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 28  1598.     ;  .        ,    .     ,   ,       :    ;        ,   .    ,       .    ,  :        .             .  ,   𻠖    ,           ,    ,    .  ,  . ?     -          ! ,    ,     ,      [3 -   ,   28  1598.,    : Aaron MelissaD. The Globe and HenryV as Business Document // SEL: Studies in English Literature 15001900: 40.2 (2000). P. 277292; NardizziVin. Shakespeares Globe and Englands Woods // Shakespeare Studies 39 (2011). P. 5463; Shapiro James. A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare: 1599. N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2006, P. 142; Wallace Charles William. The First London Theatre: Materials for a History // University Studies 13. 1, 2, 3 (1913). P. 135ff. passim.].  ,     ,     .        1576.                 !

  ,       ,    ,   ,      ( ,    ),     .    .         .    .          ?  ,                    .

         .             .         .      .

 1599.       ,    .   ,     񻠖       30  .   ,    ,    .        ?  ,        ,    .      ,      ,             .  21  1599.        ,     ,        .   ,     [4 - MulryneJ.R. and Shewring Margaret, eds. Shakespeares Globe Rebuilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. P. 190.].






      



    .        ,   1577.     ,        [5 - Eliot CharlesW., ed. The Harvard Classics. Vol. 35. Chronicle and Romance: Froissart, Malory, Holinshed. N.Y.: P.F.Collier & Son, 1938. P. 293.].      ,   ,  ,      .    ,            ,      ,   .            .

  ;      ,    ,             .  1581.   ,    :   ,          22           .     1500  1592.   ,   ,              ,   XVI.  ,  50000  200000 [6 -  1581.: Flinn Michael W.Timber and the advance of technology: A reconsideration // Annals of Science. 15: 2. P. 110, 111; Nef JohnU. The Rise of the British Coal Industry. Vol. 1. L.: Routledge, 1966. P. 158.].            3,25  4,07 [7 -     15701600.: Rutkow Eric. American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation. N.Y.: Scribner, 2013. P. 12.].

-    ,     .             ,  ,      ,   ,  .  ,   ,    .    ,     XVIIXVIII.       ,     .

          ,   .         2500   [8 - 2500: Flinn (1959). P. 110, 4n.].      ,   ,  15   60.         ,     .    - ,       ,   [9 -   : Albion Robert Greenhalgh. The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 16521862. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926. P. 4.].         23 ,   ,    -,  18 ,   --[10 - --     (--) - (         ).],   [11 -  : Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 28.].  ,        ,    .         ,         .     ;   -    .

,  ,     ,    ,   80  120 . ,  ,  ,                  .        .     ;          ,      .   ,  ,      ,       ,     [12 - The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Sunday, 5 May 1667. www.pepysdiary.com.].

    ,     ,       ,   ,    .             , [13 -      ,  ]  [14 -      .]  .      , , .                           .         .

    -    .  1630- .       ,      300000 [15 -  (. load)     ; ,  .         ,        0,75  1,5


.] ,       [16 -   , 300 000 : Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 116, 117.].                ,   .






     ,  55 .   1587.     ,  1588-         



           .      ,      :   ,   .  ,    ,     ,  ,      .   ,  ,     ,        .  ,    :       ,     ,     ?..          ,      .      ,           ,      [17 -  : Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 118, 119.].

       ,     ,            .   1650.             ,  40         .           .  1663.,   ,          ,     ,   -  -    .  1747.   -     90   ,     130  .        6  [18 -           ,     (0,093 ?)     (2,54).] ,      , -   .  XVIII.       ,           [19 - Neal Daniel. The History of New England. Vol. 2. L.: A.Ward, 1747. P. 213.].

    ,  30     ,      .          ,  ,    ,    .

          .     ,   ,      ,   , , ,    ,               ,  - .                .   ,  ,      [20 - Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 121.].

 ,   ,   1611.    I   (The Commons Complaint),      ,      .    ,   ,      .             ,   ,  : ,  :   ,    [21 - Standish Arthur. The Commons Complaint. L.: William Stansby, 1611. 1.].

     :         ,    ,     .   coal ()     ;    char-coal (.  )   ,   sea coal ( )  pit coal ( )       ,   :          - .  1577.,  ,      [22 -  ,    (The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland),    .            (Description of England).],  ,        :    ,          ,         [23 - Eliot. Chronicle and Romance, 319, 320.].      .    ; ,        ; ,          ,    :   ,      ,     .

 ,    ,      ,       ,  ,      ,  .   ,    ,       .  1578.   I     ,       ,                [24 - I    : Nef. Rise of British Coal. Vol. 1. P. 156.].         .

     XX,  XVIXVII         .   ,  ,   :     ,     ,      .      [25 - Smiles Samuel. Industrial Biography: Iron Workers and Tool Makers. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864. P. 59n.].  ,  ,         ,    ,    ,     , ,      .           ,   1380.:

		   ,
		     
		 ,   ,
		    .
		(   ,  ,
		     )[26 -  .. .  .: .  . .: , 2012.][27 - Chaucer Geoffrey. The Former Age. Lines 2730.].

 1556.  -  ,     [28 -  .      .],     (De re metallica),          ,      .  ,   , ,       ; // ,   ,    , //   ,    ! //        //     ,    ,  [29 -  ... .  .:   . . .:  , 1977.][30 - Agricola Georgius. De re Metallica, trans. Herbert Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. 1556; repr., N.Y.: Dover, 1950. P. 7.].       -   ,          :

		     
		  ,  ,
		  :  
		 ,  
		  .  
		 .   ,
		  ,
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		  .  
		      
		    
		   
		,   ,
		   .
		   , 
		    
		   ,
		    
		   -[31 -  ... .  .: .  .  .   . .: , 2006.][32 - Milton John. Paradise Lost. Bk. 1. Lines 670688.].

      ,    ,        .  ,   ,       .    ,     ,     ,           -,  .         :



    ,        ,   ;         ,      .              ,       ,          ,      [33 -  : Galloway. A History of Coal Mining in Great Britain. L.: Macmillan, 1882), 23.].


    ,        - ,   XVI.  1625.    35000  400000 .   ,     ,      [34 -    : Nef. Rise of British Coal. P. 25.].

 1603.,         I,  ,    ,    VI,        I.         ,  .       ,    ,       ,      .        0,1%,        1  1,4%[35 -       : Brimblecombe Peter. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. L.: Methuen, 1987. P. 66. Table 4.1.].  ,          .     :          .  ,     ;      .        ,         200000   1600.  350000  1650-[36 - Historical Overview of London Population // http://www.londononline.co.uk/factfile/historical/].

      .        ,     ,    - .     , : ! !; ,  , ,      ,       .  1618.          (Petition of the Poor Chimney Sweepers of the City of London to the King).        ,    ,          ,     .    :            .      ,    ,   ,    ,       .      ,    - . - ,   ,     ,  ,     [37 -  : Cullingford Benita. British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping. Hove, UK: Book Guild, 2000. P. 9.].

           껠   ,    1775.    .       ,    .       ,      ,     ,     .

           ,     ,  ,     .   ,    , -    ,       ; ,   ,   .  ,          ,   1644. ,    ,       ,       (Artificiall Fire, or, Coale for Rich and Poore)[38 - Artificiall Fire, or, Coale for Rich and Poore. Early English Books Online, Wing (2nd ed.) G623, British Library.].     ,      :      ,   ,    .             ,   .  1644.    ,       .            , , ,  :   !       ,      ,    .  ,         ,  ,        :  ,     ! ,    ! ,      !

  ,   , , ,    .  1591  1667.        35000  264000 ; 1700.       467000 [39 -    : Nef. Rise of British Coal. Vol. 1. P. 21. Table 2.].           ,      .     (The Character of England),   1659.,      ,        ,   .

,  ,    ,   ;         ,   ,     [ ]  ,         ,        :         ,  ,    ,   ;         ,       ,      .           - ,      -   [40 - Evelyn John. A Character of England. L.: Joseph Crooke, 1659. P. 29, 30. Early English Books Online.].

,     ,   ,   .  ,   ,          .       ,                     ,      ,     . 29  1660.,    ,     II,            ,     .     ,     ,       ,    ,              .

 ,   ,   ,  ,     -,     ,       ,    ,   , []         ,         [41 - Evelyn John. Fumifugium: or, the Inconvenience of the Aer, and Smoake of London Dissipated. L.: printed by W.Godbid, for Gabriel Bedel, and Thomas Collins, 1661; reprinted for B.White, 1672. P. 1, 2.].  ,        ,        ,  , ,   ,            .      Fumifugium,          (Fumifugium: or, the Inconvenience of the Aer, and Smoake of London Dissipated).  fumi     fumus (),  fuge     fugo ()[42 -   , fugium    fugio/fugere (  ),    fugo/fugare ().]: . .    ,  ,                 ,        [43 - Ibid. P. 3.].

      : , ,         ;   ,    [44 - Ibid. P. 13.].      ,  :    ,        ,      .       ,      ,    [45 - Ibid. P. 17.].         ,    .     ,   . ,      , , ,   ,              ,        .     ,       ,  ,     .          ,    ,   ,   ,               ?,   [46 - Ibid. P. 19, 20.].

 ,         ,       ,      ,       ,     . ,    ,      ,   ,  ;          ;                .       ,  ,  ,        .     :    ,   (      ):                 [47 - Ibid. P. 24, 25.].

      ,     ?  ,  ,      :             ,   ,    ,      ,    [48 - Ibid. P. 36.].       1629.       ;     .

   ,  ,            ,       .  ,  ,       ,        ,  ;            ,         ,           . (,         .)      ,           .  ,      ,        [49 - Ibid. P. 37.]. ,  1661.,     Fumifugium,         1666.,        .      .

   ,  ,           .        .      ,  ,  ,      ,    , , , ,  , ,   ,    ,  ,  ,       [50 - Ibid. P. 47.].

 ,  ,         , ,    ,           .     ,       ;           ,       [51 - Ibid. P. 48, 49.].

      . II           ,     , ,     -   ,         .   ,       .                       .

  1660.     ,       .          1662.       .     ,      ,      .  ,    1664.,        : Sylva[52 -  (.).],             (Sylva: Or, a Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in his Majestys Dominions).  ,    ,   .

        .        .   ?  ;        .        .       .    ,       .       ,    .           ,  ,     ,   .       ,  ,    ,  ,    .        ,    .           ,  ,   .




 2

  


  ,      .                  ;       ,       . ,             ,      ,      .       :       .     ,       ,    ,   .

        ,    .    ,       .                   .      -       ,    ,       250.      ,       .         ,    .             .

     ,      .          2  ,    ,    ,        .       ,      ,             .

    .   ,          :   ,          .    :          ,       ,      ,    ,             .

        ,   .    15,   ,      ,      ;        .      (,   [53 - Holland John. The History and Description of Fossil Fuel, the Collieries, and Coal Trade of Great Britain, 2nd ed. L.: Whittaker, 1841. P. 178.]),  ,            .         .       ,    ,       ,      ,     [54 -   : Hatcher John. The History of the British Coal Industry. Vol. 1. Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. P. 196, 197.].      ,     ,   .






 . S.T. Pees and Associates.



   XVII.       :   1 ,    1 ,    1  [   ,   ],        ,    2 ,    2 ,    [    ,   ] 1 [],    2 [],    ,    ,   6 ,   ,    ,   ,            . ,   , 21 [55 - 1  = 2,54, 1  = 12  (30,48), 1  = 3  (91,44),  1  = 2  (182,88).],   38           [56 -         (Dr.Martin Lister, Fell. Coll. Phys. & R. S.);            (Mr.Maleverer, of Arncliffe in Yorkshire) // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 21 (1699). P. 7378.].

        .        ,     ,  ,    ,    [57 - Galloway Robert. Annals of Coal Mining and the Coal Trade: The Invention of the Steam Engine and the Origin of the Railway. L.: Colliery Guardian, 1898. P. 56.].          ,         , adit ( . Aditus  ).         .              .          45?45,  ,    ,   12      :           .         1842.,          ,     :       ;      ,           ,       ;       .      ;     . ,     ,     :   ,      .

    1841.            ,     ,         :



       ,     ;       ;           ;      ,   ,     ,    ,      ,     .     ,    , ,     ;      ,    ;      ,   []  ,     ;      ,   ;     [58 -  150.];       ;       ,   ;     ,     ;     ;    ;    ;    ;         ;    [     ];     ,    [59 -     : Ashleys Mines Commission. www.victorianweb.org.].







      .    damps    dampf  , .              .            .      :   (    ),    (),     ,    (),    ( )     (    ,  ,          )[60 - : Galloway, Annals of Coal Mining, 160.].               .    :          ,   , 廠    ,           ,   .       .

,     ,   ,    ,               [61 - Ibid. P. 214.].         1675.     ,      -  .  1640.,     ,           :      ,           ,      .    .            .  , ,    ,  ,    ,    ,     [62 - Ibid. P. 220.].   ,    ,            .

 1675.       .           ,  .    ,  ,   .   ,  ,    ,      [63 - Ibid. P. 221.].    .

    ,       ,  ,             .      .    ,    .   ,     ,   ,        ,  ,          ,   ,         .     ,    ,    ,  .         ,      :  ,    ;          ,  ,  ,  , , ;      ,    ,    . ,   ,    ,   ,   ,  [64 - Ibid. P. 222.].

  ,  ,      .   ,      ,       ,         ,   ,   .  ,   ,   .

          :    .     ,     ,   ,    ,   ,         .   ,    ,       .          .         ,     ,     ,    .  , ,   ,          .   ,     ,       :                   .

,   ,     .     ,        ,    .     ,    ,    .   ,  ,   ,             ,   .          [65 - Ibid. P. 157.].

     :     .    ,   ,   ,  ,     .            .                  :   ,   ,        ,      .

         ,     . ,  ,     ,   :    ,  ,    , , .        -      , ,   ,    900     (113600 ,  169000 ,   ).   ,          ,  .  ,  ,         .






 .  .



     .  ,    ,    ,   1643.  ,  .       ,             ,   .  1654.            ,        III.        ,          ,        .          ,        ,   .






       



  , -  ,      (  ,  )  ,    1657.    ,   ,       [66 -   -  (natural philosophers)  1833.,    -       scientist. . .]  ,   ,       ,       ,       [67 -    : Boyle (1660), 5.].     ,      .      ,    ,       .       , ,     ,    ,    ,    ,      - ?






     .   ,     ,       . ,   ,         ,    .  L ,       ,       ,   .      ,  L  ,        ,     



       ,              .     .           : ,    ;   1658.   .      ,                    .    ,   ,    .

          ,    ,       (   ;   ,   ).      :  ,          .  ,    ,  ,  ,  , [68 - Ibid. P. 22.].    :         ,  ?

              XVII.  1604.      ,     ;        .

,  ,         ,   ;       .    ,            .   ,  ,   , ,     ,             ,   .      .   ,   , ,     ,    .

,           [69 -  : Gerrit Tierie. Cornelis Drebbel (15721633) / PhD diss., Leiden University, 1982. P. 17 (online).]     ,    ,    ,       ,        [70 -   : Tierie. Cornelis Drebbel. P. 32, 33.].  1605.         ,  ,   I.         ,         ,     .  II,    ,    ,    ,    ,        .   1612.  ,        .  ,  ,   ,       .            I.

-  ,    I; ,           ,       .        ,     .        1621.    ,     .    ,     ,     [71 -  : Tierie. Cornelis Drebbel. P. 28.].






  



,        ,    ,   ,     1620.     .    ,    ,     ,            .         ,    ,   ,                  .    (  )     [72 -   . C. : ibid. P. 70.].

  1620- .        :      -,    -[73 -    -: ibid. P. 72.].          ,        XVII .    1633.,             .






    , 1620.  .



        .   ,      ,  1651.,    ,       ,        ,  .  1650-           ,   1656.  ,      ,      ,  .        .

                  . - ,     XIV,       .    1666.,   ,     ,          .             :



        ,  ,   , , , , , ,  , ,     ,   ,   ,   ,   ,         [74 -  : Andriesse C.D.Huygens: The Man Behind the Principle / trans. Sally Miedema. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. P. 229.].


   ,     ,        :   ,            .    ,    [75 -  : Valenti Phillip. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine: A Case Study of British Sabotage of Science // American Almanac online, 1996. N.p.].

 1672.    .         -  :    ,      .            ?.     ,       ,    - :  , ,           .      1671. ,   XIV,   20  -  ,        ,       .     ,      .






   : 1) , 1610.; 2)  , 1614.; 3)   , 1641.         ,   1659.,    ,      



,     1672.    ,    ,   . -,     , ,   ,  ,      .         ,   ,     ,  ,      .                        .    1667-   ,        .






      1659., Systema Saturnium



   ,      ,           ,     [76 -     : Antognazza (2009). P. 141.].  ,        , -      :      ,     ,        ,   .             .        ,  ,   , .

     . ,   ,        ; ,    ,    [77 -  : Andriesse. Huygens: Man Behind the Principle. P. 278.].  ,             ,  ,           .    ,  ,          [78 -  : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 3.].

    .        ,    ;       ;  ,     :         ,     .       ,         .

     ,          .    ,      ,       ,   ,   ,       . , ,  , ,        ,   1675.   .         ,   :       -   . ,        ,   .

     ,   ,     ,            ,  , .            ..[79 -    : ibid. P. 6.]   1679.    .  ,             ,      ,        ,   .       ,       ,      ,    .       ,   ,  ,       ,     .






  1679.    L-M-N



 1681.    ,        ,   ,     ,     .  1684-                 30    (  4000 ,  6000 ,   );   , ,     .  XVII. ,   ,    :     ,     ,  ,   [80 -   : Shapin Steven. The Invisible Technician // American Scientist. 77. 6 (1989). P. 554563.].        ,   1687.      ,          ,   -.

    .   1680- ., ,  ,   ,        ,  ,          ,  .

   ,    1690.,    ,       ,   ,     [       . .],       ,      ,  ,    ,  ,          ,     ,       [81 - Papin Denis. A New Method of ObtainingVery Great Moving Powers at Small Cost. Reprinted in translation in James Patrick Muirhead. The Life of James Watt, with Selections from His Correspondence. N.Y.: D.Appleton, 1859. P. 136142, q. v. (1690). P. 105, 106.].

    ,     ,          ,         ,  ?  ,  .        ,      .    ,           ,     ,    .             ,    ,       .

 ,            ,      ,           .                    ,   ,           ,      ;  [      ],        ,  ;    ,     [82 - Ibid. P. 108, 109 (tran. ed.).].

       ,   :     ,    .             ,       .          .   ,          .

    ,      ,           .           . ,   1695.     -:          -.  ,              .           .

        ,       :          .        .  ,  :     .    .   .            [83 -   : Strandh Sigvard. A History of the Machine. N.Y.: A&W, 1979. P. 115.].

,       1698.,    ,  ,    ,     ,      .    ,         ,          .                      .       ,  .        ,        [84 -  : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 10.].

     .  ,        ,        .   ,  ,       .  []   ,   ,    [85 - Ibid.].   ,       : (1)      (2)     ,        .         ,  ,      ;       ,     .   ,    ,        .   ,  ,  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,  .  ,  ,   ,         ,   [86 - Papin. A New Method of Obtaining // Muirhead. The Life of James Watt. P. 106.].      ,                    ,         .

 ,            .     ,  , ,      ,      ,    ,        ,     ? [87 -  : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 10.].

 ,             .      ,       . ,    ,    1695.    ,       [88 -  : Recueil de diverses Pi?ces touchant quelques nouvelles Machines, &c. Par Mr.D.Papin, Dr. en., Med. &c. A Cassel, 1695.].        : ,   ,     ,           ,      ,           .            .             (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London)  1695.,              ,   , ,  ,  [89 -    : Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 19 (16951697). P. 481.].

    ,   1698.,  ,         70  [21]    .     ,    ,       ,        10:    ,     , 1013    .   :      ,     .  ,   , ,      ,  [90 -    : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 11.].     ,   ,    ,     ,     ,         :   ,   ,         .

 1698.        .     ,                     ,       ,         ,     ,    [    ].    ,    ,     .         14  1699.,    .  ,   ,  ,       ,        [91 - 36. 14  1699.: Savery Thomas. The Miners Friend; or, An Engine to Raise Water by Fire, Described. And of the Manner of FixingIt in Mines; With an Account of the Several Other Uses It is Applicable Unto; and an Answer to the Objections Made AgainstIt.L.: S.Crouch, 1702. A4.].




 3

   


    .     ,           ,  ,             .   ,         [ ],      ,   1698.      ,  ,        [92 - Belidor Bernard Forest de. Architecture hydraulique, ou Lart de Conduire, dlever et de Mnager les Eaux. Vol. 2. Paris: Chez L.Cellot, 1782. P. 309.].

  1704.,        ,      ,  ,      , ,  .                ,        ,        .           [93 - Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 14.].        ,  1%[94 -   : Landes (1969). P. 101.].  ,      ,           ,   ;             .

  ,    ,   ,         :       .       ,           .         (1707.)     ,        ,       [95 - Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 19 ( ).].






 



     .    ,  ,  1706.               ,     .  ,        ,  .  1703.       .             ,       ,  ,             .

           1707.       80- , ,   ,     400  (57000 ,  84000 ,   )[96 -   : Robinson H.W.Denis Papin (16471712). Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 5. 1 (October 1947). P. 49.].       ;  ,  ,  ,       .         ,  ,          .   1708.          ,   . ,   ,  .             ,       , ,           [97 - Jenkins Rhys. The Heat Engine Idea in the Seventeenth Century: A Contribution to the History of the Steam Engine // Transactions of the Newcomen Society 17 (1937). P. 9.].

                    ,        ,       ,      .       ,       1712.[98 -   : Robinson. Denis Papin. 49.].

     .     ,   ,     ,        .     ,  , ,   [99 - Richard L.Hills. Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. P. 16.].        ,         (The Miners Friend; or, An Engine to Raise Water by Fire),     [100 - Ibid.; Savery. Miners Friend.].

    ,  ,     .              ,   ,  ,   ,         6.                       .        ,    [101 -  : Jenkins Rhys. Savery, Newcomen and the Early History of the Steam Engine. pt. 2, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 4. 1 (1923). P. 116.].          York Buildings,    ,       ,   [102 - -,   : Hills. Power from Steam. P. 16.].

      ,  ,     .     ,       ,        [103 - Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 198.].              ,       ,   30  (9).            ,   ,     ,     .             ,         .  1705.,    ,       [104 -  1705.     : Rolt L. T. C. Thomas Newcomen: The Prehistory of the Steam Engine. Dawlish, UK: David and Charles, 1963. P. 39.],  -          .

    ,     ,   ,          .            ,         .          ,      ,      ,     :          .   1700.      ,     .






   York Buildings



        ,       , .            .  ,              ,    .   XVIII.     ,          .     F. C., ,   1708.    (The Compleat Collier),           ,        [105 -  : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 175.].      .

 ,   ,   - ,      1663. , ,            .  1685.,     ,   ,        . ,   ,       .  1707.        ,           .       -  :        [106 -  : Rolt. Thomas Newcomen. P. 4248.].

    ,    ,   ;    ,         .          ,     ,     1716  1726.         ,           [107 - .: Waerland Are. Marten Triewald and the First Steam Engine in Sweden // Transactions of the Newcomen Society 7. 1 (1926). P. 24ff.].  1734.  ,                 .  ,               [108 -  : Rolt. Thomas Newcomen. P. 51.]. ,   ,   ,     ,      ,     ,         .       .

          ,   .        ,     ,   .          . ,       ,             ,             ,   .                      .        ,  .        ,      :       ,      ,  ,   ,   .






 d,  a,  s,  v,   l



 , ,   ,    .     ,   ,    ,  ,   .      ,    ,       .      ,       .            ,                [109 -     : Thurston RobertH. A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine, 2nd rev. ed. N.Y.: D.Appleton, 1884. P. 60.].

   .    ,    ,   ,     .        ,   ,       .

    ,           .   ,     򻠖  ,   ,   ,    ,       ,   ,        ,          ,     .        ,       ,        ,   ,    ,      [110 -  : Hills. Power from Steam. P. 25.].

            .          (,    ,    g    ;        f    [111 -   h      ,    . . .]).           12            .  ,    ,  1803.     ,            ,      ,   :



,      ,            ;  ,      .      ,         .    ,     .       ,         . ,                   .     ,   ,     ,    - [112 - Wordsworth Dorothy. Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth / ed. William Knight. Vol. 1. L.: Macmillan, 1904. P. 177.].


 ,       ,            ,   . ,        ,        ,       .     ,   ,               .

   ,      1698.   ,     ,     .   1699-         21      ,    1733.    ,      ,         ,   1715.      ,     ,      [113 -     : Jenkins. Savery, Newcomen. Pt. 2. P. 119.].   80 , 20    .

   ,   ,    1712.     .   ,    ,  53     2,5  ;           46.      ,   ,     [114 -     : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 238, 239; Jenkins. Savery, Newcomen. Pt. 2. P. 119; Allen John S.Thomas Newcomen // DNB online, 4.].          .     120- ,     1720.,     110[115 -   1720.: Burton Anthony. Richard Trevithick: Giant of Steam. L.: Aurum Press, 2000. P. 9.].

           900   ,         150   ,      [116 -        : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining, 241.          .].   ,                 ,     ,          .        ,  ,        [117 -  : ibid. P. 241.].

    ,          [118 -     : ibid.].  1710  1733.,     ,          104  [119 - 7. 104  : Allen JohnS. The Introduction of the Newcomen Engine, 17101733: Second Addendum // Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45 (1972). P. 223.].        1800.    550 ,      -  [120 - Kitsikopoulos Harry. The Diffusion of Newcomen Engines, 17061773: A Re-assessment // Economic History Association online, 2013. P. 9.].      ,     ;         .    ,     .    ,   ,  [121 -  (hostmen)  -,            ,     . . .],       ,      ,     ,   ,    , ,  ,  ,    ,       [122 - Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 151.].          ,                   .

    .  ,        .       ,     :      ,        [123 -     trinoda necessitas [.   (.). ,   trinoda        ,   trimoda (). . .]  : Webb Sidney and Webb Beatrice. English Local Government: The Story of the Kings Highway. L.: Longmans, Green, 1913. P. 5.].      ,  ,  .     ,         ,      .   XVIII.       ,    ,   ,       .    ,  ,      XVII., ,            ,      ,       -  [124 - Fyne Morrisons Itinerary, or Ten Years Travel throughout Great Britain and other Parts of Europe (1617);  : Stratton EzraM. The World on Wheels; or, Carriages, with Their Historical Associations from the Earliest to the Present Time. N.Y.: published by the author, 1878. P. 272.].

?   ,  ,  ,     ,   : 100000      750000 ,       [125 -  ,        .    .],   ,     ,  ,   ,  .       ,   1748.  ,          ,        ,        .            ,    ,     .      ,     ,       .     ,        [.. , ]         [126 -  : Webb and Webb. English Local Government. P. 68.].       :     ,     ,          .

  ,     ,   ,           .          ,      ,   .    ,       .    :  ,     ,     ,        ;  ,  ,       .






      XVIII.  .



     ,   .  ,        II,    ,     ,     , :  ,        ,       ,   ,         20      [127 -  : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 156.]. ,    ,    [128 -     1012?, .. . 0,1.    4047?,  0,4.],         ; 20   XVII.   2500 ,  3700 ,   .         104  (31,7),    (1609)  51  ,        .   1738.     ,           ;  ,   , [  ] -      [129 -  : Lee CharlesE. The Evolution of Railways / 2nd ed. L.: Railway Gazette, 1943. P. 29.].

       ,   .            .       ,    .   ,  1696.              20000   -[130 - 20000   -: Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 169.]




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


    (.).   ,    ,   .




2


HeatIndex  ,  ,       ,      .




3


  ,   28  1598.,    : Aaron MelissaD. The Globe and HenryV as Business Document // SEL: Studies in English Literature 15001900: 40.2 (2000). P. 277292; NardizziVin. Shakespeares Globe and Englands Woods // Shakespeare Studies 39 (2011). P. 5463; Shapiro James. A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare: 1599. N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2006, P. 142; Wallace Charles William. The First London Theatre: Materials for a History // University Studies 13. 1, 2, 3 (1913). P. 135ff. passim.




4


MulryneJ.R. and Shewring Margaret, eds. Shakespeares Globe Rebuilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. P. 190.




5


Eliot CharlesW., ed. The Harvard Classics. Vol. 35. Chronicle and Romance: Froissart, Malory, Holinshed. N.Y.: P.F.Collier & Son, 1938. P. 293.




6


 1581.: Flinn Michael W.Timber and the advance of technology: A reconsideration // Annals of Science. 15: 2. P. 110, 111; Nef JohnU. The Rise of the British Coal Industry. Vol. 1. L.: Routledge, 1966. P. 158.




7


    15701600.: Rutkow Eric. American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation. N.Y.: Scribner, 2013. P. 12.




8


2500: Flinn (1959). P. 110, 4n.




9


  : Albion Robert Greenhalgh. The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 16521862. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926. P. 4.




10


--     (--) - (         ).




11


 : Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 28.




12


The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Sunday, 5 May 1667. www.pepysdiary.com.




13


     ,  




14


     .




15


 (. load)     ; ,  .         ,        0,75  1,5


.




16


  , 300 000 : Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 116, 117.




17


 : Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 118, 119.




18


          ,     (0,093 ?)     (2,54).




19


Neal Daniel. The History of New England. Vol. 2. L.: A.Ward, 1747. P. 213.




20


Albion. Timber Problem of Royal Navy. P. 121.




21


Standish Arthur. The Commons Complaint. L.: William Stansby, 1611. 1.




22


 ,    (The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland),    .            (Description of England).




23


Eliot. Chronicle and Romance, 319, 320.




24


I    : Nef. Rise of British Coal. Vol. 1. P. 156.




25


Smiles Samuel. Industrial Biography: Iron Workers and Tool Makers. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864. P. 59n.




26


 .. .  .: .  . .: , 2012.




27


Chaucer Geoffrey. The Former Age. Lines 2730.




28


 .      .




29


 ... .  .:   . . .:  , 1977.




30


Agricola Georgius. De re Metallica, trans. Herbert Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. 1556; repr., N.Y.: Dover, 1950. P. 7.




31


 ... .  .: .  .  .   . .: , 2006.




32


Milton John. Paradise Lost. Bk. 1. Lines 670688.




33


 : Galloway. A History of Coal Mining in Great Britain. L.: Macmillan, 1882), 23.




34


   : Nef. Rise of British Coal. P. 25.




35


      : Brimblecombe Peter. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. L.: Methuen, 1987. P. 66. Table 4.1.




36


Historical Overview of London Population // http://www.londononline.co.uk/factfile/historical/




37


 : Cullingford Benita. British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping. Hove, UK: Book Guild, 2000. P. 9.




38


Artificiall Fire, or, Coale for Rich and Poore. Early English Books Online, Wing (2nd ed.) G623, British Library.




39


   : Nef. Rise of British Coal. Vol. 1. P. 21. Table 2.




40


Evelyn John. A Character of England. L.: Joseph Crooke, 1659. P. 29, 30. Early English Books Online.




41


Evelyn John. Fumifugium: or, the Inconvenience of the Aer, and Smoake of London Dissipated. L.: printed by W.Godbid, for Gabriel Bedel, and Thomas Collins, 1661; reprinted for B.White, 1672. P. 1, 2.




42


  , fugium    fugio/fugere (  ),    fugo/fugare ().




43


Ibid. P. 3.




44


Ibid. P. 13.




45


Ibid. P. 17.




46


Ibid. P. 19, 20.




47


Ibid. P. 24, 25.




48


Ibid. P. 36.




49


Ibid. P. 37.




50


Ibid. P. 47.




51


Ibid. P. 48, 49.




52


 (.).




53


Holland John. The History and Description of Fossil Fuel, the Collieries, and Coal Trade of Great Britain, 2nd ed. L.: Whittaker, 1841. P. 178.




54


  : Hatcher John. The History of the British Coal Industry. Vol. 1. Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. P. 196, 197.




55


1  = 2,54, 1  = 12  (30,48), 1  = 3  (91,44),  1  = 2  (182,88).




56


        (Dr.Martin Lister, Fell. Coll. Phys. & R. S.);            (Mr.Maleverer, of Arncliffe in Yorkshire) // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 21 (1699). P. 7378.




57


Galloway Robert. Annals of Coal Mining and the Coal Trade: The Invention of the Steam Engine and the Origin of the Railway. L.: Colliery Guardian, 1898. P. 56.




58


 150.




59


    : Ashleys Mines Commission. www.victorianweb.org.




60


: Galloway, Annals of Coal Mining, 160.




61


Ibid. P. 214.




62


Ibid. P. 220.




63


Ibid. P. 221.




64


Ibid. P. 222.




65


Ibid. P. 157.




66


  -  (natural philosophers)  1833.,    -       scientist. . .




67


   : Boyle (1660), 5.




68


Ibid. P. 22.




69


 : Gerrit Tierie. Cornelis Drebbel (15721633) / PhD diss., Leiden University, 1982. P. 17 (online).




70


  : Tierie. Cornelis Drebbel. P. 32, 33.




71


 : Tierie. Cornelis Drebbel. P. 28.




72


  . C. : ibid. P. 70.




73


   -: ibid. P. 72.




74


 : Andriesse C.D.Huygens: The Man Behind the Principle / trans. Sally Miedema. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. P. 229.




75


 : Valenti Phillip. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine: A Case Study of British Sabotage of Science // American Almanac online, 1996. N.p.




76


    : Antognazza (2009). P. 141.




77


 : Andriesse. Huygens: Man Behind the Principle. P. 278.




78


 : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 3.




79


   : ibid. P. 6.




80


  : Shapin Steven. The Invisible Technician // American Scientist. 77. 6 (1989). P. 554563.




81


Papin Denis. A New Method of ObtainingVery Great Moving Powers at Small Cost. Reprinted in translation in James Patrick Muirhead. The Life of James Watt, with Selections from His Correspondence. N.Y.: D.Appleton, 1859. P. 136142, q. v. (1690). P. 105, 106.




82


Ibid. P. 108, 109 (tran. ed.).




83


  : Strandh Sigvard. A History of the Machine. N.Y.: A&W, 1979. P. 115.




84


 : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 10.




85


Ibid.




86


Papin. A New Method of Obtaining // Muirhead. The Life of James Watt. P. 106.




87


 : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 10.




88


 : Recueil de diverses Pi?ces touchant quelques nouvelles Machines, &c. Par Mr.D.Papin, Dr. en., Med. &c. A Cassel, 1695.




89


   : Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 19 (16951697). P. 481.




90


   : Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 11.




91


36. 14  1699.: Savery Thomas. The Miners Friend; or, An Engine to Raise Water by Fire, Described. And of the Manner of FixingIt in Mines; With an Account of the Several Other Uses It is Applicable Unto; and an Answer to the Objections Made AgainstIt.L.: S.Crouch, 1702. A4.




92


Belidor Bernard Forest de. Architecture hydraulique, ou Lart de Conduire, dlever et de Mnager les Eaux. Vol. 2. Paris: Chez L.Cellot, 1782. P. 309.




93


Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 14.




94


  : Landes (1969). P. 101.




95


Valenti. Leibniz, Papin, and the Steam Engine. P. 19 ( ).




96


  : Robinson H.W.Denis Papin (16471712). Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 5. 1 (October 1947). P. 49.




97


Jenkins Rhys. The Heat Engine Idea in the Seventeenth Century: A Contribution to the History of the Steam Engine // Transactions of the Newcomen Society 17 (1937). P. 9.




98


  : Robinson. Denis Papin. 49.




99


Richard L.Hills. Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. P. 16.




100


Ibid.; Savery. Miners Friend.




101


 : Jenkins Rhys. Savery, Newcomen and the Early History of the Steam Engine. pt. 2, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 4. 1 (1923). P. 116.




102


-,   : Hills. Power from Steam. P. 16.




103


Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 198.




104


 1705.     : Rolt L. T. C. Thomas Newcomen: The Prehistory of the Steam Engine. Dawlish, UK: David and Charles, 1963. P. 39.




105


 : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 175.




106


 : Rolt. Thomas Newcomen. P. 4248.




107


.: Waerland Are. Marten Triewald and the First Steam Engine in Sweden // Transactions of the Newcomen Society 7. 1 (1926). P. 24ff.




108


 : Rolt. Thomas Newcomen. P. 51.




109


    : Thurston RobertH. A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine, 2nd rev. ed. N.Y.: D.Appleton, 1884. P. 60.




110


 : Hills. Power from Steam. P. 25.




111


  h      ,    . . .




112


Wordsworth Dorothy. Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth / ed. William Knight. Vol. 1. L.: Macmillan, 1904. P. 177.




113


    : Jenkins. Savery, Newcomen. Pt. 2. P. 119.




114


    : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 238, 239; Jenkins. Savery, Newcomen. Pt. 2. P. 119; Allen John S.Thomas Newcomen // DNB online, 4.




115


  1720.: Burton Anthony. Richard Trevithick: Giant of Steam. L.: Aurum Press, 2000. P. 9.




116


       : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining, 241.          .




117


 : ibid. P. 241.




118


    : ibid.




119


7. 104  : Allen JohnS. The Introduction of the Newcomen Engine, 17101733: Second Addendum // Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45 (1972). P. 223.




120


Kitsikopoulos Harry. The Diffusion of Newcomen Engines, 17061773: A Re-assessment // Economic History Association online, 2013. P. 9.




121


 (hostmen)  -,            ,     . . .




122


Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 151.




123


    trinoda necessitas [.   (.). ,   trinoda        ,   trimoda (). . .]  : Webb Sidney and Webb Beatrice. English Local Government: The Story of the Kings Highway. L.: Longmans, Green, 1913. P. 5.




124


Fyne Morrisons Itinerary, or Ten Years Travel throughout Great Britain and other Parts of Europe (1617);  : Stratton EzraM. The World on Wheels; or, Carriages, with Their Historical Associations from the Earliest to the Present Time. N.Y.: published by the author, 1878. P. 272.




125


 ,        .    .




126


 : Webb and Webb. English Local Government. P. 68.




127


 : Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 156.




128


    1012?, .. . 0,1.    4047?,  0,4.




129


 : Lee CharlesE. The Evolution of Railways / 2nd ed. L.: Railway Gazette, 1943. P. 29.




130


20000   -: Galloway. Annals of Coal Mining. P. 169.


