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 ,  ,    .        ,      ,        : ,    .      ,   :   ,   ,    ,      ,      .            ,     ,        .

          .   ,    ,      ,      ,        ,   ,    ,   .

           .   ,    ,   䠖     ,        .

         Code/Space[108 - Kitchin R., Dodge M. Code/space: software and everyday life. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2011. (Software studies.)]              ,  ?    ,           .       ,       .      ,      ,      , .                  .    ,    ,  ,        ,              .




 

 ,   [109 -     : Kitchin R. Data-driven, networked urbanism: The Programmable City Working Paper 14 (2015. August 10). URL: http://www.spatialcomplexity.info/files/2015/08/SSRN-id2641802.pdf.]


     ,  ,  ,    蠖   .      :   ,  , , , ,     ;        ,     , , , ,      .       , ,   ,         ,   ,   ,    ,     .         ,   ,       ,  ,         .          ,        .

       ,  ,  ,       ,   .  ,    ,        ,         ;       ,       .         , ,   ,       ,       ,    ,          .  , ,       ,      ,             .         ,   .   ,   ,   ,     ,          (smart city).

        ,          ,     ,     .   ,        ,        ,    ,   ,    .           ,  :     (    ,  ,       );    ,         (     ); ,       (    ,  ,    );   ( ,      ,     ).


    

             :       (   ),          ,        ,         ,     ,         ,  .   1980?    ,                     .      (   )            .

    ,      ,     (   ,    )      -    ,    .   ,        ,          - .       (, ,    )   (, ,   ),       ,       .  ,    ,              (,       ).     ,    ,   ?      .   ,     (    ,     ),          .  ,   1980?  2000?               ,           (, GIS)   ,      ,    .



 1.      [110 - Kitchin R. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism // GeoJournal. 2014. Vol. 79. 1.]






 2000    ,       ,      ,        .  ,     ,       ,   ,    (. 1)    [111 - P.114.].       .         ,    ,   (,  ,  ,    )    (, , ),    ,    ,  ,  , , ,    GPS,          (  -).       ,     ,   ,   ,   , //,    ..[112 - Dodge M., Kitchin R. Codes of life: Identification codes and the machine-readable world // Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 2005. Vol. 23. 6. P. 851881.]      ,   ,      (,  ),      (),   (, ,  , ),    (, ),   (  ),       (),       (, ),          ,  -,       API (    Twitter  Foursquare).        (  , ,  Open Street Map)     (,    ),          ,  .   ,   ,        ,  ,   LiDAR (   ),       ,   2D-  3D-   .            [113 - Kitchin R. The opportunities, challenges and risks of big data for official statistics // Statistical Journal of the International Association of Official Statistics. 2015. Vol. 31. 3. P. 471481.],   -   (e-government),         ,     ,   .

       ,          .  ,         ,        ?      ,         ,     (inter-agency control rooms),      . ,     Centro de Opera??es Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro (--, )     ,    180 .           30 ,         ,      ,     ,   , ,        ,      .         ,   CityNext  Microsoft, Smarter City  IBM, City Operating System  Urbiotica  Urban Operating System  PlanIT.                - (ERP),    .        -              (city dashboards),                [114 - Kitchin R., Lauriault T., McArdle G. Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards // Regional Studies, Regional Science. 2015. Vol. 2. 1. P. 628.].

      ,         : 1)     ; 2)     ; 3)  ; 4) ,   [115 - Miller H. J. The data avalanche is here. Shouldnt we be digging? // Journal of Regional Science. 2010. Vol. 50. 1. P. 181201; Kitchin R. The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences. London: Sage, 2014.].        ( )         .  ,      ,            ,          [116 - Kelling S., Hochachka W., Fink D., Riedewald M., Caruana R., Ballard G., Hooker G. Data-intensive science: A new paradigm for biodiversity studies // BioScience. 2009. Vol. 59. 7. P. 613620.].       (urban informatics)[117 - Handbook of research on urban informatics: The practice and promise of the real-time city / Ed. by M. Foth. NewYork: IGI Global, 2009.]       ,          ,       (urban science)           ,      1950?     ,        ,     [118 - Batty M. The new science of cities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.].       ,        ,   ,               (     ),           ,                .

   ,   ,                 ( ,   ),               ,       .            1970? [119 - Flood J. The fires: How a computer formula, big ideas, and the best of intentions burned down NewYork city and determined the future of cities. NewYork: Riverhead, 2011; Townsend A. Smart cities: Big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia. NewYork: W. W. Norton & Co, 2013.]        ,    (smart growth)    1980?  1990?[120 - Hollands R. G. Will the real smart city please stand up? // City. 2008. Vol. 12. 3. P. 303320; Wolfram M. Deconstructing smart cities: An intertextual reading of concepts and practices for integrated urban and ICT development // REAL CORP 2012: Re-mixing the city: Towards sustainability and resilience? /Ed. by M. Schrenk, V. V. Popovich, P. Zeile, P. Elisei. Schwechat: CORP, 2012. P. 171181; S?derstr?m O., Paasche T., Klauser F. Smart cities as corporate storytelling // City. 2014. Vol. 18. 3. P. 307320; Vanolo A. Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy // Urban Studies. 2014. Vol. 51. 5. P. 883898.],   -    ,  堖    1980?      [121 - Graham S., Marvin S. Splintering urbanism: Networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. NewYork: Routledge, 2001; Kitchin R., Dodge M. Code/Space: Software and everyday life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.].       ,    ,            :



     , , ,       ,     ,     ;

      e-government,   ,         ,       ,   ,     ,    ;

 蠖      ,          ;

      ,    ,       (green energy);

  蠖   ,     ;

 頖      ,  ,    ,        ( )[122 - Cohen B. What exactly is a smart city? // Fast Co.Exist. 2012. September 19. URL: http://www.fastcoexist.com/1680538/what-exactly-is-a-smart-city; Hollands R. G. Will the real smart city please stand up; Townsend A. Smart cities: Big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia.].


 ,       :  ,        ,     ,  ,               堖     , ,  蠖  ,   ,        ,        .  ,            (  ,       ,         ),   ,   ..

      ,   ,  , ,    ,  ,     . -,             ,    , ,        [123 - Kitchin R., Lauriault T., McArdle G. Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards.]. -,     ,        ,           ,   [124 - Greenfield A. Against the smart city. NewYork: Do Publications, 2013.]. -,    ,        ,       [125 - Morozov E. To save everything, click here: Technology, solutionism, and the urge to fix problems that dont exist. NewYork: Allen Lane, 2013.]. -,         ,    ,      [126 - Datta A. New urban utopias of postcolonial India: Entrepreneurial urbanization in Dholera smart city, Gujarat // Dialogues in Human Geography. 2015. Vol. 5. 1. P. 322.]. -,          ,       [127 - Kitchin R. The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences.]. -,         ,           [128 - Hollands R. G. Will the real smart city please stand up?]. -,  ,    ,   ,       [129 - Kitchin R., Dodge M. Code/Space: Software and everyday life; Townsend A. Smart cities: Big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia.].  ,  ,   ,    ,     (     )         [130 - Graham S. Software-sorted geographies // Progress in Human Geography. 2005. Vol. 29. 5. P. 562580; Kitchin R. The real-time city?].

            ,         (  ,             -   ),     .      ,    ,   ,        .


  .   

         ,       ,   ,         ,      ,     , ,   .   /         ,      ,   ,    .    ,   ,     ,  ,     . ,         堖    ,  , ,    ,   ,   , , ,      .     ,      (, Twitter),         ,     ,    ,     ,     ,      ( , ,   ,   ),       .           ,       ,          ,     .

          . -,    ,    ,      ,     ,     ,       . -,      ,      , ,           [131 - Kitchin R. The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences.] (. 2).   , ,   ,   , ,   ,         (,     ,   ,   ,  ,     ..).   , ,       ,   ,  ,  ,    ,     ,      .  ,     ,        ,     , ,  ,  , ,  ,     ,   [132 - Foucault M. The confession of the flesh // Foucault M. Power/knowledge Selected interviews and other writings. 19721977 / Ed. by C. Gordon. NewYork: Pantheon Books, 1980. P. 194.].       ,  ,    /,  ,   .  ,         ,   ,    ,   ,         ( ,  , , , ,    ..). ,    ,       ,          [133 - Bowker G. Memory practices in the sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005; Raw data is an oxymoron / Ed. by L. Gitelman. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.].     ,   ,          .                (  : , ,  /, , ),   ,        ,      ,     .

 2.  

/  



/ (/)



/ ( , software)

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  ( )

  (, hardware)


  /



 

 

 

 

   

  

   





  ,       

  ,           ,     ,      .      ,      ,       ,         ,           .    2014          [134 - .: URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3E3RpGMKbhg.],                  ,      , ,           .     ,    - ,     ,     (         ,            ),        . ,    (,  )     ,      (,  ,  ,   ),       .                      . ,  , ,     ,       ,               ,    ,   ,       .  ,            ,  ,          ,          . ,     ,      ,          ISO37120 (    ),      11  100   ( ? ,      ,     ).


   

     ,        ,     ,   ,  ,   , ,    [135 - Kitchin R., Dodge M. Code/Space: Software and everyday life; Townsend A. Smart cities: Big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia.].   K. [136 - Mims Ch. Coming soon: The cybercrime of things // The Atlantic. 2013. August 6. URL: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/coming-soon-the-cybercrime-of-things/278409.],      ,           ;      ,   ,       .                ,     ,        ,         ,     [137 - Paganini P. Israeli road control system hacked, causes traffic jam on Haifa highway // The Hacker News. 2013. October 28. URL: http://thehackernews.com/2013/10/israeli-road-control-system-hacked.html.].   . ,           ,             ,   ,   ,   ,   .             ,   ,      [138 - Townsend A. Smart cities: Big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia.].      ,  ,     ,           .          ,   ,   ,       .


 

            ,  ,              ,   ,    .    ,          ,      .       ,        .      , ,           ,     ,        (,    )    (,     ).      - (            , , , ,   )[139 - Clarke R. Information technology and dataveillance // Communications of the ACM. 1988. Vol. 31. 5. P. 498512; Raley R. Dataveillance and countervailance // Raw data is an oxymoron / Ed. by L. Gitelman. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013. P. 121146.]   (    ,  ,   ,   )[140 - Crampton J. Cartographic rationality and the politics of geosurveillance and security // Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 2003. Vol. 30. 2. P. 135148.].   ,            , -      ,   . ,        ,    [141 - Dodge M., Kitchin R. Codes of life: Identification codes and the machine-readable world.].  ,     ,    ,    - ,        ,       .

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