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 1

 PEBO E





1.1. pea opo


  



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Oco peo e  pea . Booee peo opo ocec opeoc pa a pooca, a  . p o opo ceye paccapa  aece cyero ea ey pooco  ee cpeo. ea  caea opaa pooca peycapae oeceee ero ce eoxo eea: paoe co, peea  cpeca pya. B o e pe pooco oa e opayec pa caoo poecca oca. Oo cy  yoeope opeoce oeca, ceoaeo, poee poy oe  oee o oeoo opee. C pooca c opoe oo peca cey opao (cxea 1).




Cxea 1. C pooca c opoe



Haoee pacpocpae oo ca ceye op ooo opo (cxea 2).




Cxea 2. Ocoe op ooo opo



pea opo poca  ooo oaoo (ecoo) pa  pap.  pa xapaep ceye ep:

opo pooc peypo (eeeo); ee ocoo c aco (yo) poo op  ocyce opae  oapo, xc oeo y-poa; oap oae cycye p poee opa; oo opro eec eo ap , oce oepa y-poa oap cpay e epeaec  py  py, o cae eoxooc oope ceax oyeo, oepax cey cocea; ea a oap ycaaaec a ocoe cpoca  peoe; oyae oapa, a pao, ec ero e opeee; oae p ocya  ocoo oe eppop.

Oco epa pap c: ee oec xapaep (pap oo pooc o pa  ro); eee opo  ope acoo (yoo) opa; opo ceec oapa o opaa, oca, aaoa (pe oap, a pao, e pcycye). B c c poae apa py ap c ocpoe cpoo epea eo oyae eoxo ceaa oyea, oepaa epeay paa coceoc a oap (ooop, opa), ocoe op  paa poee opa  opa, peypye  papeae cop. B o cyae ea a oap ycaaaec  peyae cpoca  peoe, oyaee a pape eco oeoro opee cyae epey (ocpe). pap ocya oe eppop  c cyo pa eyapooro opooo oopoa.

pea opo opaa  ce ep a oo poo, a  papoo opo, oa opayec poa  oee caoo poecca po,  pao ee oee eoo exaa, a ocec  a (xepoa) epeco a poao, a  oyaee o eaopx ee e. Ta opao, pea eeoc npecae coo caocoey opy oepeco eeoc c e noye np. Oa:

 oeppyec  ecax pooca  opee oapo, .e  pyx poex  pox epax;

 eec o ceec a oapo, a aae pe oapa, py ap;

 eec  ocyce oapa o opaa, oca, aaoa, a ae opaa  ooopa a x ocay  yye  pao a aee ax ooopo  yye;

 pooc peypo, yae oooc oepa cpoca  peoe, poao  oyaee o pee  pocpace;

 aec acoc opo, .e ce eae oy oy cepay opa o oeax aex  poecce opo eo  caaxc eax;

 xapaepyec coo eoopaoae, .e e oppyc  cooec co cpoco  peoee, ee eco oypee, o eoco  yo peapy a eyc oypy pa;

eec pe ocpea, oope oy cya o e   epecax eocpecex pooee  opeee oapo. peoe ocpeeco  peo opoe ocyecec ceo pe ocpea  poepc pa, poepc oopa  eac poepa. pa a aoa e pae cya  aece peoo ocpea;

 peycapae ocyce poo ocyapceoo oec a poecc peoo opa;

 eec o e copec coc  aooaeo yepe paa, ece oopx peypye caac po (c cooae ox oyeo  oope  coepe ceo);

 ocyecec p a opeeex peoa  yo oca poax oapo;

 paaae a ocox caapa, xapaepyx;

 aeco  ey oapa, eoc oeo y-poa.

pa a accec cy poo , oppy oo po oapo, ee opaaoy, ooecy  pecy (paoy) oco. Oa pecae coo xopoo oopyoaoe pooe eco, peocaeoe  pacopee poeccoao peoo opa  poepo  epo.

   , !

          ,

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C ooeco o pe pa  o opaoa  opeeeo ece, peypo ecy o ycaoe paa oo po, a opo coepac opo e yaa, ooa opo oapa o opaa  caapa  opaa a x ocay  yye, a ae ao  peoee eaa o ea, oao ycaoe a ocoe cpoca  peoe pa ec pec o, oaa oocoe yeco, e yecee  e eyecee paa  oaoc. Oa oe o coeo e aa ooop  e ce,  co  oeo  cye, ocyapceo apae, peeco (appao) cye.




1.2. y p


y p:

1.Opaa pex copa  poee acx yx opo, a eo:

 opaa pex po;

 papaoa pa peo po;

 aepao-execoe oeceee opo;

 apoa aapa p.

 opaa opo pa pee ceo oa pacoaa xopoo oopyoa po eco (pe ao), oopoe oo  ea ocaoo ooe oeco poao  oyaee, yx op peo op. cooae copeex epox cpec c e peye eco pcyc opyx  oo ece, a ooe ec opro epe epoe oepe epa. Ho   o cyae pa paa oece cooey cc  .

Opaa opo peye o p papao  cpooo coe pa opo, .e. op  pa oee ya   .

aepao-execoe oeceee opo ae oopyae peoro aa, paox ec yaco po, oepoe oeceee cex poecco a pe  ..

 ee pex po pa oa pacoaa coo apoa ao copyo.

2. pyo ye p ec papaoa pex opao, oopa ae:

 caapa peoa  aece xapaepca pex oapo;

 caapa paepo ap oapo;

 paoy ex peoa  pacea o pe ce.

pa ycaaae ece peoa  e apa, oope oycac  pe opa. Ha ocoe x peoa papaaac pee caap, oope yac pooe  opee a oapx pax, a ae ea  ecopa a oox pax.

cope oope aex ceo cococy oe pee opa, oope papaaac pa.

3. Papeee cnopo no pe cea.

B poecce pex opo  cy cax pax p (oa, oa oaa, eea paoa ocyaero epcoaa  ..) oo cya ooe copx cya    ,               .      .

4. Bee  peypoae pex e.

pa yacye  oppoa  peypoa e a ce  pex oapo. Koepa cpoca  peoe a pe, aee ooro oeca ceo ca e epox aopo a ey, ea ee acao p eo  peaoy cpocy  peoe. pea ea ycaaaec  poecce ee opo, oopa paccapaec a aoee aa y p. p o o opoo noa cpoae e a pe  eee aoo  ee pao; pecpa ypca a  ex ya; ey pex oapo. Kopoae e  o pecpa pex e no pe npaa c x noceye nyae.

ya e a pee oap cy opepo  poao  oyaee, ooae  paoa co cpae oee a oepex pex opax.

5. peoe cpaxoae (xepoae) yaco peo opo o eaopx  x oea e.  oro a pe coyc ceae  ceo  exa x ae. Bo aay cpaxoa yaco peoro opa, pa e coo opaye opo, coo ee ocyae pa coae yco  oo, o oyae  poa peaoo (aoo) oapa o coey ea o  oopeeo pa yace  cooecyx pex opax  aece eo  yaco. o oae oepe  pe, peae  e pox ceyo, yea co opyx a eocpeceo, a  epe ocpeo.

6. apapoae noe ceo ocaec nocpeceo pex cce pa  paceo.  oro pa coye ccey eax paceo ye aea ax      ,     .

7. opaoa eeoc p.

Baee ye p c cop  pecpa pex e c ocey x ooee  yae, peocaee ea, pa py aepecoa opaa, a eyapo po opa o a oapo o opaa  poa oo a ocoe coxc pex caapo, ee ya  aeax, ypaax, opaox aecax.




1.3. B p


K npaa acca p ooc:

  peoro oapa;

 p opraa (po ocyapca  opaa p);

 paooe ooee (cayc p);

 opa yac oceee  pex opax;

 oeaypa oapo, xc oeo peoo opa;

 eco  po  poo opoe;

 cepa eeoc;

 peoaa  pex ceo;

 xapaep eeoc.

1. B poo npae  acoc o a peoro oapa npo e oape  oapo-cpee, ooe, ae p  p pya. Coaco aoy P  oapx pax  peo poe "o oapo penoaec opaa c npaa pecoo a, oppya ono po nye opaa  peypoa peo o-o, ocyeceo  ope acx nyx opo, npoox  apaee onpeeeo ece   onpeeeoe pe no ycaoe e npaa".[1 -          20  1992 . .1. . 2. . 1.]



Coae aoepx oec, poc yca pep a, cooae ocyapco ex ya  oocpooro ecpoa  acpoa ocyapcex popa  oa po  oe eco pacpeoc pa ex ya  a eoxooc peypoa x e co copo ocyapca. o epe oppoa pa ex ya oae eoxooc  ypee ceax opao, ocoo ye oopx c opo  peypoae oopoa ex ya, ee yeca  p. Ta  coa ooe p, cyecoae oopx oycoeo poo pao yopoa acox po.

ooe p pa ae pooy, apay  eey epapxecy, epay ccey opaceoro epepaceee acox . ooy ooa panpecae coo nocoo ecy peypye po ex ya. Oa coae oooc  oa acox pecypco  x cooa p oocpoo ecpoa ocyapcex popa  oa.

Ceye oe, o a pyeo copeee ooe p pepac e oo  opa, peypye aoae acoe p cpa, e o paeac, o   opaa, opeee op, apae  xapaep pa eyapox xocex ce.

 opaa  ocya pa ocpao a coac ceae ae p. Bae p  cy coe ce  po a copeeo ae aoee eco opopyc co copo cyapca ( e aa Pocc)  oe o pyx o p. poo o ceecye, o  aee po ao p  ye oocoea o opo e yaa.

Ocooe oeco p, ox  Pocc  1990-1991 ., poc a oape  oapo-ooe. co oox  ax p paec e o.



B epe o eeoc  ae cpae ocycoao aooaeoe paeee p a oape, ooe  ae, ooy oape p opoa a oapa, a  e yaa, a ooe  ceapoac oo a ex yaax. B acoee pe oape p e pao opoa e yaa oo p a ceaoro oooro oea  cooecye e a opro e yaa.

oee ceax oapo-oox p  poccco ooe cao c e, o copee ocpea (opoa) oee paoa a oo pe oopeeo a c oapa, a  c e yaa. Kpoe oo, paeee po peye o poaa e oo ooeoro pee, o  ooex cpec, apep, a oyy pa opo a pax pax. yaec, aeee pae pa  ycee oypeo op  ooe Pocc opeye ceaa p. o ye peyao pa caoo pa eaco o eaeca rocyapca  poe .

2. o npny opaa (po ocyapca  coa p)  eo paa a a p:

 yo-paoe (ocyapcee p);

 aco-paoe (ace p).

, oce yo-paoo xapaep,  Pocc opo ocyapco  coac a ocoe aoa P o pax. eo ao p oe ca o pepae aoo aoa, aece  opo peecp  e opeee aep oopoa. a, e ec ea p, ae ovcac  coepe oepa coaco popeae  pao ea. Tae p pacpocpae  Epoe (pa, e, oa).

p, ee aco-paoo xapaep, paoa  A, CA. Ha  p op ocy oo yoro pya , xox  pey . co eo ax p opaeo. p oro a c ae oeca. x yca aa ec a opeeeoe oeco ae (cepao). Ka e p oe  aee xo  ooro a (cepaa), oop ae ey pao aa ce  oee p.

copec p  Pocc e cayc yo-paooro ya, axoeoc o opoe   eocpeceo ee ceax ocyapcex opao ypae. Tao cayc pocccx p oycoac epaoc opoo-ocpeeco eeoc  ae cpae  eocao pyx acx aao, cocox oece opaoe x yopoae.

p opaa p  Pocc  1990-1991 . a ceaa oa pa  cayc aco-paooro cya,  eeoc oopoo ea po caoopaa  caoypae peoro cooeca. Bo co cyae p coaac e a ocyapcee opaa, aae opeeeoe eco  epapx ocyapceoo ypae o y opao eo occaa, a a aoepe oeca.

oe ooc ooc poccce p  ac po accoa, oope pyoocyc apy c oa aooaeco coce paa caoypae. O ca, o a ac xapaep p yaae e oo ype yca, peaepy ee eeoc, o  oaoc peoro coea (oea) oac oo epe O copae ee eo, ocyce oaoo aae a ooc  pyooce p (  ce  a o aepa).

3. Coae p  ocoo pecppoac a aoe oeca  oapeca c opaeo oece.

Ocoeo a epep p ypeac a oapec (oeca) c opaeo oeceoc (Bopyca a pa, Aaca oapa pa, poca oapo-cea pa, Kyacca eyapoa apo-cpea p ..), o ococ ypoe eoo  ooeco yyp, pa, a ae ocyce eco paoo oco, epye x coae  yopoae. o peoca ypee p oy cooy p orooe eoxo oyeo, ooo ao ao exa ypae  papeee p, oop  aoe cee ycpaa  x. peee peao  o, o pa  ope oapec oa  apecppoaa  ecx opax ac. Oe p percppoac a ace yae pep.

B c c e o ocyapco oao oaa coece pa, opepoa a eoepec xapaep eeoc, c 1993 . p aa peopaoac  eoepece acoa. Kpoe o, opaaoo-paoa opa  e acoa oeae aoy P  oapx pax  peo oproe cococye oee eo cpyype ee ypa.

4. o ope yac noceee  opax p oy  op  .

B opax a apx pax pa yace ee ocoe e, oe po pex ocpeo, ooy ocaoo cooo poeccoaa.

B opax a opx pax, poe ocox eo  pex ocpeo, oy pa yace  ocee. p  ope p a yx o:

 co (eao) opa pa, a oopo opaeo e oa ooac ycya ocpeo. x ae ooe oe  e , a a a ax pax oeceaec coo ocy  peoe oo e-  aao-oyaee (e  ao cyae oeope peoee, a aa  cpoc). Ta opao, co opa pa xapaepyec p c pooee  opeee;

 pa pa ceaoo a, a opo eocpeceo c poaa  oyae pyc e py ocpeo;

1) poep, paoae o e  a ce ea;

2) ep, ocyece oepa a pe o coeo e  a co ce.

B cooec c ycaa oco oapx p  ae cpae c ap, xo  yee peoo oopoa oa peac  opa  eocpecee e (poa  oyae) ye aee x cayco paooo  ocooo ocee  ae ceo  oepaoo ae.

K pa apo a oo oec ae p, a Poccca oapo-cpea pa, Cpca oapo-cpea p, ococa eyapoa ooa, Kyacca eyapoa oapo-cpea; pa opo a ca ococy apy py, epecyacy yepay, Pocapopy. Cee opoc peoro copa eocpeceo caa c opoo cpaee p, ae ceo opoc p coyec  peax ex   oe . K oy e opoc p oo oc epaoc peoo exaa, ooero yacoa  opax epoeccoa yaca peoro pa. Coepecoae peo opo po  oee apy xapaepy eeoc, opepye a poc poeccoaa, oppoae eox ce a ocoe aoo oep ey opy,  oopoo eoxo opaee ca cyaoro ocee  ocoa coeca paoa a pe.

Kpoe o, ap xapaep p cooecye cao ee oe a opaa (accoa) opyx (ocpe), coaaeo  oecee opro  yoeope epeco, a e  pee  ecpoa aaa. ooy  p, aae epec opo, ap xapaep oee peoee.

5. o oeaype oapo, xc o6eo peoo opa, o nopaec a yepcae (oeo na)  eapoae.

a yepcax pax eyc op o pooy pyy paoopax oapo.

Cneapoae p e ooapy ceaa  ceaa o pya oapo. Cpe x e p pooro po  yoceapoae.

p coa oapx p poceaac ee  x ceaa, o o ocoeo xapaepo  p, coaaex  ecax aoe oepa poeoro pooca.

Cy ceaa coc  oy, o  aoep (e) p  ee ceapoao ce peac eocpecee pooe o  o oapo py. Ta ocaec coa cee oepa cooecyeo oapa a pe  yeaec peo opo oopo.

Toape p, opoaec  Pocc, c peyeceo yepca.  oeo cao c eoxooc acao oepa oapo  ycox opa-eoro pooo oea oapx . Oao, a ye oeaoc, ceaa oapx p ye aaac. p o cneaa p ac o pa aopo:

) eca ooe p. Hapep, co, o Teca oapo-ooa pa ye ceapoac a opoe e  poya ee epepao, a Kyea oapo-cpea pa  a ye;

) ypeee  eo p, a ae aoce ey .

Ka oaae poa paa, npeyeca cneapoax p c: cee epe opro, ocaee aa ooopoax pooee, ee e, a oopy oy opepoac poa  oyae (pooe  opee), apoaa opaoa peoo caapa, a ae epcoro opaa a poy ceaa p.

6. B acoc o eca  po p  poo opoe, oex y  opea a po x po e a eyapoe  aoae.

eyapoe p oco  nocoo ecyeo onooo pa, oxaa ecoo ocyapc, a oopo coepac ce yn-npoa a onpeeee pee oap.



eyapoe p ocya opee poe oape  ooe p. B paoe ax p oy yacoa pecae eox pyo pax . Oe ocoeoc eyapox p c oeceee coooo epeoa p, oyaeo o pe oepa, a ae aee ceyx (appax) ceo, oope a oooc oye p a pae opoax e a pax pax cpa.

Cpa, e pacooe eyapoe p, o coa cooecy a, opo  aoo pe, oeceae x eeoc. eyapoe p opaec a oape, ooe  ae.

eyapoe oape p cocpeooe  pex cpaax: A, CA  o. Ha o x cpa  90- roa pxooc 98% cero eyapooo peoo o6opoa. K eyapo oap pa ooc: A  oocy py OKC (epc  Oc ce), oocy py eao  p.; CA  p, pacooee  H-ope  ao; o  p, coepae ce c oapa, opaac a poo pe. eyapo oap pa ca  eoope p, ocyae peoae p, a oopx coepac ce o oe a oapo, apep, Beca (CA), apca, Ceca, Caca (ooca) p.

Haoae pecy  npeeax ooo oeo oo ocyapca, ya ocoeoc pa npooca opae  nopee aepax pecypco, npcye ao cpae. Ba, aoo  opo pe aoro ocyapca pey poee appax ceo  yac  peo opoe   p  epeeo pa ecoaxoe p.

oe  p, ecyx  Pocc, aac eyapo (apep, ococa eyapoa ooa, eyapoa pooocea pa, Kyacca eyapoa oapo-cpea pa). yaec,  acoee pe  ae cpae ooe ypee ca eyapo e, a a  a,  opo  aoo pe, ecye ceac  Pocc, e oecea coooo epeee p, oyaeo  poecce peo . A yace  opax  ae  cocae eo oex ocpax oa e ae ocoa ooc ae p  eyapo.

7. B acoc o cep eeoc p  ae cpae oo ycoo pae a epae (coe), epeoae  peoae .

Poccce p, x paeee  xapaep eeoc o e opepyc a peoae ocoeoc oapx po  ooecoe paopoae cpa. eopaecoe ooee p copee cooecye acpao-eppopaoy ee x eppopax opao occaa CCCP  paee oox a  ypae cepca opo. Ceye oe, o epppaoe ooee p  cpae oo cooecoa epa opox ce  pacopx ye, a o ee ec  poo pae. Hapep, aypca pa oe  eyapoa H-opca pa oe, caxapa  aao pacoaaec e  ecax pooca, a  epax eyapoo opo.

Bece c e pae peo opo  Pocc cococoao oppoa epax p, oope cocpeooe  oce  pea  yac  pex pax poao  oyaee  pax peoo Pocc.

epeoae p, a pao, oe pao pooca  opee ax-o oapo, apep, Teco-ococa ea pa epec.

oco p  Pocc ceye oec  oa  peoa.

8. o xapaepy onepa poa npaa peo opo ee ceye  p:

 peaoo oapa;

 epce;

 ooe;

 ceae.

pa peaoo oapa xapaepa  aaoro aa peo opo, ee oe epa ca peypoc oooe opa, pypoeoc opo  opeeeoy ecy  oeoc ycaoe paa, opo acco, oopo, cpaae o aecy oapa, oee ap oopx aoaee. Ha pax peaoo oapa coepee ceo ocyecec p ocyc apa a aooo a ocoe eo ocaeo xapaepc. p o e eco cpee peoe oyaee  . Cao cyeceo epo p peaoro oapa c oaea poaa  ocaa oapa oce poee .

B acoee pe a pyeo p peaoo oapa coxpac   eoopx cpaax  e eaee oopo. O peca coo, a pao, oy  op ooo opro oapa ecoo ae, p oopo oa o oepae pooca, ca  opee  coac  paaxc cpaax  oe a aoae epec p cope aex  x ocyapc oapo. Ca,   pax aacecx cpaax p peaoo oapa o e ocaoc, xo o cex aaoepoecx ocyapcax o cx op cyecy ape p, oee opoe, aepo, pacope  epepaaae p. Ceo  p aac  ocoo papaoo ox opao, a ae copo opa o pax ax cecoxocex oapo, a epo, aca, xoo  p. Topoe oepa a x pax coca cero 10-15% o oeo peoro oopoa.

Pacpee peo opo peo  coa p ooo a  epcx p. x opaoae opaae pepaee p  pa peaoo oapa  po pa a oap. Oco paa epco opo c:

  xapaep ceo;

 c c po peaoro oapa epe cpaxoae (xepoae), a e epe ocay oapa;

 apaee cpoo opeeea  ypoaa, ea ax-o yax ocoeoce opeea cooc oapa, coacoaoe oeco ooporo opaaec  peo opae, oop caoc oe opo  pecae coo pao a oap;

 oa ya yco oca oapa;

 oeeoc ce  aeoc x opaeo, oeceaea Paceo aao p.

epce p c coeopa aco cya, ocya opo. ae cero o coac  ecax aoe oepa eex pecypco, .e  eyx acox epax.

e aocoo peoa, ocaoo acc coox eex cpec epca po eooa.

pepaee oapo p  pa apo  po pa a ap,  pa peaoo apa  po oo oapoo aaa  o eoeea ac poecca yce acooo aaa.

yy ceec aco cyo, ocya opeoc oapx po, epca pa oopeeo pecae coo po e cooecyx oapo  oaae cyeceoe e  a pee opo,  a aece e opex ceo c pea oapo (epe xepoae)   oeo cee a oypeococooc p.

epca pa a aco cy ooe aocoe peoae p a ca peaa  oceyeo xpae apa  eo yeee.

Onoe p ae pa oy po  poo ooe. O coyc  cpaxoa yaco peo opo, a a a oooc oyae ooo opa ooe y p ae pex ceo.

Ec epce p o ye ao ( CA ao paoa c 1848 .), o ooe p oc coce eao ( 80-x oax XX .). ooy a ox pax oy aac a epce, a  ooe e (ooca pa OKC).  pocccx p ooo aee a oo pe cex o ceo: cpea oapo, epcx  oox. ooy x oo oec  cea pa.

9. B acoc o xapaepa eeoc ec p npe (oepece)  ecnpe (eoepece),

ocoy p opaoac a ce oee aao (eex cpec) ooceo eooo ca aoepo-ecopo, o coaco oeoy ay  yca aa oa oy opeeey p, oeay   e eo. B oce cyae pa coaaac a oeee poao  ypoe x oepa a pe. ooy epoaao eee p o pao cao p e peycapaoc. p oec y aoro oeoo yaca o coepe pox oepa a cao pe. Heoxooc  oepeco eeoc p aaec  oecee ea cox eo. Ta, epoaao a pocccx pax ea eco y-poaa poepc eca (.e. opo pao aac peo eeoc).

pa  o eoepeca opaa, oa coaec ypee  ea  oee poee oepecx oepa ( ocya opeoce ypeee  eo  ye-poae). e o opaa p coco  ce apa y ee ypeee  eo p poee oepecx eo. eee cpeca ypeee  eo p, oyee a opa, aee a pe, apac a oeca apa, cax c yopoae p, cypoae coa  ooe oopyoa  exooecoro poecca pep-ypeee eo p, oee aeca ycaeo poy, opoee  pae oypeo op, pepoc, oepeco   yca coceoro occa pepaee.



B p oo pea cey opao (a. 1).



Taa 1. B P







1.4.  


K pa peo opo oaao  ae cepxopax  ecoyex aaco, oope coc  oy pee a caax . pep aepecoac peo ope a oooc peaoa x o po ea.

Coae pex cy cyae eoxo ycoe yopoa pooro exaa.

He e ya  oo, o coea ooa a poe ox ece a ooo ea .e. ee cpoc ocoo pea oapoe peoee a cpec pooca, a  peeo opee. o eex oxoo epe acoo-pey ccey pepaac  aoee pyx acox pecypco pep  ope ecoyex cpec oo pa pooca, coaoo pa  p. pep, oy cooy  cooa x cpec, ca oooc x pe. oee pex cpyyp oc o  apae oe ox eex pecypco. Te oee o p  oce coe coaac a aoepe oeca, a peyeco aoepa coco  o, o eo aa, oe  a oocc  oy, .e. co a o oe oo poa a  e pe  o oee coo ee,   pe a oya ee o oay,  epea pyoy y, o oe  ea.

Oeo epo pyex pocccx p cea a x yepcaoc, oa oopeeo a eppop oo p coepac oepa  oape,  ooe. pe o o xapaepo a  p o opcoo epoa, a   coecx p  ycox a.

Koeco p, ayo p opo, peo apep, poaa ex  eocepx ap oapo  ycy  ocoe ep, pcye oo peo ccee Pocc, cae c eoo ooeco cyae  ae cpae, coec ceo.

Bopoee p  Pocc pooo a ocoe ocyapceo coceoc, ocoy a coceoc a ocoo  CCCP. ocee poecc peopaoa ocyapceo coceoc oe  coceoc p. Boy  ocyapceo coceoc, p ca pepac  aaaop poecca ee peopaoa  acy. B c c e o yca aa p coco  acox pecypco x ocyapcex cpyyp, a ae eex cpec acx pecx , oa ye e ea xapaep occoceoc, a a p peca coo e poe cpyyp, ecye a co cpax  pc  e ypaee ocyapce opaa.

Coaac apaocaa cya, oa cpaa  peyae ocyc pex opao ocyapceo ac a  e a coceo coe e coceoc. ocyapcee pep  opaa  poecce opaoa p cy aec  aece ocpeo, .e. ea, paopaeo c ey coceo  eo coceoc. pocxoa paa ocyapcex pep, peopaoae x  aoepe oeca oceeo oa ce a co eca.

poecc caoe pox ooe a ocyapcex pepx  opaax pocxo, a pao, co ye epexoa  oeapoo coceoc  aoepy p oeceaxc ocaax eex cpec: acoe pecypc epepacpeec  aoepe oeca peoo a.

Pae pox ooe ae   aop. pooco oapo, x peaa  o y pepaee. pea eeoc eooa, o-epx, e ooro opa paoo opo  cae, o-opx, e ocpeeco, peo eeoc, oopa  epo opaoro yopoa oo ec ocaoo p  coooaae . ooy ec  epo cyae apo coca peo apoac a x apax coacecx opaa  ypee, o ceac pea eeoc oyec opoo oypoc cpe ooe. B-pex, pepaece ap ooc  a ce oyeax eo, aaxc pepaeco  ycox ococa ocyapceo coceoc.

Pae peoo ea peycapae acco po apoax . epoaao ce pea  ocoo o apye  oooc cpoo ooae a ce yax ocpeecx oepa a pe. Cya aoaa ece ooe xopa, oa c e pocac a oc ooa  aee a eo oe cpo paoae, ec . Oa  ecoo yax ceo o pec co oxo poepy,  a ea paa  pa, a a. B peaoc eo oe eo, a ocoa acca pex ocpeo oaaac ocaoo cpoo.




aa 2

PEPOBAHE  


o epe caoe pocccoro peoo pa coaec  oaaec ccea eo peypoa.

o  peo opoe pao yace ocaoo ooe co a poao, a  oyaee, eoxo opeee exa, oo oece coee epeco cex ee . O o  yepe  o, o pc, ca c x yace  e, cee  yy. Peypoae peo eeoc npecae coo onpeeeoe ynopoee pao p  aee pex ceo a ocoe ycaoex npa  poa.

Pae peo eeoc ee a copec coxc apae:

 peypoae co copo ocyapca (ocyapceoe perypoae);

 peypoae co copo p  pyx yaco pa (cooae pa caopeypoa peoro pa)

 apye o oaae, o ocyapce opo peo eeoc cpoc a coe ceyx po:

 oeceo oeoc;

 acoc  opoc pex opo;

 oep;

 caopeypoa;

 apa pa yaco peo opo.

Ceye oepy, o po ocyapca  peypoa peo eeoc ooo aea. O ooec pax cpa oaae, o ocyapco  poa ccea eco aoecye. p o a eo paoo ooeo oeceee paoo a, oopa oepae eoe yopoae poo oo. Hae ao paoo oco ooe opaa ypae cpa ycao opeeee paa p, oaee  cex cyeo, yacyx  ooeco poecce a  cepe pooca, a   cepe o ( ..   . --: , 2006).

Kopo a peo eeoc co copo ocyapca  o  aceo ypae ooo  eo. ocyapco peypye aoooe ey pooee  opeee, aa paa opeee, oepae eey ccey, yyae pacpeeee pecypco, opaae po ooo, oope oype, ae oooc paac a  cpe pep. Ha e e ae y acpoa pa coax popa, a ae opoc epepacpeee oxoo acee. oo x poe ocyapco oao aac oxpao pya  opo paox, ao o-pyae cpe  pa opeee.

Oe, o papaoa pa  op peo eeoc opaa ypae cpa eoxoa e coo poeccoa ocpea, coo x ea, aa oopx o o  xoe pex ceo. Ocooe aee oa ee  pa ex ya, a a ecop, a pao, e paoa a pe  eocpeceo e yacy  ee opax, a oep co paa  cpeca poeccoa ocpea  oe  ee ya. ooy eo o o  yepe  coe cox epeco.

ocyapceoe peypoae peo eeo e oo oc apeoo xapaepa, eo aaa coco  o, o oece pae paa cex eo peo opo, cypoa x yace  e, cpoo opopoa coee ycaoex pa, peoa  ooe, peypyx pey . ooy peypoae peo eeoc co copo ocyapca aaec  coa eo paoo oco  yopoa p, opoe a x paoo co copo ocyapcex opao, epoa eeoc a p, a  yaco peo opo, ycaoe cce aooooe ( ..  . --: , 2006).

ocyapceoe peypoae peo eeoc aaec c coa  ee eo paoo . pea opo  Pocc opoaac  ocyce ceax aoo,   peo eeoc cooac peyeceo oaoe a. Ocaae aooopeca o opeoce peypoa apoo  oooo po  acoee pe oe oe poecc, a a, o-epx, ocycye ycoocoac paa yopoa oapx  oox po; o-opx, xo caoee peo opo  Pocc axoc o e copecoro oa A, cpa o-eao Epo  CA, coeopae coco oeeceoo peoo pa e ooe poo acoa apyeoo aooaeca, a peye coeopao aaa.

Papaoa paoo oco peypoa peo eeoc  Pocc apoaac a exc aoax, ocaoex, ooex  yaax, c oo oopx ocyecc epexo o oao-acpao cce ypae ooo  poo. Cpe oyeo oo pee pee cero ceye oe ceyee.

Oco paacoo aooaeca. O c yaeo  papao op  cyo paacoro paa, eoxo  yopoa poo oo, opee opaaoo-paoy cpyypy pa, oea a opoc, o  a ecye a e.

a cyea pepaeco eeoc opeee xocee oeca  oapeca, oope aoecy a ae aaex xocex 

ao PCCP  npenpx  npenpaeco eeoc o 25 eap 1990 ..  aoo onpeec aoepe oeca apoo na, oapeca c opaeo oeceoco, ycaaac nopo ypee npenp  x ocyapceo pecpa.

ocaoee Coea cpo PCCP o 20 apa 1991,  161  eeoc oapx p  PCCP, oop yepeo Bpeeoe ooee o eeoc oapx p  PCCP.

ooee a papeea peaa a oapx pax o coo ea oapo, poeex cepx ocaaa  oecee epecyacx oaec, .e. o ooeo aao cooo opoe.

 opa a  peaepoa eoope ace eeoc cax oapx p:

1) eea oaeoc pecpa ceo, aaex a apx pax;

2) apeea oapo-ocpeeca eeoc cax oapx p;

3) ycaoeo opaee a paep ycaoo oa p, oop oe  e eee 10 .py.;

4) peycopea aa e a pey eeoc.

ooee o nope epoa eeoc oapx p  PCCP (yepeo npao ocoea PCCP no aoonoo noe  noepe ox ooecx cpyyp (KA) o 31 a 1991 . 28).

ooee peycapao:

 oaoc oye e a pao peo eeoc  cex opaa, eax ocyec pey eeoc a eppop PCCP;

 coca oyeo  opo x pecae;

 peoa  cay p  paa peo opo;

 cpo poxoe epoa;

 opo a eeoc oapx p,

ooee o nyce  opa,e ex ya  oox pax  cpae (yepeo nocaoee paeca PCCP o 28 eap 1991 . 78),  oopo ao opeeee eo ya, ycaoe opo x yca, pecpa  opae, oxapaepoa yac pa ex ya  ooa pa B cooec c  o yepeo ooee o epoa peo eeoc a pe ex ya.  opa ao opeee cyoc epoa peo eeoc a pe ex ya, opo a e  opo a x cooae.




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notes








1


         20  1992 . .1. . 2. . 1.


