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Sarah Dry, 2019

This edition published by arrangement with The Science Factory, Louisa Pritchard Associates and The Van Lear Agency LLC

   , , .   -, 2021



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

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   ,  XX.  ,        ,   .                   .   ,         ,     ,      1850-  1860- .   ,         .       ,   .           ,    ,  ,    65- ,    [1 -      . .    ; Geoffrey Cantor, Gowan Dawson, James Elwick, Bernard Lightman, Michael S. Reidy, eds., The Correspondence of John Tyndall (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2014); Roland Jackson, The Ascent of John Tyndall: Victorian Scientist, Mountaineer, and Public Intellectual (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).].

       ,  ,    , ,    ,  .  - 60  ,        .       ,      ,     ,  ,        . ,     ,      . ,           ,       .  1977.    Climatic Change ( ),               .        ,   , ,  ,   .       : ,  , ,        [2 - Stephen Schneider, "Editorial for the First Issue of Climatic Change," Climatic Change 1, no. 1 (1977): 34.].             .

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  .      ,   ,   堖  .   ,              .    ,    .       ,            ,    [7 - John Tyndall, "Winter Expedition to the Mer de Glace, 1859," in The Glaciers of the Alps: being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are related (London: John Murray, 1860), 195218.           ,     (199).  .    ,    : John Tyndall, Journals, vol. 3, section 8, 2430 December 1859, 101175.  .:Jackson, Tyndall, "Storms over Glaciers, 18581860," 149150.].     ,         .     :           ,      .  ,            . ,         .     .               ,       ,       .     ,       ,        ;     ,   ,    ,        .

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   ,     .          --   ,      ,        .           젖    ,       ,      [12 -         .:J. S. Rowlinson, "The Theory of Glaciers," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 26 (1971): 189204; Bruce Hevly, "The Heroic Science of Glacier Motion," Osiris 11 (1996): 6686; Jackson, Tyndall, "Storms over Glaciers, 18581860," 132151.].  ,       (  ), ,   ,    ,   .  ,        .    ,    .       --,                [13 - John Tyndall, "On the Physical Phenomena of Glaciers," Philosophical Transactions 149 (1859): 261278.].             ,            .      젖          ,     ,     .      ,    ,     ,    . ,          --,      .













       ,    ,       ,    .    ,     .       ,      ,      :      ,     .     ,   ,    ,              .         ,               .


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  ,    ,    XIX. -    ,               . ,       ,    ,     .        ,          .         ,             ,     .








      (  ),    ,    ,      ,         .   ,    ,       .  1835.          ,         ,     .  ,            ,    ,    . -       ,       ,       .   ,      ,     ,     .          ,    ,  ,   .     ,          ,              .     ,  ,          ,  ,      [15 - . : Christopher Hamlin, "James Geikie, James Croll, and the Eventful Ice Age," Annals of Science 39 (1982): 569.].    ,            .

        - ,                         .      ,      .     ,         .                     ,        ,    . ,          40  ,  ,                ,       .  1819.       ,        ,         260 (  ).  1822.                .     ,    .      ,  ,         .         ⠖   ,   .          ,    .  1816.                 [16 -     ,   . . .].    XIX.    ,      .

 1840.     ,         .   ,  ,            ,         .          (          ,     ?),        .            ,   ,       [17 - Crosbie Smith and Norton Wise, Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 556.].








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* * *

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    ,           ,         .  ,       ࠖ  ,     .  1864.   ,   ,    ࠖ , ,  ⠖     .   ,         .         ,     ,    (                ).     ,   ,       ,      .  ,              ,     (),         .   ,   ,      ,     ,   ,   젖  ,        .








      . -,     ,   ,          ,   . (         ,    ,         ,        ,       ,            ,    .)[23 - Irons, Croll, 228.]  -,   ,    .           ,        ,        ,     ,    .   -      :       ,          ,  ,           ,           .

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         ,    ,    .  ,          ,     ,         ,     .    ,  ,         ,      [24 - Ibid.]




  .


   .

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notes








1


     . .    ; Geoffrey Cantor, Gowan Dawson, James Elwick, Bernard Lightman, Michael S. Reidy, eds., The Correspondence of John Tyndall (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2014); Roland Jackson, The Ascent of John Tyndall: Victorian Scientist, Mountaineer, and Public Intellectual (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).




2


Stephen Schneider, "Editorial for the First Issue of Climatic Change," Climatic Change 1, no. 1 (1977): 34.




3


John Tyndall, The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers (London: King, 1872), 6.     :  .     , ,   . ., 1876.




4


Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (London: HarperCollins, 1995), 79.




5


       ,  -8 1968. . .




6


., .: Sheila Jasanoff, "Image and Imagination: The Formation of Global Environmental Consciousness," in P. Edwards and C. Miller, eds., Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001), 309337.        .:Dennis Cosgrove, Apollo's Eye: A Cartographic Genealogy of the Earth in the Western Imagination (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001); Sebastian Grevsm?hl, La Terre vue d'en haut: l'invention de l'environnement global (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2014).




7


John Tyndall, "Winter Expedition to the Mer de Glace, 1859," in The Glaciers of the Alps: being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are related (London: John Murray, 1860), 195218.           ,     (199).  .    ,    : John Tyndall, Journals, vol. 3, section 8, 2430 December 1859, 101175.  .:Jackson, Tyndall, "Storms over Glaciers, 18581860," 149150.




8


Tyndall, Journals, vol. 3, 101.




9


Mer de glace ( .)  . . .




10


Tyndall, Glaciers, 208.




11


Tyndall, Journals, vol. 3, 159.




12


        .:J. S. Rowlinson, "The Theory of Glaciers," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 26 (1971): 189204; Bruce Hevly, "The Heroic Science of Glacier Motion," Osiris 11 (1996): 6686; Jackson, Tyndall, "Storms over Glaciers, 18581860," 132151.




13


John Tyndall, "On the Physical Phenomena of Glaciers," Philosophical Transactions 149 (1859): 261278.




14


Martin Rudwick, Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008); Martin Rudwick, Earth's Deep History: How It Was Discovered and Why It Matters (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014).




15


. : Christopher Hamlin, "James Geikie, James Croll, and the Eventful Ice Age," Annals of Science 39 (1982): 569.




16


    ,   . . .




17


Crosbie Smith and Norton Wise, Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 556.




18


Rudwick, Earth's Deep History, 150.




19


William Hopkins, "On the Causes which may have produced changes in the Earth's superficial temperature," Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 8 (1 February 1852): 88.




20


 1851.      ,     ,               1/20.      ,      ,       ,    .         ,       . .:Rosbie Smith, "William Hopkins and the Shaping of Dynamical Geology: 18301860," British Journal for the History of Science 22, no. 1 (March 1989): 41.




21


Hopkins, "On the Causes," 59.  , ,                      ,     ,          ,    , ,       .




22


James Campbell Irons, Autobiographical Sketch of James Croll, with Memoir of his Life and Work (London: Edward Stanford, 1896), 32.     .:James Fleming, "James Croll in Context: The Encounter between Climate Dynamics and Geology in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century," History of Meteorology 3 (2006): 4354.




23


Irons, Croll, 228.




24


Ibid.


