  .  ,     
 


   ࠖ     ,   ,        .  ,          ,               .

    ,      ,     ,        .

       ,      ,                젖  .

             :          蠖  ,      .





 

  .  ,     



 . 

 . 

  . 

 . 

  . 

 . , . , . 

  . 



Copyright 2020 by Daniel Yergin

   , , .   , 2021



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .


?


, ,   










     ,         .           .          , ,   ,          ,        , ,   ,      ,      .

     .      ,   ,  ,     ,     ,   ,   .   ,    ,    ,  , ,  ,            .

    ,     :        ,               ,   젖        ;   (  )         젖     ;     , -       ;      ,   ,       ;                  .



           ,      ,            .                  XXI.  .         70-  80- .  ,              .      ,         ,         .

        ,       ,       ,      ,     .    -  .  ,        ,     ,     ,         -,            -     .

    70- .   ,        -     .      ,            ,   ,              .          ,    -        .



     ,   ,      ,    -   -  ,        ,   -        . ,    ,          . ,      ,        ,            .    ,        ,          ,      .

,       15  ,  ,       ,     ,      .      2014.    - .      ࠖ            蠖         .

 -    ,    80- .             ,  .  ,         ,   ,  .           :   ,  蠖 .



      ,       ,           .  ,      ,        (,   ,   ).        : ,   , ,   .        ,               ,         .       - ,         .        ,  ࠖ    .

    ,      ,    ,         .   ,       ,   .       ,     ? ,    ,   ,         ?           ,           ,      .

         .      ,     .                .            ,   .  ,  ,       .   ,  ,  ,           ,    .



           ,    ,   ,       .       ,      .             ,    .                ,     ,       ,  .         ,        ,    ;     ,         ,   VII,    .                   ,    ,    ,     XIX.    ࠖ      ,    40.

,         .         :  ,     , ,    .   ,   ,   ,   , -   .      ,   2014.,      .   10    -   ;     ,     .      .    ,           .          ?         -     , ,    .

          ,   ,            ,  , ,        .   ,         ,      .     ,       .            : ,    ;  Mobility as a Service[1 -          ,   . . .],         ; ,    .           ,     (  ,    ,     ),     .



   ,           (    ),      .                      .           ,  ,     (80%  ,   30 ,  ,  )  ,       .    ,   2015.,     ,             .        ,      ,          , ,    ,          . ,      ,   ,         ,     ⠖    .

           . -   ,    .             .     ,      ,    ,   ,    .                ,   .

              .      ,       :  ,      (The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World).         ,   ,          XIX.,     ,   ,        ,    195    2015. ,   ,      .    蠖   ,     ,    ,  ,  ,     ,    .    ࠖ           ,      ,      .

      堖        ,      ,        ,         .

   .




  





 1




      ,    ,       ( )    35   40     ,        ( 堖 1395).     ,      ,   ,         ,    .   蠖       ( )   407.  ,        ,             .   堖    . .  4 (SH Griffin #4).    ,      1998.

         .       -           .   . .  4       ,  -      .

        ,     ,     .   ,   . .  4,    ,         ()     (       ,   ).                  . .

      ,   ,     . .  4              .

 1901.            ,        蠖    .  ,        ( ),     .          ,         .           A&M,             .        .    ,        ,        .              .

      ,      .              ,       .   70- .       ,       .           .

  1972.      ,   젖 ,     .   ,  ,      ,     .       .         ,       ,   .       ,   ,    -   .

    ,                 44. ,    .     .     ,     .          ,    :  ,         (   )[2 - Loren C. Steffy, George P. Mitchell: Fracking, Sustainability, and an Unorthodox Quest to Save the Planet (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2019), p. 174 (livable forest), p. 23; interview with Dan Steward; Gregory Zuckerman, The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters (NewYork: Portfolio/Penguin, 2013), p. 21; Dan Steward, The Barnett Shale Play: Phoenix of the Fort Worth Basin (Fort Worth: Fort Worth Geological Society, 2007); Russell Gold, The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World (NewYork: Simon & Schuster, 2014).].      100000.

         .     .   Mitchell Energy    ,         10%     .   ,    ,   .    - .        .

 1981.      ,     .      ,    ,          .              䠖    .  , ,  ,           ,     . ,  ,      ,    .

     ,          ,       ,       .      . ,       ,   ,        .      ,    .

      ,     ,    XIX.     .    5000.       ,  .      --,       .      ,     .     ,          ,          .       ,     .      , ,    ,        ,      .        40- .           .      .

        ,    .   ,    ,      .          -      .      ,     ,      ,  :     . ,    , Mitchell Energy      .    -  .

  90- .     .      . Mitchell Energy     .     543 .       ,      : ,   .   :     .      .    .     .      ,     ,  .    - ,     [3 - Interview with Dan Steward; Steward, The Barnett Shale Play; Gold, The Boom; Steffy, George P. Mitchell, p. 23 (sad); Roger Galatas, Why George Mitchell Sold the Woodlands, The Woodlands History, December 2011 (hated).].



 1998.      蠖    .          ,       .          ,   ,      ,  ,      [4 - Interview with Dan Steward; Steffy, George P. Mitchell, p. 254 (quarter billion).].

 , 34-  Mitchell Energy,    ,     .                    ,         .  ,      ,        .            ⠖   .

 ,      ,   ,    .           , , ,    .           .         ,        .          .           ,        ,             .  1997.    ,    ,      ,    .

      .    . .  4    ( ).   -        ,          .   1998.   .  ,  ,    , -  .     .

     .        .     .        .

          .    .

           ,     ,     .         Mitchell Energy  .       . ,     ,      17      .        ,       .   ,    ,     .

        Mitchell Energy    .      ,   Devon Energy   ,    Mitchell Energy    .    :   ?    ,       ?  Devon Energy     ,  Mitchell Energy   .     Mitchell Energy   .  2002. Devon  Mitchell  2,2 . ,  ,      ,     , ,  Mitchell  .

  ,       ,        ,    Devon  .    ,       (       )  ,     .           .         ,      -  .       ,    80-  90- .     .          :   ,  ,      ,    堖       ,     90      . ,   ,       .  Devon       [5 - Interviews with Dan Steward, Nick Steinsberger, and Larry Nichols.].



  2003.    , ,     ,    ,   750    ,   -  ,      ( ).        ,       .    .          .  ,   .      ,              .   : ,        .

      ,    ,        .       .

   ,  .  ,             .    ,   .     .      ,  ,  .

-    ,   ?   .

       ,                 . ,     ࠖ           砖 .  ,           蠖             ,  ,    . ,        ,         ,      [6 - Balancing Natural Gas Policy: Fueling the Demands of a Growing Economy, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: National Petroleum Council, September 2003), p. 16; National Petroleum Council, Committee on Natural Gas, September 3, 2003, transcript, pp. 30-31 (hell of a big difference).].

      2003.,                  ,    Devon        ,  37,7?.         55 .

  Devon        ,        .               ,       ,     ,    ,  .    ,      ,  , ,        ,      .

       Devon    蠖       ,     ,    .   ,   [7 - Interview with Larry Nichols.].



         ,         .       ,       .   -       ,      .                  ,     .  ,       ,       ,       .

 ,        젖   ,       ,      ,  ,  ,      ,      ,   .       ,      ,    ,    .

                ,         .  ,    ,        ,   .     ,    蠖    ,     .      [8 - Land man   ,      ,   . . .].      ,                       ,   , , .

           ,  ,    ,        ࠖ   .    ,  ,       -    ,       .       ,  ,  .        ,       .      ,      ,     .     ,   Wall Street Journal,          .     ,      ,      .          [9 - Russell Gold, Natural Gas Costs Hurt US Firms, Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2004.].

   2008.           5%  ,  ,  .      ,   .             .     .  ,   頖  , , , , , ,  蠖    ,              .

          .   2010.    ,        , ,    ,  ,  70% ,     .        :         ,   䠖  ,     .   .   2018.,     ,   ,  ,          2002.     ,     .         ,  堖     9.  1000 .   2008.  2,5.  .           .      [10 - Potential Supply of Natural Gas in the United States, Report of the Potential Gas Committee (2011, 2019). President Obama, Remarks on Americas Energy Security, Georgetown University, March 30, 2011.].

     .            ,         70-  80- .  ,        .    ,   90- .,         17%.  ,     ,     ,               .   2007.         .  2019.      25%,       37%.      ,            90- .,      .

       .         ,           .    .




 2

 


   2007.        .       EOG,             .   ,  ,      EOG   ,   .  ,   .  EOG         bcf[11 - Billion cubic feet 1  .       .  1 .   2,83  107 3. . .].  ,      ,      1000 頖 tcf[12 - Trillion cubic feet 1 . ,  2,83  1010 3. . .].   tcf         ,     !

       .     .   .      ,  .

       ,    ,    .       -,          ,       .    ,   ,    ,    ,  .    .

            . -     ,               .   ,         ,  ,      ,   .

,  ,     ,     ,       .    ,  , 砖  ,      ,        [13 - Interview with Mark Papa; Lawrence C. Strauss, The Accidental Oil Man, Barrons, October 22, 2011.].

 EOG     .      ,          Exxon, Shell  BP,     ,         ,    .           .         ࠖ     .

    ,   ,  EOG   ,   ,  ,          ,   .      ,  ,    -  ,      .     EOG  ,           ,      .   ,              ,      .

      .       ,        .  2008.        5   ,           70- .       ,    60%  . ,      .       ,        .

EOG     :        ,    ,   ? ,   ,   .   ?

-  ,  . , -    -     . ,   ,  EOG      ,         .

     .     ,    ,       ,  ,    ?                 ,   ,   :     頖     ,         .      ,           .

       .       ,   ,  .        .     ,   ,     -         .    ,       .        .

   .        , : ,     .     : Β, ,   .

       .       -   ,       ,        .    :      ┻.   ,            EOG.

   EOG   -.    180    ,  .

        ,     30    .      ,      ,   ,       .      EOG      ,    ( ),    .      EOG  ,   .        ,     . ,   ,    .   - EOG      ,        :   120  .

        ,      .   ,   EOG,     ,    ,         400.  .  EOG ,      .     ,  ,     .           2010.  ,  ,       ,        ,  .    ,   EOG,      .       400.,   EOG,  53000.  2014. EOG         .

     ,      .          ,     [14 - Interview with Mark Papa; EOG Presentation, 2010.].



    .            1951. ,   Amerada.      Hess Energy.           Time,         .       ,   ࠖ    .     ,     .   ,     , Amerada   Hess  .     ,       ,   ,   Hess Energy,  ,            .      :      ,     ,   ,    [15 - Interview with John Hess; Time, December 1, 1952.].

   ,   ,               .         .      , ,   ,  .      ,   , -  .

    ,     13   .        . - ,         ,           .           .      ,      .  ,    ,   .

              ,      ,     ,      ,    , ,   .  ,   ,    .

 1971.,    25,   ,       .   .    .   ,    :        ,         .       1982.      ,  - 17   .          ,   Continental Resources.

 2003.             ,       .     .

   Continental Resources    ,          ,    .              .   ,     .    .

         .        ?     ,    ,        ,    젖   .               ,     ,     .     ,   .     .  ,        ,   .           .

         ,   .             ,     ,    ,    .  ,          ,       .   .   2009.       .

    .  2004.    85000    .  2011.       419000 . ,   Time   ,      ,      60  !         ,     .     ,   .  2014.    1,1   蠖  13 ,   .

                  .      .    ,    ,       ,    .   2008.,       ,          ,  ,   ,  .

       :     ,   ,    .     ,            .  ,          ,    .     ,    ,   50000     2010.        2014. ,    ,   ,         .              ,    . -             .   ,      ,      .

    ,    ,   ,  .   ,          ,    Continental Resources      -  28  .    Continental Resources,       ࠖ  .  ,  ,     ,     ,     .             ,               , 60     100   .  2012.         , ,             ,    ,     ,  ,      (,   ,    3,7      )[16 - Cornell Lab of Ornithology, All About Birds: Says Phoebe; Scott R. Loss, Tom Will, and Peter P. Marra, The Impact of Free-Ranging Domestic Cats on Wildlife of the United States, Nature Communications 4 (2013); Christopher Helman, Judge Throws Out Criminal Case Against Oil Companies for Killing Birds at Drilling Sites, Forbes, January 18, 2012; United States v. Brigham Oil & Gas, L.P., 840 F. Supp. 2d 1202 (D.N.D. 2012); Federal Court Holds That the Migratory Bird Treaty Act Does Not Apply to Lawful Activities That Result in the Incidental Taking of Protected Birds, Stoel Rives LLP, January 30, 2012.].



         .       .      75000.         -  -.        .      ,     ,      ,        250  .         ,         .

  XX.         .             .   1920.   ,          .

      ,     .     1   ,   .      [17 - Edgar Wesley Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders: A History of Exploration for Petroleum (Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1975), pp. 886, 890.].

,   1926.,  ,       ,    ,  ,      .             ,         ,        .          .           ,      .     -       ,         .      .    ,    ,     ,   ,    .  1974.     堖           頖  ,         [18 - Jon Meacham, Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush (NewYork: Random House, 2016), p. 92.].

          ,   2007.    .  ,      .  ,   ,      .   ,          ,   2006.  ,         .

              .    ,   2011.     Wall Street Bar and Grill,      ,   .     -     .

 2011.       ,       .      .        ,   ,        :    .     .                ,  ,         ,  ,  ,      .       [19 - Richard Nehring, Hubberts Unreliability, Oil and Gas Journal, April 17, 2006; Leta Smith, Sang-Won Kim, Pete Stark, and Rick Chamberlain, The Shale Gale Goes Oily, IHS CERA, 2011.].

  2011.    Pioneer,      ,   -    ,    ,   .     Pioneer    .              ,          .  2005.          .           48,      ,   ,     .  ,           .      ,  ,  , ,   ,       ,        ,      .

     Pioneer   ,        900000      .     :        ꠖ     ,       ,   ,          ,      .    ,  . Pioneer       .  2012.           [20 - Interview with Scott Sheffield; Pioneer Natural Resources, Wolfcamp Horizontal Play, Board Presentation, November 16, 2011; Pioneering Independent (Irving: Pioneer Natural Resources, 2018), chapters 8 and 9.].

Pioneer      ,     .     .     ,     .     ,        54-  ,          -.     .  2014.    2  ( 2007.,     ,   850000 ),    25%    .

 , ,          ,        .   2009.  2014.         .         ,        ,      .








       .     ࠖ     -         ,     -   .       ,             ,       ,       .

          .




 3

     10  仠  


-      ,    .        ࠖ   .   ,          , ,  ,    (  -)       ,          .

    2015.     ;        ,        ࠖ    ,       .    ,         Shandong Yuhuang Chemical Company, -      ,    .

 ,         1,9 .   ,   Yuhuang     -.     1300   ,   ,    .      ,   .           .

   Yuhuang   -?      .       ,     ,            ,       .  Yuhuang      ࠖ           - .       頖      [21 - David Mitchell, Change Is Coming, New Orleans Advocate, September 23, 2015.].

  ,  2019.,     60%,     .    -   Yuhuang         .  , ,     2015.    -,      蠖            .



             ,      .         .       .    ,      ,     ;       .          .

 2014.  ,           ,        ,           2008.        .   ,             ,  ,             .       ,     ,     - ,       -.  ,          .

       2009. 2019.                      .           ,   ,                  .

    ,        .  2019.        2,8  [22 -      - COVID-19     12,3     .].         ,    ,   ,   ,   ,        ,  ,      , ,      .    ,           .      -.           ,           ,                  .       2019.            ,      -.     -   40000  ,          [23 - Jason Thomas, Commodities, and the Global Slowdown, Carlyle Group, January 2020; Mohsen Bonakdarpour, IHS Markit Economics; PricewaterhouseCoopers, Impacts of the Natural Gas, Oil, and Petrochemical Industry on the U.S. Economy in 2018 (PWC, 2020).].

           ⠖  2012.    74 .,  , ,     2012  2025.   1,6 .



         ,              .  ,      ,   . ,       .           ,      ,     ,   .        The Fracking Debate (  ) ,       ,   . 堖          .    ,         .   ,        -  ,  ,      .      ,    - ,           .      ,     ,    .   ,        ,       ,        .      ,  ,         ,    .              ,                       .

         ࠖ         ,     .                .         ,                ,     .  ,    ,           ,   [24 - Daniel Raimi, The Fracking Debate: The Risks, Benefits and Uncertainties of the Shale Revolution (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 2018); International Energy Agency, Tracking Fuel Supply (Paris: November 2019); Oil and Gas Climate Initiative, Keeping the Accelerator on Methane Reduction, Blog, April 2020, https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/keeping-the-accelerator-on-methane-reduction/ (https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/keeping-the-accelerator-on-methane-reduction/).].



          .       2007.,   2019.      309 . ,    ,      .           .  ,       ,      ,    ,        [25 - IHS, Americas New Energy Future: The Unconventional Oil and Gas Revolution and the United States Economy, vol. 1 (October 2012); vol. 2 (December 2012); vol. 3 (September 2013); Jeff Meyer, Trade Savings: How the Shale Revolution Helped Moderate the Trade Deficit, IHS Markit Report, July 2020.].

         .           ,              .     .                200 .[26 - American Chemistry Council, Notes on Shale Gas, Manufacturing, and the Chemical Industry, February 2020.]        ,   ,      .        .     ,       .        .

   Dow    ,    ,             .             .  2012. Dow               .    4 .     ,      Dow   :  .     .  :      10 ,           ,     .

      .  ,           ,     .    700 .      ( ),        :        ,       .    .  -            .            ,          ,     Shandong Yuhuang,         .

,            .                  ,       .        ,       ,       [27 - Daniel Fisher, Shale Gas and Buffetts Billions Fuel Turnaround at Dow Chemical, Forbes, October 15, 2014 (pivoted); Zain Shauk, Cheap Natural Gas Feeds Chemical Industry Boom, Houston Chronicle, April 19, 2012; Alex MacDonald, Voestalpine Bets Big on U.S. Shale-Gas Boom, Market Watch, May 24, 2013.].




 4

  


 2009.  ,       ,   ,    .           Chesapeake Energy,        , 頖      , Shell.             ,       (  )  ,         ?

  .      2000- .    ,       ,   ,         .   ,         .

蠖    ,  ,    ,   ,       .    ,            Newsweek.           ,         .   ,     ,      ( )  -,     ,         .        ,      .     Cheniere Energy.    [28 -   ,     ,   ,  ,    17551763.      . . .]     .

 ,   , Cheniere Energy  .    ,    ,  ,           .            - .    頖    .   ,     ,      ,        蠖       -.     ,   .     ,       ,      40[29 - Interview with Charif Souki.].



  1959.  Journal of Commerce              ,    ,          Methane Pioneer,     .     ,        ,   ,  .      ,        ( 126,67?),          .         1/600 ,          ,       -,   ,   ,              -.

        .                .       ,      ,  -   .      1952.            ,       .  ,       .  1959. Methane Pioneer    .  ,     ,    ,   ,       -       ,        ,   .     ,      [30 - Journal of Commerce, February 3, 1959.].

     ,  .         -       ,               .

              : ,     .              ,                ,   .

 ,     ,   ,   ,    ,   ;  ,    -   ,   -堖    ;   -,            .          .       ,                   20- .       ,         ,    .       ,  ,  .        .   ,      .   ,      .

          .           .        .    ,   ,         .   XX.    ,           .   ,    60- .       .    ,         ,         .        .  ,      ,        .

  ,    ,             ,   -.           .  2007.   ,       .           ,       ,      2000-.

     ,     .   ,       ࠖ    .      ,    ,    - ,      ,             .

           .   -     .          ,      .            젖  .

     ,   .             .              ,    ,   10000.         410 .      ,   砖      .      蠖     .      25%  ,   .    ,    ,   [31 - Interview with Michael Smith.].

      .              70  .        ,     .      20-        .  2007.       .              .   2008.        Cheniere,      25,    .     .   Moodys     .  Cheniere            -.

  ,  2009-,    ,    Chesapeake Energy,      .         ,      ,      -     .

, ,        ?  .

  ?  .

      Cheniere     Chesapeake Energy,                    ?

  ; Cheniere       ,   .                    .        Shell.     ,   Shell    ,  ,           .      :  ,         , ,         .         ,     ,   , ,     .        :     .

    ,  2010.               ࠖ      8 .  :    ,   . ,   ,     [32 - Interview with Charif Souki; Gregory Zuckerman, The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters (NewYork: Portfolio/Penguin 2013), pp. 316-17.].       1938.,           ,          (FERC).  Cheniere    .           ,      .     ,   2011. Cheniere  .                .     ࠖ    .

            .    ,  ,   .     .   Cheniere Freeport     FERC       . ,    Cheniere,      . ,   . -   :    ࠖ  .  ࠖ   . ,    Cheniere   ,  Freeport   .          ,   Sempra LNG   ( ),      .     [33 - Eliza Notides, The US Department of Energy Speaks, IHS CERA Alert, May 21, 2013; Department of Energy, Energy Department Authorizes Second Proposed Facility to Export Liquefied Natural Gas, May 17, 2013; Christopher Smith, Testimony on the Effects of LNG Exports on US Foreign Policy, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, April 30, 2014.].

  Cheniere      .       .      FERC.  -,      ,     ,           ,    ,   ,   ,       ,   ,    .    蠖         .           ,       FERC.

       -       ⠖           .                .   ,          ,         .    ,    .   ,   2014. Freeport        13 .         Sempra.



            ,  .            ,       350 .         300000  (      ).      ,    ,        Al Jazeera,        ,        ,     ,  ,   A&M, - ,  蠖     .

,           ;  ,      .        ,   , , , ,   .         .      ,  .       -   .      ,  ,     ,    ,          .         ,        .

 2019.,     ,           .        .            ,     .

   2016.        .              .       Cheniere      20 .,           .                      ,   ,    .       , , , ,       .

-     Freeport  Sempra Cameron       2019.       .                    .



                  .                .              ,   .       ( , )       .  ,         ,      Boeing   .

      ,            .  -        ,   ,            ,         ,      .    ,    .

   .                .      ,         . ,           .                    ,     ,     .         ,  .       .        .     ,      ,  20-      ,         [34 - Steve Holland and David Brunnstrom, Trump Urges Indias Modi to Fix Deficit, Reuters, June 26, 2017; Remarks by President Trump, President Moon, Commerce Secretary Ross, and NEC Director Cohn in Bilateral Meeting, June 30, 2017.].

,        ,           .      :              .

        .                ,        ,       ,       :    ![35 - Interview with oil company CEO.]




 5

  :   


         .  2020.                   .    60%    ,   65% ,       .  ,        .

       1938.    .    Pemex   堖     .         ,       30  40%  .      ,      .    ,   ,     ,   ,      .              .

      .              ,   .  Nissan ,       ,   .  2018.                ,    .       136 . 2000.  346  2018-.              ,    ,       .             .           .  Pemex    ,    ,               .

        .        ,     ,     .              [36 - Interview.].

-  ()       XX.     1938.  ,  .             .     .    2013.         ,         .    ,                   .  Pemex .     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=63632337)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


         ,   . . .




2


Loren C. Steffy, George P. Mitchell: Fracking, Sustainability, and an Unorthodox Quest to Save the Planet (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2019), p. 174 (livable forest), p. 23; interview with Dan Steward; Gregory Zuckerman, The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters (NewYork: Portfolio/Penguin, 2013), p. 21; Dan Steward, The Barnett Shale Play: Phoenix of the Fort Worth Basin (Fort Worth: Fort Worth Geological Society, 2007); Russell Gold, The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World (NewYork: Simon & Schuster, 2014).




3


Interview with Dan Steward; Steward, The Barnett Shale Play; Gold, The Boom; Steffy, George P. Mitchell, p. 23 (sad); Roger Galatas, Why George Mitchell Sold the Woodlands, The Woodlands History, December 2011 (hated).




4


Interview with Dan Steward; Steffy, George P. Mitchell, p. 254 (quarter billion).




5


Interviews with Dan Steward, Nick Steinsberger, and Larry Nichols.




6


Balancing Natural Gas Policy: Fueling the Demands of a Growing Economy, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: National Petroleum Council, September 2003), p. 16; National Petroleum Council, Committee on Natural Gas, September 3, 2003, transcript, pp. 30-31 (hell of a big difference).




7


Interview with Larry Nichols.




8


Land man   ,      ,   . . .




9


Russell Gold, Natural Gas Costs Hurt US Firms, Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2004.




10


Potential Supply of Natural Gas in the United States, Report of the Potential Gas Committee (2011, 2019). President Obama, Remarks on Americas Energy Security, Georgetown University, March 30, 2011.




11


Billion cubic feet 1  .       .  1 .   2,83  107 3. . .




12


Trillion cubic feet 1 . ,  2,83  1010 3. . .




13


Interview with Mark Papa; Lawrence C. Strauss, The Accidental Oil Man, Barrons, October 22, 2011.




14


Interview with Mark Papa; EOG Presentation, 2010.




15


Interview with John Hess; Time, December 1, 1952.




16


Cornell Lab of Ornithology, All About Birds: Says Phoebe; Scott R. Loss, Tom Will, and Peter P. Marra, The Impact of Free-Ranging Domestic Cats on Wildlife of the United States, Nature Communications 4 (2013); Christopher Helman, Judge Throws Out Criminal Case Against Oil Companies for Killing Birds at Drilling Sites, Forbes, January 18, 2012; United States v. Brigham Oil & Gas, L.P., 840 F. Supp. 2d 1202 (D.N.D. 2012); Federal Court Holds That the Migratory Bird Treaty Act Does Not Apply to Lawful Activities That Result in the Incidental Taking of Protected Birds, Stoel Rives LLP, January 30, 2012.




17


Edgar Wesley Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders: A History of Exploration for Petroleum (Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1975), pp. 886, 890.




18


Jon Meacham, Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush (NewYork: Random House, 2016), p. 92.




19


Richard Nehring, Hubberts Unreliability, Oil and Gas Journal, April 17, 2006; Leta Smith, Sang-Won Kim, Pete Stark, and Rick Chamberlain, The Shale Gale Goes Oily, IHS CERA, 2011.




20


Interview with Scott Sheffield; Pioneer Natural Resources, Wolfcamp Horizontal Play, Board Presentation, November 16, 2011; Pioneering Independent (Irving: Pioneer Natural Resources, 2018), chapters 8 and 9.




21


David Mitchell, Change Is Coming, New Orleans Advocate, September 23, 2015.




22


     - COVID-19     12,3     .




23


Jason Thomas, Commodities, and the Global Slowdown, Carlyle Group, January 2020; Mohsen Bonakdarpour, IHS Markit Economics; PricewaterhouseCoopers, Impacts of the Natural Gas, Oil, and Petrochemical Industry on the U.S. Economy in 2018 (PWC, 2020).




24


Daniel Raimi, The Fracking Debate: The Risks, Benefits and Uncertainties of the Shale Revolution (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 2018); International Energy Agency, Tracking Fuel Supply (Paris: November 2019); Oil and Gas Climate Initiative, Keeping the Accelerator on Methane Reduction, Blog, April 2020, https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/keeping-the-accelerator-on-methane-reduction/ (https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/keeping-the-accelerator-on-methane-reduction/).




25


IHS, Americas New Energy Future: The Unconventional Oil and Gas Revolution and the United States Economy, vol. 1 (October 2012); vol. 2 (December 2012); vol. 3 (September 2013); Jeff Meyer, Trade Savings: How the Shale Revolution Helped Moderate the Trade Deficit, IHS Markit Report, July 2020.




26


American Chemistry Council, Notes on Shale Gas, Manufacturing, and the Chemical Industry, February 2020.




27


Daniel Fisher, Shale Gas and Buffetts Billions Fuel Turnaround at Dow Chemical, Forbes, October 15, 2014 (pivoted); Zain Shauk, Cheap Natural Gas Feeds Chemical Industry Boom, Houston Chronicle, April 19, 2012; Alex MacDonald, Voestalpine Bets Big on U.S. Shale-Gas Boom, Market Watch, May 24, 2013.




28


  ,     ,   ,  ,    17551763.      . . .




29


Interview with Charif Souki.




30


Journal of Commerce, February 3, 1959.




31


Interview with Michael Smith.




32


Interview with Charif Souki; Gregory Zuckerman, The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters (NewYork: Portfolio/Penguin 2013), pp. 316-17.




33


Eliza Notides, The US Department of Energy Speaks, IHS CERA Alert, May 21, 2013; Department of Energy, Energy Department Authorizes Second Proposed Facility to Export Liquefied Natural Gas, May 17, 2013; Christopher Smith, Testimony on the Effects of LNG Exports on US Foreign Policy, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, April 30, 2014.




34


Steve Holland and David Brunnstrom, Trump Urges Indias Modi to Fix Deficit, Reuters, June 26, 2017; Remarks by President Trump, President Moon, Commerce Secretary Ross, and NEC Director Cohn in Bilateral Meeting, June 30, 2017.




35


Interview with oil company CEO.




36


Interview.


