  
 


       ,                       ,   ,    ,    .                  .





 

  


 



Daniel Brook

A history of future cities



    



English language edition published by W. W. Norton & Company,  Daniel Brook, 2013.

  ,    , 2014




   


       ,   .      -,           .      ,        .         .          , -      ,    .     ,     ,      .

   ,       ,     ( ).     ,     , ,        .  ,            .  ,            ,        ,       --.             .

     ,      ,       .   ,      ,       ,  ,     .    ,   Strelka Press         ,  ,  ,   ,        ( ,     : ,   . .),       ,     .  ,     (   ,    ,   ,      )          .    -  XVIII           .         ,  ,        .                      .    ,          , , ,          .

 , , 2014




 


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-, 1776. 1.   2.  3.  4.   5.   6.     7.    8. - (    ).  






, 1862. 1.   (   ) 2.  Sincere  Wing On    3.   4.  Cathay 5. Park Hotel 6.    7.  Jin Mao.   






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, 2010. 1. Dubai World Trade Center 2.    3. Emirates Towers 4. Dubai International Finance Center 5. Dragon Mart 6.  Ibn Battuta 7.  - 6. Burj Khalifa.  Ali S. Dubai: Gilded Cage. Yale University Press, 2010








XXI . 





   .  



  ?

  , ,         .    ,      , ,     ,  -   ,     ,       .         ,          ,         .   1920-    -      ,     ,    -,                .        ,   ,    -    : , ,   ,       ,     ?

      .     ,  -    .

 (orient)       ,  .   ;       ,      . ,   ,     ()  , ,      ().  ,   , ,   ,  , ,   ,      .

            .       ,      ,       .  ,     ,  :   ,      .     ,     ,     .  ,   ,  -   ,            ,        .       -               ,    .

,  ,     .   ,    ,     ,    ,    ;  ,      ,   ,   .    ,         ,  -        ,   .

      ,      .   ,   -;          ,    .     ,      2009 ,   :   ,      ?[1 - Doha Debates, 14  2009  [Link].]   , , -  --    ,   -    ,     .

            ,  ,      . ,  ,   ?    ,  ,       :   ?       ,     , ,           - ,   .    ,              .          ,   .        ,      ,   ,  ,     .      ,            -  .

        .       ,        :   ,  ,  ,  .        .          [2 - Tosches N. Dubais the Limit // Vanity Fair. 2006. June. P. 156.]       ,       . 96%    [3 - Davidson Ch. Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2008. P. 190.],         37 %   -[4 - New York (City), New York // U.S. Census Bureau [Link].].     ,   ,   , , , , ,        - [5 - Kasarda J., Lindsay G. Aerotropolis: The Way Well Live Next. N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. P. 290.]. ,        , -        .       ,           .    ,    ,                  .  -          ,       ,               .  ,        ,                       .

      ,   ,          , ,      .   1703   ,        ,          ,       ,     .    ,       ,     Sankt Pieter Burkh      ,         .                ,   ,     .      ,        ,    ,  ,        -.

   ,              ,       .    ;         .       ,       ,    ,    ,           .           ,    .      ,   ,           ,      .    ,       ,          ,   .           ,      ,         .

  ,       ,         .   XIX   ,           ,         ,       .             ( ),       .  ,     , ,     ,     .             ,        ,               .            ,              .             ,          .

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     ,    ,        ,   ,        ,           .        ,        ,  ,  , ,          . ,      , ,   ,      ,    ,      . ,     ,       ,           .   ,      1920-   ,    -        ,     ,  -      ,   ,      . ,      ,    ,         -,    ,        ,   -  ,    -,  -  . ,      ,    , ,         .

             .          ,      .      ,    ,      : ,             .     -   -    ,          ,   ,   .

    ,    ,   ,    :  ,  .       ,               150 ,    XXI .      5       [6 - Glaeser E. Triumph of the City. N.Y.: Penguin, 2011. P. 1.],       ,     ,  -      .   XVIII    -        ;          McKinsey     .   XIX             ,               ;          .         ,     ;          ()   ().

-       ,      ,     .  ,   -,     ,           ,   .     ,         ,   ,  -,       ,   .                  ,        ,      .  -   - ;       ,    .              XXI .

                   ,         ,         -   .         ,         .   ,           ,      ,  ,         ,              ,      . ,  -        ,         1920- ,   ,   .        ,    XVIII      ,    .

,         ,         ,  ;         ,   .        ,     .     ,    ,       ;    ,    .   ,        ,       .                 1860-    ,    ,         1920-.   , ,          ,           .    XXI          .

-    ,      .            ,         -       . ,     -  , -    ,    90 %     -[7 - Bagli C. Abu Dhabi Buys 90% Stake in Chrysler Building // New York Times. 2008. July 10.],   ,     -     ,            .     -,     ,   ,     XXI      ,    .

             ?    ,     ,           ,     -.     ,  -    ; ,       -   , ,        .     XXI      ,   ,  ,   ,             [8 -  .   . . 2.],      .




1. . -, 17031825





    . , 1741.     .   (). M˖890  M˖891



 1697   ,  ,        .  ,      -       ,     .    ,      ,         .     ,           .   ,          XVII ,       ,     .           -  ,       ,       [9 - Massie R.K. Peter the Great: His Life and World. N.Y.: Ballantine Books, 1980. P. 178179.]. -  ,     ,      ,   ,         .

   ,     .     .      ,   ,  .             .

     , -           [10 - Cracraft J. The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. P. 173.].   ,             [11 - :  Hermitage a Russian Odyssey: Catherine the Great a Lust for Art. WETA-TV, PBS, Washington DC, 1994.].              .       :         [12 - George A. St. Petersburg: Russias Window to the Future the First Three Centuries. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2003. P. 41.].

   ,     ,          .          ,  ,    ,  ,     ,      . -     ,      ;     黠 ,  ,   -  .            ,   . 3 ,    , ,   ,       .        ,            ,     ,    , ,        - .            .               ,        .      XVII           [13 - Hughes L. Russia in the Age of Peter the Great. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. P. 5.].           ,           .        ,    .  1691                    .

              .      .               .         - ,     1075 .  6  1696      ,     .     ,     ,    ,       .    :         ,         [14 - Volkov S. St. Petersburg: A Cultural History. N.Y.: Free Press, 1995. P. 10.].        I,   ,    ,   ,    .           ,      ,     ,     .    250     ,  ,     ,    .      :         :           ( ,    )[15 - Troyat H. Peter the Great / Trans. by J. Pinkham. N.Y.: E.P. Dutton, 1989. P. 90.].

              ,         .      ,   ,          ,     .      ,          ,    .     ,   .

    ,       - ,        .  -      :           . - ,       ,    ,    .    ,   ,  ,       .

       :     ,   ,        .        ,        . ,         ,     ,    ,                .      :  ,   ,    .       , :                    .  ,           ,  ,   ,     [16 - Troyat H. Op. cit. P. 100.].

    ,    ,       .             ,     ,   - .           ,    .             ,  .

    ,   .      ,        ,            .          ,      ,      ,    .       ,       .             ,           .

    , , .          .  ,     ,      ,     .     ,       .     :    ,       ,       .      ,  -                .       .     .

         ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    .    ,   .  ,        .   ,     ,  ,        ,      ,  , .               ,                .       ,        .

           .     :        ,          -.         ,    .

     ,        .   ,   ,    .           ,              ,               .   ,  ,             .       ,         III     .   ,            1688       ,         ,   ,    ,   , , ,   ,          ,   . ,   ,       .

     ,   ,    .       ,    ,      ,    .               .      ,      .     ,                  . ,    ,   .

  1698     ,     ,      .    , ,       :    -    .             ,     ,       .          .              ,        .

   .     ,     ,             .    ,   .   ,       [17 - George A. Op. cit. P. 9.].                ;         .     ,    ,     .

           ,  ,      ,         .  ( ,          )      .         ,       ,                .       ,    ,         - .          ,              ,          ,           .    ,        ,    ,   ,      ,     .

        .      .     ,    , -  ,        1453 . (                : ,  ,    .)        ,          .           , ,                ,         ,      . ,    ,        ,   ,   ,   ,  .              . ,        ,    .

,          .   1702    ,               ,       ,        .       ,         .

     ,         .  1703          ,      .        .  ,        ,     .       ( -   ).    ,                    .       :        ,   ,   .       ,    ,     ,           : , ,    .

       29  1703 ,              ,    ,    ,          .        Sankt Pieter Burkh,  -    .         .

         ,        .          - ,                  , ,    ,       .  ,          -  .      ,       .                    .      ,      -  ,        ,        :        .

    ,          .     ,     ,      .   ,             .       ,      ,      .           .

                   ,     .  1704          40  ,       .        ,  ,  .                  [18 - Massie R.K. Op. cit. P. 360.].     ,         ,      .    :            ,      ,   . ,     ,             .      ,        . ,      ,   .      ,      100  [19 - Hermitage a Russian Odyssey.].

           ,        .     ,       .  ,          ;       .

       ,       ,      .      .      ,     ,    .    ,     ,       ,     . (    ,       .) ,   ,      ,    .  1711   ,    ; ,     ,            .

      ,       .   ,      ,      ,      .              ,         [20 - Cracraft J. Op. cit. P. 150151.].         ( -,    ,    ).                .

 ,   .             ,     , ,      [21 - Massie R.K. Op. cit. P. 602.].       , ,     .      1703       ,    .

       -   ,     ,     ,      .   ,   (  ,  ),                    .                .                 .        .     ,         .           .  ,   ,    , ,      ,          .         ,        ,      .          ,      ,       .

         .                  ,       .            ,          .         ,       ,    ,        ,   .        ,          .     ,    ,           .              ,        ,          :          ,      , ,       tabula rasa,       .

               .  ,  ,          ,          .  ,        , ,        .             ,            ,          ;             .      ,     ,         . - ,   1724     ,   ,       .  , ,     ,      ,       .

             ,        ,             .   ,   1728      ( ),      .        ,      .        .      ,         ,    .    400  ,          ,         [22 - George A. Op. cit. P. 74.].    ,   ,     .       ,  ,         .

          ,        .      ,   -     . (        ,           .)  17171718       ,     ,         . ,              ,    ,   .      ,      .    ,        ,   .                ,    ,     .       , , ,   ,       [23 - George A. Op. cit. P. 82.].

         ,             .  - ,    ,     .  ,    1715   10  ,    ,    .     ,    ,   ,           .        ,     ,      .          :      ,              .        .                 ,        .      ,            .  ,    ,     ,   ,       .   ,               .

 1720- ,      40 [24 - George A. Op. cit. P. 39.],      .               .   ,       ,     :   ,  ,     ,    ,     ,   ,                  ,    ;     ,           ,  ,         ;          ,   ,         ?       ,  (  )   ,   ,        ,                ,               [25 - George A. Op. cit. P. 8788.]

   1725 .        .          ,    .  1706              :       .  ,      [26 - George A. Op. cit. P. 31.].

            .     ,        - ,      ,      ,     ?  ,    ,      III     XIV       ,     ,      .       ,     ,      ,          .            , -    .

     ,  ,                .  ,       , :      ,    ,     [27 - George A. Op. cit. P. 89.].          .     ,     , ,   ,       ,     ,     [28 - Hughes L. Peter the Great: A Biography. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. P. 127.].      ,   1718    ,    .         .

              ,    ,      .        : ,   ,    ,      ,            .     ,      ,                .      ,             ;        ,  -              .

 1739/40    ,     1730-     I   II, ,   ,     , , ,   -   ,        .       .       ,     ,       .       .        ,        ,   ,      ,        .

          ,       -  ,    .              .          ,      ,     ,        .

       ,               ,        ,             .             ,         ,         .     ,    ,    ,  , ,       , , , ,    [29 - Gorbatov I. Catherine the Great and the French Philosophers of the Enlightenment. Bethesda, MD: Academica Press, 2006. P. 1516.].

    ,                   (    ,     ),         ,   . , ,     ,    ,      ,   -       ,    .                          ,      1740 ,           II   , ,    III (  I),     .

  ,       ,        ,   ,      ,      .               ,                 .

          ,           .   ,   ,   .      [30 - Lincoln W.B. Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia. N.Y.: Basic Books, 2002. P. 4546.].     ,    ,      100 [31 - Lincoln W.B. Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia. N.Y.: Basic Books, 2002. P. 42.].     ,      .  ,            ,     .       ,      :      ,             .             ,    ,   .     ,    ,      ,       ,       .

         ,         .  ,            ,     .

          .      ,    .    ,           -    ,           .      ,        .           ,    ,      .               ,      , - ,  -  .

    .                  ,             .       , ,        ,    .    ,       .  ,     .         , , .           .   ,                 ,       4  [32 - Dianina K. Art and Authority: The Hermitage of Catherine the Great // Russian Review. 2004. 63. P. 632633.],          ,       .      ,           .

          ,              [33 - Dianina K. Art and Authority: The Hermitage of Catherine the Great // Russian Review. 2004. 63. P. 637.].         ,          .      ,         ,    ,         ,   ,      .

  -   ,      .           ,    ,    ,  .             . ,   ,   ,            .       ,         ,       II        X   .    ,      ,                 .

    ,       ,       .     ,         ,      .     ,  ,   ,      ,   .          .     ,       ,       .              ,  ,   .   ,      ,                 .          ;   ,    []        [34 - Voltaire. The Life of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia / Trans. by W.F. Fleming. Paris: E.R. DuMont, 1901. P. 12.].              .      ,          ,       . (   1784    :   ?              ,              ,             -     Sapere Aude! ( !)    [35 - Kant I. Perpetual Peace and Other Essays / Trans. by T. Humphrey. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983. P. 41 [ .   :   ? //  .  :  6 . .: , 1966. . 6. . 25].].)

             .           ,      ,          ,      .        ,       ,     ,   : , ,  .

                      .            .    ,       ,      - .  ,       ,     ,   ,    , 80-         ,   ,       .

    ,   1773            -     .        ,          .     ,     .     - ,           .           .      -    ,      ,      ,       ,    .

       ,    . ,       ,          , ,          ,   ,   ,   .         .      .   ,   ,      ,      ;     ,    ,        .          :    ,   ,   , ,      ,  ,  ,     ,         [36 - Troyat H. Catherine the Great / Trans. by J. Pinkham. N.Y.: E.P. Dutton, 1980. P. 207.].             .        ,              ,           ,    .

        ,     .          .          ,         ,       .            .   :     ,   ,   ; :      - ,     ,   .     .            ,      ,      ,    :       [37 - Zinovieff K., Hughes J. Companion Guide to St. Petersburg. Rochester; NY.: Companion Guides, 2003. P. 419.].   ,                  ,         .  ,                 .

    1789 .          ,         .     ,  , ,        ,  . , , , , , ,      ,          [38 - George A. Op. cit. P. 203.].       .      ,               .    ,     -  :       ,            [39 - Madariaga I. de. Catherine the Great: A Short History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 189.],         .    ,      [40 - Hughes L. The Romanovs. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2008. P. 128.].       .  -   .      ,   ,      ,      .

,       ,   ,         .        ,    .  1766               .        ,     -   ,        .        ,               .

  ,        .    ,   ,     ,  .  ,   ,               .           ,      1790 .                    .      ,       .           ,         .

     ,    .              .     ,  ,  , -    [41 - George A. Op. cit. P. 208.].       ,     .   , ,      ,    ,      ,                    [42 - Madariaga I. de. Op. cit. P. 195.]. 24  1790         .  ,     ,       .

           ,        .     ,    ,      .             ,               .      ,       , ,     ,    .

        ,          ,        ,         ,        .  1791   ,             .  1793-,       XVI,       ,    ,     ,  ,    .        ,       .         - ,         .        ,      -,  ,     [ II] ,        ,           [43 - Madariaga I. de. Op. cit. P. 201.].

 1796          ,         .     ,  -      ,  ,  -   ,    ,     -   .

       .        200 ,  32  [44 - George A. Op. cit. P. 182183.].            .     ,     :                    .            .  1790 ,      ,  95 %    .        2  7 %  47 %  , 68 %    80 %  [45 - Ulam A. Russias Failed Revolutions: From the Decembrists to the Dissidents. N.Y.: Basic Books, 1981. P. 11; Hughes L. Op. cit. P. 119, 122.].          [46 - George A. Op. cit. P. 193.],            .     ,      .     ?

 ,          :         ,      .  1812               ,         .     ,     , ,      .     ,                .    .  1814    ,     I       .         ,    ,     .      :           .

        ,         .          .    -    ,        ,      .   ,      .                      .

         ,       ,       [ ]  [47 - Lincoln W.B. Op. cit. P. 112.].            , ,            .      .     :    [  ]  I      .       :   , 13       -, 19      ;  ;   17       ;    .  ,     ,          . ,    ,             [48 - Egorov Y. The Architectural Planning of St. Petersburg / Trans. by E. Dluhosch. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1969. P. 121122.].

      ,             .       .     ,     . -    ,   .           ,         .      ,         ,   .      ,    .     ,   ,      .        ,     ,     ,   ,    .

     (      ,   ), ,               .        ,   , .       .    [1 -   ,      ,         .];        ,   ,   ,        I.      ,      ,     26 .     ,      ,        ,             .      ,  ,        ,     ,      .

           , ,      ,     ,         ,     .           .           ,   ,      .            ,           .                .    ,      ,     ,     : , , , ,    .    ,          .         .          .   ,  .    (    ),     .   .    ,    ,  .  :      .

,      ,    .     ,            ,    - .                .           ?            ?   ,   ,  ,    .     ,     1845 ,    ,   ,    ,       :      ,                .          ,     ,  -         [49 - Montferrand A.R. de. glise Cathdrale de Saint-Isaac. St. Petersburg, Russia: Chez F. Bellizard et Co., 1845. P. 14.].

         ,       ,     .      ,      .

  ,   ,    ,  ,     ,    .       .        , ,         , ,   .          ,            .   ,   .        .              ,      ,   .     ,    ,  ,       : ,      ,     ,      [50 - George A. Op. cit. P. 259.].    :    ,    ,            [51 - Sutherland Ch. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky and the Decembrist Exiles. N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984. P. 53.]. -          .

 1816                .  ,         ,    .  ,   ,    :        .     ,    ,         .    ,     -   ;      -.                ,         ,  .

   :       ,         ,         .          .    ,  I   39      .   1825 ,      ,   .          . 19   .   ,     -     ,   .

     ,      .         ,  -      1823          .             ,       ,         .

 24       ,     .       ,       .      , ,          . (   ,     -,    ,          [52 - Sutherland Ch. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky and the Decembrist Exiles. N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984. P. 104.].)                ,        . ,      ,  ,            .

13  ,   , ,         .                   ,     ,   II.    .   ,      ,    .  , ,       , :       ![53 - Ulam A. Op. cit. P. 53.]       :     ,      ?[54 - Julicher P. Renegades, Rebels and Rogues under the Tsars. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003. P. 172.]

        .        ,        .      ,         .     .    .  ,  ,    ,      ,      .     1 271 [55 - George A. Op. cit. P. 276.].

      .     .            .       .       ,       :        ,     ,     ,       ,  .

,   1782      ,            ,   . ,   ,     .     - ,     .     ,         .   ,             ;           1 500 ,        ,    ,      .    ,     ,           -,      .   ,        .    ,       ,         [56 - George A. Op. cit. P. 178.].    ,         .      ,      .

      .            .          ,    .     .  1826         :            .          ,      ,        .     .   I              .               , ,     [ ] [57 - George A. Op. cit. P. 288.].  , ,    ,    ,     .




2. . , 18421911





   1860- .  Martyn Gregory, 



 -   [58 - Hauser E.O. Shanghai: City for Sale. N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1940. P. 7.]; ,          XIII .       ,      ,  ,      ,     - .        ,     :          ,     .     ,  ,   ,     ,  ,      ,         .

  ,   -       .      1832     ,   ,       .           200-            ,        ,          [59 - Berg?re M.-C. Shanghai: Chinas Gateway to Modernity / Trans. by J. Lloyd. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010. P. 23.].       ,        .   ,      ,  ,                . ,  ,    ,        ,   [60 - Hauser E.O. Op. cit. P. 45.].

       :              .            . -        XV             ;     ,      .   XVIII      .               . ,     ,      ,          .     ,   ,     ,       ,   .       ,    .

          ,      .    ,     ,      1793 .         ,        .      [61 - Dong S. Shanghai: The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City. N.Y.: William Morrow, 2000. P. 5.].  ,       ,  .  ,     ,          .

  XIX     ,      ,    ( )    ,      .     .        .     ,   , ,          :   ,  .

       .         ,       ,         .           .                      .  ,         ;         .

          ,      .        ,   .             ,       ;               .    ,        ,    ,         .

  -    ,          .    1839 ,     ,             .        ,     .                  ,     ,     .      :    -            .  1842        .         ,     ,       .     ,    ,                     ,           .           .     .

    ,                  .     [62 - Pankaj M. From the Ruins of Empire. N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. P. 29.].      .         :     ,          .               ,          .  ,        ,    -        .  ,   ,      ,        .

            .        ,                ;      .                ,            -   [63 - Wei B. Shanghai: Crucible of Modern China. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1987. P. 29.].           ,      .    1843           :              .      ,   ,      [64 - Wei B. Shanghai: Crucible of Modern China. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1987. P. 30.]. , , - , ,   ,       .         ,      :           ,     .

    1843     軠  ,   .         ,          .   ,  ,       ,           .                    .   ,     1844 ,       .   ,   ,      ,       []        .     ,     ,        ,          [65 - Denison E., Guang Yu Ren. Building Shanghai: The Story of Chinas Gateway. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Academy, 2006. P. 39.].

      :         ,      .  1845        ,         ,      56 [66 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 10.].    ,    ,      ,  ,   .  1849        ,     ,   .   1854-          .

              .            ,                [67 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 67.],       .          :           ,       ,    .             ,  terra incognita.     ,    ,          ,       .

         ,         .   ,    1845     ,               .       .     ,         -       ,   .           ,      -  .    ,     -! -!     [68 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 10.],  - (  -軠  )    .        .    ,      ,        .

 1843           .  ,    ,       ,    .  1846        .       ,     ,          ,   ,   ,    .     . , ,    ,          ?   ,    ?          .        ,       ,   .         ,  ,                   .                 ,             ,       .

 1847   ,     .    ,   ,    .  : 1844  12,5 %         ; 1849-     40 %[69 - Wasserstrom J. Global Shanghai, 18502010: A History in Fragments. London: Routledge, 2009. P. 28.].  ,    1847 , :          .     ,       :   ,       ,           ,         [70 - Denison E., Guang Yu Ren. Op. cit. P. 30.].

     ,   : 1848     ,        ,     ,    [71 - Denison E., Guang Yu Ren. Op. cit. P. 46.].  1850    North China Herald          :         , []          []    [72 - Wasserstrom J. Op. cit. P. 32.].

         ,      .  ,  1850-                  .              ,    .      ,     ,      .    , ,     ,    4     ,       .   1849                 .             .                            .

,       ,      .          ,      .        . ,       ,       ,     ,        ,      . C 1851  1864           ,         ,  .  ,              [73 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 16.].

  ,    ,     ,        . , ,     ,         ,     ,   .        ,    .           []  30  40 %   ,       .       ,       ,   [74 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 45.].     ,   1854       20  [75 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 44.].                  .

        ,   .  -  , 㻠 ;       ,            ,   .    ,       ,        ,      .       ,       ,        -,        .  1860        8 740    269   [76 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 44].   ,       ,     ,          .           .

             .         ,      ,    .       ;  1850- ,     ,      .      ,    ,     .  1853     ,     ,          .        ,                  .   ,         ,   250   130 .   ,    30     ,      .        ,      ,             .         ,    ,  1853        .

        ,     .  1854 ,         ,  ,    .    ,    ,       ,   .      :         ,    ,                  - [77 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 47.].          .   ,                  [78 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 7879.],    ,              .            ,           ,         .      ,        .  1893     ,             ,     ,       -.            ,    .

         ,    ,   ,         .             ,    ,                    .

        1854    ,    .                        .             ,          ;     ,      80 % [79 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 112.].        ,   .                     .  1862          .               (  settlement  )       .         ,     ,        ,      [80 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 47.].  ,    ,      ,     .

,   ,   ,          ,          .     :   ,              , ,  ,       [81 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 19.].      :         ,          ,   .            [82 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 15.].           .           ,        .

-               ,     ,  .          .  1870      ,        .    ,     , , , , , , , , , , ,   [83 - Wasserstrom J. Op. cit. P. 40.].    ,      .              ,   .

    ,   ,   .    ,       ,      ,    .     ,   .    ,  ,      ,         ,   [84 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 30.].

           ,  .      .   ,              - . ,        ;  ,     .         ,      ,              [85 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 7.].     ,   .           ,    Jardine, Matheson and Co.          ,   .          -        .

      .    ,             -   .       ,  ,  ,  ,        ,     [86 - Hibbard P. The Bund Shanghai: China Faces West. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books, 2007. P. 93.].       ,  .      軠       ,  ,  .  ,    .  comprador -  ;   ,       ,          .  ,  ,   ,     ,                .

      ,     ,      .       ,       ,      ,      [2 -    XIX       ,     ,      .        ,      1960- .         .].           ,   , ,     ,    .    1920-         ,   .

         ,            .    ,      ,     ,    ;    .               .          ,       ,          .         ,   ,     .       ,       .     ,     ,     1492 .           , ,          , :  ,       ,       [87 - Meyer M. The Sephardi Jewish Community of Shanghai and the Question of Identity // From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China / Ed. by R. Malik. Nettetal, Germany: Steyler Verlag, 2000. P. 345346.].

      .     ,  ,    ,   .       ,   ,          ,     [88 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 30.].        ,     ,       .        ,   ,      ,   .

    ,      .       ,      ,       ໠ ,   ,     North China Daily News[89 - Warr A. Shanghai Architecture. Sydney, Australia: Watermark Press, 2007. P. 171.].     Getz Bros. & Co.   - ,   1871    .    1903         [90 - The Hotel Metropole. Guide Book to Shanghai and Environs. Shanghai: Oriental Press, 1903.  .].    ,      -,      .       Russell & Co.     -,        ,      .     ,    Jardine, Matheson & Co.    -         ;    , ,    .

              ,  -  .     ,   1865 ;             .     Cercle Sportif Fran?ais,        ,       .

  ,   ,     1864 ,    .         30-  ,      [91 - Denison E., Guang Yu Ren. Op. cit. P. 102.].         :      ,      .          .

     , ,    ,     [92 - Warr A. Op. cit. P. 157.].            1840 ,    ,   ,     ,        .    1854-,   1863      ,          .          (Shanghai Race Club)   ,          [93 - Warr A. Op. cit. P. 157158.].        ,        .         ,      ,     -        ,       .

        ,  ,     ,          .            ,    XIX     90 %   [94 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 28.].       1864  ,      688 [95 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 44.].                 ;    .       ,          .    .

,     ,       .   ,            [96 - The Past and Future of China // North China Herald. 1854. March 18; Farrer J. Opening Up: Youth Sex Culture and Market Reform in Shanghai. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.].   ,             ,         .        : ,    .         ,          .    ,       ,  ,           ,       .

     ,   ,   ,               -.            , no can do (  )  chop chop (-),          [97 - All About Shanghai: A Standard Guidebook. Shanghai: University Press, 1934; .: Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 120121.].  1930-        ,        .   : How fashion that chow-chow cargo he just now stop godown inside?    : Lat cargo he no can walkee just now. Lat man Kong Tai he no got ploper sclew.  ,    (chow-chow)      (godown).  ,     (no can walkee),       (ploper sclew)[98 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 3233.].

           . ,      ,         . ,       ,      ,  -   ,   .       ,           .         ,  ,      ,   -.

                        .             ,       .   ,    ,     ,    .  ,  ,  ,    ,         .               -        .           XX ,   [99 - Jesus M. de. Historic Shanghai. Shanghai: The Shanghai Mercury, 1909. P. 206.].       ,       .  1840  1860       3 000 %,      ,     [100 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 4445.].         ,    ,               .  1858         ,    ( Standard Chartered);      (  HSBC)     1865-.

        .        (    ,          ),    . ,       ,     .           500  77  [101 - Denison E., Guang Yu Ren. Op. cit. P. 66.].             .  North China Herald  ,          -   ,   ,     ,        ,        ,         ,         ,   ,        ,                 [102 - Retrospect of Events in the North of China during the Year 1864 // North China Herald. 1865. January 28. P. 14.].

     . ,   ,    .   ,      ,    ,       - [103 - Denison E., Guang Yu Ren. Op. cit. P. 66.].   , Herald ,    ,      ,      ,    .  , ,  ,              ,       .       ,         唻[104 - Retrospect of Events in the North of China during the Year 1864 // North China Herald. 1865. January 28. P. 14.].

        -.      .        .  ,              ,       .    ,  Herald     1864 ,     annus horribilis,  .   ,         ,              [105 - Retrospect of Events in the North of China during the Year 1864 // North China Herald. 1865. January 28. P. 14.].

          .   ,     ,                  , ,  ,       .       .      ,   .       ,      ,          .           [106 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 64.].

       1920- .      ,      ,     ,  .  ,    ,    -  ,             .     ,    ,          , ,   ,    ,      .   ,                ,    .           ,       - .       ,          .

                       ,   .   ,     ,  ,   ,         .      Harpers Weekly      1879 ,    ,      ,      .               ,   ,     .   ,     ,    ;           .                    ,      ,                 ,     [107 - Derby-Day at Shanghai // Harpers Weekly. 1879. June 14. P. 468469.]. ,      ,          .     ,         ,        ,           .

        :         .   1863     Lea & Perrins   North China Herald ,             ,    [108 - Lea & Perrins advertisement // North China Herald. 1863. September 5.]     ,       .          .       ,    ,   ,   ,        .

           ,     ,      .        HSBC    .    Russell & Co.,       ,       ,      ,      ,           [109 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 74.].   ,       .  1877       ,         (     China Merchants Group).       ,       -,    ,     .

                ,  ,  .        ,   ,      ,     .        -,     -   ,    .     ,  ,   ,    -,  [110 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 67.],         Jardine, Matheson & Co.,                .  1863       .           ,        ,         ,    .  ,       ,     ,   ,    XIX     ,    2     [111 - Wei B. Op. cit. P. 126.].       ,  -,                  .             18 [112 - Wei B. Op. cit. P. 126.].

    ,      ,        ,   ;     ,     ,  ,    ,     -   .      ,        ,   [113 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 36.].

  ,            .           , ,    ,  ,      , ,        .    ,    ,        [114 - Wei B. Op. cit. P. 145.].

   ,   ,     .           ,    .      ,      ,           .      ,        .         ,    ,      -    .  ,     ,         .  1868           ,        ,          .

      ,     ,  .        - ,   ,           ,             .  ,      ,            ,        ,      .

  ,      ,         (     ,         ),       .       ,     ,   .      ,          .

             ,              ,       .       ,       .      ,         .       1862 ,   1882-,   1883-,   1902-                 -.         ,   ,     ,       .        ,  ,  ,        .               .

            ,   ,      , ,        .         .   1900  , ,           -.

,      ,    ,   ,   XX      .       ,    ,      . ,   ,        . , ,     :        ,       .   ,             ,    .        1920- ,           Far Eastern Review,   1919  ,       ,  [115 - Denison E., Guang Yu Ren. Op. cit. P. 128.].

        ,        .                       ,       .                 ;       .           , ,          ,  , ,   .  1863           ,   100   ,   .              .  1876             ,      .          (,   ),       ,      .

  ,     ,   ,           .  1866    Russell & Co.   ,      ,      .       ,      .        ,     ,     - ,       .  ,   ,      .  ,   (, )        ,     ,   ,            .

        ,    :                ?               ,        .              ,   .        ,          ,      ,   ,    .  1864      ,         .     ,              .        ,   ,    XX                    ,   .

  ,    , ,    ,   ,         .         ,           ,       ,  ,            .

        ,          ,    .                    .        ,             .  1895              .       ,        ,      .

 1905      ,      .              ,     .              .       ,         ,          .       ,            .

        ,            .  1905              .     ,      ,          ,   .          .    ,      ,    ,  800 ,    ,     .        ,   ,          ,    [116 - Wei B. Op. cit. P. 193.].  ,       :  ,    ,   ,    .      ,             ,     .         :    ,  ,       .     :       ?                        [117 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 8889.].

         ,    ,      ,    .  ,        ,         .   XX     .

       1903 ,            ,          .        ,       ,        .         ,    XVII .   -   , ,      .           ,        . ,              ,        ,    .         ,         ,         .             ,  ,     ,     .  ,  ,     ,       .     :        ,      ,      ,        .             .

       ,          (        ,             ).     XX          ,   .      ,             ,       ,      .  ,           ,        .          : 1904              ,   1905-         ,     .  ,     ,    -    .  !.. ! !      ,          ,   -[118 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 130.]. ! !               !  [119 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 131.].

               -, -         .  1898               .          ,   1905         .  ,    ,    ,     ,          ,      .    1907-    ,             .

  1911 ,   2 000-  ,   ,       .          ;   ,   ,    ;        ;    .         ,    :          ,       [120 - Wei B. Op. cit. P. 199.].           ,      ,         . ,      ,   .     -      ,  1  1912     .

                ,        . ,      , .  ,     ,     .    70          .

        .    ,              ,         . ,   ,   ,     ,   ,     .   -,      ,         ,    [121 - Dong S. Op. cit. P. 88.].          ,       .        ,      ,           1920- .

       ,      ,           .          ,       .           , ,    ,          .             ,      ,  -      .

         .   1912     ,      ,       ,        -.   1913       ,   -      ,       ,          .            ,      .

  ,     ,     .     ,      ,    ,    ,     [122 - Berg?re M.-C. Op. cit. P. 143.].  ,   , -    ,       .       ,        .




3.Urbs Prima in Indis. , 18571896





   ()   .  Dwivedi Sh., Mehrotra R. Bombay: The Cities Within. Eminence Designs, 2001



 13  1857           ,           - .         ,      .                ,        .  ,   The Bombay Times,     .     ,       .      .      ,    ,     [123 - Albuquerque T. Urbs Prima in Indis: An Epoch in the History of Bombay, 18401865. New Delhi: Promilla, 1985. P. 121122.].

   ,       ,     ,       .     ,     ,        ,       ,     ,         . ,     ,       ,        ,    ,   ,    .          ,      ,        .

      ,         -        .        ,   -   .  1852           ,     .     -        -.   ,   ,       [124 - Albuquerque T. Urbs Prima in Indis: An Epoch in the History of Bombay, 18401865. New Delhi: Promilla, 1985. P. 106.].  ,                 -          XIX .  ,       ,      [125 - Albuquerque T. Urbs Prima in Indis: An Epoch in the History of Bombay, 18401865. New Delhi: Promilla, 1985. P. 112.]         ;  ,    ,          .     -,               ,  1857    .

         .    ,           ,   1863     :           ,   ,   ,  [126 - Govind Narayans Mumbai: An Urban Biography from 1863 / Ed. by M. Ranganathan. London: Anthem Press, 2008. P. 143.].    ,          ,       ,            ,     .      ,           .

      ,         .        1757       - .                 .       ,          .            ,          .                   .  ,               ,       . 2 1858        ,       ,         -    .              ( 滠   ).

1  1858     -         .                 (,         ,     ).       ,   ,      껠 , -     ,  [127 - Albuquerque T. Op. cit. P. 122123.].     ,    ,        -   ,        .     ,    ---      .      ,    ,             .

   ,     ,   XVI   .     (- bom bahia),    .           ,      II,        .  1668       -         .

     ,         .             .        .     ,      , ,   ,          .              .    ,  ,   ,       ,   , -  ,   [128 - Rushdie S. Midnights Children, 25th anniversary edition. N.Y.: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2006. P. 101.].

   1708 ,              ,          .        1782      ,   - .      ,       ,        .    ,     100  ,    ,      ,    [129 - Grant Duff J. A History of the Maharattas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1921. Vol. II. P. 23.].     :              .

    , -              .     ,        ,           ()   . ,              ,         .         ,       .   ,   ,   ;         .     ,      :   ,   1864 , ,        [130 - Albuquerque T. Op. cit. P. 182.].

     -        .              ,      , ,   .      ,    .  ,     ,   .                 ,       , , .     :  ,          .          ,     .         ,  -   : 1853           .          .          ,    .    ,  .      1863 , ,    ,   .       ,    [131 - Govind Narayans Mumbai P. 197.].         ,    ,         .

       ,           ,      .        ,     .       ,         /  /.    1857                      .   ,    1769 ,               ,         .     -      ,      ,       .  1772           -:      ,     .

            ,    -    ,  46 %  [132 - Dwivedi S., Mehrotra R. Bombay: The Cities Within. 2nd ed. Bombay: Eminence Designs, 2001. P. 56.].      ,  ,        (, ,   ),      .  ,       ,        ,         ,       .

               ,         .    ,            .            ,          ,  [133 - Govind Narayans Mumbai P. 53.].                ;        ,     ,            .         ,            ,   ,  ,    ,     [134 - Govind Narayans Mumbai P. 54.].

          .    ,       ,     ,  , , , , , , ,   [135 - Govind Narayans Mumbai P. 52.].    ,    1860- ,              ,             ,        ,    ,       , , , .            .        , ,     [136 - Rousselet L. India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal. London: Chapman and Hall, 1875; .: New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 2005. P. 89.].      ,        .      , , , ,  ,        [137 - Rousselet L. India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal. London: Chapman and Hall, 1875; .: New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 2005. P. 12.].

        ,       .          ,      ,  .           .   ,        [138 - Govind Narayans Mumbai P. 5354.]. ,     ,        ,            ,         ,    .    :      ,   .     ,        [139 - Rousselet L. Op. cit. P. 24.].  -        ,          ,       .

,            ,          .   ,             .           ,    ,      ,     .     ,  .     ,        ,      [140 - Rousselet L. Op. cit. P. 6.].

        .   ,           [141 - Rousselet L. Op. cit. P. 5.],            .              ,      .

                    1862 ,   , ,   .          20- ,    ,         - .  1844-            urbs prima in Indis.    ,       ,     :       ,              ,            .         ,   ,  ,    ,       ,    -    .

              -    ,   -   .                ,        ,   .       1781 :         [] ,       [142 - Metcalf T.R. An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britains Raj. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989. P. 14.].  1820-        ,          .         ,     ,     ,      .           ,   ,      ,           - .

     1803          ,                 .     ,    , ,      ,    [143 - Metcalf T.R. An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britains Raj. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989. P. 13.],     ,     ,   ,       .

             ,     ,         ,     .       ,              .                 ,       ,         ,      .  ,     ,       , ,    , []  , ,      ,    ,  ,    [144 - Tillotson G.H.R. The Tradition of Indian Architecture: Continuity, Controversy and Change since 1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989. P. 33.]




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140


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141


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