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     .        .   40         ( )  . ,             .

     ,      ,       . ,          .              ,     ,    ,     -     .      .     ,       : ,   ,      - ,    ,   ,    ,  ,         ,    .[1 -    . 15  2020. http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/62582]

        ,       .                .    ,   ,         ,     . ,  ,   2018              (    ),         .

               .       .     ,    :   .    ,            ,        .

     .                       ,    -    .  2019              (),  2015-            (),    .  2002-         (  ).          . ,  2013        -,            ,  ,   .  2014-           .  2016-         . ,   2020 ,      ,        ()    ,        .      ,       .

        -     2010        ().   2020          ,     .  ,     ,   2016 ,     ,         .        The Washington Post -     ,      .  ,            ,        [2 -            . , 12  2016. https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/3447017].      :          . , ,   ,                             [3 - Reuters     -3    . Lenta.ru. 17  2016. https://lenta.ru/news/2017/02/09/snv3/].

   ,         -       . ,  2018              ,           [4 - :          . . 15  2018.].   ,    ,        ,      .    ,       18   .

 ,           .       ,        -   .              .      .       .           ,  ,    ,     .                   .      ,  ,   .         ,     :    ,      .         ,               .    ,         (    ),   ,    ,    ,     .        ,    ,     .

         ,           ,  ,      ,   .      .       ,   ,    ,    .          .   ,     ,     ,         .  , ,   ,            .       ,         .       .

           .       ,              .    ,     ,       .

 ,         , , ,   :      ,    ,     ,     .

  ,         . ,        -   ,         ,   .   ,         ,   ,     ,      ,   .

               ,    ,       [5 -  .     .   . 2020,  64, 6, .923.].    , ,                  .     .           . ,                     (Joint Publication 3-72, Nuclear Operations)  ,                      .  , ,            ,   ,    .    :          .        ,     ,   ,   ,           [6 - Joint Publication 3-72, Nuclear Operations, Joint Chiefs of Staff, June 1, 2019, pp. III-3, V-3.].

       .         ,      . ,        - ,   2017 ,   ,                     [7 - http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/42117/page/2].       ,      (       )        ,    [8 - .:  .      .   . 11.04.2019.].

   ,                . , , ,       ,          ,     :          ( . ..) .        ,    ,   ,        .             ,    [9 -  ,  ,  .    . - . 12  2016.].       ,      ,     : ,                ,  .    ,       ,       ,           . ,   , ,        ,       .      ,       [10 -  .   . 15  2019. .].

,    (     ),         . ,    ,      .     ,          ,  ,  [11 -                       .    . , 2019. http://svop.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/REPORT_Rus_1.pdf].    .

-,  ,     -   . ,  ,   ,    (   ,    .)              .  ,        ()      ,   -      .          - .           , ,    ,         .  ,          ,   ,   . ,        .

      :   ,       ,        ,   [12 - .:  .  .  . 10  2019.].  ,                  [13 - Ibid.].    ,       ,     .     ,  :           ,             .                    ,       [14 - Alexey Arbatov. A New Era of Arms Control: Myths, Realities and Options. Carnegie Moscow Center. 24  2019.].       .

          ,   ,   , .     ,      .    , ,      .              .  ,     ,         .    , ,  . ,        .                 ,    .   90%  ,    ,     .            , ,   ,    - .

,       ,             ,  ,         .    ,   ,      ,                  ,      .               ,      .    ,     .           ,     ,     .    ,  ,    ,               .

,                         ,          [15 -         . http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/45562].

,            ,  ,   .               :     ,       ,   ,        1990-2000- ., -  1980-1990- .    , , , 75   ,    .  ,    ,       .    ,  .  ,     쓻[16 - ., . .        .    . ., 2019. . 26.].     ,            .       ,      . ,        -,       .        ( ,  ,  ,        ),       .        .     ,      ,   ,        ,      ,  ,  ,   ,      [17 - . , . .        .    . ., 2019, . 36.].

 ,                   .     ,   ,     . ,   60  ,      ,           ,         ,      .

         .        .   ,                .   ,             ,       . ,      ,        ,        .  ,       ,   ,         , ,    ,      . , ,    .   ,    ,          .   ,           ,     -1, -2, , -1, -2  .            .         ,     ,     ,        .         ,                .      ,        .




 

 


               ,      ,       .         .   ,           ,     ,    .        ,  ,   , .        ,           .

 ,    1950-    ,              .            .                     . , ,              .   ,      .

,      ,   1945 ,      ,                       . ,       .   .         ,      .         ,     ,       [18 - The Baruch plan: [presented to the United Nations Atomic energy Commission, June 14, 1946] // Atomic Archive. URL: http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Deterrence/BaruchPlan.shtml].                 (Atomic Development Authority).           .          .            .  ,       .  ,  .            .  ,                 .

         ,    ,   ,           .          ,    ͻ,        .    ,      ( ,   ,       ),       .                . ,     (, , ),             .  ,            .      ,           .    ,     1946   ,             [19 -   / . .  [ .];  . . .  [ .]. .:   . 1974. . 5. . 1. . 653.].            ,     , ,  ,        ,     .          .       ,      .            ,        .    19471954             .

           .        ,      .                ,  1  1954    .          15    .      11       .        -.   170   ,     ,    .         300 .    ,        .          -   [20 - Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics  Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: p.247.].

         -       .    1954       .     .        .        XII.        ,           .  , ,   . ,                        .

  10  1955        ,          .      ,               .  ,  ,     ,      .

   .   ,   1957 ,         23 .          ,       ,    .         .     -,      ,  ,     ,         ,   .  ,  ,        .  , ,        ,  -    ,        .   1957       ,               ,    .

          ,     ,  ,   ,     .      1957          .     .

      . 31  1957     ,      ,       .       ,    .        , :              .   ,         .   ,     .  ,      (   . ..)     .       ,     .   ,              .   1958             ,   .      , ,     ,                .  ,         .   ,  ,    , ,           .          .           .      ,   .    ,   .  .     ,    


.

          , 8  1958  ,     ,      ,             .  ,     . ,       ,    .  ,     .                 :  ,      ;   ,     ,   .     


.       ,        


.

  ,       ,      . ,          (   ,         )     ,     .    ,    .  ,       ,         .

   . ߅   . ,     .    ,   , , ,    .     .     . ߅   .     ,     ,    .   ,   ,    [24 - Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. . 61.].

 ,      -   1990 ,               .   -        .      ,     .

 ,      ,   ,         .  ,    ,  ,   ,   ,   .        (  )    .    ,    .    160170     10 ,   .        .       ,    (   650  ,     100110).        ,     (     ,    ,       ).       .  ,            . ,      ,    ,      [25 - Robert Gilpin. American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy. Princeton, N.J. 1962. p. 195.],  ,   .

 31  1958            .  ,    -       .     . ,     -   .         .   1959       ,        .           ,         ,          ,      .       ,     ,   .   , ,   ,            ,       .  ,  ,       ,       ,          .

  , ,   ,        ,   ,   ,           20            .   ,    .

    1959 , ,     ,          ,       ,           .      .   ,       ,        .    1959 ,          .   1960       ,     ,       4,75    .  ,  ,     20     .           -.       .     19        .      -      4,75 ,        .    ,     ,    1960 ,       .

   . 1 1960      - U-2.               .  -   ,     ,     .    .        .    ,           ,    ,  ,                [26 - Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. . 452.].

   ,     ,           . ,              ,       : ,  ,           ,   ,     [27 - Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics  Volume 1 (https://books.google.com/books?id=EX2jAQAAQBAJ). Santa Barbara, pp.306307, Jacobson, Harold Karan; Stein, Eric (1966). Diplomats, Scientists, and Politicians: The United States and the Nuclear Test Ban Negotiations. The University of Michigan.],      .

,   ,    1961 ,       .      ,      4,75     (       ).        .    20   ,    .    ,         :   ,    .            ,        ,     .

     ,    .            .     .      ,     .         .      .             .   .        -6,  ,          ,  ,            .               ,       ,      [28 -  .  .  . .: . 2019. c.370376.],   .     .        ,      .         .     -   ,        ,       . 30  1961          ,        ,      (     ,          ,   ).  5      .  30              50 .    ,        15 ,   ,      .

  1962        :         .         18 , , ,     .   1962         .     ,   ,    .          .      .  ,           .      .     , ,     ,          , ,       ,      [29 -  .           . , 1, 1996.].

   1962    ,           .     .       ,          ( ,       24173  2471)     [30 -      :  .  . .: . 2010. .373.].           .  ,         ,      .       (  ,   ,    ).

    -  .  ,        ,      .      ,  ,          -       ,   ,  - U2, ,   .   ,        ,         .    .   ,   ,          ,          .       .

                     23               .                   ,           [31 -  .  .        (19621986.) .: , 1996. . 86.],        .

, ,  ,     .         .    .      ,  :       ,  ,   ,        ?        23 ,      ,      .      .         23    .   ,      .       23   .       ,        ,        8-10,   7   ,      .        ,     쓻[32 -  . . 88.].

       ,    ,          ,  ,    .   ,   ,  ,      .   .  ,   ,   ,                  ,    ,    .    ,       ,        [33 - Pietrobon, Allen. The Role of Norman Cousins and Track II Diplomacy in the Breakthrough to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty. Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 18 no. 1, 2016, p.6079.],       .

 ,   ,      ,        ,      ,          .      ,   1963 ,        .    ,  ,    .     .    .   ,  , ,         ,    ?        [34 - . : Seaborg, Glenn T. Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban. 1981 University of California. P. 241.].

 ,              .              .       .   ,    [35 -  .  .  . .: . 2019. . 565.],     .

  ,  ,   ,       .    .    . 10  1963           ,        ,       ,   ,   ,       [36 - Kennedy, John F. (10 June 1963). American Universitys Spring Commencement 1963 (https://web.archive.org/web/20160816063307/http://www1.american.edu/media/speeches/Kennedy.htm).].

,     ,       - ,         :      ,                  ,          .  ,        ,            .           ,    1963 ,    .         . ,    ,     ,                      [37 - Ibid.].

   ,        ,      .  ,  ,           .       ,   -     .    ,          . ,          .      ,           : ,     .

 15        .      ,      .  , , ,                  .     ,      ,         .       .    .

       .   ,           ,     ,    , ,   ,    . ,      ,   ,                  .       ,        ,     (  ).    ,              -.         (    ).

,          .                 .   ,              .    ,   -      .       :               ,   ,               [38 -        ,      . https://www.mid.ru/adernoe-nerasprostranenie/-/asset_publisher/JrcRGi5UdnBO/content/id/609152].        .         ,    .  , ,  .       ,             .

 , , 5  1963         ,            ,   .           ,          ,   .         ,    .       ,          .  ,        ,         ,          ,   .  ,       .   ,     -      .        :          (    )  ,      . , ,     ,        -   , ,      .




 -1

  


                             .   ,      -    .           .   ,   ,     1720 .    ,       .        1000       41    656  .

,     .         ,         .    - .       .           ,        ,  .    ,         ,   [39 -  . . . .: , 1997, . 460.],    .

 ,       . ,      .             :   250     1966 , 570    1967-, 900   1968,   1969     1060 .   1970       1300  ( ,  ,      1440).    ,      ()     45   1968   900  1975-[40 - Henry Kissinger. The White House years. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979. . 537.].  ,     ,    .

         .        .   1961               ,    3000/.    -    -1000   25 .  1962      ,              1971 .          1967 .       1971-.    ,    ,     .  ,  , ,            .         .     :         ,             ,   , [41 - Ibid. p. 522.].

       .          ,     . 18  1967 ,   -   [42 -      (United Press International),    .],       :      ,            ,       [43 - McNamara R. The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office. New York: Harper and Row, 1968. . 57.].      :      ,      ,   ,     ,     ,     .    -,   [44 - Ibid. .5859.].      :        ,   ,   -     .         ,         [45 - Ibid. p6162.].

 ,     1966 ,       ,            .    ,  ,    ,           - ,  ,   ,      ,       :                [46 -  .  .        (19621986.). .: , 1996.],   ,          .             . , ,     ,       ,          .      .

           .  ,   ,     ,         ,          :         .                 ,     ,       .      ,             .  , ,          .           ,           ,            ,     ,   ,    , .    ,         ,    ,      ,           [47 - Aleksandr G. Savelyev and Nikolay N. Detinov. The Big Five: Arms Control Decision-Making in the Soviet Union. Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881. 1995. Pp. 23.].

           .   1967       (      )       .         . - ,   .   23  25         -   (        ,     ,   ,    ,      )       .  ,          . ,    ,       ,    - .  , , ,          .   ,     (    ),     :    ,   ![48 - Ibid. c. 150.]




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notes








1


   . 15  2020. http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/62582




2


           . , 12  2016. https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/3447017




3


Reuters     -3    . Lenta.ru. 17  2016. https://lenta.ru/news/2017/02/09/snv3/




4


:          . . 15  2018.




5


 .     .   . 2020,  64, 6, .923.




6


Joint Publication 3-72, Nuclear Operations, Joint Chiefs of Staff, June 1, 2019, pp. III-3, V-3.




7


http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/42117/page/2




8


.:  .      .   . 11.04.2019.




9


 ,  ,  .    . - . 12  2016.




10


 .   . 15  2019. .




11


                      .    . , 2019. http://svop.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/REPORT_Rus_1.pdf




12


.:  .  .  . 10  2019.




13


Ibid.




14


Alexey Arbatov. A New Era of Arms Control: Myths, Realities and Options. Carnegie Moscow Center. 24  2019.




15


        . http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/45562




16


., . .        .    . ., 2019. . 26.




17


. , . .        .    . ., 2019, . 36.




18


The Baruch plan: [presented to the United Nations Atomic energy Commission, June 14, 1946] // Atomic Archive. URL: http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Deterrence/BaruchPlan.shtml




19


  / . .  [ .];  . . .  [ .]. .:   . 1974. . 5. . 1. . 653.




20


Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics  Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: p.247.




21


 .  .  . .: , 2019, . 213.




22


Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller. Gregg Herken Henry Holt, New York, 2002. P. 323.




23


Ibid. p. 323.




24


Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. . 61.




25


Robert Gilpin. American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy. Princeton, N.J. 1962. p. 195.




26


Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2002). A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. . 452.




27


Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics  Volume 1 (https://books.google.com/books?id=EX2jAQAAQBAJ). Santa Barbara, pp.306307, Jacobson, Harold Karan; Stein, Eric (1966). Diplomats, Scientists, and Politicians: The United States and the Nuclear Test Ban Negotiations. The University of Michigan.




28


 .  .  . .: . 2019. c.370376.




29


 .           . , 1, 1996.




30


     :  .  . .: . 2010. .373.




31


 .  .        (19621986.) .: , 1996. . 86.




32


 . . 88.




33


Pietrobon, Allen. The Role of Norman Cousins and Track II Diplomacy in the Breakthrough to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty. Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 18 no. 1, 2016, p.6079.




34


. : Seaborg, Glenn T. Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban. 1981 University of California. P. 241.




35


 .  .  . .: . 2019. . 565.




36


Kennedy, John F. (10 June 1963). American Universitys Spring Commencement 1963 (https://web.archive.org/web/20160816063307/http://www1.american.edu/media/speeches/Kennedy.htm).




37


Ibid.




38


       ,      . https://www.mid.ru/adernoe-nerasprostranenie/-/asset_publisher/JrcRGi5UdnBO/content/id/609152




39


 . . . .: , 1997, . 460.




40


Henry Kissinger. The White House years. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979. . 537.




41


Ibid. p. 522.




42


     (United Press International),    .




43


McNamara R. The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office. New York: Harper and Row, 1968. . 57.




44


Ibid. .5859.




45


Ibid. p6162.




46


 .  .        (19621986.). .: , 1996.




47


Aleksandr G. Savelyev and Nikolay N. Detinov. The Big Five: Arms Control Decision-Making in the Soviet Union. Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881. 1995. Pp. 23.




48


Ibid. c. 150.


