   :   
 


   
          ,  ,          ,          ,     .      ,           .           ,   ,           ,        ,     .

Jochen Hellbeck

Revolution on My Mind. Writing a Diary Under Stalin





 

   :   














          ,    .          .   ,     ,       ,       .     ,     ,    ,    ,     ,  ,      -      .    ,            -   .           ,           ,        .       ,  ,  -            .  ,   ,    .   ( )          ,  ,      .  ,           ,      .    ,  ,  ,       ,    ,      .             ,     .            .

            .      ,    ,            .  ,                   .         .  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,      ,       .  ,        ,          .  ,    ,       ,         .    .       ,    ,        .    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,          .    ,  ,  -,  ,  ,               .      ,          .     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .  ,        ,   ,        .  ,           .        ,      ,       .       ,     ,    .     ,      .

            (Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes),  ,     (Michigan Society of Fellows),   ,           .              :   3, 5  7    : Working, Struggling, Becoming: Stalin-Era Autobiographical Texts // Russian Review. 2001. Vol. 60. 3. . 340359; Fashioning the Stalinist Soul: The Diary of Stepan Podlubnyi (19311939) // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1996. 3. S. 344373; Writing the Self in the Time of Terror: Alexander Afinogenovs Diary of 1937 // Engelstein L., Sandler S. (eds.) Self and Story in Russian History. Cornell University Press, 2000.

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           1990 .       ,        .      :           1990- ,      .       ,           .                 -.    ,            ,          .        :  .      .

  ,    ,       ,          -.      ,          .     ,     ,       .        .         ,      ,    . ,   ;               , ,   ,             .

      .       ,       ,  ,  .   ,  ,   :     . 9-  .....      ... .[] .[] .         ,     - ,      .       ,           .    ,    ,         : ,      ,    .

  , ,        ,  ,    ,      . ,       ,    .    ,  ,    ,         .

       ,           ,       .   ,      .            ,     ,   ,   ,    ,   .            .             .            .   ,         ,    ,       ,      ,     .

      ;     .     ,       .          , ,      ,  :        .          ,    ,         .

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  8  1937     .             ,       .        .            ,   ,   , ,     .           ;    ,               -      .      ,          .   ?    .      ,   ?     ,   :  ,    17 .    ,   .      : ,    . ,      ,             ,      . ,    ,    ,  ,          [1 -  .. (.). :   -   - .. ., 1993. . 41 (15.02.1938).].

   .  ,        .  ,    ,   ,         ,  . ,   ,          ,    .     ,         ,       ,          .   ,   ,      ,     .              .  ,       ,     .

          ,          .   ,               ,    .     ,  ,   ,      ,  ,  ,  .   ,      .    ,    [2 -  .. (.). . . 76, 79, 100 (26.03.1938; 09.04.1938; 27.05.1938).].

  ,    ,     ,        ,  ,   ,      .      ,   ,                      ,     .  ,        ,     .             ,            .           ,       [3 -    ,      ,      .   ()   ()   -  ,     . .: HalberstamM. Totalitarianism and the Modern Conception of Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. . 4649, 113117.].

         ,    .           ,      ,    .   1984       ,       .    , ,  ,             25-     .            .       ,             -  .         .               ,    .             [4 - Orwell G. 1984. San Francisco: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. . 7 (  ..: http://readr.ru/dghordgh-oruell-1984-perevod-golisheva-vp.html).].    :             .

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                   , , ,  ,      . , ,        .     ,     , ,   , , , ,     , ,   .       ,  ,    .

     ,    .      ,        .    ,         ,  ,        - .        ,        .         ,  , ,         .         ,  ,  ,       .    ,               .                 .

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    ()      ,      1917 .            .     ,             .                 ,     .         ,            .   -           (    ) , ,         .            ,        ,       [9 - Halfin I. Terror in My Soul. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003; Kharkhordin O. The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. . 5760.].

           .   19281929        ,             ,     ,     .    ,           ,     .        -  .       -    -       .    ,          ,     .     ,       ,     .        ,  ,  ,     ,  ,   ,      ,     [10 -  ..   .. :  2 . . 1:    . .: -, 1996. . 66.      1934 , .:  .        Р// . 30.03.1934. . 6, 18.].               .       ,   ,       ,     ,          ,        .         .   ,    .

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    ,      ,    .         ,      .  ,     , .      ,          ,    ,           󻠖     . ,    ,    ,      .            .                   .

,  1930-            .        ,   ,     .          , ,  ,        ,     :             .          ,      ,        .       ,      . ,             .      ,            :       .            .          ,           .

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            ,   ,    .         ,   ,     ,       .          ,                .     , ,   ,  ,     .            ;       , ,        .

             ,     .      ,       ,      .   ,        . , ,   ,       ,   ,  ,     :      ,       ,     ,          .             ,   ,   (   ),  ,          .

                ,        .  ,         ,   ,       ,        .          ,    ,  ,   .           ,       ,               ,    ,      ,     .        ,    ,  ,         [17 - Arendt H. On the Nature of Totalitarianism: An Essay on Understanding // Arendt H. Essays on Understanding, 19301954. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1994. . 338339.].

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     ,          ,   ,                  .        ,      ,              .  ,    .         ,    ,      ,          .         (     ),  (      )   (      )     ,     ,  ,         .

               ,     ,  ,   (Weltanschauung).              .  ,           ,     ,     .             ,      :       .        :      ,    ,        [20 -   (ausgerichtetes Leben)  ,   : Kracauer S. Schriften, I: Der Detektiv-Roman: Ein philosophischer Traktat. Frankfurt a. M.: Surkamp, 1971. S. 109, 111, 118, 129.       .: Wohl R. The Generation of 1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981; Fritzsche P. Germans into Nazis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998; Herf J. Reactionary Modernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.].

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 1

  


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            XIX     ?,           黠    ,             .         : ,  ,  ,    ,   ,      ,       .         ,   ( 1863 )    :     ,    ;      [];    ,   ,    [25 -  ..  :     . .: , 1975. . 215.].

   ?    ,       .               .           ;   1933     ,     ,  ,           . ,             .          ;  ,         [26 -  .   . -: - . .. , 1953;      :  .        28  1935 . // Deutsche Zentralzeitung. 4.M?rz. 1935;  .      . .:   , 1996.].

            .     , ,                 ,         .      :           .      ;      ,                  ,  ,    .                ,     .          ,             .        .    ,   ,   [27 -  ..      (1900) //    . .:  .. , 1906. . 62, 65.].

   ,     ,          .   ,     1919 ,          , ,   ,        ,  , ,   , ,     .  ,  ,      .      , ,  :          ,       [28 -  .  . . 4. . 214215 (26.12.1919; 12.08.1921).       ,        ,    . ,    ,       ,     ; . :  ..  . :  , 1996.].         .            ;       ,  .    , ,         ,   ,     ,  ,     .

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   ;        ,            ,      .           ;   ,    .            .              :   , ,      [29 -  .  :    . .:  , 1923. . 71; Clark . Op. cit. P. 201223.].

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        ,         .      ,     ,  ,      .        ,         .        . ,       , ,     .   ,           ?[31 -  .   . .: , 1991. . 197.]


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,   1926 ,        .      1918-        .  ,                -  . ,      ,         .   ,              .   ,   .          ,        .     ,      .       ,     ,   ,   ,  .              ,     .       1917   ,         ,              .               ,   .     1923           ,       [33 -  ,       ; .: Hellbeck J. Russian Autobiographical Practice // Autobiographical Practices in Russia. . 279298.   .: Vroon R. Dmitrii Furmanovs Chapaev and the Aesthetics of Russian Avant-Garde // Bowlt J.E., Matich O. (eds.). Laboratory of Dreams: The Russian Avant-Garde and Cultural Experiment. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.].

    ,          . ,   , ,        ,   ,  ,             .          1919 .              .     ,          .       [34 -  .  . . 1. . 277.          ( . . 4. . 271).].     ,        ()  .     ,   ,        .          ,     .   ,      :         , ,            ,    .         ;    ,    ,         ,   ,     [35 -       : von Hagen . Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. . 98, 113.].

,     1920 , ,  60%       .            .   ,     ,       .     ,    1919 ,  :               녻     ,          8  50 .    :     ,     .      ,     , , , ,   .       [36 - Kenez P. The Birth of Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 19171929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. . 7273, 77, 72; ..   . .: , 1967. . 44. . 174.].               .     ,       ,       [37 -  .    // . 1931. . 4. . 2. .188213.].         ,        ,           : , !       ,     ,    ,       [38 - . 05.01.1930. . 5.].

             ,      .  ,       .    ; ,         .    1920-        :                   ,     ,   ,       .        :   -  ,         .        .     .      ,  ,     ,    .      ,          .         ,    [39 -  .        //  . 1924. 3. . 6970;  .    //  . . 19;  . .:  , 1927. . 1. . 587.].

    ,     ,    .          ,  ,    .  ,      ,      :            .             .         ,       .    ()       , ,   ,      ,         .            ,    .          , ,         [40 - Fitzpatrick S. The Problem of Class Identity in NEP Society // Fitzpatrick S. (ed.). Russia in the Era of NEP: Explorations in Soviet Society and Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991; Naiman. Sex in Public.].

            ,   ,     .  ,   1921    ,        ,         .    , -,   ,    ,      ,       .     ,      .         ,         ,    .       ,     ,       , , ,  ,      [41 - Instructions for carrying out verification of party documents and purging the party membership (15.05.1921) // Koenker D., Bachman R. (eds.). Revelations from the Russian Archives: Documents in English Translation. Washington: Library of Congress, 1997. . 5861.],        .       ,        [42 -  :     20- . .: , 1989. . 310.].       ,               <>    ,  ,               [43 -  . . 326327.].

  ,           ,            .        ,   1920-       .   ,          ,    .  ,           .    ,                 ,     ,              ,   .

       ,           ,              .           ,       ,            .           :           ,     .  ,     ,      ,        [44 - Halfin I. Terror in My Mind: Communist Autobiographies on Trial. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003. . 4395.].

   1920-       .   (   )       ,        . ,   1920-         -.        ,         ,        :             . <>  ,     ,      ,    [45 -  .  (1922) //  . . . . ., 1966. . 47.].               ,       .

   ,    1920- ,     .      ,  1917       .        () ()   1917-    ,       .           1917 ,        .              :        ,      1917    .                 [46 - Corney F. Telling October: Memory and the Making of the Bolshevik Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004.].

    ,          1917       .   1920-,               ,    .    ,    1917   ໠           ,      .        ,              .  ,     ,      ,            .        ;               ,     .      ,      ,       .

           . ,    ,  ,       ,            , ,    . ,     1920- ,          1928  1929 ,   1931     .  ,        ,    .     ,      .  ,  , .              ,              [47 - . 1928. 13 . . 5.].

    ,  , - ,        .          ,        .    ,              ,        ,    .

,   ,                  .     ,    ,           [48 - G?nther H. Der sozialistische ?bermensch: M. Gorkij und der sowjetische Heldenmythos. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1993.].                ,    .   ,   ,           ,      ,   .        ,         ,    . ,     ,        ,       ,          .       ,      ,       .

             .  ,   ,   ,   ,      .   I     1934 ,   ,             ,  ,       ,       [49 -     :  . .:  , 1934. . 549.].                 ;          .

    .    ,     ,         ,                .                  1917 , ,     ,                  .   ,     ,          - ,    ,  , ,   ,    [50 - Clark . History of the Factories; . 1928. 13 . . 5.].

      -,    ;     1930-   .       ,            ,      .    ,              ,          ,   ,     ,  ,  ,   ,   ,       ,       .      ,           [51 -  ..  . . 1. . 61.].

     -  ,      45 ,        ,     ,      :      ,       .     , ,  [].  .    !         .     .    ,  []  , ![52 - . . 2172. . 3. . . 5 (08.12.1937).]

,     ,      .      ,                  .           -.                , ,  , ,   ,  ,    ,          .     ,      ,      [53 -  ..     //  . 1919. 910; Problems of the Soviet Literature: Reports and Speeches at the First Soviet Writers Congress. New York: International Publishers, 1935. . 11.].

    1930-         .         ,               .   1930-        ,        .         .   1938      -,         .  ,   ,  ,           :  ,     100 . . ,    ,    ,       .         ,        .   ,  ,         ,    ,   ?    -  ,    .       ,          .    ,        .                   ,       .  -,   ,      ,     ,    ;    ,  ;    , ,  [54 -  .  : . - , 1940. . 311.           ,        .].

    ,    ,             .       ,           .     XIX      ,      .  ,  ,   ,    ,    ,   .  :    ,     ,      ,   ,    :         [55 -     . . 501. . : WessellP.,Jr. Karl Marx, Romantic Irony and the Proletariat: The Mythopoetic Origins of Marxism. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.].

       IX     .  ,    ,          ;    ,       ,   ,        ,      [56 - . 1935. 21 . . 15.            , .: Bauman Z. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.].  ,   ,  ,       ,      ,  ,       -.    ,      ,  ,       .               ,                 .

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,       ,         .      ,         .          .         . ,      ,     .    1930-,         ,   ,  ,            .        ,    ,     ,  [58 - Bauer R. New Man in Soviet Psychology. . 47; Halfin I. Terror in My Soul. .3338.        ,   1930-      (,   -   ,           ໠    (). .: -, 1945. C.280).         .         1920- ,         ,      .].

            1930- .   ,      ,          ,    .          ,         .     ,     ,     ,    ,    ,         ,    .    ,       (,    , ,   ,   ),     ,          .     ,       ,          [59 - Holquist P. State Violence as Technique: The Logic of Violence in Soviet Totalitarianism // Weiner A. (ed.). Landscaping the Human Garden: Twentieth-Century Population Management in a Comparative Framework. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.]




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   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=64031386)  .

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notes



1


 .. (.). :   -   - .. ., 1993. . 41 (15.02.1938).




2


 .. (.). . . 76, 79, 100 (26.03.1938; 09.04.1938; 27.05.1938).




3


   ,      ,      .   ()   ()   -  ,     . .: HalberstamM. Totalitarianism and the Modern Conception of Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. . 4649, 113117.




4


Orwell G. 1984. San Francisco: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. . 7 (  ..: http://readr.ru/dghordgh-oruell-1984-perevod-golisheva-vp.html).




5


 ..        //  :   . : , 1990. . 148158.    ,  1917       .  ,           .  ?    ,  , .: Nivat G. Le journal intime en Russie // Russie-Europe. Le fin du schisme: Etudes littraires et politiques. Lausanne: L?ge dhomme, 1993. . 146.




6


     ,    :   . .:  , 1990.        ,  .




7


 .    . . 1: 19381941. .: , 2007. . 5.           .  .    :   19361976 . : -, 1978;  . : . .: , 1997. . 233.




8


Plaggenborg S. Revolutionskultur: Menschenbilder und kulturelle Praxis im Sowjetrussland zwischen Oktoberrevolution und Stalinismus. K?ln: B?hlau, 1996.   ,       ,         ,    .           .




9


Halfin I. Terror in My Soul. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003; Kharkhordin O. The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. . 5760.




10


 ..   .. :  2 . . 1:    . .: -, 1996. . 66.      1934 , .:  .        Р// . 30.03.1934. . 6, 18.




11


Gorham M.S. Speaking in Soviet Tongues: Language Culture and the Politics of Voice in Revolutionary Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003; Dobrenko E. The Making of the State Writer: Social and Aesthetic Origins of Soviet Literary Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.




12


. : Morrissey S. Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998; Steinberg M. Proletarian Imagination: Self, Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002;  .   :          . .:   , 1999.            , .: Clark K. Petersburg: Crucible of Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995. .129; . : David-Fox M. Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 19181929. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. . 190191.




13


Foucault M. What is Enlightenment? // Rabinow P. (ed.) he Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon, 1984. . 41.            , .:  ..    -  (      ) // ..  . : , 1992. . 1. . 372.




14


  ,       ,       assujetissement.       ,              ;           . .: Engelstein L. Combined Underdevelopment: Discipline and the Law in Imperial and Soviet Russia // Goldstein J. (ed.). Foucault and the Writing of History. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994; Plamper J. Foucaults Gulag // Kritika. 2002. Vol. 3. 2; Hellbeck J. The Analysis of Soviet Subjectivity Practices: Interview with the Editors of Ab Imperio// Ab Imperio. 2002. 3. . 217260, 397402.     .: Rabinow P. (ed.). Foucault Reader; Dreyfus H.L., Rabinow P. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1983. . : Mansfield N. Subjectivity: Theories of the Self from Freud to Haraway. New York: New York University Press, 2001.




15


.: Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995; Malia M. The Soviet Tragedy: aHistory of Socialism in Russia, 19171991. New York: Free Press, 1994; Hoffmann D.L., Kotsonis Y. (eds.). Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices. New York: St. Martins, 2000; Hoffmann D.L. Soviet Values: the Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.




16


 .. (.).  . 76 (26.03.1938).




17


Arendt H. On the Nature of Totalitarianism: An Essay on Understanding // Arendt H. Essays on Understanding, 19301954. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1994. . 338339.




18


. : Fitzpatrick S. Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 19211934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979; Getty J.A. The Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 19331937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.




19


     ,   ,        .  -,  ,      .        .    ,     :     ,    ,  .            ,          ,    . .: Arendt H. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979. . 470. . : Naiman E. Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.




20


  (ausgerichtetes Leben)  ,   : Kracauer S. Schriften, I: Der Detektiv-Roman: Ein philosophischer Traktat. Frankfurt a. M.: Surkamp, 1971. S. 109, 111, 118, 129.       .: Wohl R. The Generation of 1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981; Fritzsche P. Germans into Nazis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998; Herf J. Reactionary Modernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.




21


 .  :  4 . . 4: ,  , . .: , 1961. . 9293 (26.03.1917).




22


 .  :  4 . . 4. . 100, 216, 224 (18.08.1917; 29.12.1919; 01.03.1920).




23


 .  :     . .:  , 1990.




24


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