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Bill Bryson

THE BODY: A GUIDE FOR OCCUPANTS

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       The Marsh Agency Ltd.



 Bill Bryson, 2019

 . ., 2019

     AST Publishers, 2021


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        .        .          .        .       .        ,       .      189819 ,         ,       [11 - Ball, Stories of the Invisible, . 48.].   ,      ,           [12 - Challoner, Cell, . 38.].

    ,             . 99,9%     ,      [13 - Nature, 26  2014, . 463.].       -          ,     ,     [14 - Arney, Herding Hemingways Cats, . 184.].            ,        ,   ,    [15 - New Scientist, 15  2012, . 3033.].

 ,    , -    .          ,     -    .   , . , ,       .    .    ,  Alu-,         ,        ,  [16 - Mukherjee, Gene, . 322; Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, . 174.].   ,   ,    10%    .    -    ʻ,          ʻ,  ,    ,         . -     ,      .

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         ? ,         . ,           ,     ,   .    -       ,       ,    ,      ,  ,  ,  ,  .       .

       ,     .         .         [17 - Nature, 24  2011, . S2.].            .   ,          ;       [18 -  ,     ;     Naked Scientist  21  2017.].   .     ,      ,       ,        . ,     -   , , ,      :            .      ,        .

      37,2  [19 - An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body, Annals of Human Biology, - 2013.][20 - ,  ,   .     ,   ,       .   37,2     2013                   Annals of Human Biology.],        . ,  ,         ,       .            ,            ,    ,      ,  [21 - New Yorker, 7  2014, . 3839.].         .

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 2

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    .        (   ),      -   -  (- ),   , ,         ,     .      (       ),          .      ,    .          ,   ,         ,  -   [23 -    . , -,  , 29  2016.].

           .   ,   ,     .   ,  ,    ,  .   ,    ,   .       .    ,  :            [24 - Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, . 31.].     ,    ,     ,      .        .

    ,  .             ( ) [25 -  , . 166.].    ,      ,      .  ,            : .

     ,       :    ,  ,   ,    .   (     )   ,   .        ,        ,    ,       ,   .

   ,       ,     .   ,   -        ,  ,      .    :       (  )   ,    ,     .            .            ,        .         ,    ,    .      ,              .    ,         [26 - Oxford English Dictionary.]. -,     ,      ,  ,  ,  ,  .       .         1743     .

 ,    ,         .        ,       [27 -     ,   (     ),   .       ,   ,     ,    .].       ,   .      ,      .

    .               :   , , , ,    [28 - Ackerman, Natural History of the Senses, . 83.].        ,     ( 1852 ),      ,        .   -  ,  ,      ,    .

       ,      .        0,00001    ,    -  .  ,        ,   .    .    ,      ,     ,      [29 - Linden, Touch, . 46.]. ,     ,    [30 - The Magic of Touch, The Uncommon Senses, BBC Radio 4, 27  2017].         ,     - ,     ,          .

      ,  , , ,  ,      , ,      [31 - Linden, Touch, . 73.].  ,     ,    ,    .       ,           .        .



      ,          ,        ,         (      )               .    ,   . ,  ,      .       .

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                        ,        ,  ,           .          ,  ,        ,    ,      .    ,   ,          ,  .  2006     :   (Skin: A Natural History),    ,            (Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color).

     ,  -   .         ,  ,      .     :        ,      ,   ,      [32 -    . .].       ,      .     .     ,      ,        .     ,      .    ,      .                [33 - Challoner, Cell, . 170.].



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     ,    ,           . ,    -     -  - -    ,  ,              .  ,         ,      ,        ,   -  .    ,       .     ,    ,       .   ,      ,     .    ,          .

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 D    .     ,  ,      .  ,     .            .   ,                 .     - .     ,      ,        . ,         ,    .      : ,        .      ,         ,     [35 - Jablonski, Skin, . 17.].        [36 - Smith, Body, . 410.].        ,      ,     ,     .    ,      [37 - Jablonski, Skin, . 90.].

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    ,        ,         ,       ,      ,          .   ,     ,         D        ,      ,      ,          .          ,          (  )      ,   ,     ,       .    D  ,   ,           .  ,   ,           D       [38 - Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, / 2012; New Scientist, 9  2014, . 3437.].     , ,   .

                    [39 - University College London press release, Natural Selection Has Altered the Appearance of Europeans over the Past 5000 Years, 11  2014.].      -         .   .          D ,     ,      ,           .  ,          ,      .       ,    ,       ,    ,    ,      .          .

               [40 - Jablonski, Living Color, . 24.].       .   ,    ,  . ,    ,    ,      .

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           ,         ,     ,  ,     .   2018 ,   ,             ,   ,      ,       [43 - First Modern Britons Had Dark to Black Skin, Guardian, 7  2018.]. ( ,   ,  ,      ,    .)  ,   ,     .       ,          (    ).        ;     ,   , ,   ,   .    ,       ,           ,   -          [44 - New Scientist, 3  2018, . 12.].  ,   ,     ,      .   ,           ,    .



   :   .      . -       ,   ,      .      ,   , , , ,       ,     .       ,   -[45 - Jablonski, Skin, . 19.].       .       ,             ,       [46 - Linden, Touch, . 216.].

      .     ,    :  ,   ,                [47 - The Naked Truth, Scientific American,  2010.].    ,  ,    ,    .   ,   ,         -  ,       .             ,               ,    [48 - Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, . 157.].     ,      (      ), ,      ,     ,  , ,     [49 - Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings,  2012, . 305.].

         :               ?   ,    ,     ,         ,    ,      1,21,7   [50 - Why Are Humans So Hairy?, New Scientist, 17  2017.].      ,     ,           .         ?   ,    ,      .            .    ,       ,           ,      . ,            ,          .

             .     ,        ,  . ,  ,          (  )   ,   .   ,   , ,    .  ,   2017    Royal Society Open Science,      ,    ,  ,          -     [51 - Do Human Pheromones Actually Exist?, Science News, 7  2017.].   ,        ,  ,                . ,      ,              [52 - Bainbridge, Teenagers, . 4445.].

       ,        .         ,           - .       ,     .         ,       ,      .    , ,          .           , ,     -  ,         [53 - The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry, BBC Radio 4, 22  2016.].     ,       .


II

  1902      --, 157 (            )  .  ,     .      , ,  ,            ,     .

   ,   ,        .         -          [54 - Cole, Suspect Identities, . 49.].         .        :    ,   ,  ,    ,      .        ,    .           (          ),      ,      .             .          .

   -      , ,         157   --        ,  - ,       ,     .             .

 ,       ,      XIX     [55 - Smith, Body, . 409.],               ,           ,      .  ,    ,             ,      .             .                    ,      .

        ? :   .       .    ,       ,   ,   ,  ,  ,      .   ,    .          .       ,           .    :         ,        .

      . ,    ,   . ,      ,        ,         [56 - Linden, Touch, . 37.].   ,      ,          ,   ,    ,    .           ,          [57 - Why Do We Get Prune Fingers?, Smithsonian.com, 6  2015.].    ,        .  ,  ,    .  ,     ,      ,   ,       .

-            [58 - Adermatoglyphia: The Genetic Disorder of People Born Without Fingerprints, Smithsonian, 14  2014.].       ,    . -,          ,             .

     ,  ,   .    . ,  ,      ,       .    ,        ,    .        ,   ,          .   ,    ,                 ,    [59 - Daniel E. Lieberman, Human Locomotion and Heat Loss: An Evolutionary Perspective, Comprehensive Physiology 5, 1 ( 2015).].    ,   ,       , , ,          .  :                           [60 - Jablonski, Living Color, . 26.].  ,   ,    .

     ,   ,          ,       .        (Last Breath: Cautionary Tales from the Limits of Human Endurance) ,            .  ,     ,   ,          .               .      .     ,                      . ,        .

      ,            -  .  -        . (           .)          ,       [61 - Stark, Last Breath, . 28385.].       ,          ( ,          ),    ,    28C    45 ,  38C  15 ,   49C   7  ( 11).

   99,5% .     ,       .          ,         (  )  ,    ,       ,   [62 - Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, . 139.].

          .      ,    -         .         [63 - Tallis, Kingdom of Infinite Space, . 23.].

    :   .            ,          .           (-   ,  , )       .

    , ,         ,    . -       .     .   ,     ,              ,         [64 - Bainbridge, Teenagers, . 48.].

 ,   ,  . ,     ,         ,   ,  ,     ,      .       ,       ,  ,   ,  .

         ,    .   ,             ,  ,        [65 - Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, . 11.].       ,   - .       ,                  ,      ,       [66 - Gawande, Better, . 1415; What Is the Right Way to Wash Your Hands?, Atlantic, 23  2017.].       ,             (     ).     ,



          ,     :  .


 2007  -   ,  ,          ,       .          .         ,       ,            ,    .   2368  , 1458     . (   24,3      .)        29  107.    -  ,                 [67 - National Geographic News, 14  2012.].

    ,       ,   [68 - Blaser, Missing Microbes, . 200.].         .  2016               ,      ,   ,         .

     .        (     ,     )     Demodex folliculorum ( ). ,  ,   ,     .       , ,   ,         ,     [69 - David Shultz, What the Mites on Your Face Say About Where You Came From, Science, 14  2015, www.sciencemag.org.].    ,           .      ,   ,    .



  ,    ,     ,  .       ( , ,   ),     .   , , ,    -,       ,       .   ,            , , -     .     ,  ,       .

 (     )      -       , ,   .     ,       .     ,       ,       [70 - Linden, Touch, . 185.].       :    , ,  ,       .         ,    ,       ,     .

, ,         ,   .,     ,           .      ,             .   .        ,            .         . ,      , ,  ,   ,     ,      .   ,                -  [71 -  , . 187189.].

, ,          ,       .               ,  ,        [72 - Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, . 3839.].             ,      .          .        .       ,  ,                  ,  ,     ,   ,   [73 - Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings,  2012, . 305.].         .

,       ,  ,              [74 - Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, . 42.].

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      .  ,       .

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  . , , ,       . - . ,   ,      .      ,        ,      .    ,            ,   ,      .     ,       ,  ,      [75 - Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, . 58.].      .  ,      .      .

          ,      .        ,     ,       ,         ,    2  12   .    ,        ,     ,        ,          [76 -         , -, 29  2018.].           ,  .

    ,         -            ,      [77 - Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings,  2014; West, Scale, . 1.]. ,    ,      .    ,      .      ,      ,       [78 - Crawford, Invisible Enemy, . 14.].    ,   ,       ,      .  ,      ,    ,       .

            .        ,   ,    ,        ,      .   -        ,      .       [79 - Lane, Power, Sex, Suicide, . 114; Maddox, What Remains to Be Discovered, . 170.].  ,    ,          .        ,       ,        [80 - Crawford, Invisible Enemy, . 13.].

   .    .       .      .        .



          ,             ,       .   ,  ,   ,       :      ,       ,     ,  ,        - ,            [81 - Learning About Who We Are, Nature, 14  2012; Molecular-Phylogenetic Characterization of Microbial Community Imbalances in Human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15  2007.].

  2019       ,    ,       ,        .                  ,    ,    ,     ,   ,     . (     ,   ;  ,        .) ,  ,    .    ,      ,    :   .               ,  [82 - Blaser, Missing Microbes, . 25; Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, . 13.].         .

    ,         ,  . ,         1972        .  2016              [83 - Nature, 8  2016],                    (     ,      ),      .    ,           ,        ,         (,   ),     .     :    ,       ,   ,       ,  , ,  .  ,   ,         ,   , ,    ,                         .



     [84 - The Inside Story, Nature, 28  2008.].    ,        ,    , ,    .         .  ,            .   ,    ,         ,    0,7  , 0,45  , 0,7    0,2     ( ,  )[85 -        ,  ,     ,     . , ,        ,  ,  , ,          .].     ,         ,                  ,      ,    .    -     ,   -     ,     .

 ,        .    ,     (   ).     .       1415       ,   [86 - Crawford, Invisible Enemy, . 1516; Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, . 143.].   , 1415   -  ,              .

 ,       , ,  (, ,   ..)  ,       ,          .           ,      ,         . ,       , .

 ,               [87 - The Microbes Within, Nature, 25  2015.]. ,   ,   .     ,           ,    ,      ,        ,   .


II

,      ,   ,      .                 .     :   ,    .      .  ,  ,    .     .    ;   .          ,      ,   .        ,   ,      ,           ,    .

  ,      .              [88 - They Reproduce, but They Dont Eat, Breathe, or Excrete, London Review of Books, 9  2001.].              ,       . ,        ;        [89 - Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, . 4.].   ,    .

            1900 ,      ,   ,   ,     ,   ,  .       contagium vivum fluidum,     virus,    [90 - Roossinck, Virus, . 13.].     ,      ,         ,   .

 ,          ,    ,             . ,     ,     ,  586     ,     263  [91 - Economist, 24  2017, . 76.].

  ,      ,     ,   .  1986   ,     -  -,      .   ,     ,      ,   , , ,          .       ,   ,           [92 - Zimmer, Planet of Viruses, . 4244.].    ,       -, ,           ,  ,  ,    .  ,       174  ,          .   ,      ,          .     ,    ,   ,      [93 - Crawford, Deadly Companions, . 13]    .

        .   ,  ,   2014 ,           Pithovirus sibericum.           ,      ,       .  , ,  P. sibericum    ,   ,       , ,    - ?          -.  ,      ,              ,            .        ,              .         ,   ,         . (,      shingles         shingles,  .      cingulus,     ,       scindula, .   ,       .)

         .  ,    ,      (  ,      ),       ,     ,     ,    . , ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,              ,      [94 - Cold Comfort, New Yorker, 11  2002, . 42.].      ,    ,    ,      [95 - Unraveling the Key to a Cold Viruss Effectiveness, New York Times, 8  2015.].       .  ,              .

   ,  ,   ,  ,   1989   ,     .     .         ,         ,    ,   [96 - Cold Comfort, . 45.].       ,       .    ,    ,     .  - ,   ,   ,       :  ,     ,    ,  ,  ,       .         ,             ,          ,      ,        ,           .    ,   ,         ,         -  ,            ,     [97 - Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings,  2017, . 127.].           [98 - Germs Thrive at Work, Too, Wall Street Journal, 30  2014.]. ,       (   )   .       ,     ,     .       .  -       ,  .

     ,          .            [99 - Nature, 25  2015, . 400].   ,            .     ,           ,         .             .



   ,     ,    .             -   .            .              .       ,   .   1959              . ,    ,        .        .          -   ,     Fungi,     ,    ,       , , ,  . ,      ,    .

 Candida albicans,  ,  1950-        ,               ,    .     Cryptococcus gattii:    ,        ,         ,       [100 - Scientific American,  2013, . 47.].    1999     ,                .    ,       ,  ,  ,     ,         ,   1999            ,       .

      ,       .        ,   ,              ,   ,  , ,       .    ,         ,       .  ,  ,           ,      .

, , .    ,       ,   ; ,     ,     . ,   ,     . ,      ,     ,        .     ,    ,  ,  ,     ,       ,    .    ,        ( Plasmodium).     ,     ,  .     ,   .



,     ,   -  ,     ,    .       ,   1992    ,     ,   [101 - Giant Viruses, American Scientist, - 2011; Zimmer, Planet of Viruses, . 8991; The Discovery and Characterization of Mimivirus, the Largest Known Virus and Putative Pneumonia Agent, Emerging Infections, 21  2007; Ironmonger Who Found a Unique Colony, Daily Telegraph, 15 . 2004; Bradford Telegraph and Argus, 15 . 2014; Out on a Limb, Nature, 4  2011.].           .  ,       ,  ,    ,  -     .          ,       ,   ,        .        Bradfordcoccus.    ,        .

       ,  ,     ,  .         ,  ,   .  ,  Bradfordcoccus    ,             .   ,           ,     .        .     .     ,     Bradfordcoccus  62 [102 -  : GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCAGCTCCAATAGCGTATATTAAAGTTGCTGCAGTTAAAAAG.],           ,      ,  , ,      .

          .          ;       ,    ,    .      1990- , , ,              .

           .  2013       -    -   (   ,   )    ,    .         ,         .       ,         .           ,           ,       .  ,               ,   ,          .            .


III

    ,    ,  ,     ,   .   1884      ,       (   ),      ,            ,     ,     ,  ,   [103 - Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, . 179.].      ,             ,   ,     .   .  ,         -  .   :       ,     .   ,          ,   .  -               ,       [104 -  , ,        .       ,   ,           ,            .                  . ,  ,         ,      ,   .      ,           .      .     ,    .     ,     ,   -.        ,       .       .     , , ,     ,  ,        .].

            ,       1910 ,       ,    ,    [105 - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71 (2016).].    ,     ,                        .      ,             ,     . ,    ,  .   ,      .

        ,         .          1944 ,      ,     ,        : 1928 ,   ,        ,   ,         Penicillium        .            ,       ( ,    ),   ,          ,  ,  ,        .

    ,  ,    ,    ,       ,  ,   ,   .       Penicillium notatum (   Penicillium chrysogenum),    ,        ,          .   ,                     .      . -,      ,     ,        .  ,                 .         ,                    ,     .    ,                .  1923    ,  ,    ,              ,       .         ,     .

  1930-        ,   ,            .                          .            ,       (   ),      [106 - Lax, Mould  Dr. Floreys Coat, . 7779.].        ,          .     ,      ,      . ,  ,             , ,  ,       ,        ,   1930- .    -      ,    ,     [107 - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, . Chain, Sir Ernst Boris.]. ,    ,        ,         ,       .    : ,       . ,    ,           .

                    .   1941       ,         ,       ,         [108 - Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, . 312; Economist, 21  2016, . 19.].      ,    .       .   ,         .    .             .    .     ,  ,       ,        .     ,   .




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


,  ,         .  ,   (*),   ,    .




2


  ,      ,         .




3


Emsley, Natures Building Blocks, . 4.




4


 , . 379380.




5


Scientific American,  2015, . 31.




6


Hunting the Elements, Nova, 4  2012.




7


McNeill, Face, . 27.




8


West, Scale, . 152.




9


Pollack, Signs of Life, . 19.




10


 .




11


Ball, Stories of the Invisible, . 48.




12


Challoner, Cell, . 38.




13


Nature, 26  2014, . 463.




14


Arney, Herding Hemingways Cats, . 184.




15


New Scientist, 15  2012, . 3033.




16


Mukherjee, Gene, . 322; Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, . 174.




17


Nature, 24  2011, . S2.




18


 ,     ;     Naked Scientist  21  2017.




19


An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body, Annals of Human Biology, - 2013.




20


,  ,   .     ,   ,       .   37,2     2013                   Annals of Human Biology.




21


New Yorker, 7  2014, . 3839.




22


Hafer, Not-So-Intelligent Designer, . 132.




23


   . , -,  , 29  2016.




24


Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, . 31.




25


 , . 166.




26


Oxford English Dictionary.




27


    ,   (     ),   .       ,   ,     ,    .




28


Ackerman, Natural History of the Senses, . 83.




29


Linden, Touch, . 46.




30


The Magic of Touch, The Uncommon Senses, BBC Radio 4, 27  2017




31


Linden, Touch, . 73.




32


   . .




33


Challoner, Cell, . 170.




34


Jablonski, Living Color, . 14.




35


Jablonski, Skin, . 17.




36


Smith, Body, . 410.




37


Jablonski, Skin, . 90.




38


Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, / 2012; New Scientist, 9  2014, . 3437.




39


University College London press release, Natural Selection Has Altered the Appearance of Europeans over the Past 5000 Years, 11  2014.




40


Jablonski, Living Color, . 24.




41


Jablonski, Skin, . 91




42


Rapid Evolution of a Skin-Lightening Allele in Southern African KhoeSan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 26  2018.




43


First Modern Britons Had Dark to Black Skin, Guardian, 7  2018.




44


New Scientist, 3  2018, . 12.




45


Jablonski, Skin, . 19.




46


Linden, Touch, . 216.




47


The Naked Truth, Scientific American,  2010.




48


Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, . 157.




49


Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings,  2012, . 305.




50


Why Are Humans So Hairy?, New Scientist, 17  2017.




51


Do Human Pheromones Actually Exist?, Science News, 7  2017.




52


Bainbridge, Teenagers, . 4445.




53


The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry, BBC Radio 4, 22  2016.




54


Cole, Suspect Identities, . 49.




55


Smith, Body, . 409.




56


Linden, Touch, . 37.




57


Why Do We Get Prune Fingers?, Smithsonian.com, 6  2015.




58


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