 
 


     ?    ?       ?  ,      ?      ?     ,  ,          ,        ,  ,   ,  .  ,   ,    ,    ,   .   (. 1948)   , ,    .        ,         .





 

 


 

     

   ,

   

  .

 [1 -  . .]


Alberto Manguel

A History of Reading



 Alberto Manguel

c/o Schavelzon Graham Agencia Literaria

www.schavelzongraham.com

 . . , , 2007, 2020

 . . ,  , 2020

   , 2020







        ,    .         .   ,             .

     ,   ,          [2 - The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (1980). .].

 ,     ,   ,        ;   ,   ,    .

        -   :     .          .                   .

          ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .   ,   , .    . . .         ;      .       .    ,                    ,  ,         ,         ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   ,    ,    ,  ,    ,         .  ,              ,      ,        .

                   ,     .

    ,        .




 


   .

 .
 , 1990

   ,     ,     ,  .

 .
  , 1923

   ?

  ?

 .
-   , 1796






 


,  .

 .
     ,  1857

 ,    ,            ,    ,  .     ,          ,       .     ,    .     ,      .  ,   ,   ,   ,    : ,    ,   ;    ,    ,     .       - XII  ,       ,     .         ,         ,           .   ,     ,                 .    ,    ,  ,      ,      ,        .             ,   ,     .      ,   XVII   ,  ,    , ,  .          .       ,                 ,    .  ,    ,       [3 -   (15931683)    ,     (1653)      ,        ,        ,   XVII . .],     -,   .

,    ,      ,  -             .          ,     .      ,        (,    ?). ,   ,         ,     .     ,     .   ,     ,      .  ,        .

   ;  , ,     ,    ,    .

  .

  ,   ,   . ,     , ,    (    ),    . ,    ,        (            , ,     ),        ,   ,       :      b;     o      y.             .    - : ,        ,    ,    .  ,  .   ,     ,         ,     .  .

       ,      - .    ,       ,  ,  ,       ,  ,     .   ,   .   .

         (    )     .       ;  ,        ,  -      ,    ,     ,   ,      .     ,   ;      ,          , ,  .    .      .     ,   .           .   .

,    ,         ( ,     ),     ,       ,   .       :       ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  .   ,       , , , .

,     ,     (  ,           ,    ,  ),      .          . ,     ,     -;  ,  ,     ,      ; ,     ;   ,    ,     ; ,   ,  ,   ; ,     ; ,     ; ,      ,   ;  ,      ; ,       ; ,       ;  ,   ,    ; ,    ,          .             (,    )         .  .         ;     ,      ;         .          ,      .  ,       .       .      ,  .

    ,    .       .      . ,   ,   .           [4 -     -  ,   , ,        ,       .],          .     [5 - Descola Ph. Les Lances du crpuscule: relations Jivaros. Haute-Ama-zonie. Paris, 1993.], ,   ,    ,      ,  ,    ;        ,    ,   ,    .   ,   ,   ;           ,   ,        .      , , ,   ,            ;        .

        ,    : , ,  ,  ,    ,  ,     , ,  ,     .

  ,          ,   [6 -   .     . . 1, . 9.     . . . .].     ( ,     )      .    :        ,      ,      .

     .        ,   ,   -,  ,     ,     .  ,       ,    .        ,    VI      ,        .      ,  ,    [7 - .: Scholem G. Kabbalah. Jerusalem, 1974; :  .     .   / , 2017. . .].       ,             : ,    . ,  - ,    ,     .                ,       ,    . (  IV , -             ,    ,   ,     .)

          .          ,      ;    ,     ,  ,   .      - -  ,   . ,        -,      ,   ,   ,    ,     ,   [8 -  仠   1001- ].     ,         ,       , ,            .   ,   -  ,  ,      ,    ,    ; ,     ,     ,     .       ,             ,     .      ,      ,    ,        ,        .     ,    ,  ,   ,      .

      ,      ,         -    .          ,   , ,     ,          ,     ,   [9 -  . . .].      .     ,       , ,     ,        ,     ,      ,   ,   .       .        Larousse    ,  ,         ,         .    ,      :      ,            .      , , , , ,  - [10 -   . .  .   . . . .].

     ,  ,   .  ,     1955-    ,      ,     .      ,  ,        .          ,      .      ;  ,    ,      ,         ,  ,      .    ,  ,      ,  ,    ,    ,      ,   ,            .  ,     -,        ; ,          [11 - Hillman J. A Note on Story // Childrens Literature: The Great Excluded. Vol. 3 / ed. Francelia Butler k Bennett Brockman. Philadelphia, 1974.].                .

    ,    ;    ,   ,       ,                 .        ,             ,      ,       ,     ,    ,  , ,   ,   .

        ;    .             ,    :

		  ,   :
		   ,
		   [12 -  . . . .].

    ,        .  ,       ,    ,    ,         ,  (  )     , : , [13 - . : Montaigne . de. On die Education of Children / Montaigne . de. Les Essais / ed. J. Plattard. Paris, 1947.].       ;   ,        ,   ,    ,   ,  ,      .     .           ,     ,    .  ,      , ,    ,      .     ,      -   ,        ,    ,        . ,   ,             .    ,      .               .    ,   ,       ,    , ,   .    ,    ,    ,    , ,      ,  [14 - . :  .  . ., 2914. . 205. . .].

, ,        - (     ,     ,       ,     ,         ,        )     .     Espasa-Calpe  , ,   ,  -   : , , , , .      ,         ,       - ,    .      ;       ,        ,          .  -     ,    ,   ,    :    ,       ,       ,    ,     ,      .    ,     .     ,   ,  .          ,    ,    , -  ,        .

        ,    ,   ,    ,     -, , -,   -.        .  ,     : ,         Rainbow Classics ( World Publishing Company, , )      ,           (,     ,      ),       .        ,      ,        .     1880 ,       ,         ,        .         ,   .

     ,       ,      [15 -        . .  (E. M. Blyton). . .],  ,     ,           . (,    ,             ,         .)  -                 -        ,        . -,       ,  ,   ;   ,         .

,       .  ,    ,      ,   ,     ,     , ,     ,      .     ,      ,      ,     , , ,   ,      ,    .         -       , ,   .  ,        ,        (  ,    ).            ,     ,   .       ,  -    ,  ,      .           ,  ,         ,      [16 -    : Butler J. The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (1736).],     .    [17 - .: Butler S. The Notebooks of Samuel Butler. London, 1912.].    ,   ,  ,          ,   ,         [18 -  . . . .].

   - ,   1650  (    ,       ), :   ,        ,         ,     .   ,  ,     ,       -       ,        ,      ,       .          , ,        ,  ,     ,  ,   ,              .    ,         :   ,    ,     [19 -  .  ( ). . .].     ,       ,  ,  ,       ,   ,    ,      , ?        ,    ,    .  ,    ,    ,           .

   :   ,        ,      ,    (   ,    )  -  .            .         ,      ,     .   ,        ,    ;         .   ,    ,         ,         ,   ,     ;        . ,      ,          ,      .

    .  1964-,    ,       ,    -   -.     ,   ,        .            ,       (  ),           ,    .  ,      ;  ,      ,        .       ;      ,        ;    ,   .   , ,         , ,     :   ,    ,         [20 - Kincaid J. A Small Place. New York, 1988.].

   ,             [21 -       (Betty Smith), 1943.   A Tree Grows In Brooklyn. . .].    ,  ,    ,   ,      72          .   ,    II   ,       ,     .         ,   ,    ;   ,  ,        ,  editio princeps[22 -   (.). . .],      -  .   ,           .       ,     ,      .

      ,         .           ,       , ,   ,    .       -  ,     -,       ,    .          ,      ?        ,               .     .

   ,     , ,   ,  ,      .    ,        ,     ,         .          :      ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,  ,  ,  ,   ,           .

             .   ,              .    .         ,        .   ,        ,   ,          [23 -   廠           .  ,     ,   991.,          . . .]  .     .  ,  ,  ,      ,     - ,    !           .   ,  , ,   ,  ,     ,   (    )  -,     ,      .  .

    ,     ,    ,   ,        .      .  ,      (   ,          1001 ;        ,  ,    ,  ,    ), ,          ,           .     ;    ,      , ,  ,     .  ,       ? ? ,    .

  ,       ,   , ,  ,      ,  . ,  ,  (,    ,      ,         ;      ,   ,   ).      ,       :    ,   ,    ,     ,     ,   ,    .       ,  ,    (  )   -  .

, ,     ,   ,      (            [24 -  . . . .]        ?   ,     , ,     ? ?),      ,   -  -    ,  ,         .            ,    : -     : --.

       ,     ,       ,    .        ,          [25 -     ,    ,       .      (.: Gelb I. J. A Story of Writing [Chicago, 1952]),          , ,     , , ,  , ,    .  :      ,    ,  ,  ,    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ?     ,      ,   ,     .]. ,      ,        ,       . ,  ,         ,  ;  zana,    ,       [26 -           (1952).]:  z   , za    , zan       zana       .    ,        ;             .

   (   ,     )         ,    (The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold      [27 -  .   .  . . . .]),  (O my prophetic soul! My uncle!    !  ?[28 -  I,  2.  . . . .];  ,             :   ! :  !),  (We are merely the stars tennis-balls      [29 -  .  .  V,  3.  . . . .])          he unobservd / Home to his Mothers house private returnd     /    [30 -  . . . .],  (   )       ,       .

      .       -,      ,       ,  ;          24  1982 ໠       ; ,      (        ),              .     -    ,   ,      - .   ,    ,         .

    ,   ,      ,         [31 - :  .  .  . . . .].          ; ,      .     ,       (         ),   ,   ,     ,   ,      .      ,   ,    . ,    ;  (   )    , ,   ,     .         .

               .        , ,      ,     ,     ,  , ,    .   ,  ,    ,  ,      ,        .   ,      ,   ,  - ,      .   .

  :    ,     :        ,    .      ,     :    ,   ,   ,       .     ,    ,         .         .  ,   - ,     ,       ;   -   ,   ,        .  , ,  , ,      ,  ,     ,      .  ,   ,      [32 - . : Estrada E. M. Leery escrihir. Mexico: D.F., 1969.].            .

 ,       ,    ,            ,         ,       , /    [33 -  . . . .]  ,   ,   ,   .

          .      : , , , .      ,            ,    ,     -  ,  ,    ,   ,      .      ,   .              ,  ,    ,         ,     [34 - .: Semprun J. Lcriture ou la vie. Paris, 1994.]. -  ,        ,    ,  ,  ,   , ,      (   )   ,   , ,      (    ).  ,  ,                 ,      ,           (      ),     ,      ,    ,    ,      .  ,         ,   ,   ,   ,   ,       .

   ,    ,  1966 ,        ,       ,     .            .       , ,              ,    .     ,   ,  ,       ,          .

      .        ,     .        -      . -           , ,   ,    , , - ,   ,   ,    ,     ,    . ( !   ,     ,         ,   .)    ,       ,    ,             ,          .  ,       ; - ,        .

 - ,     ,     1950    ,  :   ,   !    ,       .   ,           .                    .   ,    ,       ;   ,    ,    ,     ;        ,      ,       .         ,    .

             . , ,          ,         ,      . ,   ,      .    .       ,     ,  ,       :            .        ,   ,        ,     [35 - Borges J. L. Review of Men of Mathematics by E. T. Bell // El Hogar (Buenos Aires). July 8. 1938.].         .         .  ,      ,      ,    -  ,      ,       .    , ,     ,     ,    ,  ,     ,    ,   ,    XIX         .          ; ,   XIX     ( ,            [36 - .: Schmoger P. K. E. Das Leben der Gottseligen Anna Katharina Emmerich. Freiburg, 1867.]),          (     )[37 - .: . . . .],           (           )[38 - Enzensberger H. M. In Praise of Illiteracy // Die Zeit (Hamburg). Nov. 29. 1985.].          [39 - .: Bloom A. The Closing of the American Mind. New York, 1987.];      !     ,    1833  ,       .    ,  ,  ;     .    [40 - Lamb Ch. Detached Thoughts on Books and Reading // Lamb Ch. Essays of Elia. London, 1833.].         ,             ,    :          ,      150 ,      ;  ,         ,                         .

,    ,      ,    .          ,         ,  ; ,   ,         ;  ,       ; ,        ,  ,  ,  ;  ,      ;   ,     (   ,       )                 .     ,        ,      451  ,     ,    .

    ,           ,    ,    ,    .   , , , ,    . ,  ,     ,            ,   :      ,     ,  ,   ,         ,       ,        ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,           [41 -  . .].




 


      .

 .
    . 1979




 


 1984   ,   -,       ,  IV    .                 .       ;         .       , ,    .  ,      10.         [42 -  ,       .  ,         , .: Gaur A. A History of Writing. London, 1984.].               [43 - .: Boltz W. G. Early Chinese Writing // World Archeology. Vol. 17. Issue 3. Feb. 1986.   , ,      :  (  3000.  ..)   ( 2500.  ..).].

    -  . ,       ,  ,    ,   ,  ,        ,       :    ,           ,     .    ,      ,  ,    ,     ,    ,  ,  ,  , , [44 -        1819.:  ,   , /     /    ! / , ,    /  ,  , /   . ( . . .)].

     ,        ,   , ,   ,      .   ,   ,         ,   ,  , ,  (,       ,    ) , , .   ,     ,       , ,   , ,      , ,    .    ?

   .

     ,  , ,     ,   ,    [45 - Cicero. De oratore. Vol. I / ed. E.W. Sutton & H. Rackham. Cambridge (Mass.) & London, 1967.].    (  )     [46 - .:  . . X, 34.  . , . , . .        . . .],         ,     [47 - Chenu M.-D. La thologie au XIIe si?cle. Paris: Vrin. 1957.].    :     .         ?    ,     ?    ,      ,         ?  , ,   ,    ?

            :

		   ,      .
		,      ,
		,        ,
		     ,
		   ,   [48 - .  .  . .    . . . . .].

    ,       ,    ,        ,   ,      [49 - .: .   .    . . . . :   .   . ., 1983. . 292306.]. ,  ,   :      ,    [50 - .  .].      . ,   ,    , ,   ,         ,      ,   ?     ,     ,        ,     ?

        .    ,  ,               ( -  )   ,      ,      .  ,  ,  ,                (splanchna[51 -     .: Padel R. In and Out of the Mind: Greek Images of the Tragic Self. Princeton University Press,1994.])  ,   , , ,     ,     [52 - .: .  .  .  // . .:  4. . 1. . 371448. .: , 1976.].

        ,        .  ,   ,   ,         .            ,      .             ,     .     ,      ,         ,  .   , ,   ,   ,  ,    ,    .

 ,         ,   ,        .     ,   ;         ,                .   XIV     ,           ,     [53 - . : Siraisi N. G. Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: an introduction to knowledge and practice. Chicago & London, 1990.],  ,   ,       ,    .   ,        ,    ,    colligere (    ),  ,             ,    ,     [54 -  . . X, 811.].

     ,      .       ,   (  ) , , ,        ,   ,  ,     ,      ,   ,   .  ,   ,     splanchna,   ,   - ,   . ,     ,    [55 - Siraisi N. G. Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine.].     XV                 ,  ,    .      ,   :         , ,   .     ,        ,    .      ,        ,    :      ,     (  ) ,       rete mirabile   ,      ,    ,  .  rete mirable    ,        1508 ,             .  , senso commune [common sense,  ]   ,   ,           ,  impresiva [ ]  memoria [ ].      ,     ,  impresiva.  impresiva    senso commune ,      ,    ,      [56 - .: Leonardo da Vinci: Corpus of the Anatomical Studies in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen at Windsor Castle. 3vols. London, 19781980.].       -  ,   ,  ,     ,   ,               , ,     .       (  )   .

     :  , ,    ,     ?      ,     ?        ( ,    )    XIII   ,     (       )        -  -,      .

 XI      ,              ,        ,   .                [57 - .: Hourani A. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge (Mass.), 1991.].  1004   - (                 )             ,   .          ,     ,  ,    [58 - Pedersen J. The Arabic Book / trans. by Geoffrey French. Princeton, 1984.].   -     , ,                [59 - .: Assaad S.A. The Reign of al-Hakim bi Amr Allah. London, 1974.].            ,       .            ,     -.  -       .    ,  , , ,   ,           (,   ,     ,    ),        ,    .

  -,      ,         .   , -     ,       ,     ,    [60 -     : Omar S. B. Ibn al-Haythams Optics: A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science. Minneapolis & Chicago, 1977.].    , -     :     ,           ,              [61 - .: Lindberg D. C. Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler. Oxford, 1976.].   -   ,         ,    ,  .

-     1038 .       ,        IV (    ,          ,       ),     -[62 - .: Charles E. Roger Bacon, sa vie, ses ouvrages, ses doctrines dapres des textes inedits. Paris, 1861.].   - (         ),       .  ,     -  (     ),   ,      ,       .  ,              ,   ,   .      ,       ,     .

     ?      ,    ?  ,   , , , , , , ? -  (    ),    ,     ,    ,       .    .     , , , ,   ,    :      ,        ,   ;  -            ;     ,       ,    ;       I,      ,  ,    ,      .        ,    -.     ,  ,           -,      .

                    -,  1865 .    ,     [63 - .: Dax M. Lsions de la moiti gauche de lencphale coincidant avec loubli des signes de la pense // Gazette hebdomadaire de mdicine et de chirurgie. 2. 1865; Broca P. Sur le siege de la facult du langage articul // Bulletin de la Socit danthropologie. 6. 1865. P. 337393,  : Lecours A. R. et al. Illiteracy and Brain Damage (3): A Contribution to the Study of Speech and Language Disorders in Illiterates with Unilateral Brain Damage (Initial Testing) // Neuropsychologia. 26 (4). London, 1988. P. 575589], ,      ,         ,     ,          ;   ,        ,     .     ,      ,             .            ,      .

  ,        ,         ,            ;      ,      ,   ,     [64 - .: Lecours A. R., Pe?aCasanova J. & Ardila A. Origins and evolution of writing // Lecours A.R., Pe?a-Casanova J. & Diguez-Vide F. (eds.). Dislexias y disgrafias: Teor?a, formas cl?nicas y exploracin. Barcelona: Masson. 1998.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=64804616)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 . .




2


The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (1980). .




3


  (15931683)    ,     (1653)      ,        ,        ,   XVII . .




4


    -  ,   , ,        ,       .




5


Descola Ph. Les Lances du crpuscule: relations Jivaros. Haute-Ama-zonie. Paris, 1993.




6


  .     . . 1, . 9.     . . . .




7


.: Scholem G. Kabbalah. Jerusalem, 1974; :  .     .   / , 2017. . .




8


 仠   1001- 




9


 . . .




10


  . .  .   . . . .




11


Hillman J. A Note on Story // Childrens Literature: The Great Excluded. Vol. 3 / ed. Francelia Butler k Bennett Brockman. Philadelphia, 1974.




12


 . . . .




13


. : Montaigne . de. On die Education of Children / Montaigne . de. Les Essais / ed. J. Plattard. Paris, 1947.




14


. :  .  . ., 2914. . 205. . .




15


       . .  (E. M. Blyton). . .




16


   : Butler J. The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (1736).




17


.: Butler S. The Notebooks of Samuel Butler. London, 1912.




18


 . . . .




19


 .  ( ). . .




20


Kincaid J. A Small Place. New York, 1988.




21


      (Betty Smith), 1943.   A Tree Grows In Brooklyn. . .




22


  (.). . .




23


  廠           .  ,     ,   991.,          . . .




24


 . . . .




25


    ,    ,       .      (.: Gelb I. J. A Story of Writing [Chicago, 1952]),          , ,     , , ,  , ,    .  :      ,    ,  ,  ,    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ?     ,      ,   ,     .




26


          (1952).




27


 .   .  . . . .




28


 I,  2.  . . . .




29


 .  .  V,  3.  . . . .




30


 . . . .




31


:  .  .  . . . .




32


. : Estrada E. M. Leery escrihir. Mexico: D.F., 1969.




33


 . . . .




34


.: Semprun J. Lcriture ou la vie. Paris, 1994.




35


Borges J. L. Review of Men of Mathematics by E. T. Bell // El Hogar (Buenos Aires). July 8. 1938.




36


.: Schmoger P. K. E. Das Leben der Gottseligen Anna Katharina Emmerich. Freiburg, 1867.




37


.: . . . .




38


Enzensberger H. M. In Praise of Illiteracy // Die Zeit (Hamburg). Nov. 29. 1985.




39


.: Bloom A. The Closing of the American Mind. New York, 1987.




40


Lamb Ch. Detached Thoughts on Books and Reading // Lamb Ch. Essays of Elia. London, 1833.




41


 . .




42


 ,       .  ,         , .: Gaur A. A History of Writing. London, 1984.




43


.: Boltz W. G. Early Chinese Writing // World Archeology. Vol. 17. Issue 3. Feb. 1986.   , ,      :  (  3000.  ..)   ( 2500.  ..).




44


       1819.:  ,   , /     /    ! / , ,    /  ,  , /   . ( . . .)




45


Cicero. De oratore. Vol. I / ed. E.W. Sutton & H. Rackham. Cambridge (Mass.) & London, 1967.




46


.:  . . X, 34.  . , . , . .        . . .




47


Chenu M.-D. La thologie au XIIe si?cle. Paris: Vrin. 1957.




48


.  .  . .    . . . . .




49


.: .   .    . . . . :   .   . ., 1983. . 292306.




50


.  .




51


    .: Padel R. In and Out of the Mind: Greek Images of the Tragic Self. Princeton University Press,1994.




52


.: .  .  .  // . .:  4. . 1. . 371448. .: , 1976.




53


. : Siraisi N. G. Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: an introduction to knowledge and practice. Chicago & London, 1990.




54


 . . X, 811.




55


Siraisi N. G. Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine.




56


.: Leonardo da Vinci: Corpus of the Anatomical Studies in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen at Windsor Castle. 3vols. London, 19781980.




57


.: Hourani A. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge (Mass.), 1991.




58


Pedersen J. The Arabic Book / trans. by Geoffrey French. Princeton, 1984.




59


.: Assaad S.A. The Reign of al-Hakim bi Amr Allah. London, 1974.




60


    : Omar S. B. Ibn al-Haythams Optics: A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science. Minneapolis & Chicago, 1977.




61


.: Lindberg D. C. Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler. Oxford, 1976.




62


.: Charles E. Roger Bacon, sa vie, ses ouvrages, ses doctrines dapres des textes inedits. Paris, 1861.




63


.: Dax M. Lsions de la moiti gauche de lencphale coincidant avec loubli des signes de la pense // Gazette hebdomadaire de mdicine et de chirurgie. 2. 1865; Broca P. Sur le siege de la facult du langage articul // Bulletin de la Socit danthropologie. 6. 1865. P. 337393,  : Lecours A. R. et al. Illiteracy and Brain Damage (3): A Contribution to the Study of Speech and Language Disorders in Illiterates with Unilateral Brain Damage (Initial Testing) // Neuropsychologia. 26 (4). London, 1988. P. 575589




64


.: Lecours A. R., Pe?aCasanova J. & Ardila A. Origins and evolution of writing // Lecours A.R., Pe?a-Casanova J. & Diguez-Vide F. (eds.). Dislexias y disgrafias: Teor?a, formas cl?nicas y exploracin. Barcelona: Masson. 1998.


