 .        
  


Historia Rossica
               ,      .     .         ,      ,     .        ?          ?           ,    ?            ?   ,     ,      .       ,         ,       ,           .





  

 



         (American Council of Learned Societies)



 .. , 2011

 .   , 2011


     










               ,          1917.[1 -  .  //  .  ,  19171921. /. ..   .. . , 1957. . 27.]                   , ,     ,  ,    [2 -      .:  ..  . ( ) //  .    / . ..  . , 1926. . 1. . 715.]. ,     ,     -   ,         ,       .        ,    .  ,         ,               .       ,  ,        .  ,      ,        ,      . ,       ,      .

                  ,  ,          .              .    ,     ,     .              ,      [3 - Swain G. The Origins of the Russian Civil War. London, 1996. . 3.    .: Chamberlin W.H. The Russian Revolution, 19171921. Princeton, 1987. Vol. 2. P. 455; Kenez P. The Ideology of the White Movement // Soviet Studies. 1980. Vol.32. 1. . 5883;  .    //    :  . ., 1994. . 94105; Mawdsley E. The Russian Civil War. 2


 ed. Edinburgh, 2000. P. 280282.]. ,             .     ,    , ,     , ,     ,         ,      [4 - Figes O. Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution (19171921). Oxford, 1989. . 5, 126.].  , ,            ,     ,          .      ,      ,     [5 -         .,  : Procyk A. Russian Nationalism and Ukraine: The Nationality Policy of the Volunteer Army during the Civil War. Edmonton, 1995; Br?ggemann K. Die Gr?ndung der Republik Estland und das Ende des Einen und unteilbaren Ru?land. Die Petrograder Front des Russischen B?rgerkriegs 19181920. Wiesbaden, 2002;  .    - , 19181920. ., 1999.      .: Swain G. The Origins of the Russian Civil War.     ., : Smele J. Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 19181920. Cambridge, 1996.].                    .

   ,                ,       [6 -         .:  ..,  ..  .     //    .    / . ... ., 1996. . 206221; ..     :      ? //    : , , .   .. . ., 2002. . 639655; ..         //  . 2005. 6. .142158;  ..    :    (  1980-  90- ). , 2000.].              - .         [7 - .,  : Smele J. Civil War in Siberia; Pereira N. White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War. Montreal, 1996 ( :  . :      . ., 1996);  .    - ; Br?ggemann K. Die Gr?ndung der Republik Estland und das Ende des Einen und unteilbaren Ru?land;  .. .     . 19171918. ., 1996;  .       , 19171920. ., 2002.            . . .: Kenez P. Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army. Berkeley, 1971; Idem. Civil War in South Russia, 19191920: The Defeat of the Whites. Berkeley, 1977.].       [8 - Katzer N. Die Weisse Bewegung in Russland: Herrschaftsbildung, praktische Politik und politische Programmatik im B?rgerkrieg. K?ln, 1999;  ..    :     19171920. ., 2006.].         [9 - ., :  ..  :   . ., 2006;  .,  .  . ., 2006.]. ,                 ,        -    ,         .

        ,     ?           ?      ,              .                   ,       ,    ,  ,     [10 - ., : Figes O. Peasant Russia, Civil War; Raleigh D. Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov. Ithaca, 1986 (:  .    : 1917  . , 1995); Idem. Experiencing Russias Civil War: Politics, Society, and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 19171922. Princeton, 2002;  ..   .  -   19181919.:     . ., 1999; Penter T. Odessa 1917: Revolution an der Peripherie. K?ln, 2000;  ..   :     19171922. ., 2001; Karsch S. Die bolschewistische Machtergreifung im Gouvernement Voronez (19171919). Stuttgart, 2006; Badcock S. Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia: A Provincial History. Cambridge, 2007; Retish A. Russias Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 19171922. Cambridge, 2008.],     -      ,    .

        ,  ,       .    ,    ?     ?           ?          ,          ,    ?           ?

             ,            .       ,      ,    .     ,              .    ,  ,            ,        .

               .              .                ,      , , ,             .                  ,        [11 - ., :  ..    (    : ). ., 1930;  ..     . .; ., 1931;  .. -        19181920. , 1953;  ..       (19181920.). ., 1958;  .. :      19171920. , 1987;  ..       . ., 1993;  ..,  ..,  ..        . , 2005.].        ,  ,          ,         . ,      1940- .[12 - Strakhovsky L. Intervention at Archangel: The Story of Allied Intervention and Russian Counter-Revolution in North Russia, 19181920. Princeton, 1944; Long J. Civil War and Intervention in North Russia, 19181920. Ph.D. diss. Columbia University, 1972; Karasik T. Revolution and Civil War in Arkhangelsk, 19171920. Ph.D. diss. Los Angeles: University of California, 1999; Kotsonis Y. Arkhangelsk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War // Russian Review. 1992. Vol. 51. 4. . 526544.]

     ,   ,         [13 -     1918.       : , , , , , , ,   .               . ,   ,                 -   .],        .    ,     1917.     ,         1918-   1920.     .                 ,            ,        .

                ,   .       ,  ,    ,         .. .    - ..       ,      .        ,            .           ,                   -   [14 -         ,      ,      , ., : Mawdsley E. The Russian Civil War. P. xii; Swain G. The Origins of the Russian Civil War;  ..   .    . , 1927. . 2. . 12.].        ,        ,      [15 -   ..    ,         ,           ,            1917. .:  .. ..     . (     19171925.). , 1929. . 16; Pereira N. White Siberia. . 5.         . : Katzer N. Die Weisse Bewegung in Russland. S. 10.].

         ,    ,             .     ,         1917.             .  ,   ,      ,    ,           .           ,      [16 -      ,        ,    . ,       . .: Holquist P. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russias Continuum of Crisis, 19141921. Cambridge, Mass,2002.].

                  .                .         ,    ,            ,                ,   .

,   ,           . ,             ,           ,        .              ,           .

         ,               .    ,         ,               .     ,    ,    ,       ,           .

    ,  , ,             . ,            [17 -                  ., : Raleigh D. Experiencing Russias Civil War. . 4; Badcock S. Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia. . 23.],    ,                  .




  


      .    ,  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,                .          .           ,    ,   -      (    ),      ,         - .                ,          .            (Hoover Institution Archives)          ,   1940- .          .            ,         ,          ,                   .

        ,    ,     ,        ,           ,         .




 


          ,                   1920- .             ,    ,  ,                   .                   1918.  ,   ,      ,          ,   ,      ,       .    ,     ,          1918.       ,          .

          .            ,   ,                      1918.      1920.            ,          ,    ,     .                  .        ,                .     ,               .             ,          .

      .         ,      1919.   ,                1920- .


* * *

    1918.    ,               ,     .   ,      ,     .         ,    ,         .  ,        Frederick Poole    ,    .          .




 


       .          - ,             ,        ,    ,    ,      .             .          ,      ,            .

           .      1980-  1990- .,          ,  ,      .                       .   , ,      ,            -   (Beisswenger).  ,                  .            (Hamburg),         ,    ,        .         ,                   .      ,   (Kselman)    (Katzer)      ,     .

                   (Gerda Henkel Stiftung)      (American Council of Learned Societies).      ,    - ,    ,   -      (    ),    ,       ,    ,    ,   ,           - () (University of Notre Dame)     .

 ,  ,   (Retish),   (Swain),   (Sanborn)   ,   ,            .            ,     .. , ..   .. . ..       . ,  ,      (Bergen),   (Br?ggemann),   (Badcock),  ,   (Crago),  ,   (Smele),            .

    , ,         ,      .         ,          ,            .       ,         ,    .




 1

     



     ,                -  ,              ,      [18 - . .102. .245. .167. . 4. . 2 (      (  ) .      .. , 30  1915.).]              . ,       1915.      .         ,       ,    ,   .

           .       ,            ,       ,              .                   .     ,          .           ,              .

          ,      .  , ,     ,     ,      ,           ,     ,   .        ,           .      .


* * *

1100,    ,     -[19 -    1,0668.].               [20 -  ..     .         . ., 1908. . 2.    ꠖ ,     ,     1897.].         ,        .                  ,       .                .          .

       ,       .             -    [21 -  ..   . 4- . ., 1890. . 3637.].                 ,       ,            [22 -       1911. , 1912.         ,      , , . .:  . . 1213, 1819.].

     ,   .    , ,    .          .     ,      ,          ,   .              ,  ,  ,          .    ,  ,      [23 -  .   . ., 1849. . 399408.]. ,            .      ,       [24 -       18  1903.  26  1914.:  ..      . ., 1961. . 127, 231.].

     ,         .      20. 1897.  43.    [25 -      , 1897. /. .. . ., 1904. . 1:  . . 3. . 2;     1918        1920 . , 1922. . 2;       19171924 . , 1925. .5.].        .        ,      ,  .          ,   ,      .        .     ,          ,    1916.      [26 -  ..  . , 2003;   , 15841989. , 1990.].

              .        ,                [27 -       .         ,      ,  ,     .].     754.  ,         ,   1917.    500. [28 -     1901. , 1902. . 1;  ..    .  . ., 1919;       19171924 . . XXV.     346,5. 1897.  508. 1917. .:       1897. . 1. . 2. . 2.].    (0,7    )                [29 -         1913.  30,3.  . ,    0,8. .: . 1913 : - . ., 1995. . 1822.].

   9/10     85% .        ()  7% ,   6%,  ()  1%    0,5%[30 -       1897. . 1. . 2. . viii.].            .         ,        ,     [31 -  1897.  346,5.    337,3.  ,  ,  6,2.     ,  1,7.    500 . .:       1897. . 6:        ,       . ., 1905. . 1.].          ,    ,   ,    .              ,                       ,    [32 - ., .:  ..      1892. //     . 1894. . . . 1. . 2341.           .: Slezkine Y. Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North. Ithaca, 1994.  ,  4 (:  .  :     . ., 2008).].    ,    ,      - [33 - .:  ..        , 19051917. ., 2006;  ..        (    XIX    ) //    . , 1991. . 5564;  .   -        //     . , 1994. . 6885.].                         ,        .

     ,       , ,     ,          .       ,        ,    .       ,   ,           [34 -    / . .. . , 1985. . 2:      .  2  6.].         ,       ,   ,     .      ,    . , ,              [35 -                    40 . .:            1894 . , 1895. . 56;     1901. . 56.    1917.      ,     , ..     ,     .].  -        (  -   )    ,    .     80. .,    0,1%    [36 -    1,09.].  180. .  .      (    )     .                 ,         ,          [37 -            1894 . . 1;   . . 2. . . 8485, 90, 193197, 217.    .     60%     .].     ,   ,     .      . -        ,   4/5  ,  ,    [38 -     1901. . 4;   . . 2. . 202203.          ,      +0,7?. .:            1894 . . 2.].

         ,          .          ,    , ,    [39 -         1913. 46,7. . .:   . . 2. . 218.].          2000  4500 ,   50. ,   .            3000   ,    [40 -  .     . , 1923. . 4246;  ..  :  . ., 1897. . 99.].   ,             ,  .      ,    ,    [41 -    1913.  21,3.  . .:   . . 2. . 218.].           ,        .       ,     ,    .    64       127. . [42 -  ..  . . 250.].        ,              [43 -       34,8.   1901.  55,3. 1913.:     1901. . 3536;   . . 2. . 217218.].

 ,       ,     .      .      .  1913.     44,           450 .      25.  ,     [44 -  ..     . . 127, 231.  ,          .].      ,      .       ,      .     ,    ,      ,   .           ,  ,      , ,   , ,     ,  , , ,   ,   ,   [45 -  ..  .-.     (  ) //  . 1923. 10 (22). .42.].           -  (    ,         ),      -  ,     .

        .           ,    XVIII ,          .                 .        .  -                    [46 -     // . 1909. 29 .;  ..         //    . , 1987. .122123.].  ,             ,        .

          .      ,      60- . XIX ,    1917.     .     -    ,            [47 -    .: Robbins R.The Tsars Viceroys:Russian Provincial Governors in the Last Years of the Empire. Ithaca,1987.].          ,          .         1897.      ,          ,  ,            [48 -      . 1910. 14. . 67.].       ,   ..   .. ,       ,               [49 -           .:  ..  ;  .   // . 1909. 25 .;  .   . , 2001. . 241458.].

 ,  ,    .        2,5. ,    ,        600 .        :  , ,  .       ,  ,      ,   .   XIX      ,    .        . ,  ,  ,   ,           .   ,         ,    ,  [50 -       1897. . 1. . 2. . 2;  ..  . . 217;  ..   . . 34, 12, 62, 67;  ..     . .4.].

       ,    ,       , , ,   .             .         . ,     -,    ,             .  ,          ,      - ,     .                .      ,     ,       .    ,     ,            . ,  ,         ,     ,    113  , 169    838       1120 [51 -  ..  . . 17, 35, 211, 258.].

         .    ,        ,       ,      ,          1917.       ,          ,          1917.            .




    


            ,      .  ,           ,     [52 -   .: Slezkine Y. Siberia as History // Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture / Eds. Y. Slezkine, G. Diment. New York, 1993. P. 16;      / . .. , .. . ., 2007. . 2425. . : Lincoln B. The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. London, 1994.],    XIX       .           .  ,   - ,             ,       [53 -  ..  .       . ., 1906. . 12.].       ,  ,       ,       [54 -  ..   . . 67, 597  .;  .   . . 387.      .:  ..  . . 89.].             ,           ,       [55 - .:     ,  ..   18991901. ,   . ., 1904. . 13.;  ..     . . 12.].              .  , ..                [56 - .:  ..        //  . 1856. . 1. . 373396; 579602,     .: . 583, 589, 596597. . :    .   . ., 1929. . 262263.     .: Hamburg G.M. Boris Chicherin and Early Russian Liberalism, 18281866. Stanford, 1992. P. 8092.].

 ,   ,  ,          ,                 [57 - Knight N. Science, Empire and Nationality: Ethnography in the Russian Geographical Society, 18451855 // Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire / Eds. J. Burbank, D. Ransel. Bloomington, 1998. .108147 (:  . ,   :     , 18451855 //    .   :  / . .   . ., 2005. . 155198).].               ,  ,    ,    ,       .   ,   ..    ,        ,         .   ,    ,     IX      . ,  ..           .    .. ,               , ,     ,     ,       [58 - Nielsen J.P. The Murman Coast and Russian Northern Policies ca. 18551917 // In the North My Nest is Made: Studies in the History of the Murman Colonization 18601840 / Eds. A. Yurchenko, J.P. Nielsen. St. Petersburg, 2005. P.1027.        .: [ ..]         .     [     . . 6]. ., 1862.].    ..         ,    ,         ,                          [59 -  ..  .         . , 1919. . 50, 54.].

  XX       ,      ,      .        1908.     [60 -   .:  .         1909  1918: .  . . 19 . 1918. //      . 1918. 8/9. . 149151;  ..      //   : , , .    ,  90-         (1908.). , 1999. . 191203.],       600 .           ,              ,    ,  ,     ,   .         ,       ,     ,    []   ,       [61 -      . 1910. 14. . 34.].         ,   ,          ,    ,    XIIXIII   .  ,      ,              , ,  ,    ,        [62 - .:      . 1910. 23. . 37; 1918. 1/2. . 20; 8/9. . 170.      .: Robbins R. The Tsars Viceroys. P.6869.].

              ,       ,          .        .     ,         .           , -  .           [63 -     .  .  .  . , 1909;        1912 . , 1913;      . 1918. 8/9. . 149. .         :     (  ). . 83. . 1. .1.].  ,          ,        .       ,            ,           .

   ,          , ,      ,                   [64 -    .:     .  10; Pereira N. Regional Consciousness in Siberia before and after 1917 // Canadian Slavonic Papers. 1988. 1. P.113133; Idem. The Idea of Siberian Regionalism in Late Imperial and Revolutionary Russia // Russian History. 1993. Vol. 20. 1/4. .163178; Watrous S. The Regionalist Conception of Siberia, 1860 to 1920 // Between Heaven and Hell. P. 113132; Stuch S. Regionalismus in Sibirien im fr?hen 20. Jahrhundert // Jahb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 2003. Band 51. Heft 4. S. 549563; Faust W. Ru?lands goldener Boden: Der sibirische Regionalismus in der zweiten H?lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. K?ln, 1980.].             .         .      ,         ,    .      ,                           [65 -        ,       , .:        1909  //      . 1910. 24. . . 37.].

   , ,   ,         ,    ,          ,   ,            .     ,     ,    ,   ,          .




    


               .          .     ,                   .        -  ().      ,              400 .                1905.,         .      ,       ,       .    , ,         . ,   1905.    116  -    [66 -  ..           19051907. ., 1983. . 63, 72, 175, 181, 297309, 455; Emmons T. The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia. Cambridge, Mass., 1983. P. 175, 455.].         -   ,    1905.      ..,   I   ,   ,      1907.  ,          .       .. ,   1909.    .. .                 [67 -       (18381968):  . , 1971. . 6;   / . .. . , 2001. .1:    / . .. . . 43.].

 ,     ,           ,       .     ,   ,        .           , ,  ,            , ,         [68 -   .    // . 1909. 24 .].         ,                      ![69 -     // . 1912. 3.].       ( : , ,    ) ,     ,     .          ,             [70 -      // . 1912. 6;       4-  // . 1914. 28 .].       ,        [71 -   // . 1912. 5;     // . 1912. 7.].

           , ,      II   (        ),   ,  ,    .  ,           ,       .               ,            100 [72 -    I            ..   .. ,   ,        .  III     ..  .. ; IV        ..   .. .     .: . . 1. . 4. . 3. . 1321. . 3233 . (     , 11  1906.). . :  ..      . . 181; Emmons T. The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia. P. 179, 303.    .: . .1. .4. .3. .1321. .112112 . (   , 24  1906.).].

        .    17      1905   1906.,    ,   ,  300 .              .       .. , ..   .. ,        [73 -  .      19051908     (        ) // 1905 .     .   . , 1925. .12.].        ,   ,      ,         .   ,        1905.        .  ,        ,            (,     ,    )  [74 -        1905 .  . ., 1957. . 1 / . .. . . 431.].           ,              .

       .   ,             .  19071908.    40       .. .      I        .      19     5    [75 -  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . . 13;  ..       :   . 1920. ., 1977. . 167; Rawson D. Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905. Cambridge, 1995. P. 155; Emmons T. The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia. P. 250.].  ,    ,                   .      19  1905.    - ..   ...       .       ,     [76 -  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .1920.        .: Ascher A. The Revolution of 1905. Russia in Disarray. Stanford, 1988. P. 253262.].   ,  ,     1912.,         .          [77 - . 1912. 9.].

           [78 -     .: ..   // 1905 .     . . 7377;  ..,  ..  -   XIX    . //        (XVIII    .). , 1978. .53105;  ..,  ..        XIX    .:  . . , 1989. . 1: 18951905.].     ,   -                   [79 - ., :  ..          . , 1955. . 2324, 43;     . , 1970. . 13.],  ,         .             .   ,  -            -  19041905.           1908.   2,5. [80 - . . 1. .4. . 4. . 1165. . 44 . (  ..    ,  1908.).],        .  ,      ,    ,       .              .    ,           ,  ,   ,        ,  ,      [81 - . . 1. .4. .5. .1345. .38 (    , 3  1914.); . . 102. . 244. . 9. . 4. . 1 (  ..   , 7  1914.); .243. . 5. . 4. .11 . (  .   , 23  1913.); . 9. . 4. .3838 . ( .   , 3  1913.);  ..  . . 36, 71, 121, 187, 230234, 270271  .; ..   // 1905 .     . .116;  .   () // 1905 .     . . 109110; .       // 1905 .     . . 123;     (  ). . -102. .1. . 14. . 45 (  . , 1922.).].

  ,   ,      ,        . ,       .         ,       ,        .        ,   ,      [82 -  . ().    () // 1905 .     . . 9798.  1905.         127. ,        124., .: ..   // 1905 .     . . 83. . :  ..  . . 36; ..   () // 1905 . . 109.             , .: ..  . .116.].       ,              - .            -,                    [83 -  ..  . . 175, 181185, 244.].

,                          .  ,      ,                      [84 - .      ,      ,       1906   1908.: . . 1. .4. . 4. . 1165.].    ,         ,                     [85 - .        , ,  ,  1907   1908.: . .1. .4. .4. .1165. .10, 49, 5151 ., 5556 .          ,        .   ,              ,            . .: . . 1. .4. . 4. . 1165. . 1919 ., 2222 ., 4444 . (       ,   1908.).].                        ,  ,        .     ,          ,       .

     1903.    ,         [86 - .      . .122135;     . . 1526. . :  ..  .-.    . . 4558.]. -      .  1905.    ,        .     1907.    ,      .       -    , , ,     .             . ,    1904.              ,           .    , ,   ,         [87 -  ..  .-.    . . 59.].  -          ,           1907. ,  ,  -,    1912.     ,     20 ,     1913.,     ,      .           - [88 - . .1. .4. .3. .1321. .112112 . (   , 24  1906.);     . . 1263;      . 19171981. , 1982. . 1213.    - .: .102. . 243. . 5. .4. .13 (      , 25   14  1913.); . 5. . 4. . 99 . (     ,  1913.).].

    , , ,        1906.  -.   ,       ,           [89 - . .1. .4. .3. .1321. .112112 . (   , 24  1906.).].    , -,    1906.             ,     . ,        [90 -   .. ,      1907.    300350 ,      .  ,      ,    . .:  ..    19051907.:    . , 1992. . 50;  .  -  19051907. ., 1997. . 407.]. ,         -    ,        ,       .        II  ,            (    ).         ,    1906.     1907.   ,   .               .             ,         [91 -  II      .. ,   .. .      .: Hildermeier M. Die Sozialrevolution?re Partei Russlands. Agrarsozialismus und Modernisierung im Zahrenreich (19001914). K?ln, 1978. S. 241243, 311, 315;  ..   -     (19051914.) //    . , 1995. . 133138.].

 ,               .        ,       ,       .  ,     ,      ,  -     1917.      .      ,       ,     ,  ,     ,  ,              .         ,                      .      ,    ,  ,        .  ,        ,   [92 -     , -     .: Raleigh D. Revolution on the Volga. P.51; Melancon M. Athens or Babylon? The Birth of the Socialist Revolutionary and Social Democratic Parties in Saratov, 18901905 // Politics and Society in Provincial Russia: Saratov, 15901917 / Eds. R. Wade, S. Seregny. Columbus, 1989. P. 73112.],                     1917.    .




      


         ,       .          .

          19051907.,       ,    ,       [93 -         19051907. .:  ..    19051907. ., 1951;       19051907. /. ..   . ., 1981; Engelstein L. Moscow, 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict. Stanford, 1982; Surh G.D. 1905 in St Petersburg: Labor, Society, and Revolution. Stanford, 1989.].         1905   1906.,    堖  1906.,         ,         .     -,      17       9. [94 -  ..          . . 37, 4951, 63, 6971, 8894.].    ,            1917.,       .

 ,         ,          ,    ,      1     .    ,       .    .. , ,     ,           , -,   ,             [95 -   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2 / . .. . ., 1962. . 65; .  . 64.].

                ..   .  ,                 ,     89. .                .                ,    .           .. ,     [96 -    .:  ..    19051907. ., 1976. .101110; Suhr G. 1905 in St. Petersburg: Labor, Society, and Revolution. P. 203218.].           .  ,      ,      1020%[97 -   . 19061907 . . . 2. . 65, 66; 1905 .     . .2327, 141,145146.].

            ,        .       ,             ,       .    1907.       .         -    ,   1913.      [98 -   . 19061907 .  . . 2. . 66;  .   1906  / . .. . ., 1963. . 123; . 546. . 188;  .   1907 . . 1 / . .. . ., 1963. . 6, 11;  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .2832.].         .       ,       1906.,       ,         .         19061907. 16    1917.        -   [99 -   . 19061907 .  . . 1. . 125;  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .1315.].                   ,                1917.,     .

  ,               .        ,      .               .      ,    ,          [100 -   . . 2. . 143145, 185187;  ..          . . 77.].    ,          ,                    .            ,    4/5     .                  .     .

            .  ,         .              3,5 .     7 .,  .          ,     .            ՠ.,      ,     19051906.,     ,     [101 -      .:   . . 2. . 2642.       .    .:        1905 .  .  . . 428431;    19051907.  .   1905 .   / . .. . ., 1955. . 192, 208.].

      1905.      ,           .            .          ,     ,   , ,    ,     ,       [102 -    19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 192194, 205.].      ,      ,        .          ,          ,                 [103 -    19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 208;   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2. . 67, 70; .    (      ,  ,  19051906.) //  . 1925. 4. .166184;  ..       19051907. , 1941. . 2759.     .:  ..     1905. //  . 1955. . 50. .95141;  ..   . 19051930.   . ., 2004.].

           ,    ,               .                        ,      [104 -    19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 196, 197, 205, 207, 208;   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2. . 68, 69;  :   1906 . . 122, 124.].

     19051906.    ,      .      1906.         .       ,       (   ,    ).    ,        .        ,      ,           .       19 , 10 , 2   33 ,       [105 -   . 19061907 .  :   1906 . . 127;  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .3233;       190506. // 1905 .     . .6970.   . ,      19051907.         4,58% : Fuller W. Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 18811914. Princeton, 1985. P. 129130.].

             [106 - .: Seregny S. Peasants and politics: Peasant Unions during the 1905 Revolution // Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics of European Russia, 18001921 / Ed. E. Kingston-Mann, T. Mixter. Princeton, 1991. P.341377.],         .      .  ,           ,     [107 -         ;    ,    . .: ..       19051907. . 5965.].             [108 -  1906.           ,        . .:   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . .1 / . .. . ., 1961. . 34;  . . 2. . 70;  :   1906 . . 548. . 200.].

     ,    .    ,            ,       [109 - .  : Gaudin C. Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia. DeKalb, 2007.].                   ,      ,     .        , , ,   , ,       ,          .           ,      ,    .       , ,    ,    ,       [110 -    19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 197, 205, 208;   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2. . 68.].                      ,          .

 ,             .                ,         .       ,         ,       .   1914.    ,  - ,      .               .




     


  ,        , ,   ,    1916.             [111 - . .50. .1. .1541. .24 (    , 20  1916.).].          -               [112 - . .1. .4. . 5. .1343. .158 (      , 27  1914.). . , : . .1. .4. .5. .1343. .174 (   ,    . ,  1915.).                    ,          . .:  ..      :    . . . . . , 1999. . 182183.].                .      :       ,   6- ,   [113 -         ,   1916.,       . .: . .1. .4. .5. .1480. .138 (   , 13  1916.); .50. .1. .1541. .100100 . (    , 15  1916.).].    ,   ,    ,  ,  ,           ,      -   [114 -  ..   . ( 150-      ) //    . 2007 . , 2007. . 8589;  . . 1. . 134.].       -   ,        ,       1916.     [115 -  ..   . ., 2000. . 178;  . .1. . 185.].

              ,                       [116 - Lohr E. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I. Cambridge, Mass., 2003;  ..          . ., 2004.].          ,   ,                             [117 - ..  c 1895  1917.       , ..         1903  1914.    1897.,  20882        5%,       19101913.   22%,  ,   ,  ,        . .:       , 18701910. , 1910. . xviii xxvii, 10;      , 1897. . 6. . 1.].       ,       .    ,       ,  ,     ,       1917.        .  ,           ,          ,   ,           .          , ,                     .

     1917.        .             20  1914.,      ,            .          ,          [118 - . .5867. .1. .3. .14 (  ..   20  1914.  11  1920.); . .5867. .1. .1. .58 ( .. ,  1925.).].                 ,      1914.          .         ,       ,      .            ,           .    ,          .            ,        ,   25   ,   ,    .          (        1916.),     .         , ,    [119 - . .5867. .1. .2. .103105 . (  - .. ); . 109111 (  - .. ); . 1. .58 . 59 ( );  ..     :     . , 1992.].

    ,         ,      ,         --,   1915.     .     -   ,  ,    40  70.  -   .          ,   , ,   [120 - Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. Kriegsnotwendigkeit und Wirtschaftsinteressen. Remshalden, 2007.         1916.    6.    , .:  ..      . . 150154.].

          ,          1915.        .. .                 ,            .         ,        ,     .      1917.    ,    ,  ,  .              ,  6800 ,   2,5.   ,       .   1917.           19.,    14. [121 -          (19171920.):  . , 1982. . 45, 350351;  ..           //  . ., 1972. . 6. .148, 154161.        1917.  ,  66. , .:     1918 . . 2].

   ,       1915.    -,             ().        ,       .  ,   1915.           (  1916.     )[122 -    -   .. ,        1917.   .. , .. , .. . .: . .1. .4. .5. . 1383. . 82 (       , 9  1915.); . . 5867. .1. .1. .58 . ( ,  1925.); .2. . 105105 . ( - ); . 108108 . ( - .. ).            .: Graf D.W. Military Rule behind the Russian Front, 19141917: The Political Ramifications // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1974. Band 22. Heft 3. S.390411.].                .

      1915. , ,  .     -   ,  -           1916.  1917.         ,     .           600 ,   1,5.  .         ,      70   500 .     14.   38.        [123 - . . 102. . 246. . 48. .4. . 46 . (  , 8  1916.); .247. .20. .4. . 18 . (   , 5  1917.).].    ,        .  , ,      ,          .                  .             .     -       [124 - . .102. .247. .20. .4. .9 ( ) (  , 16  1917.); . 18 . 20 (  , 5  1917.); . 9, 1215 . (   , 23   10  1917.). . : . 247. . 20. . 4. . 16, . 246. . 48. . 4. . 15, 47 ., 48, 6175 . (  ,  ,       ,  1916.  1917.); . 5867. .1. . 1. .59 ( ,  1925.).].              .      ,      ,          [125 - . . 102. . 246. . 48. .4. . 3., 4 . (   , 7  1916.); . . 1. .4. .5. .1381. . 3434 . (     , 21  1915.).].

  ,             ,          .  ,     ,       .    1915.        ,      ,    ,          - .       ,          .        ,             ,    [126 - . .102. . 245. . 247. . 33 (   , 17  1915.); . 3132 . (     .. , 25  1915.); . 34 (-   , 6  1915.); . 1915. 6;  . 1915. 7.          .: Lohr E. Nationalizing the Russian Empire. Ch. 2.].

         .         ,          ..,    .      19151916.              ,          .

       .  ,            .      ,        1914.        ,           [127 - . .1. .4. .5. .1336. .31 (   , 22  1914.); .300302 (     1-    .. , 2  1914.); . 1345. .92 (  , 10  1914.); .83 (  , 3  1914.); .5 (  , 4  1915.).].  ,   ,     .              .                  .           .  ,   ,     [128 - . .1. .4. .5. .1375. .28 (  , 3  1915.); . 1336. . 268268 . . 1345. .84 (  , 28   3  1914.).].

,         ,   .  ,    ,     ,     ,     .   ,          ,     ,         [129 - . .1. .4. .5. . 1345. .9595 ., 98 (  , 4  11  1914.); .82 (  , 4  1914.).].          10,8%   ,  45,9%    ,        [130 -  ..      . , 1939. . 1. . 120 (.  : ., 2001,  ., 2006).       11,2% ,  47,4%   .].     ,    1916.   ,          [131 - . .102. .245. .167. .4. .19 (   .    , 17  1916.).].

   ,        .         -.         . ,       ,    ,     ,    .    .                   .  1915.       ,   1916.    .           ,   -           .      ,              [132 - . .5867. .1. .3. .1415 ( ..).].

       .    1914.            ,     .          .    .         -       [133 - . . 1. .4. .5. .1336. .314 (   , 8  1914.); . 1345. .104 (  , 14  1914.).  1917.  44      30, .:  ..      . , 1956. . 9.].                 ,     .          1917.            [134 -  ..        . .128130.       ( 84,7%  29,5%)     ,  :   . . 2. . 241.].         .

         .          ,       .  ,   ,    .     ,        . , ,       .   ,         .    1915.      :   30   50 ,    .         [135 - . .1. .4. .5. .1343. .382382 . (  ( )  , 9  1915.).].    1915.    ,        ,                       ,       [136 - . .102. .245. .167. .4. .3 . 4 (       , 30  1915.).].

          ,        [137 - . .102. .245. .167. .4. .11 (       , 24  1915.).].           ,   1914.    .       800,     127.,          [138 - Kotsonis Y. Arkhangelsk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War // Russian Review. 1992. Vol. 51. 4. P. 531. . :  ..     (   :        1917   30- .). , 1997. . 22.].          ,         .             .       ,         ,             1916.          [139 - . .102. .245. .167. .4. .3 . 4; 1616 . (       , 30  1915.,    , 22  1916.).].

        ,        .  ,        800    ,         [140 - .      ,   1915.: . .1. .4. .5. .1375. .5, 17. . :  . . 1. . 260.].  ,   1916.         ,    .          ,           -      [141 - . .1. .4. .5. . 1478. .102 (        1  1916.); . 90, 91, 93, 192 (        ,  1916.); . 288288 ., 291 (        , 18   21  1916.).   .. ,          6. :  ..      . . 164165.           17,5. ,  12% ,     ,   . .: Gatrell P. Russias First World War: A Social and Economic History. Harlow, 2005. . 222; Idem. A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I. Bloomington, 1999.].      ,     ,         1916.      .    ,         ,      [142 - . .102. .245. .167. .4. .13 . (       , 13  1916.).].   , , ,        ,   ,            15  16   .       .       ,             [143 -  . .3 . 4 (       , 30  1915.).            80.    (1    9,7 ). .: . .1. .4. .5. .1494. . 4 (  , 6  1916.).].

      ,        . ,  ,     -  ,     :         ,   ,   .      ,           ,               ,           ,    , ,      [144 - . .102. .246. .165. . 4. .2, 55 . (  .    .., 15  1916.,  .. , 24  1916.).].

           1917.        ,     ,     [145 -      .:  ..        (19141917.). ., 1962. . 347348  .;    , 19141918 / . .. . ., 1975. . 1. .228.].                    1915.[146 -         , 19141917.:   / . .. . ., 1965. . 492, 513.]          ,             .         ,    ,            -,            .   ,            ,  [147 - . . 102. . 245. . 5. .4. . . 6 ( 3  , 14  1915.); . 12 (  , 4  1915.); .167. .4. .4 . 8 (  , 30  1915.).].

  ,         .,      , ,  ,       ,        [148 -  . .78 (       , 30  1915.).].    ,    1916.            [149 -  . .2 . 3 ., 10 ., 14, 17 (   , 30   24  1915., 13   22  1916.); . 19 (   ., 17  1916.). .      1916.: . .1. .4. .5. .1494.].          .

        .      ,     ,         .     ,          ,     ,    ,      .                           .  ,          ,          .  ,     --,     1917.,    ,       .                .

 ,           .          ,     .




 2

 1917.      



 1917.       .        .  7       ,           [150 -  ..  . , 2003. . 432.].  ,   ,         .         .

  ,      ,    .       ,       . ,              .     1917.      .          ,       .             ,   ,        .  ,        ,     ,   1917.,                 .       ,    ,          1917.           1918.      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/ludmila-gennadevna-novikova/provincialnaya-kontrrevoluciya-beloe-dvizhenie-i-grazhdanskaya-voyna-na-russkom-severe-2/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .  //  .  ,  19171921. /. ..   .. . , 1957. . 27.




2


     .:  ..  . ( ) //  .    / . ..  . , 1926. . 1. . 715.




3


Swain G. The Origins of the Russian Civil War. London, 1996. . 3.    .: Chamberlin W.H. The Russian Revolution, 19171921. Princeton, 1987. Vol. 2. P. 455; Kenez P. The Ideology of the White Movement // Soviet Studies. 1980. Vol.32. 1. . 5883;  .    //    :  . ., 1994. . 94105; Mawdsley E. The Russian Civil War. 2


 ed. Edinburgh, 2000. P. 280282.




4


Figes O. Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution (19171921). Oxford, 1989. . 5, 126.




5


        .,  : Procyk A. Russian Nationalism and Ukraine: The Nationality Policy of the Volunteer Army during the Civil War. Edmonton, 1995; Br?ggemann K. Die Gr?ndung der Republik Estland und das Ende des Einen und unteilbaren Ru?land. Die Petrograder Front des Russischen B?rgerkriegs 19181920. Wiesbaden, 2002;  .    - , 19181920. ., 1999.      .: Swain G. The Origins of the Russian Civil War.     ., : Smele J. Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 19181920. Cambridge, 1996.




6


        .:  ..,  ..  .     //    .    / . ... ., 1996. . 206221; ..     :      ? //    : , , .   .. . ., 2002. . 639655; ..         //  . 2005. 6. .142158;  ..    :    (  1980-  90- ). , 2000.




7


.,  : Smele J. Civil War in Siberia; Pereira N. White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War. Montreal, 1996 ( :  . :      . ., 1996);  .    - ; Br?ggemann K. Die Gr?ndung der Republik Estland und das Ende des Einen und unteilbaren Ru?land;  .. .     . 19171918. ., 1996;  .       , 19171920. ., 2002.            . . .: Kenez P. Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army. Berkeley, 1971; Idem. Civil War in South Russia, 19191920: The Defeat of the Whites. Berkeley, 1977.




8


Katzer N. Die Weisse Bewegung in Russland: Herrschaftsbildung, praktische Politik und politische Programmatik im B?rgerkrieg. K?ln, 1999;  ..    :     19171920. ., 2006.




9


., :  ..  :   . ., 2006;  .,  .  . ., 2006.




10


., : Figes O. Peasant Russia, Civil War; Raleigh D. Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov. Ithaca, 1986 (:  .    : 1917  . , 1995); Idem. Experiencing Russias Civil War: Politics, Society, and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 19171922. Princeton, 2002;  ..   .  -   19181919.:     . ., 1999; Penter T. Odessa 1917: Revolution an der Peripherie. K?ln, 2000;  ..   :     19171922. ., 2001; Karsch S. Die bolschewistische Machtergreifung im Gouvernement Voronez (19171919). Stuttgart, 2006; Badcock S. Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia: A Provincial History. Cambridge, 2007; Retish A. Russias Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 19171922. Cambridge, 2008.




11


., :  ..    (    : ). ., 1930;  ..     . .; ., 1931;  .. -        19181920. , 1953;  ..       (19181920.). ., 1958;  .. :      19171920. , 1987;  ..       . ., 1993;  ..,  ..,  ..        . , 2005.




12


Strakhovsky L. Intervention at Archangel: The Story of Allied Intervention and Russian Counter-Revolution in North Russia, 19181920. Princeton, 1944; Long J. Civil War and Intervention in North Russia, 19181920. Ph.D. diss. Columbia University, 1972; Karasik T. Revolution and Civil War in Arkhangelsk, 19171920. Ph.D. diss. Los Angeles: University of California, 1999; Kotsonis Y. Arkhangelsk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War // Russian Review. 1992. Vol. 51. 4. . 526544.




13


    1918.       : , , , , , , ,   .               . ,   ,                 -   .




14


        ,      ,      , ., : Mawdsley E. The Russian Civil War. P. xii; Swain G. The Origins of the Russian Civil War;  ..   .    . , 1927. . 2. . 12.




15


  ..    ,         ,           ,            1917. .:  .. ..     . (     19171925.). , 1929. . 16; Pereira N. White Siberia. . 5.         . : Katzer N. Die Weisse Bewegung in Russland. S. 10.




16


     ,        ,    . ,       . .: Holquist P. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russias Continuum of Crisis, 19141921. Cambridge, Mass,2002.




17


                 ., : Raleigh D. Experiencing Russias Civil War. . 4; Badcock S. Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia. . 23.




18


. .102. .245. .167. . 4. . 2 (      (  ) .      .. , 30  1915.).




19


   1,0668.




20


 ..     .         . ., 1908. . 2.    ꠖ ,     ,     1897.




21


 ..   . 4- . ., 1890. . 3637.




22


      1911. , 1912.         ,      , , . .:  . . 1213, 1819.




23


 .   . ., 1849. . 399408.




24


      18  1903.  26  1914.:  ..      . ., 1961. . 127, 231.




25


     , 1897. /. .. . ., 1904. . 1:  . . 3. . 2;     1918        1920 . , 1922. . 2;       19171924 . , 1925. .5.




26


 ..  . , 2003;   , 15841989. , 1990.




27


      .         ,      ,  ,     .




28


    1901. , 1902. . 1;  ..    .  . ., 1919;       19171924 . . XXV.     346,5. 1897.  508. 1917. .:       1897. . 1. . 2. . 2.




29


        1913.  30,3.  . ,    0,8. .: . 1913 : - . ., 1995. . 1822.




30


      1897. . 1. . 2. . viii.




31


 1897.  346,5.    337,3.  ,  ,  6,2.     ,  1,7.    500 . .:       1897. . 6:        ,       . ., 1905. . 1.




32


., .:  ..      1892. //     . 1894. . . . 1. . 2341.           .: Slezkine Y. Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North. Ithaca, 1994.  ,  4 (:  .  :     . ., 2008).




33


.:  ..        , 19051917. ., 2006;  ..        (    XIX    ) //    . , 1991. . 5564;  .   -        //     . , 1994. . 6885.




34


   / . .. . , 1985. . 2:      .  2  6.




35


                   40 . .:            1894 . , 1895. . 56;     1901. . 56.    1917.      ,     , ..     ,     .




36


   1,09.




37


           1894 . . 1;   . . 2. . . 8485, 90, 193197, 217.    .     60%     .




38


    1901. . 4;   . . 2. . 202203.          ,      +0,7?. .:            1894 . . 2.




39


        1913. 46,7. . .:   . . 2. . 218.




40


 .     . , 1923. . 4246;  ..  :  . ., 1897. . 99.




41


   1913.  21,3.  . .:   . . 2. . 218.




42


 ..  . . 250.




43


      34,8.   1901.  55,3. 1913.:     1901. . 3536;   . . 2. . 217218.




44


 ..     . . 127, 231.  ,          .




45


 ..  .-.     (  ) //  . 1923. 10 (22). .42.




46


    // . 1909. 29 .;  ..         //    . , 1987. .122123.




47


   .: Robbins R.The Tsars Viceroys:Russian Provincial Governors in the Last Years of the Empire. Ithaca,1987.




48


     . 1910. 14. . 67.




49


          .:  ..  ;  .   // . 1909. 25 .;  .   . , 2001. . 241458.




50


      1897. . 1. . 2. . 2;  ..  . . 217;  ..   . . 34, 12, 62, 67;  ..     . .4.




51


 ..  . . 17, 35, 211, 258.




52


  .: Slezkine Y. Siberia as History // Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture / Eds. Y. Slezkine, G. Diment. New York, 1993. P. 16;      / . .. , .. . ., 2007. . 2425. . : Lincoln B. The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. London, 1994.




53


 ..  .       . ., 1906. . 12.




54


 ..   . . 67, 597  .;  .   . . 387.      .:  ..  . . 89.




55


.:     ,  ..   18991901. ,   . ., 1904. . 13.;  ..     . . 12.




56


.:  ..        //  . 1856. . 1. . 373396; 579602,     .: . 583, 589, 596597. . :    .   . ., 1929. . 262263.     .: Hamburg G.M. Boris Chicherin and Early Russian Liberalism, 18281866. Stanford, 1992. P. 8092.




57


Knight N. Science, Empire and Nationality: Ethnography in the Russian Geographical Society, 18451855 // Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire / Eds. J. Burbank, D. Ransel. Bloomington, 1998. .108147 (:  . ,   :     , 18451855 //    .   :  / . .   . ., 2005. . 155198).




58


Nielsen J.P. The Murman Coast and Russian Northern Policies ca. 18551917 // In the North My Nest is Made: Studies in the History of the Murman Colonization 18601840 / Eds. A. Yurchenko, J.P. Nielsen. St. Petersburg, 2005. P.1027.        .: [ ..]         .     [     . . 6]. ., 1862.




59


 ..  .         . , 1919. . 50, 54.




60


  .:  .         1909  1918: .  . . 19 . 1918. //      . 1918. 8/9. . 149151;  ..      //   : , , .    ,  90-         (1908.). , 1999. . 191203.




61


     . 1910. 14. . 34.




62


.:      . 1910. 23. . 37; 1918. 1/2. . 20; 8/9. . 170.      .: Robbins R. The Tsars Viceroys. P.6869.




63


    .  .  .  . , 1909;        1912 . , 1913;      . 1918. 8/9. . 149. .         :     (  ). . 83. . 1. .1.




64


   .:     .  10; Pereira N. Regional Consciousness in Siberia before and after 1917 // Canadian Slavonic Papers. 1988. 1. P.113133; Idem. The Idea of Siberian Regionalism in Late Imperial and Revolutionary Russia // Russian History. 1993. Vol. 20. 1/4. .163178; Watrous S. The Regionalist Conception of Siberia, 1860 to 1920 // Between Heaven and Hell. P. 113132; Stuch S. Regionalismus in Sibirien im fr?hen 20. Jahrhundert // Jahb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 2003. Band 51. Heft 4. S. 549563; Faust W. Ru?lands goldener Boden: Der sibirische Regionalismus in der zweiten H?lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. K?ln, 1980.




65


       ,       , .:        1909  //      . 1910. 24. . . 37.




66


 ..           19051907. ., 1983. . 63, 72, 175, 181, 297309, 455; Emmons T. The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia. Cambridge, Mass., 1983. P. 175, 455.




67


      (18381968):  . , 1971. . 6;   / . .. . , 2001. .1:    / . .. . . 43.




68


  .    // . 1909. 24 .




69


    // . 1912. 3.




70


     // . 1912. 6;       4-  // . 1914. 28 .




71


  // . 1912. 5;     // . 1912. 7.




72


   I            ..   .. ,   ,        .  III     ..  .. ; IV        ..   .. .     .: . . 1. . 4. . 3. . 1321. . 3233 . (     , 11  1906.). . :  ..      . . 181; Emmons T. The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia. P. 179, 303.    .: . .1. .4. .3. .1321. .112112 . (   , 24  1906.).




73


 .      19051908     (        ) // 1905 .     .   . , 1925. .12.




74


       1905 .  . ., 1957. . 1 / . .. . . 431.




75


 .      19051908     // 1905 .     . . 13;  ..       :   . 1920. ., 1977. . 167; Rawson D. Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905. Cambridge, 1995. P. 155; Emmons T. The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia. P. 250.




76


 .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .1920.        .: Ascher A. The Revolution of 1905. Russia in Disarray. Stanford, 1988. P. 253262.




77


. 1912. 9.




78


    .: ..   // 1905 .     . . 7377;  ..,  ..  -   XIX    . //        (XVIII    .). , 1978. .53105;  ..,  ..        XIX    .:  . . , 1989. . 1: 18951905.




79


., :  ..          . , 1955. . 2324, 43;     . , 1970. . 13.




80


. . 1. .4. . 4. . 1165. . 44 . (  ..    ,  1908.).




81


. . 1. .4. .5. .1345. .38 (    , 3  1914.); . . 102. . 244. . 9. . 4. . 1 (  ..   , 7  1914.); .243. . 5. . 4. .11 . (  .   , 23  1913.); . 9. . 4. .3838 . ( .   , 3  1913.);  ..  . . 36, 71, 121, 187, 230234, 270271  .; ..   // 1905 .     . .116;  .   () // 1905 .     . . 109110; .       // 1905 .     . . 123;     (  ). . -102. .1. . 14. . 45 (  . , 1922.).




82


 . ().    () // 1905 .     . . 9798.  1905.         127. ,        124., .: ..   // 1905 .     . . 83. . :  ..  . . 36; ..   () // 1905 . . 109.             , .: ..  . .116.




83


 ..  . . 175, 181185, 244.




84


.      ,      ,       1906   1908.: . . 1. .4. . 4. . 1165.




85


.        , ,  ,  1907   1908.: . .1. .4. .4. .1165. .10, 49, 5151 ., 5556 .          ,        .   ,              ,            . .: . . 1. .4. . 4. . 1165. . 1919 ., 2222 ., 4444 . (       ,   1908.).




86


.      . .122135;     . . 1526. . :  ..  .-.    . . 4558.




87


 ..  .-.    . . 59.




88


. .1. .4. .3. .1321. .112112 . (   , 24  1906.);     . . 1263;      . 19171981. , 1982. . 1213.    - .: .102. . 243. . 5. .4. .13 (      , 25   14  1913.); . 5. . 4. . 99 . (     ,  1913.).




89


. .1. .4. .3. .1321. .112112 . (   , 24  1906.).




90


  .. ,      1907.    300350 ,      .  ,      ,    . .:  ..    19051907.:    . , 1992. . 50;  .  -  19051907. ., 1997. . 407.




91


 II      .. ,   .. .      .: Hildermeier M. Die Sozialrevolution?re Partei Russlands. Agrarsozialismus und Modernisierung im Zahrenreich (19001914). K?ln, 1978. S. 241243, 311, 315;  ..   -     (19051914.) //    . , 1995. . 133138.




92


    , -     .: Raleigh D. Revolution on the Volga. P.51; Melancon M. Athens or Babylon? The Birth of the Socialist Revolutionary and Social Democratic Parties in Saratov, 18901905 // Politics and Society in Provincial Russia: Saratov, 15901917 / Eds. R. Wade, S. Seregny. Columbus, 1989. P. 73112.




93


        19051907. .:  ..    19051907. ., 1951;       19051907. /. ..   . ., 1981; Engelstein L. Moscow, 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict. Stanford, 1982; Surh G.D. 1905 in St Petersburg: Labor, Society, and Revolution. Stanford, 1989.




94


 ..          . . 37, 4951, 63, 6971, 8894.




95


  . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2 / . .. . ., 1962. . 65; .  . 64.




96


   .:  ..    19051907. ., 1976. .101110; Suhr G. 1905 in St. Petersburg: Labor, Society, and Revolution. P. 203218.




97


  . 19061907 . . . 2. . 65, 66; 1905 .     . .2327, 141,145146.




98


  . 19061907 .  . . 2. . 66;  .   1906  / . .. . ., 1963. . 123; . 546. . 188;  .   1907 . . 1 / . .. . ., 1963. . 6, 11;  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .2832.




99


  . 19061907 .  . . 1. . 125;  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .1315.




100


  . . 2. . 143145, 185187;  ..          . . 77.




101


     .:   . . 2. . 2642.       .    .:        1905 .  .  . . 428431;    19051907.  .   1905 .   / . .. . ., 1955. . 192, 208.




102


   19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 192194, 205.




103


   19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 208;   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2. . 67, 70; .    (      ,  ,  19051906.) //  . 1925. 4. .166184;  ..       19051907. , 1941. . 2759.     .:  ..     1905. //  . 1955. . 50. .95141;  ..   . 19051930.   . ., 2004.




104


   19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 196, 197, 205, 207, 208;   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2. . 68, 69;  :   1906 . . 122, 124.




105


  . 19061907 .  :   1906 . . 127;  .      19051908     // 1905 .     . .3233;       190506. // 1905 .     . .6970.   . ,      19051907.         4,58% : Fuller W. Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 18811914. Princeton, 1985. P. 129130.




106


.: Seregny S. Peasants and politics: Peasant Unions during the 1905 Revolution // Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics of European Russia, 18001921 / Ed. E. Kingston-Mann, T. Mixter. Princeton, 1991. P.341377.




107


        ;    ,    . .: ..       19051907. . 5965.




108


 1906.           ,        . .:   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . .1 / . .. . ., 1961. . 34;  . . 2. . 70;  :   1906 . . 548. . 200.




109


.  : Gaudin C. Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia. DeKalb, 2007.




110


   19051907.  .   1905 .  . . 197, 205, 208;   . 19061907 .  : 頖  1906 . . 2. . 68.




111


. .50. .1. .1541. .24 (    , 20  1916.).




112


. .1. .4. . 5. .1343. .158 (      , 27  1914.). . , : . .1. .4. .5. .1343. .174 (   ,    . ,  1915.).                    ,          . .:  ..      :    . . . . . , 1999. . 182183.




113


        ,   1916.,       . .: . .1. .4. .5. .1480. .138 (   , 13  1916.); .50. .1. .1541. .100100 . (    , 15  1916.).




114


 ..   . ( 150-      ) //    . 2007 . , 2007. . 8589;  . . 1. . 134.




115


 ..   . ., 2000. . 178;  . .1. . 185.




116


Lohr E. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I. Cambridge, Mass., 2003;  ..          . ., 2004.




117


..  c 1895  1917.       , ..         1903  1914.    1897.,  20882        5%,       19101913.   22%,  ,   ,  ,        . .:       , 18701910. , 1910. . xviii xxvii, 10;      , 1897. . 6. . 1.




118


. .5867. .1. .3. .14 (  ..   20  1914.  11  1920.); . .5867. .1. .1. .58 ( .. ,  1925.).




119


. .5867. .1. .2. .103105 . (  - .. ); . 109111 (  - .. ); . 1. .58 . 59 ( );  ..     :     . , 1992.




120


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. Kriegsnotwendigkeit und Wirtschaftsinteressen. Remshalden, 2007.         1916.    6.    , .:  ..      . . 150154.




121


         (19171920.):  . , 1982. . 45, 350351;  ..           //  . ., 1972. . 6. .148, 154161.        1917.  ,  66. , .:     1918 . . 2




122


   -   .. ,        1917.   .. , .. , .. . .: . .1. .4. .5. . 1383. . 82 (       , 9  1915.); . . 5867. .1. .1. .58 . ( ,  1925.); .2. . 105105 . ( - ); . 108108 . ( - .. ).            .: Graf D.W. Military Rule behind the Russian Front, 19141917: The Political Ramifications // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1974. Band 22. Heft 3. S.390411.




123


. . 102. . 246. . 48. .4. . 46 . (  , 8  1916.); .247. .20. .4. . 18 . (   , 5  1917.).




124


. .102. .247. .20. .4. .9 ( ) (  , 16  1917.); . 18 . 20 (  , 5  1917.); . 9, 1215 . (   , 23   10  1917.). . : . 247. . 20. . 4. . 16, . 246. . 48. . 4. . 15, 47 ., 48, 6175 . (  ,  ,       ,  1916.  1917.); . 5867. .1. . 1. .59 ( ,  1925.).




125


. . 102. . 246. . 48. .4. . 3., 4 . (   , 7  1916.); . . 1. .4. .5. .1381. . 3434 . (     , 21  1915.).




126


. .102. . 245. . 247. . 33 (   , 17  1915.); . 3132 . (     .. , 25  1915.); . 34 (-   , 6  1915.); . 1915. 6;  . 1915. 7.          .: Lohr E. Nationalizing the Russian Empire. Ch. 2.




127


. .1. .4. .5. .1336. .31 (   , 22  1914.); .300302 (     1-    .. , 2  1914.); . 1345. .92 (  , 10  1914.); .83 (  , 3  1914.); .5 (  , 4  1915.).




128


. .1. .4. .5. .1375. .28 (  , 3  1915.); . 1336. . 268268 . . 1345. .84 (  , 28   3  1914.).




129


. .1. .4. .5. . 1345. .9595 ., 98 (  , 4  11  1914.); .82 (  , 4  1914.).




130


 ..      . , 1939. . 1. . 120 (.  : ., 2001,  ., 2006).       11,2% ,  47,4%   .




131


. .102. .245. .167. .4. .19 (   .    , 17  1916.).




132


. .5867. .1. .3. .1415 ( ..).




133


. . 1. .4. .5. .1336. .314 (   , 8  1914.); . 1345. .104 (  , 14  1914.).  1917.  44      30, .:  ..      . , 1956. . 9.




134


 ..        . .128130.       ( 84,7%  29,5%)     ,  :   . . 2. . 241.




135


. .1. .4. .5. .1343. .382382 . (  ( )  , 9  1915.).




136


. .102. .245. .167. .4. .3 . 4 (       , 30  1915.).




137


. .102. .245. .167. .4. .11 (       , 24  1915.).




138


Kotsonis Y. Arkhangelsk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War // Russian Review. 1992. Vol. 51. 4. P. 531. . :  ..     (   :        1917   30- .). , 1997. . 22.




139


. .102. .245. .167. .4. .3 . 4; 1616 . (       , 30  1915.,    , 22  1916.).




140


.      ,   1915.: . .1. .4. .5. .1375. .5, 17. . :  . . 1. . 260.




141


. .1. .4. .5. . 1478. .102 (        1  1916.); . 90, 91, 93, 192 (        ,  1916.); . 288288 ., 291 (        , 18   21  1916.).   .. ,          6. :  ..      . . 164165.           17,5. ,  12% ,     ,   . .: Gatrell P. Russias First World War: A Social and Economic History. Harlow, 2005. . 222; Idem. A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I. Bloomington, 1999.




142


. .102. .245. .167. .4. .13 . (       , 13  1916.).




143


 . .3 . 4 (       , 30  1915.).            80.    (1    9,7 ). .: . .1. .4. .5. .1494. . 4 (  , 6  1916.).




144


. .102. .246. .165. . 4. .2, 55 . (  .    .., 15  1916.,  .. , 24  1916.).




145


     .:  ..        (19141917.). ., 1962. . 347348  .;    , 19141918 / . .. . ., 1975. . 1. .228.




146


        , 19141917.:   / . .. . ., 1965. . 492, 513.




147


. . 102. . 245. . 5. .4. . . 6 ( 3  , 14  1915.); . 12 (  , 4  1915.); .167. .4. .4 . 8 (  , 30  1915.).




148


 . .78 (       , 30  1915.).




149


 . .2 . 3 ., 10 ., 14, 17 (   , 30   24  1915., 13   22  1916.); . 19 (   ., 17  1916.). .      1916.: . .1. .4. .5. .1494.




150


 ..  . , 2003. . 432.


