink,       Visa International.     E-Bullion ,          Visa.  , ..        .

    , ,      ,         Goldfinger      .             ,                .




E-gold


www.e-gold.com (http://www.e-gold.com/)



E-gold    ,    gold-based e-currencies,         -  ,           ,     .     ,    : , ,   .    ,      .  E-gold Ltd.    .                 E-gold.          .                 .   E-gold       .  1996.  Gold & Silver Reserve, Inc.    .         ( 31).

         .  2006  2007.     ,  ,     07-109 (   : 05-CV-2497),      E-gold Ltd., GOLD&SILVER RESERVE INC,  . ,  .    . .    :  18   ,  1956 (      );  18   ,  371 ( );  18   ,  1960 (     );  26 1002     (     );  18   ,  2 (,     )   18   ,  982 () (1) (   )[16 -             .      . .: , 2008.].

          :

 E-gold Ltd. (    E-gold)       E-gold,          ,           -: www.e-gold.com (http://www.e-gold.com/). E-gold      - ( -  ),      . ,  , ;

 GOLD&SILVER RESERVE INC. (    GSR)      E-gold   -,         OmniPay   ,   ,   ()   E-gold.  OmniPay       - www.omnipay.com (http://www.omnipay.com/);

 .     ,      E-gold  GSR (    E-gold).  ,     55% (  )   GSR;

 .   , , -    E-gold  GSR.     20% ( )   GSR;

 .      E-gold  GSR.  ,     3% ( )   GSR.

    :

1. E-gold      ,   ,      ,         ,           .

2. ,     E-gold,     .   ,       ,      . E-gold    -   ,      ,   E-gold  ,                .

3.        E-gold      ,       ,   ,    ,   ,  , , ,    .

4.              E-gold   ,    E-gold   .

5.-           E-gold        ,    ,            HYIP,        .   ,  ,         ,   ,       - ,           .               -             . E-gold      ,        ,         .

6.    E-gold      HYIP         ,   HYIP      .  E-gold     ,        ,          E-gold   .

7. E-gold      ,               .  -                ,      ,       ,     .   -       ,     ,     ,            E-gold    .

8.  ,  E-gold           .   -,   , E-gold        .

9.      E-gold       (  ).  E-gold                .

10.E-gold                ,             E-gold   ,    ,   ,  E-gold   .    E-gold       . ,  ,      .

      :

1)      ;

2)          ;

3)     ;

4)     .

    ,  ,       ,        .




Google Checkout


www.checkout.google.com (http://www.checkout.google.com/)



  Google Checkout     - Google,      .    2006.          -.    PayPal  MoneyBookers,  :   Google Checkout       ,    .          -,      . ,     ,          .  , Google Checkout , ,   ,         ,      .

      ,    -   .         ,     (chargeback resolution policy).  Google Checkout      ,             .     ,        e-mail  .

 ,      Google Checkout  .        e-mail      .

  Google Checkout   PayPal          .               Google.      eBay    Google Checkout   .




AlertPay


www.alertpay.com (http://www.alertpay.com/)



  AlertPay   2004.,     ,   .           (    ).

     ,    ,         :

1)personal starter.       ,        ;

2)personal pro.         ,      ;

3)business.        ,   .     .

        ,       ,      .

AlertPay       ,     ,  :  -     .




NetCash


www.netcash.com (http://www.netcash.com/)



 NetCash      ,      DigiCash. NetCash     (ISI)    ()      (MIT).        ,   ARDP (Asynchronous reliable delivery protocol),         .

      NetCash       NetBank  .            NetCash       ,        .   NetCash     ,   ,    .     ,  NetBank       .

  NetCash       :

1)      ,    .         ,     ;

2)                 ,    ,         .           ;

3)            ,       :

)       ,           ;

)          ,     .         : ,    ,      ,      ;

)  ,          .  ,       ; ,     ,          .        ,    ;

4)    -           ;

5)  , -     ,          ,      ;

6)       ,           .

        .       .              (, ).          : ,   ,      .




Fiserv (CheckFree)


www.checkfree.com (http://www.checkfree.com/)



CheckFree    1981.     ,  ,      1997.    CheckFree   ,   , , , , , , , , -, , , -, ,      ,   .

  2007.  Fiserv Inc.                CheckFree.    Fiserv Inc.  CheckFree   4,4 .

,  48 .   .       Fiserv.

    .     CheckFree          .    Fiserv (CheckFree)                .         .           Fiserv (CheckFree),      .

            .                ,     ,        

,  ,    .          .




E-Ls


www.e-ls.lv (http://www.e-ls.lv/)



 E-Ls    2002.  ELS International. ELS International    ELMI (Electronic money institute)    .    ,    .       eEUR, eUSD, eLVL, eGBR   ( 20).      ,   1/100  .     ,   E-Ls,    -.           E-Ls        ELS International, SIA.

       ,    WebMoney.

E-Ls    ,           . ,     ,         ,        




GIR0PAY


www.giropay.de (http://www.giropay.de/)



GIROPAY     ,   2006.  ,      .       Postbank  Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken.

GIROPAY , ,     ,         -.      ,         GIROPAY.              ,          GIROPAY.  ,          ,  PayPal  Moneybookers,        ,   .    GIROPAY      ,  ,                 .

GIROPAY       ,  ,       .

     GIROPAY    ,                   .




PayPal


www.paypal.com (http://www.paypal.com/)



      PayPal    1998.        ,      ,  .            Palm Pilot   ,               .             . PayPal Inc.    ,        29 .      : Personal Accounts, Premier Accounts  Business Accounts.  ,   ,      Wells Fargo.  2002.   PayPal    - eBay.

 PayPal          -      .                ,       .            ,         .          PayPal        .  PayPal           ,    .

     eBay,                    ,     Send Money   for eBay Items.

       ,    2006.       ,   .  ,        , ,   .




WebDollar


www.webdollar.com (http://www.webdollar.com/)



 WebDollar    1997. ,         .       ,  WebDollar        ,        -. WebDollar    ,      (-,    ..).          2006. WebDollar    Moneta.ru,   ,              .

   WebDollar                .

 WebDollar    :

             ;

        ;

      ;

       .

        , , , , , .




Moneybookers


www.moneybookers.com (http://www.moneybookers.com/)



Moneybookers     ,                      (The financial services authority, FS A) .     Gatcombe Park Ventures Limited, .                (2000.)      . Moneybookers Ltd.   FSA      ,   .  FSA Moneybookers    214225.

         ,       ,       .             -,    Moneybookers.

       Moneybookers      :



MONEYBOOKERS       




       PayPal     ,     PayPal           .             ,        .




ePassporte


www.epassporte.com (http://www.epassporte.com/)



   ePassporte     2003.     ,        .       - ( , ).

        :   Visa      VISA VIRTUAL    Visa Electron        EPASSPORTE VISA CARDS.         CVV,         ,   .     Visa           .




.3.   ePassporte



         ID-    : _@epassporte.com. ePassporte    (personal)     - (business)  .

              ,  -    .              EPASSPORTE VISA CARDS.

 ,         ePassporte  2006.        (. ):



Account Holders from this country are subject to the following limited Account Features:







 ,                     .            ,      -   .




NETELLER


www.neteller.com (http://www.neteller.com/)



NETELLER   ,       ,           .  ,    ,      160  , ,  ,     .

 NETELLER    1999.   ,  NETELLER (UK) Ltd       (The financial services authority, FSA) .  FSA NETELLER    229737.

    :

NEOVIA Financial Pic, Audax House, Finch Road, Douglas, IM1 2PT, Isle of Man;

NETELLER (UK) Ltd, 2 Mount Pleasant, Cambridge, CB3 ORN, United Kingdom;

NETBANX Ltd, 2 Mount Pleasant, Cambridge, CB3 ORN, United Kingdom.

  2006.     ,     PayPal  E-gold.    2006.      -.   ,         -, NETELLER   .

  2007.     ,         -,        .   The Guardian        NETELLER  .       (Neil Donovan),  NETELLER           ,       -.     NETELLER   ,            . 17  2007.    NETELLER     ,    .   ,    -     NETELLER,      ,    [17 -    MoneyNews.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/a-v-puhov/elektronnye-dengi-internet-platezhi/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ,   //  . 1994. 32. . 3301 ( , .);  ,   //  . 196 5. . 410 ( , .)




2


  . 1998. 46 ( , .).




3


  . 2005. 17 ( . .).




4


Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2000/46/EC of 18.09.2000 On the taking up, pursuit of and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions // OJL 275, 27.10.2000. (Art. 1).




5


Survey of electronic money developments, Committee on Payment and Settlements Systems Bank for International Settlements, November 2001. P. 1




6


 . .       :  . . . ., 1999. . 37.




7


          ,          .




8


        .




9


 . 1996. 6. . 492 (  .).




10


 . 2001. 33 (. I). . 3418 ( , .).




11


    19  2004. 262-            () ,   ,    //   . 2004. 54 ( , .).




12


        . . .: , 2009.




13


.:  . .,  . .,  . .        . ., 2004. . 390.




14


.: http://pecunix.com (http://pecunix.com/)




15


   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Bullion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Bullion)




16


            .      . .: , 2008.




17


   MoneyNews.


