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Jamie Metzl

HACKING DARWIN: GENETIC ENGENEERING AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY



Originally published in the United States by Sourcebooks, Inc.

www.sourcebooks.com



 Jamie Metzl, 2019

    .   һ, 2021






   


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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


               .   ,             ,      ,    , . Michael J.McDonald, Daniel P.Rice, Michael M.Desai. Sex Speeds Adaptation by Altering the Dynamics of Molecular Evolution// Nature531. 2016. Vol.7593 (2016). P.23336. doi:10.1038/nature17143.




2


     :       ? (Genetics and Other Human Modification Technologies: Sensible International Regulation or a New Kind of Arms Race?) //     ,      (   ),  , 110, 2- . 19  2008 .   110201. URL: https://fas.org/irp/congress/2008_hr/genetics.pdf.




3


 3,5          :   .         .




4


         Courtney K.Ellison, Triana N.Dalia, Alfredo Vidal Ceballos, Joseph Che-Yen Wang, Nicolas Biais, Yves V.Brun, Ankur B.Dalia. Retraction of DNA-Bound TypeIV Competence Pili Initiates DNA Uptake during Natural Transformation in Vibrio Cholerae// Nature Microbiology. 2018. doi:10.1038 /s41564-018-0174-y.




5


Priya Verm. Reproduction and the Discovery of Sperm // Elawoman. URL: https://elawomn.quora.com/Reproduction-and-the-Discovery-of-Sperm ( : 25 2018).




6


F.Gilbert. Structure of the Gametes// Developmental Biology. 6Edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2000. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10005/.




7


  ,       23000 . . Ainit Snir, Dani Nadel, Iris Groman-Yaroslavski, Yoel Melamed, Marcelo Sternberg, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Ehud Weiss. The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming // Plos One10. No.7 (2015). doi:10.1371 /journal.pone.0131422.




8


         .    ,           .       ,   -   .




9


         James M.Heather, Benjamin Chain. The Sequence of Sequencers: The History of Sequencing DNA // Genomics 107. Vol.1(2016): 18. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.11.003.




10


John J.Kasianowicz, Sergey M.Bezrukov. On Three Decades of Nanopore Sequencing // Nature Biotechnology. Vol. 34 (2016). PP: 481482.




11


  -  OMIM,     242018 . URL: http://www.omim.org/statistics/entry.




12


      ,  ,     ,  15% .   ,          , ,   ,         .            , ,    ,       ,       .




13


. Jason L.Vassy et al. The Impact of Whole-Genome Sequencing on the Primary Care and Outcomes of Healthy Adult Patients // Annals of Internal Medicine167. No.3 (2017). P:159. doi:10.7326/m170188; P.Natarajan et al. Aggregate Penetrance of Genomic Variants for Actionable Disorders in European and African Americans // Science Translational Medicine 8. No.364(2016). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2367.




14


Rachel D.Melamed et al. Genetic Similarity between Cancers and Comorbid Mendelian Diseases Identifies Candidate Driver Genes // Nature Communications. No.1 (2015). doi:10.1038/ncomms8033.




15


. Lidewij Henneman et al. Responsible Implementation of Expanded Carrier Screening // European Journal of Human Genetics 24. Vol.6 (June2016). PP: e1e12.   16 2016 . doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.271; NancyC. Rose. Expanded Carrier Screening: Too Much of a Good Thing? // Prenatal Diagnosis 35. No.10(2015). PP: 936937. doi:10.1002/pd.4638.




16


    .           ,               .




17


Heather Mason Kiefer. Gallup Brain: The Birth of In Vitro Fertilization // Gallup News, 52003 . URL: http://news.gallup.com/poll/8983/gallup-brain-birth-vitro-fertilization.aspx.




18


Kiefer, Gallup Brain.




19


John M. Haas. Begotten Not Made: A Catholic View of Reproductive Technology,    , 1998. URL: http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/reproductive-technology/begotten-not-made-a-catholic-view-of-reproductive-technology.cfm.




20


Jason Pontin. Science Is Getting Us Closer to the End of Infertility // Wired, 27 2018. URL: https://www.wired.com/story/reverse-infertility/.




21


G. Edwards, R.L.Gardner. Sexing of Live Rabbit Blastocysts // Nature. No.214 (1967). PP: 576577. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/214576a0.




22


Genome Editing and Human Reproduction.        //    . 17  2018 . . 10. URL: http://nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/ uploads/Genome-editing-and-human-reproduction-FINAL-website.pdf, . 10.




23


Henry T.Greely. The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016. P:114, 331.




24


     ,         . ,        (       ) ,    ,        ,      .




25


Petula Dvorak. Parents Who Refuse to Vaccinate Their Children Are Putting Others at Risk // Washington Post.  : 26 2015. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/parents-who-refuse-to-vaccinate-their-children-are-putting-others-at-risk/2015/01/26/9c538266-a5aa-11e4-a06b-9df2002b86a0_story.html?utm_term=.3b17e2cf1ccf.




26


Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism //    ,     232015 , URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html.




27


Laura Entis. Donald Trump Has Long Linked Autism to Vaccines. He Isnt Stopping Now That Hes President // Fortune, 16 2017. URL: http://fortune.com/2017/02/16/donald-trump-autism-vaccines/.




28


Cary Funk, Brian Kennedy, Meg Hefferon. Public Opinion about Childhood Vaccines for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella //   . 2  2017 . URL: http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/02/02/public-opinion-about-childhood-vaccines-for-measles-mumps-and-rubella/.


