   .     
 


  (AI)     ,   .           ,     XX        AI,              .           AI,           AI. ,     AI,    ,       ,     AI.       ,   ,  ,        ,       ,         .





 

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          ,      (),       .  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,      .       ,      .       ,    ,   .               .        ,         -, -   ,     ?

     ,        .           (Natural Language Processing, NLP),         (Computer Vision, CV).   ,    ,  ,      ,       ,      .                  ,      ?      ,     , ,   , ,         ,    .

            ,    (     ).                ,   ,   75  .           WhatsApp       .   ,         .             .

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                     Artificial Intelligence (AI).    ,           ,  򻠖    ,    .

 ,  artificial    ,     .     artificial ( art  , )       ,   ,   ,       k?nstlich, , ,   ,    . ,           , ,   ,    .   Artificial Intelligence      ,  artificial    ,  AI  -  ,   ,     ,        ,    ,     .

      intelligence  . ,   intelligence  ,            .     intelligence,     -, ,  Multitran.          .                      .        ,     ,     :   (military intelligence),  - (business intelligence)   .




  


     ,  AI           ,  ,      ,    ,          . AI       .       AI,   ,       AI,              -  ..     AI   ,                 ,       ,   .        .

   AI,  ,    -   :  ,   .         ,   AI     -    . ,     ,  ,  .         ,   , , ,   .

      ,      AI,      .      ,   .          (),     ,     :      45  .   , ,  ,     ,     .

       -,     AI,             (  ).           .

  ,    AI,        .      ,   AI (Arificial General Intelience, AGI),    :   AI  ?   AI   ?      ,        AI           AI. , ,  ,          .  ,   - ,   ,    ,     ,   .

, ,   ,     ,   ,    AI.         ,         .    ,               (The Master Algorithm): AI   ,     ,   AI    .     ,    ,      (Big Data).

   , AI     ,           ,        .          .                     .                    ,      ,      .         XIX  XX         ,    .          ,         ,      ,    .

   ,      ,       ,         ,     ( ).        ,       .           ,    :      ,          ,     .  ,        ,     .      ,          , , ,  ,     ,    AI,     ,    .

           AI,    .           , , ,    .

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 1 AI     



        :   ,  ,   10-   ..,      ,      .   -           ,    ,                        .  XX              ,      .  XXI    AI           ,     ,      ,      ,   ,        .      AI   ,    ,         ,  ,    AI,            ,    ,     ..




    AI


         ,   AI,    ,        .           ,      ,         .   ,    ,    AI     .  ,            ,    .      ,         ,        (ANN, Artificial Neural Network)     (ML, Machine Learning).     ,        ,             ,    .          ,   ,  ,      .

     AI,     :

 AI,  ASI (Artificial Super Intelligence) ,     ASI, ,       ,  -      .                 ,   ASI  ,              .   ASI      -,     ()     .    ,    ,   ASI,       (Nick Bostrom, 1973),    ,     (David Chalmers, 1966). ,        ,          (    .).    ,      ASI         ,     UNIX    Sun Microsystems.  2000         Wired          (Why the future doesn't need us),       ,   20   ,     Sun,  ,        ASI  .    ,      ,  ,                    (Level 5),      . ,   ASI        ,        AI.      ,      2006      AI:  50  (Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years),     :       ASI?.  (18%)  ,     2056 ,    : 41%  2056 ,   41%  .       ,       : -,   15  ,      10      AI-, , -,         ,    ,   GOFAI (Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence),   good old-fashioned        .      ,     AI           ,         ASI    ,  ,     ,      ,    .

,   AI (AGI, Artificial General Intelligence)    AGI     ASI,       ,     ,        ,   .      ,    ASI,         .           ,  ?    ,  ,       ,  ,     ,   ,     ,   ,   ,    AI,        ,       ,               .    AGI    -,     ,          ,        .        ,      ?  ,      (Global Catastrophic Risk Institute)   A Survey of Artificial General Intelligence Project for Ethics, Risk, and Policy (2017),    AGI   ,      ,    ,        .  2017   IEEE Spectrum    HLAI    (Human-Level AI Is Right Around the Corner  or Hundreds of Years Away)         AI-  AI-   5:5.     : ,       ,   HLAI,    ,       ,       ,  ,   ,     ,                  .      ,  ,     .

,   ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)   -  ,  ANI -   ,   ,        ,    ANI    ,       ,          .    ASI  AGI          , ,  ANI,      ,           .   ANI      , Siri     ,    IBM Watson,    Jeopardy!     .      Google Translation Engine        5 ,   ,     ,       ANI.   ANI  ,     XXI       ,          10 ,       .




  AI



     AI,         .       ,         .       AI  ,         AI  .    40-     ,       ( AI    ),        . ,   70  ,      ,   ,   ,     . ,  ,        AI:  -绠      ,    -,    ,     .    AI     ()    ,       ,      AI.          ,      .




  


         AI.            1990   Loebner Prize,   ,    ,       .          (Hugh Loebner, 19422016).       -       ,    .

 Loebner Prize  ,    AI        .        , ,            AI,         .   ,     -       ,   .  2008      ,    ,   ,       ,         .    Loebner Prize      ,             .

          (Computing Machinery and Intelligence, 1950),         ,     .              .   Mind,     ,      ,   ,    1876 . Mind    journal,        ,  magazine,  -      .   Mind   ,                .  Mind           -        .   ,        , ,            Ultra.  ,         Mind,   1956 ,       AI          The World of Mathematics,   AI    .

       ,           .           (John Searle, 1932),   ,    (Minds, Brains, and Programs, 1980).         ,       ,   - .      ,   2000      .

     (Douglas Lenat, 1950),            Cyc,      red herring,     . (              -,     ,     .)

     ( digerati    digital  literati,     )        (Jaron Lanier, 1960)   New York Times:  ,         ,     ,            .

       2003 , ,     , AI     ,    brain-dead.

,               : ,      ,    ,    . ,      ,     ,   . ?  ,              AI   ,    ,    .




    


,      ,        AI,  :    ,             ,   ?        ,        ,     .     ,         ,        .   ,     :    ?,      ,           :     ,    ?.     ,                .  ,    ,     Loebner Prize   ,     ,    , -         AI. ,              ?    ,             ,    -      .

  :         ?         ,    (Denis Diderot, 17131784)    (1746)    :    ,     ,        .      ,      XIX ,     ,      ,   -,       ,              .      ,  ,   -       .

   ,        ,         ,       :     ,    .          ,    ,     ,     .   ?          ,    ,  ,           .               3.

 ,            ,  ,   .    AI         ,   ,                  AI,   .




     AI


          ,     AI      (Intelligent Machinery, IM),   ,  1948 .     machine,   ,  machinery,        ,      , ,  .          .      ,          (NPL),       ,    .      ,    AI   .     IM    NPL,         ,  , ,       Ultra     Colossus.   IM ,            ,     ,         AI.

 IM        AI,            , ,     . ,        IM ,      ,    ,     ,   1944 .   Colossus,   ,   -  ,      . ,    ,     , ,        .           NPL       (Proposed Electronic Calculator),       - ACE (Automatic Computing Engine).            1947          EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator).

 IM    :          AI, ,   ,      100%.          (top down),         ,         .   1956    ,     ,            ,       .

      (bottom up),      ,      .           30-   ,       ,       (Artificial Neural Network, ANN).

    AI     top down   bottom up   ,   ,       .  AI         .         ,  ,        ,     .       ,       6090- . ,          , ,    AI          .  ,          ,   -       ANN,     .   XXI     180 ,        .        AI    .      AI,    10 ,               .

  4       AI,    5 .




    ( )   AI


    ,      ,   ,      ,    .     AI   ,   ,        ,   Leib-Seele Problem  Psychophysisches Problem,       Mind and BodyProblem,       .           ,   . ,      ,    , AI,   ,   , .            AI    -      ,   :       ,  ,           ( , -).       , ,                AI   .    .

     ,                 ,       .   ,             .

          ,     .    (99,9%)  ,      - ().           .            .          ,           .          ,     .          ,           ,     - (  )  .

     ,          3.      ,    ,   ,   ,             ,   ,        ,   .         ,  .          ,          .     ,        .    ,           .

 :      ,         ,    ,         AI       ,     AI.      . . :   ,    .           AI      AI (AI effect).  AI     -  ,            .     100%  ,            .          :  AI ,    .

  ,   ,   ,    : AI   ,      (AI is whatever hasn't been done yet.).      ,    .    ,     , , :   ,       1980       .   ,   AI-,               AI.   1996    ,          IBM,    : ,  Deep Blue      AI,             .

    .  ,    ,     - ,   Xerox PARC,    Apple, Amazon   Yahoo!.  ,                         ,       ,                .      ,          ,  --,     .  ,         .




   AI      


 , ,    XXI ,        , AI     .  ,     ,      ,    ,             .      AI ,      ,  ,    .

  AI,           2007  2012 .                   AI (ANI).   ,          AI     ,        XX .  ,      -1      ,   17  1903 ,       -        .

           ,        ,  ,              .            ANI. ,   ANI  -     AGI     ASI.   ANI    :        ,        ,            GPU.

            - ,     ,           - .  ,          ,    ,  ,    ,       .

 -                 .          ImageNet.           AI,  -                   .

           ,      ,    .

        ,        .      GPU   ANN.

   ,    AI   ,    GPU.        ,     -  (CPU).      ,    GPU,       ,    -,   ,    .      AI   ,    ,        GPU ,      .

  AI   ,  ,     ,     ,  ,         .           -,          ANI      .




 


   AI    ,    ,     .             ,   2017 :        ,       .    ,   .     ,        ,      ,            .

 ,       ,      AI,     , ,    .            (How the Enlightenment Ends)   -,    The Atlantic.

   :     ,      .     .     AI,     .       .   :  AI,     ,   ,     ,     ,      ,       .           -,     .  :         ,    ,   .

    ,     ,  201820      .        ,          AI    AI (Demystification AI).      AI-,         .




  



     AI,      ,         ?      . ,       ,   -         ,    :      ,     .       ,      ,     , ,     .                    ,     . ,   ,             -  .     ,    ,  ,  ,   ,      .

        ,     -  ,      ,  .          ,        ,       ,   .      ,          ,         .    ,   AI-      (Computer Vision, CV)      (Natural Language Processing).                 AI (Narrow, Weak AI),     AI-,   AI, ,   .

,      AI        ,    .          ,      GPU ,     ( ,  GPU- ),   ,    .       1  ,   16 .        ,   ,      85 .        ,     20 .      ,       AI,   ?   !

 ,  AI  ,   -         ,          .      AI-       ,      .     ,   training,            ,    ,          ,    inference,       .         training  inference.




   AI


      AI  ,         (Central Processing Units, CPU)   training  .     ,     ,     SISD (Single Instruction, Single data),           ,        .                 ,     CV  NLP.          Graphics Processing Units (GPU),             SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data),      ,            .     training   GPU.  inference       CPU  GPU,      (Field Programmable Gate Array, FPGA).

    95%   ,   AI,   inference,          ,    Edge AI,     ,  AI   .  ,          .    GPU   training   ,  .

   ,         (Intelligence Processing Unit, IPU).      GraphCore,        .  Mythic           .        Wave Computing,      DPU (Dataflow Processing Unit),        .




   AI


  ,             AI,      .   ,     ,           .       ,     ,     ,   ,        AI  .

 ,   ,   ,   ,        AI     ,       .  2009  ,    Blue Brain ,   2020     AI,    2021   . ,            (The Singularity is Near, 2005)      2025 ,   .

   AI   ,              , ,      .




AI  


,      AI,  ,        ,        ,       XIX ,          ,  ,          .    ,     ,       ,      .   :   ,        ,    :   ,          ,    ,   ,   .  200               ,    .  AI      .

     ,   .              .        ,   1788        ,    .            ,          (intelligence).            :

Assisted Intelligence     ,   ,    ,   ,                 .        ,    Smart Products,     (Smart Environment).          .

Augmented Intelligence  ,       ,         .

Autonomous Intelligence     ,    .      ,      .



 AI      Augmented Intelligence,          (Decision Support Augmentation, DSA)       , , ,   .       AI-coworker,   AI-.




  


    ,          .     (Vannevar Bush, 18901974),           (Science Tsar),    MEMEX (MEMory EXtender).   ,       ,     ,  ,            .  MEMEX          ,      ,       ,        .

      (Douglas Engelbart, 19252013),     -,     ,        ()  NLS (oN-Line System)    ,     .       Microsoft Power Point  Apple Key Note,   1968    .     ,   Augmented Intelligence (AuI),      .            1962      ,   (Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework).




AI  


  AuI,      ,    AI-.      Gartner   AI    AuI (Leverage Augmented Intelligence to Win With AI).   Gartner          ,     ,     AI.  ,       AI     .   :   AI    ,        ,     -      .         AI,        ,   .

     AI    ,       (Hyperautomation).    Gartner       (   (Robotic process automation, RPA),   - iBPMS  )   AI.         ,  IDC      (Intelligent Process automation),  Forrester     (Digital Process Automation).




 2    AI



       AI,    ,  ,  ,  .        ,     XX      ,   ,       ,     ,      ,        .




AI     


    ,   ,    , :             ,   ,    ,    ,     ,   ,    ,   .                 .     -   ,      ,   ,         .           ,      ,    ,      .

            .   -,  ,          -   :   . ,  ,     :   ,   -       ,        .            ,      .         ,    ,          .         ,      .               ,          .       :   .

       (homunculus   ).      ,          .   ,     ,      .        ,      .      ,        .     ,  , -       .

      ,           .       ,      -     (1812),         ,  ,  -  .

         (17971851)    ,    (1818),    .    ,     ,    ,        ,         ,   .




   AI


       AI     XX         .   ,       science fiction (sci-fi)   ,     artificial intelligence,   ,    .  science fiction         ,        ,           .   sci-fi (The Father of Science Fiction),    (Hugo Gernsback, 18841967), ,   , , ,        -    (Amazing Stories),     1922  2005 .

   sci-fi       ,    ,   ,      sci-fi                .                  ,      AI.     ,   ,         ,   ,          .          ,   ,     ,   ,     .

                   R. U. R. (Rossumovi univerzln? roboti, 1921),      ,       robota,    ,    .        , robota   ,     ,  . (    ,  uroda  .)                - ,  R. U. R.       ,   sci-fi.

    ,  ,     ,    ,     .          Amazing Stories.

   sci-fi     ,      ,  ,      -.     sci-fi ,            ,     .      2001 :  ,   1968       ()    ()     (1951).    -     2001:  .         HAL 9000,       .              ,   AI.

   ,          AI     AGI   ASI,   ANI,   ,     .                       ,       .           ,     ,     ,     -   .    ,   ,     AI   .       (intelligence)             .  ,       ,  .     AI ,      ,    ,    ,         ,         ,    .

    AI    ,              :        ,    AI  ,         , ,  AI      .   AI             ,   ,    .




:      


  I  ..           .    ,     .        ,   ,  ,     ,      ,     .          ,      ,      .                 ,                   ,       .          ,       ,   .

     .    ,     (976922.  ..)         ,    ,            - (810859)    ,      .

      ,      .      - (11361206):     ,    ,    ,       .        ,  . ,             ,    .

 XVIXVIII           ,           (Frolicsome Engines).         ,                    ,     ,  .            ,     XVIII ,     .

       ,             ,   1673        .         .   I  ,         ,  . .      (ϸ  ).

       XVI   ,       .    ,    ,     .      ,        .      I  ..,        ,      .     XII       ,         ,      .     (striking clock,  chiming clock).          ,         .        ,       .

      1805   -        ,    .       .          ,  ,   ,    ,   ,   ,         ,   .




      


  (Charles Babbage, 17911871)       ,     .           (Differential Engine),     , ,   ,   ,       ,     .          ,     ,    ,    -          .      ,       (17551839)       .      ,                . ,      ,            ,     .         ,      ,  ,    ,  .      ,     .       (computers),        .    ,       .     ,              ,       .

             .      ,           . ,  ,            ,  .         (Wolfgang Kempelen,17341804),      ,         -    .         1947 ,         .   , ,        ,      .

         ,             .              .    ,  ,    ,                  ,         ,     .        -    ,     ,   1956 ,     .       .  ,  ,    (Luigi Menabrea, 18091896),   ,             .    (Augusta Lovelace, 18151852),      .            -   . ,  ,        ,            ,    ,    ,     ,     ,   .  , ,     ,     ,      .        :         -  .     ,     .     ,         .        ,    ,   ,       ,       AI   .




   


        ,         ,          .  ,      AI,     1930  1950 ,            ,     ,    - .          .

       -   .        ,              .            .    ,     ( )        (flip-flop),   1  .    ,           .           .

  ,  AI       .  ,          ,        ,     ,  -  .        ,            ,             ,    .  ,     ,       (Entscheidungsproblem),   1900   .         ,     (On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem),   1936 .           ,       (Universal Turing Machine, UTM).      a-machine (automatic machine),    12        b-machine. UTM       ,      .  ,    1937                      UTM.      ,   ,        .

    ,   ,      (Institute for Advanced Study, IAS),      ( -),  IAS          .    IAS, ,     ,   ,    .         ,   ,  ,      .         -  ,     ,   .            . ,         .     ,      UTM   .

 ,    ,  ,    .             ,     ,      ,       . ,            AI,           ,      .         ,       ,        ,         .              ,                ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).       ENIAC     ,        (digital computer).             EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). (    Variable,     .)         ,    ,     .             ,             .        ,        ,       ,                1945       101-     (The First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC).  ,  ,        ,        EDVAC.     ,   public domain ( ),      ,  , ,   ,     ?

                   ,     EDVAC         .   ,       ,         ,          ,       .          .           (John Atanasoff, 19031995),     ,      ,    .

                    ,    .    1988     (Robert Merton, 19102003),   ,    .    ,          ,     ,      ,   ,     ,  ,     .      :     ,     ,       ,   .

         (UTM, Universal Turing Machine)?    EDVAC,     ,   ,  ,        ,  ,     .      ,        ,        .      ,          .     ,        (TCS. Theoretical computer science),          ,        UTM,     .              TCS,      ,      .    ,  ,    -      UTM.  UTM   ,     UTM   ,    ,         .           ,       ,                    ,    .

    ,  1958        AI,        ,     (Silliman Lecture).       ,    ,   1901 .      ,      ,       ,               .




    AI


         3040-    .    ,    , ,   ,          (18991972),    .       ,   ,   .         ,    ,      ,     .         1949 ,       1924 ,            .

      :     ,         1906   -- (18521934)          1932    (18571952).   30-       ,      queer duck in biology,        .  1938        : -   (Mathematical Biophysics: Physico-Mathematical Foundations of Biology),   1947         (Mathematical Theory of Human Relations).

     ,       ,           (Finite State Machine, FSM).     , FSM    .             -    ,   ,    5.   -       1943     ,     (A Logical Calculus Immanent in Nervous Activity).        ,        FSM     (logical calculus)               (Artificial Neural Networks, ANN),      .       6.




 3 AI   



C  , ,    ,      ,  ,    ,       , ,   ,    ,  ,         .




 


,     ,      ,  ,     ,     .    ,           ,   ,           .   ,         !     ,         ,    ,     ,  -.

         1948       , ,   ,    .            , ,  1951      ,       .     ,     ?        ,      ,   ,          .                          ,   ,     .

    -  ,     ,  ,  ,    .     XXI    AI ,         ,      AI.     ,           . - ,            ,       .        ,     AI        .          ,      ,    .    ,   2019 ,     Leela Chess Zero  Stockfish.       Alpha Zero,    ,      ,  .

70                 ULTRA.     (Maurice Wilkes, 19132010)          EDSAC,   1951    J. Lyons (!)      - Lyons Electronic Office (LEO I).         ,      -          ,    .

  ,      ,      (Christopher Strachey, 19161975),        ,    ,            .      ACE (Automatic Computing Engine),    ,            .        ,        Mark I  Ferranti.       Mark II Manchester Electronic Computer  .            Ferranti Mark I   Turochamp,     ,        .

           IBM 701,    IBM   (Arthur Samuel, 19011990),   ,  .            ,      1962    .

       1963        ()      (19211986),      :      .      ()  ,          ICL,      ,  ,    .  1972           ,    .      ,         ,     ,  1980        .     ,       . . .      ,       .              .  ,        AI,            .




   


                    (Machine Translation, MT).    ,   ,   ,  MT      AI,         ,     ,               .

      .  IX    -    ,   ,       ,    .  ,  XVIIXIX    ,            .       ,      ,   ,   ,    - .    3040-       .        - (18941950),     ,    ,     ,        .

      MT     (Warren Weaver, 18941978).  1947        ,   ,    1949   ,    ,    .           MT,       .    ,       .   50-     MT,    SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer),     ,   1950    (Harry Huskey, 19162017)     .  1954         ,     ,       MT.

           ,   .      ,       ,     MT.                  .     IBM   .                IBM 701 ,  250   6  .          ,     ,     .          ,      .                kachyestvo uglya opryedyelyayetsya kaloryiynostjyu,    -    .         .     IBM 701,   1    ,     1000,   ,      ,   .     ,    - ,               .

    ,      ,        ,    .      IBM:  -,  -,   ,   . ,  ,      IBM,  ,   ,      .        UNISYS,  ,    UNIVAC 1         1952 .          IBM      .    ,         ,          .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/leonid-chernyak-31638330/putevoditel-po-istorii-iskusstvennogo-intellekta/)  .

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